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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zgkJCjF6vYky7wx4WgkfCvw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos em hipertensos de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesarino</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipullo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciorlia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Regina P. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) constitui um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil. Sua detec&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce devem ser prioridades para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo objetivou-se estimar a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o e identificar os fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos dos hipertensos de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP/Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Em 2004/2005, realizou-se um estudo transversal, em amostra de 1.717 indiv&#237;duos estratificada por faixa et&#225;ria, representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta e urbana da cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP/Brasil. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 1.717 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 762 (25,2%) eram hipertensos: 54,6% eram mulheres; 78,4%, brancos; 66,1%, analfabetos/Ensino Fundamental incompleto; 63,9%, casados; 40,9%, classes sociais D e E; 37,9%, inseridos no mercado de trabalho como profissionais liberais ou assalariados. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados do estudo da HAS em S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto indicam a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais cont&#237;nuas de in&#237;cio precoce.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>etnologia</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia e fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos em hipertensos de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudia B. Cesarino; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo; Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; Luiz Alberto Ciorlia; Maria Regina P. de Godoy; Jos&#233; Antonio Cordeiro; Isabela C. Rodrigues</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) constitui um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil. Sua detec&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce devem ser prioridades para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Neste estudo objetivou-se estimar a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o e identificar os fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos dos hipertensos de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP/Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Em 2004/2005, realizou-se um estudo transversal, em amostra de 1.717 indiv&#237;duos estratificada por faixa et&#225;ria, representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta e urbana da cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; SP/Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 1.717 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 762 (25,2%) eram hipertensos: 54,6% eram mulheres; 78,4%, brancos; 66,1%, analfabetos/Ensino Fundamental incompleto; 63,9%, casados; 40,9%, classes sociais D e E; 37,9%, inseridos no mercado de trabalho como profissionais liberais ou assalariados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados do estudo da HAS em S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto indicam a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais cont&#237;nuas de in&#237;cio precoce. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Hipertens&#227;o, etnologia, preven&#231;&#227;o e controle, preval&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil mostram que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a primeira causa da mortalidade no pa&#237;s, representando 30,8% dos &#243;bitos, sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) um dos principais fatores de risco. No Brasil, a doen&#231;a atinge cerca de 17 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos, com um milh&#227;o apenas no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A HAS &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, caracterizada por n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial elevados e sustentados. O limite escolhido clinicamente para definir HAS em indiv&#237;duos acima de 18 anos refere-se a n&#237;veis tensionais iguais ou maiores que 140 mmHg x 90 mmHg. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis tensionais, devem ser considerados: presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, co-morbidades e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>2</sup>. Em geral assintom&#225;tica, &#233; determinada por diversos fatores gen&#233;ticos (idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar) e de risco associados (tabagismo, obesidade, etilismo, sedentarismo, estresse e excesso de sal)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo com HAS ao tratamento &#233; um desafio para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, uma vez que o seu controle necessita da coopera&#231;&#227;o do paciente, e uma forma de conseguir essa ades&#227;o &#233; facilitar o acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es acerca da hipertens&#227;o arterial e detectar hipertensos, para aumentar o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com controle press&#243;rico, h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis, melhorando, assim, a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, objetivou-se estimar a preval&#234;ncia da HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o e os fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos dos hipertensos na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; SP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2004/2005, realizou-se um estudo transversal, em amostra constitu&#237;da por 1.717 indiv&#237;duos, que foi estratificada por faixa et&#225;ria representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta (<underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos) e urbana da cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, com popula&#231;&#227;o de 370.000 habitantes<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>No c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foram considerados: n&#250;mero de habitantes, preval&#234;ncia esperada de HAS em cada faixa et&#225;ria, erro m&#225;ximo permitido e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. As faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas foram as seguintes: 18 a 39 anos; 40 a 49; 50 a 59; 60 a 69 e &gt; 70 anos. </p>
    <p>A cidade foi dividida em cinco regi&#245;es, de acordo com a proporcionalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Em cada regi&#227;o sorteavam-se o bairro, a rua, o domic&#237;lio e um indiv&#237;duo adulto morador h&#225; mais de seis meses. Em caso de recusa sorteava-se um morador da resid&#234;ncia vizinha e, ap&#243;s a primeira visita, alternava-se o lado da rua saltando duas resid&#234;ncias. Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: gravidez, doen&#231;as consuptivas e doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas graves, d&#233;ficit mental ou retardo mental e pacientes acamados.</p>
    <p>Os entrevistadores foram devidamente treinados e supervisionados por um coordenador de campo. Os participantes responderam question&#225;rio padronizado e codificado com dados pessoais, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, escolaridade, h&#225;bitos de vida, historia m&#233;dica pessoal e familiar, conhecimento ou n&#227;o da HAS e f&#225;rmacos utilizados. A seguir, os m&#233;dicos avaliavam as entrevistas e procediam &#224; medida de PA, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dados antropom&#233;tricos, e os participantes eram orientados para jejum e a coleta de urina de 12 horas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames bioqu&#237;micos. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi a padronizada pelo VII Joint National Committee<sup>5</sup>. Calculou-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas da PA na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ap&#243;s 5 a 10 minutos de repouso. O crit&#233;rio adotado para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi PA sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg ou uso de anti-hipertensivos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em normotensos e hipertensos. </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos adotou os crit&#233;rios de classe A-B-C-D-E, determinados a partir da renda familiar e dos bens materiais, mas para fins de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica as classes socioecon&#244;micas foram agrupadas em AB, C e DE, e a da escolaridade baseou-se no n&#250;mero de anos de estudo; dividindo-se a amostra em tr&#234;s grupos: E<sub>1</sub> de 0 a 8 anos, E <sub>2</sub> de 9 a 11 anos e E<sub>3</sub> mais de 11 anos ou curso superior completo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; vari&#225;vel cor da pele, optou-se em classificar os indiv&#237;duos em cor branca e n&#227;o-branca (preto, pardo, amarelo e ind&#237;gena), mesmo sabendo das poss&#237;veis falhas, pois depende do crit&#233;rio do observador.</p>
    <p>Essa pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, e os participantes foram comunicados e orientados sobre os resultados. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita por meio dos programas <italic>Minitab</italic> vers&#227;o 12.22, <italic>Maple </italic>9.03, R 2.4.1. As estimativas de porcentuais (com intervalos de confian&#231;a 95%) na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta e hipertensa foram efetivadas a partir das freq&#252;&#234;ncias em cada faixa et&#225;ria, e a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de idade foram estimados pelo m&#233;todo <italic>bootstrap</italic>, com ajustamento levando em conta os tamanhos dos estratos na popula&#231;&#227;o. O ajustamento baseou-se no fato de que a probabilidade de um evento na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; decomposta na soma, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estratos et&#225;rios, da probabilidade do evento no estrato multiplicada pela fra&#231;&#227;o do estrato na popula&#231;&#227;o; as fra&#231;&#245;es dos estratos na popula&#231;&#227;o foram obtidas de boletim do IBGE relativo &#224; &#233;poca da coleta dos dados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi &#945;=0,05, e as compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas m&#250;ltiplas foram feitas com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia, isto &#233;, diferen&#231;as entre pares de categorias de vari&#225;vel com k delas foram consideradas significantes se valor-p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05/k<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na amostra de 1.717 pessoas, 762 foram caracterizadas como hipertensas, objetivo deste estudo, que estima 25,2% (IC95%: 22,7% a 27,7%) de pessoas hipertensas na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto. Os hipertensos caracterizavam-se &#224; &#233;poca por: 54,6% de mulheres (IC95%: 49,2% a 60,0%), idade entre 18 e 93 anos, com m&#233;dia de 53,8 (desvio padr&#227;o=4,3) anos de idade, e cor branca 78,4% (IC95%: 73,2% a 83,5%). A escolaridade se estima em: 66,1% (IC95%: 60,7% a 71,5%) com 0 a 8 anos de estudo; 63,9% (IC95%: 58,5% a 69,3%) casados, e as classes sociais predominantes foram C (40,5% (IC95%: 35,1% a 45,9%)) e DE (40,9% (IC95%: 35,5% a 46,3%)). Quanto &#224; ocupa&#231;&#227;o com categorias agregadas, 37,9% (IC95%: 32,5% a 42,2%) estavam ativos no mercado de trabalho, como profissionais liberais ou assalariados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0031-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; envelhecendo, e cada vez mais observamos indiv&#237;duos chegando &#224; oitava d&#233;cada da vida<sup>10</sup>. Sabe-se que a press&#227;o arterial aumenta com a idade, alcan&#231;ando mais de 60% na faixa et&#225;ria acima de 65 anos, o que pode ser explicado pelas altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do envelhecimento que tornam o indiv&#237;duo mais propenso ao desenvolvimento de HAS, sendo essa a doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica de maior preval&#234;ncia encontrada em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>11-16</sup>. No entanto, nosso estudo na popula&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 53,8 anos, provavelmente a HAS seja grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, atingindo pessoas em idade economicamente ativa, alertando para piora epidemiol&#243;gica e as repercuss&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Atualmente a preval&#234;ncia m&#233;dia mundial estimada da HAS &#233; de 26,4%, apresentando ampla margem de varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, atingindo 21,0% nos Estados Unidos e no Canad&#225;; 33,5% a 39,7% em pa&#237;ses europeus; 15% a 21,7% em pa&#237;ses africanos e asi&#225;ticos; e cerca de 40% em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina<sup>17-19</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS em estudos brasileiros, em decorr&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios diferentes de classifica&#231;&#227;o e de limites de idade adotados, varia de 24,8% a 44,4%<sup>20-22</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia estimada de HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 25,2%, corroborando os estudos citados. </p>
    <p>&#205;ndices mundiais indicam que a diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de HAS entre os g&#234;neros &#233; pequena, provavelmente pela maior preval&#234;ncia em homens mais jovens e em mulheres mais idosas<sup>23</sup>. No Brasil, as mulheres conhecem mais a sua condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o do que os homens<sup>12-14</sup>, corroborando os estudos que afirmam que as mulheres percebem seus problemas de sa&#250;de mais do que os homens, assim como procuram mais pelos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudo realizado com funcion&#225;rios de um hospital universit&#225;rio verificou maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS no sexo masculino, com escolaridade de 10 anos e acima de 50 anos<sup>6</sup>; entretanto, este trabalho com hipertensos adultos de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto em 2004/2005 n&#227;o evidencia diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres (valor-p=0,098). J&#225; se sabe que no Brasil, mais mulheres do que homens referem o diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de HAS<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS na cor n&#227;o-branca &#233; descrita na literatura sendo quase duas vezes maior que na branca, tendo a hip&#243;tese gen&#233;tica como respons&#225;vel por esse fato<sup>25,26</sup>. De acordo com levantamento realizado pelo IBGE, a popula&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto em 2000 era de 358.593 habitantes, e 82% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o eram brancos<sup>27</sup>. Estudo realizado no ano de 2000, na emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital de Base do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, encontrou 83,5% de urg&#234;ncias e 86,6% de emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas em pacientes de cor branca, mostrando que a maioria de indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o era da cor branca, como notamos neste estudo<sup>28</sup>. Difere deste estudo o resultado demonstrado no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz em Recife (PE), na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, onde foram atendidos pacientes com crise hipertensiva com sintomas associados &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA para tratamento sintom&#225;tico no per&#237;odo de maio 2001 a outubro de 2002, que mostrou que 75% dos pacientes atendidos nesse per&#237;odo foram classificados como n&#227;o-brancos<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Raros estudos correlacionam preval&#234;ncia de HAS com o estado civil<sup>22,30</sup>. Em nossa casu&#237;stica verificou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertensos casados (63,9%), concordando com estudo que avaliou a qualidade de vida dos hipertensos de um grupo de conviv&#234;ncia, no qual 54% eram casados ou moravam com companheiro(a)<sup>25</sup>. Possivelmente, a menor preval&#234;ncia de HAS entre os solteiros (9,8%) se deva ao predom&#237;nio de jovens na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, e entre os casados, o grau de responsabilidade familiar poderia representar um fator de risco para HAS. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas desempenham importante papel nas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de em decorr&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios fatores, tais como acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de, grau de informa&#231;&#227;o, compreens&#227;o do problema e ades&#227;o ao tratamento<sup>31</sup>. Em v&#225;rios estudos a avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico &#233; embasada no tipo de ocupa&#231;&#227;o e no n&#237;vel de escolaridade, observando-se taxas maiores de DCV nos n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos mais baixos<sup>30</sup>. N&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a significante da preval&#234;ncia de HAS entre as classes sociais, apesar da maior preval&#234;ncia nas classes C e DE.</p>
    <p>Nos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de escolaridade encontrou-se que indiv&#237;duos com menor escolaridade apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS em todas as faixas et&#225;rias em compara&#231;&#227;o aos de n&#237;veis intermedi&#225;rio e de maior escolaridade, fato tamb&#233;m encontrado no NHANES, que tem mostrado nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS na faixa de menor escolaridade<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolaridade, houve um predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos na categoria E<sub>1 </sub>(0 a 8 anos de estudo) quando comparados &#224;queles na categoria E<sub>2 </sub>(mais de 8 a 11 anos de estudo); no entanto, n&#227;o se nota diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o as categorias E<sub>2 </sub>e E<sub>3</sub> (mais de 11 anos e/ou curso superior completo), j&#225; que o intervalo de confian&#231;a se sobrep&#245;e. Um estudo realizado nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal mostrou que 25,1% a 45,8% dos hipertensos t&#234;m apenas o Ensino Fundamental incompleto<sup>20</sup>. Entre mulheres, essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda maior, enquanto temos 32,8% das mulheres com at&#233; oito anos de escolaridade referindo HAS, apenas 13,6% das mulheres com 12 anos ou mais de escolaridade est&#227;o na mesma situa&#231;&#227;o<sup>11,21,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>A classe social da amostra estudada caracterizou-se por ser de m&#233;dia a baixa, sendo compat&#237;vel com a situa&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica da maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Dados do IBGE revelam a distribui&#231;&#227;o porcentual de rendimento mensal familiar <italic>per capita</italic> em sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos das grandes regi&#245;es, Unidades da Federa&#231;&#227;o e regi&#245;es metropolitanas, mostrando que 51,3% ganham menos de um sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo, e 23,2% ganham de um a dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos<sup>4,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da HAS est&#225; relacionada tamb&#233;m &#224; ocupa&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos e &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas do trabalho, tais como: falta de autonomia, trabalho sob supervis&#227;o severa, natureza repetitiva, instabilidade no emprego, exposi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua ao barulho, vibra&#231;&#227;o e temperaturas extremas os quais podem elevar a press&#227;o arterial<sup>25</sup>. Neste estudo n&#227;o se observou evid&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a nos porcentuais das categorias de ocupa&#231;&#227;o, o que o coloca em disson&#226;ncia com a literatura atual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP/Brasil (25,2%) est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com estudos brasileiros. Verificou-se que os hipertensos s&#227;o adultos em idade economicamente ativa, de cor branca, casados, com n&#237;vel de escolaridade baixo e pertencentes a classes sociais entre m&#233;dia e baixa. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia desses fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos nos hipertensos pode ser especialmente negativa para a popula&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, que, al&#233;m de dificultar o seu tratamento, aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos neste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de maior investimento p&#250;blico em planejamentos objetivos de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas visando &#224; necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais cont&#237;nuas e de in&#237;cio precoce.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Claudia Bernardi Cesarino </p>
        <p> Rua Jamil Barbar Cury, 511, Tarraf II </p>
        <p> 15092-530 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="claudiacesarino@famerp.br">claudiacesarino@famerp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/10/07; revisado recebido em 13/11/07; aceito em 15/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and sociodemographic factors in a hypertensive population in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the greatest problems of public health in Brazil. Its detection and early treatment should be a priority to reduce the morbimortality of the cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of SAH and the sociodemographic factors in a population of hypertensive individuals from S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a stratified sample of 1,717 people, representative of the urban adult population from the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, between 2004 and 2005. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,717 people, with 762 of them (25.2%) being characterized as hypertensive. The following results were observed: 54.6% were women; 78.4% were caucasian; 66.1% were illiterate or had not finished Elementary School; 63.9% were married, 40.9% belonged to social classes D and E; 37.9% were self-employed or wage earners. CONCLUSION: The results of study on SAH in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto shows the need for early-onset continuous educational interventions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hipertension</kwd>
        <kwd>ethnology</kwd>
        <kwd>prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Prevalence and sociodemographic factors in a hypertensive population in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Claudia B. Cesarino; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo; Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; Luiz Alberto Ciorlia; Maria Regina P. de Godoy; Jos&#233; Antonio Cordeiro; Isabela C. Rodrigues</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the greatest problems of public health in Brazil. Its detection and early treatment should be a priority to reduce the morbimortality of the cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of SAH and the sociodemographic factors in a population of hypertensive individuals from S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study was carried out in a stratified sample of 1,717 people, representative of the urban adult population from the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, between 2004 and 2005.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample consisted of 1,717 people, with 762 of them (25.2%) being characterized as hypertensive. The following results were observed: 54.6% were women; 78.4% were caucasian; 66.1% were illiterate or had not finished Elementary School; 63.9% were married, 40.9% belonged to social classes D and E; 37.9% were self-employed or wage earners.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results of study on SAH in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto shows the need for early-onset continuous educational interventions.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hipertension, ethnology, prevention &amp; control, prevalence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data from the Ministry of Health in Brazil show that cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in the country, representing 30.8% of the deaths, with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) being one of the main risk factors. In Brazil, the disease affects around 17 million individuals, with one million only in the state of S&#227;o Paulo<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>SAH is a clinical condition, characterized by elevated and sustained blood pressure (BP) levels. The chosen threshold, clinically established to define SAH in individuals older than 18 years, is when blood pressure levels are <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg x 90 mmHg. When assessing the disease, the presence of risk factors, comorbidities and target-organ lesions must also be considered in addition to blood pressure levels<sup>2</sup>. SAH is usually asymptomatic, determined by several associated genetic (age, ethnicity, sex, family history) and risk factors (smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, sedentarism, stress and excess salt consumption)<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The adherence of an individual with SAH to treatment is a challenge to the public health, as its control requires the patient&#146;s cooperation; a means to obtain this adherence is to facilitate the access to information about arterial hypertension and detect hypertensive individuals, in order to increase the number of subjects with blood pressure control and healthy lifestyle, thus improving the prevention of cardiovascular diseases<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of SAH in the population and the sociodemographic factors of the hypertensive individuals in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A transversal study was carried out in 2004/2005 with a sample of 1,717 individuals stratified by age range, representative of the urban adult population (<underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years) of the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, which has a population of 370,000 inhabitants<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>When calculating the sample size, the number of inhabitants, expected prevalence of SAH at each range, maximum allowed error and 95% confidence interval were considered. The age ranges assessed were the following: 18 to 39 years; 40 to 49; 50 to 59; 60 to 69 and &gt; 70 years. </p>
      <p>The city was divided in five regions, according to the proportionality of the population. A district, street, household and one adult individual living there for more than 6 months were selected by drawing lots for each region. In case of refusal to participate, one individual from the nearest neighbor household was selected and after the first visit, the side of the street was alternated, skipping two households. The exclusion criteria were: pregnancy, consumptive diseases and severe psychiatric diseases, mental deficit or retardation and bedridden patients. </p>
      <p>The interviewers were adequately trained and supervised by a field coordinator. The participants answered a standardized and codified questionnaire, which included personal data, socioeconomic status, level of schooling, lifestyle, personal and family medical history, whether the individual knew he or she had SAH and medications used. </p>
      <p>Subsequently, the physicians assessed the interviews and measured BP, heart rate and anthropometric data, and the participants were advised to fast and have a 12-hour urine collection for the biochemical analyses. </p>
      <p>The BP measurement technique was the one standardized by the VII Joint National Committee<sup>5</sup>. The mean of three BP measurements taken in the sitting position after 5 to 10 minutes of rest was calculated. The criterion adopted for SAH diagnosis was systolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg and/or diastolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg or the use of anti-hypertensive medication. The individuals were classified as normotensive or hypertensive.</p>
      <p>The classification of the socioeconomic levels adopted the criterion of social classes A-B-C-D-E based on family income and material assets; level of schooling was based on the number of years of school attendance and the sample was divided in three groups: S<sub>1</sub> from 0 to 8 years, S<sub>2</sub> from 9 to 11 years and S<sub>3</sub> more than 11 years of schooling or full College/University education<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the ethnicity, it was chosen to classify the individuals as caucasian or non-caucasian (Black, Mulatto, Asian or Brazilian Native), even though we were aware of possible failures, as it depends on the observer&#146;s criterion. </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethical Committee in Research of the School of Medicine of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto and the participants were informed about the results and received information.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out by the Minitab software version 12.22, Maple 9.03, R 2.4.1. The estimate of percentages (with 95% confidence intervals) in the adult hypertensive population were calculated based on the frequencies at each age range and the means and standard deviations were calculated by the bootstrap method with an adjustment, considering the size of the strata in the population. The adjustment was based on the fact that the probability of an event in the population is decomposed in the summation, in relation to the age strata, of the probability of the event in the stratum multiplied by the fraction of the stratum in the population; the fractions of the strata were obtained from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) reports regarding the time of data collection. The level of significance was set at p=0.05 and the multiple paired comparisons were carried out with Bonferroni&#146;s correction for the level of significance, i.e., the differences between pairs of variable categories with their K were considered significant if the <italic>p</italic>-value &lt; 0.05/K<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1,717 individuals that comprised the sample, 762 were characterized as hypertensive, which was the aim of this study that estimates a total of 25.2% (95% CI: 22.7% to 27.7%) of hypertensive individuals in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto. The hypertensive individuals were characterized at the time as: 54.6% of women (95%CI: 49.2% to 60.0%), aged 18 to 93 years, with a mean age of m 53.8 years (SD=4.3 yrs) and 78.4% of caucasian individuals (95%CI: 73.2% to 83.5%). Level of schooling was estimated as: 66.1% (95%CI: 60.7% to 71.5%) with 0 to 8 years of schooling; 63.9% (95%CI: 58.5% to 69.3%) were married, and the predominant social classes were C (40.5% (95%CI: 35.1% to 45.9%)) and D-E (40.9% (95%CI: 35.5% to 46.3%)). Regarding the occupation with associated categories, 37.9% (95%CI: 32.5% to 42.2%) were active in the labor market, as self-employed individuals or wage-earners (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0031-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The population is aging and an increasing number of individuals are reaching their eight decade of life<sup>10</sup>. It is known that blood pressure increases with age, reaching more than 60% at the age range of 65 years, which can be explained by the characteristic age-related alterations that make the individual more prone to the development of SAH, the most prevalent chronic disease identified in epidemiological studies<sup>11-16</sup>. However, in the present study carried out in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, the mean age was 53.8 years and it is likely that SAH is a severe public health problem in the studied population, affecting people who are economically active, presaging an epidemiological worsening and cardiovascular consequences. </p>
      <p>Currently, the estimated world mean SAH prevalence is 26.4%, with a broad range of variation according to the population studied, being 21.0% in the USA and Canada, 33.5 to 39.7% in European countries, 15 to 21.7% in African and Asian countries and around 40% in Latin American countries<sup>17-19</sup>. The prevalence of SAH in Brazilian studies varies from 24.8 to 44.4%<sup>20-22</sup>, due to the different classification criteria and age limits used in the studies. The estimated prevalence of SAH in the studied population was 25.2%, which corroborates the aforementioned studies. </p>
      <p>World rates indicate that the difference in the prevalence of SAH between the genders is small, probably due to a higher prevalence among younger men and elderly women<sup>23</sup>. In Brazil, women are more aware of their hypertensive condition than the men<sup>12-14</sup>, which corroborates the study that states that women recognize their health problems more often than men and seek healthcare services more frequently than men, as well<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out with employees from a University hospital verified a higher prevalence of SAH in individuals of the male sex, with 10 years of schooling and older than 50 years<sup>6</sup>; however, this study with hypertensive adult individuals from S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto in 2004/2005 did not demonstrate any difference between men and women (p-value = 0.098). It is known that, in Brazil, more women than men refer a previous medical diagnosis of SAH<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of SAH for the non-caucasian ethnicity is described in the literature as being almost two-fold higher than for the caucasians, with a genetic hypothesis being responsible for this fact<sup>25,26</sup>. According to a data analysis carried out by IBGE, the population of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto in 2000 consisted of 358,593 inhabitants and 82% of this population was caucasian<sup>27</sup>. A study carried out in 2000 at the Emergency Department of Hospital de Base in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, found 83.5% of emergencies and 86.6% of hypertensive emergencies in caucasian patients, showing that most of the individuals with hypertension were caucasian, as observed in the present study<sup>28</sup>. Differently from the present study, the results demonstrated at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, at the Cardiology Emergency Unit, where patients with hypertensive crises and symptoms associated with elevated BP were treated from May 2001 to October 2002, showed that 75% of the patients treated during this period were classified as non-caucasians<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies have correlated the prevalence of SAH with the civil status<sup>22,30</sup>. In our sample, a higher prevalence of married hypertensive individuals (63.9%) was observed, which is in agreement with a study that assessed the quality of life of hypertensive individuals from a support group, where 54% of the individuals were married or lived with a partner<sup>25</sup>. It is possible that the lower prevalence of SAH among the single (9.8%) is due to the predominance of young individuals in the studied population and, among the married ones, the degree of family responsibilities could represent a risk factor for SAH.</p>
      <p>The socioeconomic differences have an important role in health conditions due to several factors, such as access to the healthcare system, level of information, problem comprehension and treatment adherence<sup>31</sup>. In several studies the assessment of the socioeconomic level is based on the type of occupation and level of schooling, with higher rates of CVD being observed in the lower socioeconomic levels<sup>30</sup>. No significant difference regarding the prevalence of SAH was observed among the social classes, in spite of a higher prevalence among classes C and D-E.</p>
      <p>Regarding the three levels of schooling, it was observed that individuals with lower levels of schooling presented a higher prevalence of SAH in all age ranges in comparison with the intermediate and higher levels; this was corroborated by the NHANES, which has shown a higher prevalence of SAH among individuals with the lower levels of schooling in the last 30 years<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the years of schooling, there was a predominance of individuals in the S<sub>1 </sub>category (0 to 8 years of schooling) when compared to those in the S<sub>2 </sub>category (more than 8 to 11 years of schooling); however, no significant difference is observed between the S<sub>2 </sub>and S<sub>3</sub> categories (more than 11 years of schooling and/or full College/University education), considering that there is a confidence interval overlapping. A study carried out in the Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District showed that 25.1% to 45.8% of the hypertensive individuals have not completed Elementary School<sup>20</sup>. Among women, this association is even higher, as whereas 32.8% of the women with up to eight years of schooling refer SAH, only 13.6% of the women with 12 years or more of schooling are in the same situation<sup>11,21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The social class of the studied sample was characterized as being middle to low-class, being compatible with the economic situation of the majority of the Brazilian population. Data from the IBGE show the percentage distribution of the per capita family monthly income in minimum wages of the large regions, Federation Units, and metropolitan regions, demonstrating that 51.3% of the individuals earn less than a minimum wage and 23.2% earn from one to two minimum wages<sup>4,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of SAH is also related to the individuals&#146; occupations and the physical characteristics of their work, such as lack of autonomy, working under strict supervision, repetitive nature of the work, job instability, continuous exposition to noise, vibrations and extreme temperatures, can result in blood pressure elevation<sup>25</sup>. The present study did not demonstrate any evidence of difference between the percentages of occupation categories, which is in disagreement with the current literature. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of SAH in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (25.2%) is in agreement with other Brazilian studies. It was verified that the hypertensive individuals are adults in the economically active age range, caucasians, married, with low level of schooling that belong to the middle-low and low social classes. The prevalence of these sociodemographic factors among the hypertensive individuals can be especially negative for the population of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto SP, Brazil which, in addition to hindering treatment, increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. </p>
      <p>The data obtained from the present study show the need for higher public investments with the objective of planning public policies aiming at the necessity of early-onset continuous educational interventions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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