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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fZQ7mr4h3B6gyVY4h6PvWyN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o em adolescentes: influ&#234;ncia do sobrepeso e obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carletti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Anabel Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Anselmo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Salesiana de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A resposta aguda da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o tem sido utilizada como indicador de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Os fatores associados com essa resposta precisam ser esclarecidos a fim de se intervir na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a hipertensiva. OBJETIVO: Descrever o comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares ao esfor&#231;o agudo em adolescentes com excesso de peso, por meio de teste cardiopulmonar. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 104 adolescentes (56 meninos e 48 meninas), divididos nos grupos de sobrepeso/obesos (GSO) e eutr&#243;ficos (GE). Foram aferidas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (peso, estatura e IMC), de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (dobra cut&#226;nea) e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), no repouso e no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo do teste cardiopulmonar. RESULTADOS: No grupo masculino, identificaram-se maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de repouso para o GSO, quando comparados com o GE (113 &#177; 13 vs 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 0,009), a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (120 &#177; 14 vs 109 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0,003) e de PAS na carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (156 &#177; 20 vs 146 &#177; 14 mmHg; p = 0,03). No grupo feminino, apenas a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foi superior no grupo de sobrepeso, quando isso foi comparado com as eutr&#243;ficas (114 &#177; 11 vs 106 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0,009). CONCLUS&#195;O: A resposta press&#243;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio foi mais exacerbada em adolescentes obesos quando comparada com &#224;quela obtida em eutr&#243;ficos, o que indica maior reatividade ao estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>calorimetria</kwd>
        <kwd>esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ERGOESPIROMETRIA</p>
    <p>Resposta da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o em adolescentes: influ&#234;ncia do sobrepeso e obesidade</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Carletti<sup>I</sup>; Anabel Nunes Rodrigues<sup>II</sup>; Anselmo Jos&#233; Perez<sup>I</sup>; Dalton Valentim Vassallo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES) </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade Salesiana de Vit&#243;ria, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A resposta aguda da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o tem sido utilizada como indicador de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Os fatores associados com essa resposta precisam ser esclarecidos a fim de se intervir na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a hipertensiva. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever o comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares ao esfor&#231;o agudo em adolescentes com excesso de peso, por meio de teste cardiopulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 104 adolescentes (56 meninos e 48 meninas), divididos nos grupos de sobrepeso/obesos (GSO) e eutr&#243;ficos (GE). Foram aferidas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (peso, estatura e IMC), de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (dobra cut&#226;nea) e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), no repouso e no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo do teste cardiopulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No grupo masculino, identificaram-se maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de repouso para o GSO, quando comparados com o GE (113 &#177; 13 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 0,009), a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (120 &#177; 14 <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0,003) e de PAS na carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (156 &#177; 20 <italic>vs</italic> 146 &#177; 14 mmHg; p = 0,03). No grupo feminino, apenas a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foi superior no grupo de sobrepeso, quando isso foi comparado com as eutr&#243;ficas (114 &#177; 11 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0,009). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A resposta press&#243;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio foi mais exacerbada em adolescentes obesos quando comparada com &#224;quela obtida em eutr&#243;ficos, o que indica maior reatividade ao estresse f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p><bold> Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, adolescente, obesidade, sobrepeso, calorimetria, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta hemodin&#226;mica aos testes de estresse com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos tem sido extensivamente estudada em adultos e os resultados refor&#231;am a rela&#231;&#227;o do comportamento hiperreator da press&#227;o arterial com o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o<sup>1-4</sup>, destacando o papel dessa vari&#225;vel na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, t&#234;m se examinado com maior intensidade as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas ao exerc&#237;cio na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>6</sup> e de jovens<sup>7</sup>, com o prop&#243;sito de obter esclarecimentos sobre mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. Resultados pr&#233;vios sinalizam para uma rela&#231;&#227;o consistente entre press&#227;o arterial medida imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o e press&#227;o arterial de repouso ap&#243;s doze anos de acompanhamento<sup>4</sup>. Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, &#233; dif&#237;cil estabelecer o valor preditivo dessa resposta por causa do longo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o a ser considerado, o que pode levar a resultados inconclusivos<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os fatores que parecem influenciar a resposta press&#243;rica ao esfor&#231;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o: press&#227;o arterial do repouso<sup>9</sup>, idade e g&#234;nero<sup>10</sup>, etnia<sup>11,12</sup>, obesidade<sup>13</sup>, dislipidemias<sup>14</sup>, gen&#233;tica<sup>15</sup>, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica<sup>16</sup> e hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entre os fatores supracitados, as evid&#234;ncias indicam que a obesidade se destaca como um fator importante na resposta press&#243;rica ao esfor&#231;o<sup>13,18</sup> e, resultados de estudos nacionais t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para a elucida&#231;&#227;o desse comportamento em adolescentes obesos durante teste ergom&#233;trico<sup>18</sup>. Entretanto, existem limita&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>) apresentada, visto que os trabalhos publicados foram desenvolvidos por meio de ergometria convencional, o que poderia limitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do valor real do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> atingido. Sabendo que &#233; esperada uma menor aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria entre indiv&#237;duos obesos<sup>13</sup> e que esta &#233; tamb&#233;m uma vari&#225;vel importante na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos<sup>16</sup> ao esfor&#231;o, acredita-se que este fator deva ser fidedignamente mensurado por meio de t&#233;cnica de teste cardiopulmonar<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Sendo assim, o prop&#243;sito deste estudo consistiu em analisar a resposta hemodin&#226;mica ao esfor&#231;o num grupo de escolares, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso/obesidade, por meio do teste cardiopulmonar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 104 escolares (56 meninos e 48 meninas) com idade entre 11 e 15 anos de idade, estudantes do ensino fundamental da rede p&#250;blica e particular do munic&#237;pio de Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo. Para o c&#225;lculo da amostra, consideraram-se o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 90%, por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Willet (1998) para amostras independentes<sup>20</sup>. O valor m&#237;nimo de participantes calculados foi de vinte alunos; considerando que se esperava uma diferen&#231;a de pelo menos 10 mmHg nos valores de press&#227;o arterial entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>Os alunos participantes do estudo e seus respons&#225;veis receberam as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias sobre os m&#233;todos a serem utilizados no trabalho. Para oficializar a participa&#231;&#227;o, assinou-se o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade Salesiana de Vit&#243;ria &#150; ES. </p>
    <p>As respostas hemodin&#226;micas dos grupos foram analisadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Para isso, realizou-se a seguinte divis&#227;o dos grupos: grupo de sobrepeso e obesos (GSO) &#150; formado pelos indiv&#237;duos classificados como acima do peso corporal normal, conforme crit&#233;rios detalhados a seguir &#150; e grupo de eutr&#243;ficos (GE) &#150; formado pelos indiv&#237;duos classificados como dentro da faixa de normalidade de peso. </p>
    <p>Os adolescentes foram submetidos a exame de anamnese que inclu&#237;a um eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG) de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, feita por um m&#233;dico cardiologista, para investigar a exist&#234;ncia de anormalidades que pudessem inviabilizar a participa&#231;&#227;o no teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade cardiopulmonar, bem como o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o que pudesse interferir no comportamento da press&#227;o arterial (crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o). </p>
    <p>Aferiu-se o peso corporal com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica Welmy modelo RW200, com capacidade m&#225;xima para 200 kg (intervalos de medida de 100 g em 100 g). Os indiv&#237;duos foram pesados com o m&#237;nimo de roupa poss&#237;vel. Para a estatura, utilizou-se um estadi&#244;metro de madeira (marca seca, modelo 206), com comprimento m&#225;ximo de 220 cm. Calculou-se o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e os valores de ponto de corte para definir peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade foram baseados em estudo desenvolvido com amostra internacional e nacional<sup>21</sup>. Considerando as diverg&#234;ncias existentes na literatura acerca do uso do IMC para identificar obesidade e sobrepeso<sup>22</sup>, optamos tamb&#233;m por incluir medidas de dobras cut&#226;neas a fim de garantir uma informa&#231;&#227;o adicional &#224;s nossas an&#225;lises. </p>
    <p>As aferi&#231;&#245;es de gordura subcut&#226;nea foram realizadas com um compasso de dobras cut&#226;neas da marca Cescorf (plic&#244;metro cient&#237;fico), com sensibilidade de 0,1 mm. Aplicaram-se tr&#234;s medidas alternadas de cada dobra, considerando-se o valor da m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas. Em seguida, utilizamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as dobras cut&#226;neas tr&#237;ceps e subescapular como medida de identifica&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, utilizamos o consenso acerca dos aspectos metodol&#243;gicos da medida da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;a, que foi estabelecido pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>25</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados por pelo menos dois dias consecutivos em ambiente de laborat&#243;rio, ap&#243;s permanecerem por 10 minutos sentados em ambiente calmo. Calculou-se a m&#233;dia das medidas sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas obtidas nos dois dias, com o objetivo de estabelecer os valores de press&#227;o arterial. Utilizou-se para a medida da press&#227;o arterial um esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio da marca Wan Med, devidamente calibrado. O tamanho do manguito foi padronizado pela diretriz supracitada<sup>25</sup>. Como valores de normalidade da press&#227;o arterial, foram considerados aqueles inferiores ao percentil 90 para idade e estatura<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Aferiram-se o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>) atingido na ergoespirometria (teste cardiopulmonar) e a ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (VE<sub>m&#225;x</sub>), a fim de se ter um indicador do n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica dos grupos. Para an&#225;lise dos gases no teste cadiopulmonar, utilizou-se o ergoespir&#244;metro Cardio2 da marca MedGraphics Corporation (MGC), que consiste num sistema de calorimetria de circuito fechado. O protocolo utilizado no teste encontra-se descrito em literatura pr&#233;via<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Previamente ao dia da aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste cardiopulmonar, os escolares foram familiarizados com o ambiente do laborat&#243;rio, por meio de uma visita, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o f&#237;sico e explica&#231;&#227;o sobre os procedimentos a serem realizados. </p>
    <p>Antes de iniciarem o teste cardiopulmonar, os adolescentes permaneciam deitados por cerca de 5 minutos, num ambiente tranq&#252;ilo, com temperatura mantida em torno de 22&#186; C, e ent&#227;o era feito o registro da atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o (ECG repouso). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtida por meio desse registro era considerada a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de repouso (FCr). </p>
    <p>No local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste, havia equipamentos e f&#225;rmacos para situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia. Os testes eram feitos sob supervis&#227;o de um m&#233;dico cardiologista. Os indiv&#237;duos eram ent&#227;o encaminhados para a esteira ergom&#233;trica (Inbrasport Super ATL) e orientados a respeito do desenvolvimento do teste e dos crit&#233;rios para a interrup&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, acoplava-se o esfigmoman&#244;metro para as medidas de press&#227;o arterial que seriam realizadas durante o teste: </p>
    <p>&#149; No momento imediatamente pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (logo ap&#243;s a prepara&#231;&#227;o para o teste) </p>
    <p>&#149; Aos 2 minutos de exerc&#237;cio, a medida era denominada press&#227;o arterial subm&#225;xima (~ 30% VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>). </p>
    <p>&#149; Ao final do teste, ou seja, imediatamente ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o, denominada press&#227;o arterial m&#225;xima (100% VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s cerca de dois minutos de repouso em p&#233;, realizando os registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ventilat&#243;rios (fase pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o), iniciava-se o teste. Durante a execu&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos eram monitorados por meio do ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, para acompanhar a resposta card&#237;aca e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao esfor&#231;o. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo utilizou-se um protocolo de rampa, que progredia de acordo com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio predito, em equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET); esse consumo foi comparado com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio medido. O teste era interrompido se os avaliados sinalizassem (por meio de gestos pr&#233;-combinados) fadiga ou algum desconforto que impedisse a continuidade do teste. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do teste foi de 9 minutos. Para confirmar se o VO<sub>2</sub> atingido era o m&#225;ximo, os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram observados<sup>27</sup>: a) incapacidade em manter o exerc&#237;cio; b) raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (RER) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0; c) FC<sub>m&#225;x</sub> alcan&#231;ada <underline>&gt;</underline> 90% da FC estimada; d) VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> atingido <underline>&gt;</underline> 85% do predito. </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados coletados, utilizou-se o teste t-Student para amostras independentes, com o prop&#243;sito de comparar as m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas de repouso e exerc&#237;cio, as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica entre os dois grupos. Quando necess&#225;rio, utilizou-se o teste de ANCOVA para corre&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Foram considerados resultados estatisticamente significativos para valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, hemodin&#226;micas e de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica da amostra estudada podem ser observadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>, respectivamente de meninas e meninos. As tabelas apresentam tamb&#233;m o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos da amostra total, de acordo com a divis&#227;o dos grupos em sobrepeso e obesos (GSO) e eutr&#243;ficos (GE). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo feminino, identificou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica apenas nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (peso, estatura, IMC e RT/S), quando se compararam os dois grupos de an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Quanto ao grupo masculino, al&#233;m das diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, identificaram-se maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica para o GSO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), quando comparados com o GE (113 &#177; 13 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 0,009). </p>
    <p>O teste cardiopulmonar aplicado apresentou qualidade para identifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, evidenciando valor m&#233;dio da RER de 1,05 &#177; 0,07. Desse modo, constatou-se que 93% das meninas e 87% dos meninos atingiram VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios postulados neste estudo. </p>
    <p>No teste de esfor&#231;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), os meninos com sobrepeso exibiram a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (120 &#177; 14 <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 10 mmHg, p = 0,003) e a PAS na carga m&#225;xima de trabalho superior &#224; dos eutr&#243;ficos (156 &#177; 20 <italic>vs</italic> 146 &#177; 14 mmHg, p = 0,03), refletindo numa PAM pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio maior (86 &#177; 10 <italic>vs</italic> 81 &#177; 7 mmHg, p = 0,04). O VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> foi superior no GE quando comparado com o GSO (36,24 &#177; 7,2 <italic>vs</italic> 42,6 &#177; 6,6 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), indicando maior aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica nesse grupo. Entretanto, as diferen&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas foram confirmadas at&#233; mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para a estatura e para o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, por meio de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo de meninas, n&#227;o se observou nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas entre GSO e GE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>). Apenas a PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foi superior no grupo de sobrepeso, quando comparada com as eutr&#243;ficas (114 &#177; 11 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 10 mmHg, p = 0,009), o que n&#227;o se sustentou ap&#243;s ajuste para a estatura. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossa proposta era analisar a influ&#234;ncia da obesidade ou sobrepeso na resposta hemodin&#226;mica ao esfor&#231;o, em um grupo de adolescentes saud&#225;veis e normotensos. A relev&#226;ncia do tema &#233; evidenciada pela possibilidade de se identificarem precocemente altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a desse fator de risco, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de abordagens preventivas na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Nesta pesquisa, os indiv&#237;duos estudados com sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentaram um n&#237;vel mais baixo de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, conforme j&#225; apresentado na literatura<sup>20,26-28</sup>. &#201; Interessante destacar que neste estudo foi poss&#237;vel identificar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas importantes apenas no grupo de obesos do sexo masculino, que demonstrou uma solicita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular maior no repouso e no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Esses achados contribuem para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas que possam esclarecer sobre a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo (medida direta) realizado em adolescentes, para estimar a hipertens&#227;o futura. Dados pr&#233;vios mostram que a PAS, no esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo, apresenta um valor preditivo de 89,7% para detectar hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na intensidade m&#225;xima (100% VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x), constatou-se que as cifras da PAS foram maiores entre os obesos. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas indicam que os obesos apresentam uma sobrecarga card&#237;aca maior no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, o que est&#225; de acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es de que existe associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre IMC e PAS no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo<sup>11</sup>. Isso supostamente est&#225; relacionado a uma atividade simp&#225;tica central exacerbada, o que contribui principalmente na intensidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, em que os mecanismos de retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e mec&#226;nica dos m&#250;sculos e das articula&#231;&#245;es em atividade desencadeiam um aumento significativo da resposta simp&#225;tica<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos propostos para relacionar a obesidade &#224; hipertens&#227;o remetem para a explica&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga cardiovascular proporcionada pelo aumento de massa corporal, que levaria ao aumento de volume sang&#252;&#237;neo e da tens&#227;o dos vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos subcut&#226;neos<sup>27</sup> e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica proporcionada pelo aumento da massa adiposa, especialmente a gordura central ou visceral, aumentando a resist&#234;ncia a insulina<sup>28,30</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias dessas disfun&#231;&#245;es da obesidade s&#227;o observadas tamb&#233;m em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>31-34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o se mensurou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias circulantes durante o exerc&#237;cio para afirmar sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nesses resultados, entretanto observou-se que a adiposidade estava mais localizada na regi&#227;o central do corpo para o grupo de sobrepeso, conforme analisado pela rela&#231;&#227;o tr&#237;ceps/subescapular (RT/S). </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a resposta press&#243;rica durante o exerc&#237;cio foi mais exacerbada em adolescentes obesos do sexo masculino, quando comparada com a resposta obtida em eutr&#243;ficos, o que indica maior reatividade ao estresse f&#237;sico. Observou-se tamb&#233;m presen&#231;a de obesidade localizada centralmente (RT/S), o que sugere que os mecanismos envolvidos nessa caracter&#237;stica de resposta exacerbada provavelmente est&#227;o relacionados com altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e auton&#244;micas que geralmente precedem o estabelecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Luciana Carletti pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luciana Carletti </p>
        <p> Rua Itaquari, 300, Itapo&#227; </p>
        <p> 29.101-902, Vila Velha, ES - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lcarletti@terra.com.br">lcarletti@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/09/07; revisado recebido em 12/12/07; aceito em 04/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood pressure response to physical exertion in adolescents: influence of overweight and obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The acute blood pressure response to physical exertion has been used as an indicator of the risk of developing hypertension. The factors associated with this response need to be clarified for timely intervention in preventing hypertensive disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the response of cardiovascular variables to acute physical exertion in overweight adolescents using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS: The sample consisted of 104 adolescents (56 boys and 48 girls), divided into two groups: the obese/overweight group (OOG) and the eutrophic group (EG). The following variables were measured: anthropometric (weight, height, and BMI), body composition (skin fold thickness), as well as hemodynamic variables such as systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR), at rest and at maximal physical exertion during the cardiopulmonary test. RESULTS: In the male group, the greatest values of systolic arterial pressure at rest were recorded in the OOG as compared to the EG (113 &#177; 13 vs 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 0.009), pre-exertion SAP (120 &#177; 14 vs 109 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0.003), and SAP during maximal exertion conditions (156 &#177; 20 vs 146 &#177; 14 mmHg; p = 0.03). In the female group, only pre-exertion SAP was higher in the overweight group as compared to the eutrophic girls (114 &#177; 11 vs 106 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: The response of arterial blood pressure during physical exercise was most exacerbated in obese adolescents as compared to eutrophic teens, suggesting greater reactivity to physical exertion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>calorimetry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Blood pressure response to physical exertion in adolescents: influence of overweight and obesity</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Carletti<sup>I</sup>; Anabel Nunes Rodrigues<sup>II</sup>; Anselmo Jos&#233; Perez<sup>I</sup>; Dalton Valentim Vassallo<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade Salesiana de Vit&#243;ria, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The acute blood pressure response to physical exertion has been used as an indicator of the risk of developing hypertension. The factors associated with this response need to be clarified for timely intervention in preventing hypertensive disease.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the response of cardiovascular variables to acute physical exertion in overweight adolescents using cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The sample consisted of 104 adolescents (56 boys and 48 girls), divided into two groups: the obese/overweight group (OOG) and the eutrophic group (EG). The following variables were measured: anthropometric (weight, height, and BMI), body composition (skin fold thickness), as well as hemodynamic variables such as systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR), at rest and at maximal physical exertion during the cardiopulmonary test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the male group, the greatest values of systolic arterial pressure at rest were recorded in the OOG as compared to the EG (113 &#177; 13 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 0.009), pre-exertion SAP (120 &#177; 14 <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0.003), and SAP during maximal exertion conditions (156 &#177; 20 <italic>vs</italic> 146 &#177; 14 mmHg; p = 0.03). In the female group, only pre-exertion SAP was higher in the overweight group as compared to the eutrophic girls (114 &#177; 11 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 10 mmHg; p = 0.009).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The response of arterial blood pressure during physical exercise was most exacerbated in obese adolescents as compared to eutrophic teens, suggesting greater reactivity to physical exertion.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Blood pressure; adolescent; exertion; obesity; overweight; calorimetry.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic response of adults to exercise stress testing has been extensively studied, and the results underline the relationship between the hyperreactive performance of blood pressure and the development of hypertension<sup>1-4</sup>, emphasizing the role of this variable in the stratification of cardiovascular risk<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Over the past decades, physiological responses to physical exertion have been closely studied in the pediatric<sup>6</sup> and teen<sup>7</sup> populations for a better understanding of the physiopathologic mechanisms involved. After 12 years of follow-up, preliminary findings point to a consistent relationship between arterial blood pressure values measured right after physical exertion and measured at rest<sup>4</sup>. In children and adolescents, the long follow-up period makes it difficult to establish the predictive value of such a response, and this can lead to inconclusive results<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The factors that seem to influence arterial pressure response to physical exertion in children and adolescents include resting arterial blood pressure<sup>9</sup>, age and gender<sup>10</sup>, ethnicity<sup>11,12</sup>, obesity<sup>13</sup>, dyslipidemias<sup>14</sup>, genetics<sup>15</sup>, physical fitness<sup>16</sup> and family history of hypertension<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Among the abovementioned factors, evidence indicates that obesity stands out as a major factor in the arterial pressure response to physical exertion<sup>13,18</sup>, and findings of locally conducted studies have helped elucidate this behavior in obese adolescents during exercise stress testing<sup>18</sup>. Nevertheless, there are limitations as to the identification of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO<sub>2max</sub>) reported, since the papers published were based on the results of conventional exercise stress testing, which could restrict the interpretation of the actual value of VO<sub>2max</sub> obtained. Knowing that a poorer cardiorespiratory condition is expected in obese individuals<sup>13</sup>, and it is also an important variable in the interpretation of pressure responses<sup>16</sup> to physical exertion, it is believed that this factor should be carefully measured through cardiopulmonary testing<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic response to physical exertion in a group of overweight/obese schoolchildren using cardiopulmonary testing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methodology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 104 junior high school students (56 boys and 48 girls), 11 to 15 years of age, attending both government and private schools in the city of Vit&#243;ria, state of Esp&#237;rito Santo. For sample calculation purposes, a 95% confidence level and a 90% confidence interval were adopted, using Willett&#146;s equation (1998) for independent samples<sup>20</sup>. The minimum number of participants included in the calculation was 20 students, considering that a difference of at least 10 mmHg in blood pressure values was expected between the groups. </p>
      <p>The students were invited to enroll in the study and, along with their parents/guardians, were informed about the methods of the study. Participation in the trial was formalized by signing informed consent forms. The Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Salesiana de Vit&#243;ria, ES, approved this survey.</p>
      <p>The hemodynamic responses of the groups were analyzed as to body composition. For this reason, participants were divided into two groups: the overweight and obese group (OOG), consisting of individuals classified as being over normal body weight according to the criteria detailed below; and the eutrophic group (EG), consisting of individuals classified as being within a healthy weight range.</p>
      <p>A complete clinical history was taken of all the adolescents, including a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) and clinical assessment by a cardiologist to investigate abnormalities which could preclude participation in the cardiopulmonary test, as well as the use of medications that could interfere in blood pressure behavior (exclusion criterion).</p>
      <p>Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electronic RW200 model Welmy scale, with 200kg maximum capacity. Individuals were weighed wearing as little clothing as possible. Height measurement was performed with a wooden stadiometer (Seca, 206 model), with a maximum length of 220 cm. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, and the cut-off values needed to define normal weight, overweight, and obesity were based on a study that used international and Brazilian samples<sup>21</sup>. Considering the existing divergence in literature on the use of the BMI to identify obesity and overweight<sup>22</sup>, we also included skinfold measurements to provide additional information for our analyses.</p>
      <p>A Cescorf skinfold caliper (plicometer) was used to measure subcutaneous fat tissue to the nearest 0.1 mm. Three alternate measurements were made of each skinfold, and the mean value was used. Next, we used the ratio between the triceps and subscapular (T/SR) skinfolds to identify body fat distribution<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the study we used the consensus on methodological aspects of blood pressure in children established by the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension<sup>25</sup>. Participants were evaluated on at least two consecutive days in a laboratory setting, after having remained seated for 10 minutes in a quiet environment. The mean value was calculated for the systolic and diastolic measurements obtained on both days to establish the values of arterial pressure. A properly calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer (Wan Med) was used to take arterial pressure readings, and the cuff size complied with the abovementioned guideline<sup>22</sup>. Normal values of arterial pressure were considered as those below the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile for age and height<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) recorded during ergospirometry (cardiopulmonary test) and the maximal ventilation (VE<sub>max</sub>) were used to obtain an indicator of the physical fitness level of each group. To analyze gases during the cardiopulmonary test, a MedGraphics Corporation (MGC) Cardio2 ergospirometer was used, consisting of a closed-circuit calorimeter. The protocol adopted for the test has been previously described in literature<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Before the date set for the cardiopulmonary test, the students visited the laboratory in order to be familiar with the surroundings and be informed about the procedures to be performed.</p>
      <p>Before starting the test, all subjects lay down for 5 minutes in a quiet environment, at a room temperature of approximately 22&#186; C, and then the electrical activity of the heart was recorded (resting ECG). The heart rate obtained was considered as the resting heart rate (RHR).</p>
      <p>The testing facility was equipped with devices and drugs for emergency medical care. Tests were performed under the supervision of a cardiologist. Subjects were then taken to the ergometric treadmill (Inbrasport Super ATL) and informed about the phases of the test and criteria for interruption. Next, a sphygmomanometer cuff was attached to the arm for blood pressure readings during the test:</p>
      <p>&#149; The readings were taken immediately before beginning exercise (right after the preparation for the test),</p>
      <p>&#149; After 2 minutes of exercise, known as the submaximal arterial pressure (~ 30% VO<sub>2max</sub>),</p>
      <p>&#149; And at the end of the test, the maximal arterial pressure (100% VO<sub>2max</sub>).</p>
      <p>After approximately two minutes of rest with the patient standing, while electrocardiographic and ventilatory records were obtained (pre-effort phase), the test was started. During testing, the students were monitored via 12-lead ECG for cardiac response and heart rate during exertion.</p>
      <p>In this study, a ramp protocol was adopted which consisted of increments according to the predicted oxygen consumption in metabolic equivalents (MET) compared to the oxygen consumption measured.The test was interrupted whenever the subjects signaled (through pre-set gestures) fatigue or any other discomfort which could preclude the continuation of the test. The mean duration of the test was 9 minutes. To check whether the VO<sub>2</sub> recorded was at its maximal level, the following criteria were used<sup>26</sup>: a) Inability to continue exercising; b) Respiratory Exchange Rate (RER) <underline>&gt;</underline>1.0; c) HR<sub>max </sub>obtained <underline>&gt;</underline> 90% of the estimated HR; VO<sub>2max</sub> obtained <underline>&gt;</underline> 85% of the predicted value.</p>
      <p>Student&#146;s t test was used to analyze the data collected for the independent samples to compare the two groups as to resting and exercise pressure averages, anthropometric characteristics, metabolic parameters, and physical fitness. Whenever necessary, the ANCOVA test was used to correct confounding variables. <italic>P</italic> values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The anthropometric, hemodynamic, and physical fitness characteristics of the sample are displayed according to gender on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>, respectively for girls and boys, showing the total number of individuals in the sample by their classification as overweight and obese (OOG) and eutrophic (EG).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the female group, a statistical difference was observed only in the anthropometric variables (weight, height, BMI, and T/SR) when both groups were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In the male group, besides the differences in anthropometric variables, greater values of systolic arterial pressure were observed in the OOG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), when compared to the EG (113 &#177; 13 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 8 mmHg; <italic>p</italic> = 0.009).</p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary test applied proved reliable for identifying cardiorespiratory fitness, showing a mean RER value of 1.05 &#177; 0.07. Therefore, it was observed that 93% of the girls and 87% of the boys reached VO<sub>2max,</sub> according to the criteria established in this study.</p>
      <p>During the test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), the pre-exercise SAP in overweight boys (120 &#177; 14 <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 10 mmHg, <italic>p </italic>= 0.003) and the SAP at the maximal overload were greater than that of the participants of the eutrophic group (156 &#177; 20 <italic>vs</italic> 146 &#177; 14 mmHg, <italic>p </italic>= 0.03), reflecting a greater pre-exercise MAP (86 &#177; 10 <italic>vs</italic> 81 &#177; 7 mmHg, <italic>p </italic>= 0.04). The VO<sub>2max</sub> was superior in the EG as compared to the OOG (42.6 &#177; 6.6 <italic>vs</italic> 36.24 &#177; 7.2 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), showing that participants in this group were more physically fit. However, the hemodynamic differences were confirmed even after the adjustment for height and VO<sub>2max</sub> through covariance analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the group of girls, no marked difference was observed between the OOG and the EG as to the hemodynamic variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Only the pre-exercise SAP was greater in the overweight group as compared to the eutrophic girls (114 &#177; 11 <italic>vs</italic> 106 &#177; 10 mmHg, <italic>p</italic> = 0.009), but this difference did not persist after adjustment for height.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0025-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our aim was to analyze the influence of obesity or overweight on the hemodynamic response to physical exertion in a group of healthy and normotensive adolescents. The relevance of this issue is the possibility of early identification of abnormalities in hemodynamic parameters according to the presence of this risk factor, which might contribute to establishing preventive measures during childhood and adolescence. </p>
      <p>The individuals studied in this survey who were overweight or obese had a lower level of physical fitness, as had been previously described in literature<sup>20,26-28</sup>. It is interesting to point out that in this study the identification of major hemodynamic abnormalities was only possible in the group of male obese subjects who showed greater cardiovascular demand in the resting and maximal effort phases. These findings deserve further investigation in order to clarify the prognostic importance of the maximal cardiopulmonary exertion test (direct measurement) performed in adolescents to predict future hypertension. Previous data show that SAP at submaximal exertion has a predictive value of 89.7% for detecting arterial hypertension<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>At maximal intensity (100% VO<sub>2</sub> max), SAP values were greater among the obese adolescents. These hemodynamic changes show that obese subjects have greater cardiac overloads at maximal exertion, concurring with the information that there is a significant association between BMI and SAP at maximal exertion<sup>11</sup>. This is supposedly related to exacerbated central sympathetic activity that contributes primarily in the maximal intensity of exercise when the mechanisms of metabolic and mechanical feedback of active muscles and joints trigger a significant increase of the sympathetic response<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms proposed to correlate obesity and hypertension allude to the explanation of cardiovascular overload resulting from increased body mass, which would cause increased blood volume and subcutaneous blood vessel tension<sup>27</sup>, and metabolic dysfunction caused by the increased fat tissue mass, especially central or visceral fat, raising insulin resistance<sup>28,30</sup>. Evidence of these dysfunctions from obesity is also observed in children and adolescents<sup>31-34</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, the concentration of circulating substances during exercise was not measured to confirm the mechanisms involved in these findings. However, it was observed that adiposity was located mostly in the central region of the body in the overweight individuals, as assessed by the triceps/subscapular ratio (T/SR). </p>
      <p>The findings in this study show that the response of arterial blood pressure to exercise was most exacerbated in obese male adolescents as compared to the eutrophic teens, suggesting greater reactivity to physical exertion. The presence of centrally localized obesity (T/SR) was also noted, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in this feature of exacerbated response are probably related to the metabolic and autonomic abnormalities that usually precede the establishment of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Luciana Carletti, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
