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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BcJRgCzJ4c3hqVZMkCWYCRN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e abordagem cir&#250;rgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de jatene para transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moys&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Aon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcial</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Barbero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>24</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias &#233; a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica mais freq&#252;ente no per&#237;odo neonatal, correspondendo a 7% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Dentre as opera&#231;&#245;es para tratamento cir&#250;rgico, a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, com corre&#231;&#227;o arterial, &#233; o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a preval&#234;ncia da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cir&#250;rgico e propor manobras t&#233;cnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. M&#201;TODOS: Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9%) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente m&#233;dio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Dependendo da localiza&#231;&#227;o e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico constou de aplica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes t&#233;cnicas, como amplia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de estenose com remendos de peric&#225;rdio bovino, ressec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas esten&#243;ticas e anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal, substitui&#231;&#227;o de remendos retra&#237;dos e de tubos sint&#233;ticos. RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em 20 pacientes, com &#243;bito em um dos casos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene para transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias teve preval&#234;ncia de 20,9%. Uma vez identificada e com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas. Para prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose, prop&#245;em-se ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo e cuidado na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta, evitando compress&#227;o da neopulmonar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene</kwd>
        <kwd>transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - CRIAN&#199;AS</p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia e abordagem cir&#250;rgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de jatene para transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Biscegli Jatene<sup>I,II</sup>; Ieda Biscegli Jatene<sup>II</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Marques de Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Rafael Aon Moys&#233;s<sup>II</sup>; Luis Carlos Bento de Souza<sup>II</sup>; Valmir Fontes<sup>II</sup>; Nana Miura<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Augusto Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Miguel Barbero Marcial<sup>I</sup>; Adib Domingos Jatene<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias &#233; a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica mais freq&#252;ente no per&#237;odo neonatal, correspondendo a 7% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Dentre as opera&#231;&#245;es para tratamento cir&#250;rgico, a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, com corre&#231;&#227;o arterial, &#233; o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada.  </p>
    <p> OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a preval&#234;ncia da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cir&#250;rgico e propor manobras t&#233;cnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9%) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente m&#233;dio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Dependendo da localiza&#231;&#227;o e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico constou de aplica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes t&#233;cnicas, como amplia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de estenose com remendos de peric&#225;rdio bovino, ressec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas esten&#243;ticas e anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal, substitui&#231;&#227;o de remendos retra&#237;dos e de tubos sint&#233;ticos.  </p>
    <p> RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em 20 pacientes, com &#243;bito em um dos casos. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene para transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias teve preval&#234;ncia de 20,9%. Uma vez identificada e com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas. Para prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose, prop&#245;em-se ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo e cuidado na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta, evitando compress&#227;o da neopulmonar</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Estenose da valva pulmonar, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) &#233; a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica mais freq&#252;ente observada no per&#237;odo neonatal, correspondendo a, aproximadamente, 7% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>1-4</sup>. &#201; cardiopatia de evolu&#231;&#227;o letal que, antes do aparecimento de t&#233;cnicas para sua corre&#231;&#227;o, levava a &#243;bito 50% das crian&#231;as no primeiro m&#234;s de vida e mais de 90% no primeiro ano<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es a n&#237;vel atrial propostas por Senning e Mustard<sup>5,6</sup> foram as primeiras com resultados satisfat&#243;rios. Outras propostas para corre&#231;&#227;o da TGA<sup>7-9</sup> foram descritas, at&#233; que Jatene<sup>10</sup> realizou, pela primeira vez, com sucesso, corre&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel arterial em caso de TGA com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV). </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, o conceito da opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene visa inverter os vasos da base, fazendo que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) fique em comunica&#231;&#227;o com a aorta e o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), com o tronco pulmonar (TP), al&#233;m da transloca&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias da aorta para o TP (ou neo-aorta). </p>
    <p>Dentre os principais aspectos a serem considerados durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, aqueles relacionados &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica s&#227;o os que merecem ser ressaltados. </p>
    <p>A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar &#233; o aspecto t&#233;cnico que mais comumente apresenta complica&#231;&#245;es durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, mais especificamente a estenose no plano supravalvar pulmonar. Sua incid&#234;ncia pode variar de 3% a 30%<sup>11</sup>, com incid&#234;ncia geralmente progressiva<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A estenose pode ocorrer em momentos distintos da evolu&#231;&#227;o e pode comprometer, sob o aspecto anat&#244;mico, planos diversos da neopulmonar, podendo abranger a bifurca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda, o n&#237;vel da linha de sutura, o plano valvar e o supravalvar pulmonar. Procura-se demonstrar, com este estudo, a preval&#234;ncia da ocorr&#234;ncia desse tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o, bem como aspectos relacionados &#224; sua corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de abril de 1975 a dezembro de 2000, no Hospital da Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, no Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio e no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 553 crian&#231;as portadoras de TGA foram submetidas a tratamento cir&#250;rgico pela opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene. As duas &#250;ltimas institui&#231;&#245;es foram respons&#225;veis por 96,4% das opera&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente 50,7% e 45,7%. </p>
    <p>Das 409 (74%) crian&#231;as que obtiveram alta hospitalar, 281 (68,7%) puderam ser acompanhadas em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia, por meio de consultas de retorno peri&#243;dico nas institui&#231;&#245;es em que foram operadas ou em consult&#243;rio do cardiologista de refer&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Das crian&#231;as que puderam ser acompanhadas, 59 (20,9%) apresentaram, durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria graus variados de estenose supravalvar pulmonar; considerando as 409 crian&#231;as que sobreviveram &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia foi de 14,4%. Por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, foram considerados de grau discreto os gradientes sist&#243;licos entre o VD e o TP inferiores a 39 mmHg, de grau moderado entre 40 e 59 mmHg e de grau severo superiores a 60 mmHg. Em 22 (37,3%) casos a estenose era discreta, em 14 (23,8%) moderada e em 23 (38,9%) severa. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames de imagem (ecocardiograma e angiografia pulmonar por cateterismo card&#237;aco), 21 crian&#231;as foram submetidas a tratamento cir&#250;rgico para corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose, e constituem o grupo a ser avaliado neste estudo. </p>
    <p>Em seis (28,5%) crian&#231;as havia les&#245;es residuais associadas, sendo CIV em dois casos (um com estenose de &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda), e nos outros casos; oclus&#227;o da coron&#225;ria esquerda, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante, pseudo-aneurisma de aorta ascendente, e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA). </p>
    <p>Em seis casos, durante o cateterismo card&#237;aco, fez-se a tentativa de dilata&#231;&#227;o da estenose por cateter bal&#227;o, sem sucesso, sendo ent&#227;o encaminhadas para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Em nenhum dos casos se utilizou <italic>stent</italic> durante a tentativa de dilata&#231;&#227;o. As opera&#231;&#245;es para corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose supravalvar foram realizadas no per&#237;odo de setembro de 1981 a outubro de 2002. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram: gradiente VD/art&#233;rias pulmonares superior a 60 mmHg, ou quando esse gradiente foi inferior houve indica&#231;&#227;o para corre&#231;&#227;o de outro defeito. Casos considerados e resolvidos por cateterismo intervencionista n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os pacientes que n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica permanecem em seguimento cl&#237;nico, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames peri&#243;dicos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o ou n&#227;o da estenose. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, dos 21 casos, em 17 (80,9%) os vasos da base foram posicionados lado a lado, estando a neopulmonar posicionada &#224; direita da neo-aorta em 16 casos e, em um caso, a neopulmonar estava posicionada &#224; esquerda da neo-aorta; em quatro (19,1%) casos utilizou-se a manobra de Lecompte, com anterioriza&#231;&#227;o do TP. </p>
    <p>O gradiente VD/TP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 73,2 mmHg e variou de 49 a 154 mmHg. O tempo m&#233;dio transcorrido entre a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene e a corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose supravalvar pulmonar foi de 109,1 meses, variando entre 36 e 228 meses; nos 17 casos com vasos da base dispostos lado a lado o tempo foi de 114,9 meses (37 a 228 meses), e nos quatro casos com manobra de Lecompte, foi de 48,6 meses (36 a 56 meses). </p>
    <p>Procedeu-se &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da estenose supravalvar, por diferentes t&#233;cnicas, visando ao al&#237;vio da estenose. As t&#233;cnicas a serem empregadas visam &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o do segmento estenosado e reconstru&#231;&#227;o com anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal e a amplia&#231;&#227;o do local estreitado com remendos; a eventual utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras t&#233;cnicas para al&#237;vio da estenose ficar&#225; individualizada para cada caso em particular. </p>
    <p>O acesso cir&#250;rgico, em todos os casos, foi a esternotomia mediana, com libera&#231;&#227;o das ader&#234;ncias decorrentes da opera&#231;&#227;o anterior; isolamento da neo-aorta e neopulmonar e de seus ramos foi realizado de forma cuidadosa. Preparo do campo operat&#243;rio, com posicionamento dos tubos da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) antes da abertura do esterno, foi realizado em todos os casos. </p>
    <p>Utilizaram-se, em todos os casos, oxigenador de membrana, hipotermia moderada entre 25 e 28&#186;C, prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide hipot&#233;rmica nos primeiros oito casos e, a partir de 1996, solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica sang&#252;&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos realizados, as t&#233;cnicas utilizadas para corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose supravalvar podem ser resumidas em quatro principais: </p>
    <p>&#149; amplia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de estenose com remendos de peric&#225;rdio bovino; </p>
    <p>&#149; ressec&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea esten&#243;tica e anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal; </p>
    <p>&#149; substitui&#231;&#227;o de tubo sint&#233;tico por outro tubo de maior di&#226;metro; </p>
    <p>&#149; substitui&#231;&#227;o de remendos retra&#237;dos por novos remendos. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, algumas manobras concomitantes &#224;s amplia&#231;&#245;es descritas foram realizadas, como alongamento da aorta pela interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo sint&#233;tico na neo-aorta ou interposi&#231;&#227;o de remendo para aumentar o comprimento da neo-aorta, especificamente nos casos de redu&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o retro-a&#243;rtico, quando os vasos foram reconstru&#237;dos em posi&#231;&#227;o lado a lado. Os diferentes tipos de t&#233;cnica utilizados para corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose supravalvar pulmonar est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram corrigidos os defeitos associados durante a mesma opera&#231;&#227;o em que se corrigiu a estenose supravalvar pulmonar, em seq&#252;&#234;ncia definida pelo cirurgi&#227;o respons&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tardia, procurou-se identificar a incid&#234;ncia livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o, comparando-se os casos com disposi&#231;&#227;o dos vasos lado a lado com os casos com manobra de Lecompte. O tempo de seguimento variou de um a 23 anos, com m&#233;dia de 7,76 anos e desvio padr&#227;o de 4,45 anos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As curvas dos &#237;ndices de reopera&#231;&#227;o foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, e o teste de Log-Rank foi empregado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas de eventos. </p>
    <p>Foi estabelecido o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. Os dados num&#233;ricos foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto os &#237;ndices de incid&#234;ncia de eventos foram apresentados com o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 68%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos 281 pacientes que puderam ser seguidos tardiamente, observou-se que 66% estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#245;es em per&#237;odo de at&#233; 20 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Separando os pacientes pelo tipo de reconstru&#231;&#227;o utilizada dos vasos da base na opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, identificou-se que os casos com reconstru&#231;&#227;o dos vasos lado a lado apresentaram incid&#234;ncia maior de reopera&#231;&#245;es que os casos com manobra de Lecompte. No entanto, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em raz&#227;o de alguns aspectos: pequeno n&#250;mero de casos com manobra de Lecompte que foram reoperados, menor n&#250;mero de casos que puderam ser seguidos, e menor tempo de seguimento. As curvas livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o para os dois tipos de reconstru&#231;&#227;o dos vasos da base est&#227;o expostas no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Um paciente (4,7%) faleceu no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e baixo d&#233;bito, decorrente de les&#227;o da coronariana direita durante a abertura; era crian&#231;a de oito anos e seis meses, com oito anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, com estenose supravalvar pulmonar segmentar, que englobava desde o plano valvar at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o dos ramos pulmonares; a corre&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo de Dacron substituindo-se o segmento estenosado. </p>
    <p>Os demais pacientes apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria imediata satisfat&#243;ria, sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores; dois pacientes necessitaram ser reoperados por sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, um paciente apresentou infec&#231;&#227;o mediastinal, tendo sido submetido a reopera&#231;&#227;o com ressutura do esterno e limpeza mediastinal, com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos associados, em dois casos se realizou ventriculoseptoplastia com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino; em um caso, de amplia&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio da coron&#225;ria direita com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino; em um caso, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com anastomose da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, antes da bifurca&#231;&#227;o em interventricular anterior e circunflexa; em um caso, pl&#225;stica da valva tric&#250;spide pela t&#233;cnica de DeVega; e, em outro caso, interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo de Dacron para tratamento de pseudo-aneurisma na por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da neo-aorta. </p>
    <p>Dentre os diferentes achados cir&#250;rgicos e angiogr&#225;ficos observados, a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose localizada imediatamente antes da bifurca&#231;&#227;o entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita (APD) e art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda (APE) foi uma das formas de obstru&#231;&#227;o. O achado cir&#250;rgico confirmou a imagem angiogr&#225;fica, refor&#231;ando a impress&#227;o de ter ocorrido retra&#231;&#227;o cicatricial e restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento ao n&#237;vel da anastomose. Ap&#243;s abertura longitudinal, a corre&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com amplia&#231;&#227;o do local da estenose com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Outro exemplo de estenose em vasos posicionados lado a lado &#233; o caso no qual se identificou estenose do TP e APE que evidenciou no intra-operat&#243;rio aspecto sugestivo de compress&#227;o da APE e TP pela aorta. Ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o de CEC e abertura do TP e APE, realizou-se amplia&#231;&#227;o com duas placas isoladas em dire&#231;&#245;es diferentes e suturadas entre si, ampliando a APE em sua face superior e o TP em sua face &#226;ntero-lateral direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos casos de manobra de Lecompte, quando as art&#233;rias pulmonares n&#227;o foram adequadamente dissecadas e mobilizadas, pode ocorrer compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca pela neo-aorta, com tens&#227;o excessiva nas art&#233;rias pulmonares, levando a estenose em sua emerg&#234;ncia do TP. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>, observa-se em estudo angiogr&#225;fico estenose de ambas as art&#233;rias pulmonares, al&#233;m de pequeno estreitamento no TP. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica constou da libera&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares e amplia&#231;&#227;o da APD e APE com remendos isolados de peric&#225;rdio bovino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, todos os 20 pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar permanecem assintom&#225;ticos, sem restri&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas; desde o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, avalia&#231;&#245;es do resultado cir&#250;rgico da corre&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas por meio de exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico anual em todos os pacientes e por resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica em oito dos 20 pacientes (no primeiro ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria). Os gradientes entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a neopulmonar, avaliados pelo ecocardiograma, variaram entre 10 e 38 mmHg, com m&#233;dia de 24 mmHg, com manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado, sem progress&#227;o do gradiente com a evolu&#231;&#227;o. Aspecto da resson&#226;ncia de paciente submetido &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o do TP e da APD pode ser demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>, na qual se observa adequada dimens&#227;o do TP e da APD, sem estenoses residuais. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica original descrita por Jatene, apesar de ainda utilizada por alguns cirurgi&#245;es, deu lugar, nos dias atuais, a um padr&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o que engloba basicamente o emprego da manobra de Lecompte, transloca&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com grande fragmento da parede a&#243;rtica, uso de recursos t&#233;cnicos (<italic>trap-door</italic>) para facilitar o implante das coron&#225;rias e reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar com fragmentos amplos de tecido sint&#233;tico (Gore-Tex), peric&#225;rdio bovino ou aut&#243;logo (fresco ou fixado)<sup>12-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar do menor emprego da t&#233;cnica original nos dias atuais, como foi detalhadamente descrita por Jatene, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es seu uso &#233; mandat&#243;rio, especialmente nos casos de TGA com vasos em disposi&#231;&#227;o lado a lado, tipo anomalia de Taussig Bing. </p>
    <p>Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, se a tuneliza&#231;&#227;o intraventricular proposta por Kawashima e cols.<sup>16</sup> n&#227;o puder ser aplicada, a corre&#231;&#227;o tem que ser realizada com o fechamento da CIV, conectando o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao TP e o ventr&#237;culo direito &#224; aorta e, em seguida, a troca dos grandes vasos. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o final de 1981, quando Lecompte descreveu a manobra de anterioriza&#231;&#227;o do TP na TGA<sup>17</sup>, todos os casos de nossa casu&#237;stica foram operados com o emprego da t&#233;cnica original, at&#233; que a proposi&#231;&#227;o de Castaneda e cols.<sup>18</sup> de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento dos neonatos popularizou e padronizou a manobra de Lecompte. </p>
    <p>Nos primeiros casos de nossa experi&#234;ncia, alguns aspectos ainda precisavam ser aprimorados, como a altura da sec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e do TP; no in&#237;cio, a maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o era a respeito de preservar a aorta, utilizando longos cotos proximal e distal para fazer a reconstru&#231;&#227;o. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, os cotos que restavam para reconstruir a neopulmonar eram curtos, e a &#250;nica solu&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tubo sint&#233;tico para alongar a neopulmonar. </p>
    <p>O pre&#231;o a se pagar era a obrigatoriedade de troca do tubo em per&#237;odo de tempo vari&#225;vel, como observado no primeiro caso de nossa s&#233;rie que realizou duas trocas de tubo, uma aos cinco anos e outra aos 12 anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o. Essa paciente se encontra atualmente com 29 anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com vida normal, casada e com dois filhos. </p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o encontrada para resolver esse problema foi realizar a sec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e do TP em n&#237;veis semelhantes, com pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es. A nosso ver, uma inspe&#231;&#227;o detalhada da rela&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos e anatomia das coron&#225;rias, antes da instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC, nos d&#225; o passo inicial para uma adequada corre&#231;&#227;o. Podemos identificar aspectos importantes na altura da sec&#231;&#227;o dos vasos; ao se deixar a neo-aorta longa quando se faz a corre&#231;&#227;o com a manobra de Lecompte, pode haver compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TP pela neo-aorta, de tr&#225;s para frente, como observado em dois casos de nossa casu&#237;stica. Se a aorta ficar mais longa em situa&#231;&#227;o de disposi&#231;&#227;o dos vasos lado a lado, a conseq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; menor, pois n&#227;o dever&#225; haver compress&#227;o da neopulmonar que fica posicionada, em geral, &#224; direita da neo-aorta. </p>
    <p>Caso, por&#233;m, a neo-aorta fique mais curta, em casos com manobra de Lecompte, n&#227;o dever&#225; haver compress&#227;o da neopulmonar. Nos casos de vasos posicionados lado a lado, uma neo-aorta muito curta far&#225; compress&#227;o sobre a art&#233;ria pulmonar, em geral a APE, e mesmo sobre o TP, caso o espa&#231;o retro-a&#243;rtico fique muito pequeno. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, em tr&#234;s casos houve necessidade de alongar a por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da neo-aorta, al&#233;m da corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose propriamente dita, pelas t&#233;cnicas j&#225; citadas. </p>
    <p>Quando a compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca se faz de tr&#225;s para frente, nos casos em que se utilizou a manobra de Lecompte, tamb&#233;m o posicionamento dos remendos &#233; importante; a nosso ver, as amplia&#231;&#245;es de APD, APE e TP devem ser realizadas na face anterior da neopulmonar. </p>
    <p>Caso se vislumbre a possibilidade de compress&#227;o do local ampliado pelo esterno, os remendos podem ser posicionados mais lateralizados, tanto &#224; direita como &#224; esquerda. Serraf e cols., em 16 casos de estenose supravalvar localizada na linha de sutura, descrevem, como tratamento, a amplia&#231;&#227;o do local com remendo circular de politetrafluoroeliteleno, evitando posicionar o remendo em locais propensos &#224; compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca por outras estruturas<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto t&#233;cnico de import&#226;ncia se refere &#224; forma como os &#243;stios coronarianos s&#227;o removidos, e a conseq&#252;ente reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar. Quando se retiram os &#243;stios com pequena borda de tecido adjacente ao orif&#237;cio ostial, a reconstru&#231;&#227;o se faz com remendo circular ocluindo o orif&#237;cio criado pela remo&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio. </p>
    <p>Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, quase toda a circunfer&#234;ncia do trecho proximal da neopulmonar &#233; composto por tecido vi&#225;vel, com pequeno remendo circular, com potencialidade de crescimento. Apesar disso, observou-se em nossa casu&#237;stica que, em tr&#234;s casos em que os vasos foram posicionados lado a lado, e os &#243;stios foram retirados dessa forma, houve desenvolvimento de estenose supravalvar por retra&#231;&#227;o do remendo, associado ao n&#227;o-crescimento adequado da neopulmonar. </p>
    <p>A outra t&#233;cnica para se retirar os &#243;stios coronarianos &#233; feita ressecando todo o tecido do seio de Valsalva onde se localiza a coron&#225;ria, e substituindo a parede do seio com grande remendo, de dimens&#245;es geralmente maiores que o tecido retirado. </p>
    <p>Em estudo de Prifti e cols.<sup>14</sup> se faz refer&#234;ncia &#224;s diferentes t&#233;cnicas de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar, com duplo remendo, remendo simples ou anastomose direta, com resultado melhor quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose na neopulmonar nos casos reconstru&#237;dos com remendo simples. Em outro estudo de Haas e cols.<sup>19</sup>, n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as entre os diferentes tipos de t&#233;cnica ou tecido utilizados na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar. </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a melhor forma de se reconstruir a neopulmonar, ap&#243;s a retirada dos &#243;stios, seja retirando todo o tecido do seio de Valsalva e fazendo-se a reconstru&#231;&#227;o com amplo remendo de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco, retirado imediatamente antes do implante; acreditamos existir potencialidade de crescimento do peric&#225;rdio fresco, al&#233;m das dimens&#245;es amplas do remendo, que deixaria grande anastomose, com menor chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose. </p>
    <p>Apesar de nossa casu&#237;stica mostrar uma maior incid&#234;ncia de estenose supravalvar nos casos de vasos posicionados lado a lado, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os casos com manobra de Lecompte, acreditamos que esse aspecto se deve a alguns fatores, al&#233;m dos aspectos t&#233;cnico-cir&#250;rgicos j&#225; comentados. </p>
    <p>Dentre esses fatores, citamos o fato de que um grande n&#250;mero de casos de estenose tardia ocorreu no inicio da s&#233;rie, quando os conceitos e as t&#225;ticas cir&#250;rgicas estavam se solidificando, e todos os casos eram operados com posicionamento dos vasos lado a lado, sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da manobra de Lecompte, ainda n&#227;o descrita at&#233; 1981<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudo multic&#234;ntrico, publicado por Williams e cols.<sup>12</sup>, refor&#231;a a impress&#227;o de que a experi&#234;ncia do grupo cir&#250;rgico &#233; importante, tendo identificado, dentre alguns fatores, que, al&#233;m de institui&#231;&#245;es de piores resultados, a experi&#234;ncia inicial assume relev&#226;ncia na incid&#234;ncia de estenose de TP ou ramos. J&#225; nos primeiros relatos de evolu&#231;&#227;o em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, Jatene e cols.<sup>20</sup> e Wernovsky e cols.<sup>21</sup> relataram ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose da neopulmonar, em seguimento de experi&#234;ncias iniciais que variavam de 10% a 28% dos casos operados. </p>
    <p>Experi&#234;ncia mais recente, descrita por Haas e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em crian&#231;as operadas at&#233; 1997, n&#227;o mostrou influ&#234;ncia do tipo de t&#233;cnica utilizada para reconstru&#231;&#227;o do TP na ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose supravalvar, com incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 15%, quando na maioria dos casos fez-se a opera&#231;&#227;o com a manobra de Lecompte. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto observado em nossa casu&#237;stica foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose na neopulmonar, predominantemente no plano supravalvar, sem refer&#234;ncia de estenose subvalvar e apenas um caso no qual a valva pulmonar estava esten&#243;tica, o que n&#227;o se confirmou no intra-operat&#243;rio. Observou-se retra&#231;&#227;o do tecido utilizado para reconstruir a neopulmonar, o que aproximou os postes comissurais dando a impress&#227;o de se tratar de estenose valvar; com a ressec&#231;&#227;o do tecido e substitui&#231;&#227;o por novos remendos, houve amplia&#231;&#227;o do local, resolvendo-se a estenose. </p>
    <p>Experi&#234;ncia semelhante foi relatada por Gandhi e cols.<sup>22</sup>, que, em 21 pacientes que desenvolveram estenose na neopulmonar, em 16 eram no plano supravalvar. Estudo conduzido por Wetter e cols.<sup>23</sup> avaliou o desenvolvimento da neo-aorta e neopulmonar, em sua por&#231;&#227;o inicial, demonstrando tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho da raiz da neopulmonar, sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica associada. </p>
    <p>Acreditamos ser de fundamental import&#226;ncia uma ampla inspe&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria, procurando-se analisar a anatomia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, al&#233;m da rela&#231;&#227;o espacial das grandes art&#233;rias, visando-se &#224; melhor programa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tipo de t&#233;cnica a ser empregada. </p>
    <p>Nos casos em que os vasos da base necessitem ser posicionados lado a lado, sugerem-se as seguintes medidas: </p>
    <p>&#149; adequada libera&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, realizando-se ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o; </p>
    <p>&#149; sec&#231;&#227;o e sutura do canal arterial; </p>
    <p>&#149; cuidado na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta, deixando-a mais longa, para que n&#227;o se diminua o espa&#231;o retro-a&#243;rtico; </p>
    <p>&#149; realizar ampla anastomose na neopulmonar, utilizando-se de remendos de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco para reconstruir o coto proximal. </p>
    <p>Nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que se utiliza a manobra de Lecompte, com anterioriza&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar, sugerem-se as seguintes medidas: </p>
    <p>&#149; adequada libera&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, realizando-se ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o; </p>
    <p>&#149; sec&#231;&#227;o e sutura do canal arterial; </p>
    <p>&#149; abordagem e libera&#231;&#227;o efetiva da APE ap&#243;s a sec&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial; </p>
    <p>&#149; cuidado na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta, deixando-a mais curta, para evitar a compress&#227;o da neopulmonar de tr&#225;s para frente. </p>
    <p>Podemos concluir que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar p&#243;s-opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene para TGA teve preval&#234;ncia de 20,9% e est&#225; relacionada a diversos aspectos t&#233;cnico cir&#250;rgicos, no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o. Diferentes graus de estenose foram observados, por&#233;m considera-se que seu tratamento &#233; indicado em casos com gradientes superiores a 60 mmHg. Opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas; para tentar prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de estenose, prop&#245;em-se ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo e cuidado na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neoaorta para evitar compress&#227;o da neopulmonar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marcelo Biscegli Jatene </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, l535 - Jd. das Bandeiras </p>
        <p> 05412-003 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mbjatene@cardiol.br">mbjatene@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mbjatene@uol.com.br">mbjatene@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/07/07; revisado recebido em 28/10/07; aceito em 05/12/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transposition of the great arteries associated with ventricular septal defect: surgical results and long-term outcome</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>816</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wetter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinzobahhamvya</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedwing</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaschzok</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brecher</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after jatene operation for transposition of great arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7% of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9%) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient &gt; 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9%; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Jatene's surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>transposition of great vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after Jatene operation for transposition of great arteries</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Biscegli Jatene<sup>I, II</sup>; Ieda Biscegli Jatene<sup>II</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Marques de Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Rafael Aon Moys&#233;s<sup>II</sup>; Luis Carlos Bento de Souza<sup>II</sup>; Valmir Fontes<sup>II</sup>; Nana Miura<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Augusto Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Miguel Barbero Marcial<sup>I</sup>; Adib Domingos Jatene<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7% of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9%) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient &gt; 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9%; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary valve stenosis; heart defects, congenital; Jatene&#146;s surgery; transposition of great vessels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most frequently observed congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to approximately 7% of all congenital cardiopathies<sup>1-4</sup>. It is a cardiopathy with a lethal evolution which, before the appearance of the correction techniques, led 50% of the children to death within the first month of life and more than 90% within the first year<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The surgeries at atrial level proposed by Senning and Mustard<sup>5,6</sup>, were the first with satisfactory results. Other proposals for the correction of TGA<sup>7-9</sup> had been described, until Jatene<sup>10</sup> performed for the first time, successfully, the correction at arterial level in a case of TGA with interventricular communication (IVC).</p>
      <p>Under the technical point of view, the concept of Jatene operation aims at inverting the base vessels, making the left ventricle (LV) be in communication with the aorta and the right ventricle (RV) with the pulmonary trunk (PT), in addition to the translocation of the coronary arteries from the aorta to the PT (or neoaorta).</p>
      <p>Among the main aspects to be considered during the evolution of patients submitted to Jatene operation, those related to the surgical technique are the noteworthy ones. </p>
      <p>The neopulmonary reconstruction is the technical aspect that most commonly presents complications during the evolution, more specifically, pulmonary supravalvular stenosis. Its incidence can vary from 3 to 30%<sup>11</sup>, with a generally progressive incidence<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The stenosis can occur at distinct moments of the evolution and can compromise, under the anatomical aspect, several planes of the neopulmonary, which can comprehend the bifurcation of the right pulmonary artery and left pulmonary artery, the level of the suture line, the valvular plane and the pulmonary supravalvular one. We will try to demonstrate with the present study, the prevalence of this type of complication, as well as aspects related to its surgical correction and the postoperative evolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From April 1975 to December 2000, at the Hospital da Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio and Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (The Heart Institute) of the School of Medicine of the University de S&#227;o Paulo, 553 children with TGA were submitted to surgical treatment through Jatene operation. The two last institutions were responsible for 96.4% of the operations, respectively: 50.7% and 45.7%.</p>
      <p>Of the 409 children (74%) who attained hospital discharge, 281 (68.7%) could be followed during the late evolution, through routine medical visits at the institutions where they were operated or in the medical office of the reference cardiologist. </p>
      <p> Of the children that were followed, 59 (20.9%) presented, during the postoperative evolution, varied degrees of pulmonary supravalvular stenosis; considering the 409 children that survived the operation, the incidence was 14.4%. Through the echocardiographic assessment, the systolic gradients between the RV and the PT were considered slight when &lt; 39 mmHg, moderate when between 40 and 59 mmHg and severe when &gt; 60 mmHg. In 22 (37.3%) of the cases, the stenosis was slight, moderate in 14 (23.8%0 and severe in 23 (38.9%). </p>
      <p>After the clinical and image assessment (echocardiography and pulmonary angiography through cardiac catheterism), 21 children were submitted to surgical treatment to correct the stenosis and constitute the group to be assessed in the present study. </p>
      <p>Six children (28.5%) has associated residual lesions, with IVC in two cases (one with stenosis of the ostium of the left coronary artery) and in the other cases, occlusion of the left coronary, important tricuspid failure, pseudo aneurism of the ascending aorta and interatrial communication (IAC). </p>
      <p>In six cases, during the cardiac catheterism, the stenosis dilation by a balloon catheter was attempted without success; these cases were then referred to surgical treatment. A stent was not used in any of the cases during the attempted dilation. The operations for correction of the supravalvular stenosis were carried out from September 1981 to October 2002.</p>
      <p>The criteria for surgical indication were: RV/superior pulmonary arteries gradient &gt; 60 mmHg or, when this gradient was lower, there was indication for the correction of another defect. Cases considered and resolved by interventionist catheterism were not included in the present study. The patients that did not meet the criteria for surgical indication remained under clinical follow-up, with periodical assessments to evaluate the progression or not of the stenosis. </p>
      <p>Regarding the surgical technique, in 17 of the 21 cases (80,9%) the base vessels were positioned side by side, with the neopulmonary positioned to the right of the neoaorta in 16 cases and, in 1 case, the neopulmonary was positioned to the left of the neoaorta; in 4 cases (19.1%) the Lecompte maneuver was used, with anteriorization of the PT. </p>
      <p> The preoperative RV/PT gradient was 73.2mmHg and varied from 49 to 154mmHg. The mean time between the Jatene operation and the correction of the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis was 109.1 months, varying from 36 and 228 months; in the 17 cases with base vessels located side by side, the time was 114.9 months (37 to 228 months) and in the four cases with Lecompte maneuver, it was 48.6 months (36 to 56 months).</p>
      <p>The surgical correction of the supravalvular stenosis was carried out, through different techniques, aiming at the stenosis relief. The techniques to be employed aim at the resection of the stenosed segment and reconstruction with termino-terminal anastomosis and the enlargement of the narrowed site with patches; the eventual use of other techniques to attain stenosis relief will be individualized for each particular case. </p>
      <p>The surgical access, in all cases, was through the median sternotomy, with release of the adherences caused by the previous operation; the isolation of the neoaorta and neopulmonary and its branches was carried out carefully. The preparation of the surgical field, with the positioning of the extracorporeal circulation (ECC) tubes before opening the sternum, was carried out in all cases. </p>
      <p>A membrane oxygenator and moderate hypothermia (between 25&#186; and 28&#186; C) were used in all cases; myocardial protection with crystalloid cardioplegia was used in the first 8 cases and from 1996 on, a hypothermic blood cardioplegic solution was used. </p>
      <p>Regarding the surgical procedures performed, the techniques used for the correction of the supravalvular stenosis can be summarized in four main types:</p>
      <p>&#149; enlargement of the areas of stenosis with bovine pericardium patches; </p>
      <p>&#149; resection of the stenotic area and termino-terminal anastomosis; </p>
      <p>&#149; replacement of a synthetic tube for another with a larger diameter; </p>
      <p>&#149; replacement of retracted patches by new ones. </p>
      <p>Additionally, some maneuvers were carried out concomitantly to the described techniques, such as stretching of the aorta by the interposition of the synthetic tube in the neoaorta or interposition of the patch to increase the length of the neoaorta, specifically in cases with decrease in the retroaortic space, when the vessels were reconstructed in the side by side position. The different types of surgical techniques for the correction of the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The associated defects were corrected during the same operation during which the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis was corrected, in a sequence defined by the surgeon in charge of the operation. </p>
      <p>During the late postoperative evolution, it was observed the reoperation-free incidence, comparing the cases with a side-by-side vessel disposition with those cases with Lecompte maneuver. The time of follow-up varied from 1 to 23 years, with mean of 7.76 years and SD (standard deviation) of 4.45 years.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The curves of the reoperation rates were determined through the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test was used for the comparison between the curves of events. A significance level was set at 0.05. The numerical data were presented as means and SD, whereas the event incidence rates were presented with a confidence i8nterval of 68%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the assessment of 281 patients that had a late follow-up, it was observed that 66% of them were free of reoperations in a period of up to 20 years of evolution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When analyzing the patients separately by the type of reconstruction used for the base vessels in Jatene operation, it was observed that cases with side-by-side reconstruction presented a higher incidence of reoperations than the cases the Lecompte maneuver. However, there was no statistical significance due to some aspects: small number of cases with Lecompte maneuver that were reoperated, fewer cases that could be followed and shorter time of follow-up. The reoperation-free curves for the two types of base vessel reconstruction are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>One patient (4.7%) died on the first day PO due to ventricular dysfunction and low cardiac output, caused by right coronary lesion during the opening; this patient was an eight year and six-month old child, with eight years of evolution, with segmental pulmonary valvular stenosis that encompassed from the valvular plane to the bifurcation of the pulmonary branches; the correction was carried out with interposition of a Dacron tube to replace the stenosed segment. </p>
      <p>The other patients presented a satisfactory immediate postoperative evolution, without major complications; two patients needed reoperation due to postoperative bleeding, with resolution of the picture. During the hospital evolution, one patient presented mediastinal infection and was submitted to reoperation with resuturing of the sternum and mediastinal cleaning, with good evolution.</p>
      <p>Regarding the associated procedures, a ventriculospetoplasty was performed in two cases with bovine pericardium patch; in one case, the enlargement of the ostium of the right coronary was performed with bovine pericardium patch; in one case, the myocardial revascularization in the left coronary artery was performed, before the bifurcation in the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches; in one case, the plasty of the tricuspid valve was carried out by the DeVega technique and in another case, the interposition of a Dacron tube was carried out to treat a pseudoaneurism in the ascending neoaorta. </p>
      <p>Among the surgical and angiographic findings observed, the occurrence of stenosis located immediately before the bifurcation between the right pulmonary artery (RPA) and the left pulmonary artery (LPA) was one of the types of obstruction. The surgical finding confirmed the angiographic image, reinforcing the impression of scar retraction and growth restriction at the level of the anastomosis. After the longitudinal opening, the correction was performed with the enlargement of the stenosis site with a bovine pericardium patch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Another example of stenosis in vessels positioned side by side was the case in which stenosis of PT and LPA was identified and that showed, in the intraoperative period, an aspect suggestive of compression of the LPA and PT by the aorta. After the setting up of the ECC and opening of the PT and LPA, the enlargement was carried out with two isolated plaques in different directions and sutured to each other, amplifying the LPA in its upper side and the PT in its right anterolateral side (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). In the cases with Lecompte maneuver, when the pulmonary arteries were not adequately dissected and mobilized, extrinsic compression by the neoaorta can occur with excessive tension in the pulmonary arteries, leading to stenosis at its emergence from the PT. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the angiographic study of the stenosis in both pulmonary arteries, in addition to a small narrowing in the PT. The surgical correction consisted of the release of the pulmonary arteries and enlargement of the RPA and LPA with isolated bovine pericardium patches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the postoperative follow-up period, all 20 patients that were discharged from the hospital remained asymptomatic, with no physical restrictions; from the immediate postoperative period on, assessments of the surgical correction outcome were carried out through annual echocardiographic evaluation in all patients and by nuclear magnetic resonance in 8 of the 20 patients (in the first year of postoperative evolution). </p>
      <p>The gradients between the right ventricle and the neopulmonary, assessed by the echocardiogram, varied from 10 to 38 mmHg, with a mean of 24 mmHg, with the outcome maintenance, without progression of the gradient during the evolution. One aspect of the resonance of the patient submitted to the enlargement of the PT and RPA can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>, where the adequate dimension of the PT and RPA can be observed, without residual stenoses. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0018-00003-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The original surgical technique described by Jatene, although still currently used by some surgeons, has given place to a pattern of correction that encompasses basically the use of Lecompte maneuver, translocation of the coronary arteries with large fragment of the aortic wall, use of technical resources (trap-door) to aid the implantation of the coronaries and neopulmonary reconstruction with large fragments of synthetic tissue (Gore-tex), bovine or autologous pericardium (fresh or fixed)<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the currently less frequent use of the original technique, as described in details by Jatene, its use is mandatory in some situations, especially in cases of TGA with vessels located side by side, such as in Taussig Bing anomaly cases. </p>
      <p>In this situation, if the intraventricular tunneling proposed by Kawashima et al<sup>16</sup> cannot be used, the correction must be carried out with the closing of the IVC, connecting the left ventricle to the PT and the right ventricle to the aorta and subsequently, the transposition of the great vessels. </p>
      <p> Until the end of the 1981, when Lecompte described the maneuver of anteriorization of the PT in the TGA<sup>17</sup>, all cases in our series were operated using the original technique, until the proposition by Castaneda et al<sup>18</sup> to use the operation to treat neonates became popular and standardized Lecompte maneuver. </p>
      <p>In the first cases of our series, some aspects still needed to be improved, such as the height of the aortic and PT section; in the beginning, the greatest concern was to preserve the aorta, using long proximal and distal stumps to make the reconstruction. As a consequence, the stumps that were left to reconstruct the neopulmonary were short and the solution found was to use a synthetic tube to stretch the neopulmonary. </p>
      <p> The price to be paid was the necessity to replace the tube after a variable period of time, as observed in the first case of our series that needed two tube replacements, one at five years and another at 12 years postoperatively, with good evolution. This patient is now in the 29<sup>th</sup> year of the postoperative period, has a normal life, is married and has two children.</p>
      <p>The solution to this problem was to perform the aorta and the PT section at similar levels, with small variations. In our opinion, a detailed inspection of the great vessels and the anatomy of the coronaries, before the installation of the ECC, is the first step for an adequate correction. One can identify important aspects at the level of the vessel section; when the neoaorta remains long after the correction is performed with Lecompte maneuver, there can be extrinsic compression of the PT by the neoaorta, backward to forward, as observed in cases from our series. If the aorta is longer in a situation where the vessels are side by side, the consequence is less severe, as probably there will be no compression of the neopulmonary that is usually located to the right of the neoaorta. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, if the neoaorta is shorter, in cases with Lecompte maneuver, there will be no compression of the neopulmonary. In cases of vessels positioned side by side, a very short neoaorta will compress the pulmonary artery, usually the LPA, and even the PT, if the retro-aortic space is very small. In our series, it was necessary to elongate the ascending part of the neoaorta in 3 cases, in addition to the correction of the stenosis itself, by the aforementioned techniques. </p>
      <p>When the extrinsic compression is backward to forward in cases with the Lecompte maneuver, the positioning of the patches is also important; in our opinion, the enlargements of the RPA, LPA and PT must be carried out in the anterior side of neopulmonary. </p>
      <p>If there is a possibility of compression of the enlarged site by the sternum, the patches can be positioned more laterally, to the right or to the left. Serraf, in 16 cases of supravalvular stenosis located at the suture line, describes as treatment the local enlargement with a circular patch of polytetrafluoroethylene, in an attempt not to position the patch at sites that are prone to extrinsic compression by other structures<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another important technical aspect refers to how the coronary ostia are removed and the consequent reconstruction of the neopulmonary. When the ostia are removed with a small tissue edge adjacent to the ostial orifice, the reconstruction is carried out with a circular patch occluding the orifice created by the removal of the ostium. </p>
      <p>In this situation, almost the entire circumference of the proximal part of the neopulmonary consists of viable tissue and a small circular patch, with growth potential. In spite of that, it was observed in our series that, in three cases where the vessels were positioned side by side and the ostia were removed in this way, there was the development of supravalvular stenosis by patch retraction, associated or not to the adequate growth of the neopulmonary. </p>
      <p>The other technique to remove the coronary ostia is carried out by resecting all the tissue of the sinus of Valsalva where the coronary is located and substituting the sinus wall with a large patch, of slightly larger dimensions than the removed tissue. </p>
      <p> A study by Prifti et al<sup>14</sup> reports the different techniques of neopulmonary reconstruction, with double patch, single patch or direct anastomosis, with better outcome regarding the occurrence of neopulmonary stenosis in cases where the reconstruction was carried out with single patch. In another study, by Haas et al<sup>19</sup>, no difference was observed among the different types of technique or tissue used in the neopulmonary reconstruction.</p>
      <p>We believe the best way to reconstruct the neopulmonary after the removal of the ostia is to remove all tissue from the sinus of Valsalva and carry out the reconstruction with a large fresh autologous pericardium patch, removed immediately before the transplantation; we believe that there is growth potential in fresh pericardium, in addition to the large dimensions of the patch, which would leave a large anastomosis with less chance of stenosis occurrence. </p>
      <p>Although our series showed a higher incidence of supravalvular stenosis in the cases positioned side by side in comparison with those with Lecompte maneuver, we believe this aspect is due to some factors, in addition to the aforementioned technical-surgical aspects. </p>
      <p> Among these factors, we cite the fact that a large number of late stenosis cases occurred in the beginning of the series, when the concepts and surgical tactics were consolidating and all the cases were operated with the vessels positioned side by side, without the Lecompte maneuver, which was not described until 1981<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>A multicentric study, published by Williams et al<sup>12</sup>, reinforces the impression that the experience of the surgical group is important, having identified, among other factors, that in addition to instituting worse outcomes, the initial experience is relevant concerning the incidence of stenosis of the PT or branches. As early as in the first reports of mid-term and long-term evolution, Jatene et al<sup>20</sup> and Wernovski et al<sup>21</sup> reported the occurrence of neopulmonary stenosis, during the follow-up of initial experiences, which varied from 10 to 28% of the operated cases. </p>
      <p> A more recent experience described by Haas et al<sup>19</sup>, in children operated until 1997, did not show any influence of the type of technique used for the reconstruction of the PT on the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis, with an incidence of around 15%, when most of the cases used the Lecompte maneuver.</p>
      <p> Another aspect observed in our series was the occurrence of stenosis in the neopulmonary, predominantly at the supravalvular level, with no reference of subvalvular stenosis and only one case where the pulmonary valve was stenotic, which was not confirmed intraoperatively. The retraction of the tissue used to reconstruct the neopulmonary was observed, which brought together the commissural posts, giving the impression of valvular stenosis; with the resection of the tissue and its replacement by new patches, there was an enlargement of the site and the stenosis was resolved. </p>
      <p>A similar experience was reported by Gandhi et al<sup>22</sup>, who observed that of 21 patients that developed neopulmonary stenosis, 16 were at the supravalvular level. A study carried out by Weteer et al<sup>23</sup> evaluated the development of the neoaorta and the neopulmonary, in its initial segment, demonstrating a tendency to reduction in the size of the neopulmonary root, with no associated clinical consequences. </p>
      <p> We believe it is mandatory to perform a comprehensive intraoperative inspection, trying to analyze the anatomy of the coronary arteries, in addition to the spatial association of the great arteries, aiming a better programming regarding the type of technique to be employed. </p>
      <p>In cases where the base vessels need to be positioned side by side, we suggest the following measures: </p>
      <p>&#149; adequate release of the pulmonary arteries, performing an ample dissection;</p>
      <p>&#149; sectioning and suturing of the ductus arteriosus.</p>
      <p>&#149; careful reconstruction of the neoaorta, making it longer to prevent decrease in the retro-aortic space;</p>
      <p>&#149; performing ample anastomosis in the neopulmonary, using fresh autologous pericardium patches to reconstruct the proximal stump;</p>
      <p> In situations where the Lecompte maneuver is used, with anteriorization of the neopulmonary, we suggest the following measures:</p>
      <p>&#149; adequate release of the pulmonary arteries, performing an ample dissection; </p>
      <p>&#149; sectioning and suturing of the ductus arteriosus.</p>
      <p>&#149; approach and effective release of the LPA after the sectioning of the ductus arteriosus;</p>
      <p>&#149; careful reconstruction of the neoaorta, making it shorter to prevent backward to forward compression of the neopulmonary. </p>
      <p>We can conclude that the pulmonary supravalvular stenosis after the Jatene operation for TGA had a prevalence of 20.9% and that it is related to several technical surgical aspects at the moment of the operation. Different degrees of stenosis were observed; however, we consider its treatment to be indicated in cases with a gradient &gt; 60 mmHg. Operations were carried out with low mortality, through different surgical techniques; in an attempt to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, we propose ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, large anastomoses, use of large autologous pericardium patches and careful reconstruction of the neoaorta to prevent compression of the neopulmonary. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
