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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YrbNmxYD3dJtGQ6DLHddHNc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000612</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombo em tr&#226;nsito no interior do &#225;trio direito: relato de caso e revis&#227;o da literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Edmilton Wanderley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ver&#231;osa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto L&#250;cio de Gusm&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Memorial Arthur Ramos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e45</fpage>
      <lpage>e48</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Trombos m&#243;veis no &#225;trio direito s&#227;o raros e associados a altas taxas de embolia pulmonar e de mortalidade. Neste relato &#233; apresentado um caso de trombo em tr&#226;nsito nas c&#226;maras direitas, com suspeita cl&#237;nica de tromboembolismo pulmonar, diagnosticado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. S&#227;o tamb&#233;m discutidas suas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Embolia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia transesofagiana</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombo em tr&#226;nsito no interior do &#225;trio direito &#150; Relato de caso e revis&#227;o da literatura</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Right heart emboli-in-transit. Case report and literature review</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ricardo C&#233;sar Cavalcanti; Edmilton Wanderley Cavalcante; Roberto L&#250;cio de Gusm&#227;o Ver&#231;osa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Memorial Arthur Ramos - Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombos m&#243;veis no &#225;trio direito s&#227;o raros e associados a altas taxas de embolia pulmonar e de mortalidade. Neste relato &#233; apresentado um caso de trombo em tr&#226;nsito nas c&#226;maras direitas, com suspeita cl&#237;nica de tromboembolismo pulmonar, diagnosticado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. S&#227;o tamb&#233;m discutidas suas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Embolia pulmonar, ecocardiografia transesofagiana, trombose. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Emboli in transit in right atrium are rare. When they occur, they are associated to high rate of pulmonary embolism and mortality. This is a case report on an embolus in transit in right chambers, with clinical suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism. Diagnosis was obtained through transesophageal echocardiography. The patient had a positive response post-anticoagulation. The team discussed presentation forms, treatment and condition development.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) permanece como uma entidade pouco diagnosticada e com alta mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. A detec&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de trombo m&#243;vel nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas permite identificar um grupo de pacientes de alto risco, com mortalidade de 29% a 100%, muito elevada, quando comparada aos 8% a 10% do TEP em geral<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Relatamos um caso de trombo m&#243;vel em &#225;trio direito e discutimos as diferentes estrat&#233;gias de tratamento utilizadas no momento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, com 57 anos de idade, pesando 85 kg, hipertensa, em uso regular de enalapril 10 mg duas vezes por dia, internada em outro centro hospitalar com um epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope e v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de precordialgia e dispn&#233;ia aguda de resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e cinecoronariografia normais. Um dia ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, realizou novo estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico, que demonstrou massa m&#243;vel no interior do &#225;trio direito. A paciente foi encaminhada para nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, para avalia&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s nova interna&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico, que demonstrou c&#226;maras card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es normais e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar de aproximadamente 35 mmHg, calculada pelo m&#237;nimo refluxo tric&#250;spide presente. No interior do &#225;trio direito, foi observada estrutura fusiforme, alongada, com ampla mobilidade, de trajeto serpiginoso e movimenta&#231;&#227;o err&#225;tica, medindo aproximadamente 35 mm de extens&#227;o, nitidamente aderida &#224; valva de Eust&#225;quio remanescente, com bifurca&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s trajeto de aproximadamente 1 cm, com protrus&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo direito na di&#225;stole e com textura similar &#224; do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0e45-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0e45-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No dia do exame, a paciente apresentou quadro de edema e dor de membros inferiores, sendo diagnosticada trombose venosa profunda de aspecto recente no membro inferior esquerdo (veias femoral superficial, popl&#237;tea, fibular, soleares e gastrocn&#234;mias) e aus&#234;ncia de trombos e/ou sinais de flebite no sistema venoso superficial pelo ultra-som. O estudo ainda demonstrou estase venosa na transi&#231;&#227;o ileofemoral, provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia de volumoso mioma uterino (14 mm x 12 mm). Foi mantida a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva com enalapril 10 mg duas vezes por dia e iniciada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina. &#192; cintilografia pulmonar, foram demonstradas m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas pequenas e difusas de hipoperfus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s cinco dias, foi realizada nova ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que n&#227;o demonstrou trombos ou massas intracard&#237;acas. A paciente foi submetida a implante percut&#226;neo de filtro de veia cava inferior, por cateterismo femoral direito, foi iniciada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, bem como foi realizada a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do tumor uterino. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s dois anos do tratamento, a paciente est&#225; assintom&#225;tica e em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombos nas c&#226;maras direitas t&#234;m sido documentados pela ecocardiografia em aproximadamente 4% a 20% dos pacientes com TEP agudo, preval&#234;ncia superior aos 3% a 12% observados nos estudos de aut&#243;psia, provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de casos n&#227;o-fatais<sup>3-6</sup>. A mortalidade total nesses pacientes &#233; de aproximadamente 28%, superior &#224; taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar para TEP agudo, tratado predominantemente com heparina endovenosa, que &#233; citada como sendo de 2,5%. N&#227;o est&#225; claro se a presen&#231;a de trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas contribui em si para a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ou simplesmente serve como um marcador para a presen&#231;a de TEP maci&#231;o<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Freq&#252;entemente, os trombos das c&#226;maras direitas se localizam no &#225;trio direito e podem ser classificados, segundo sua morfologia, em: a) compridos e estreitos, de trajeto serpiginoso, filiformes e extremamente m&#243;veis, quase sempre associados a trombose venosa profunda dos membros inferiores e raramente a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, com taxas de TEP de 79% (documentado) a 98% (diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico), com maior gravidade na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; b) semelhantes aos trombos do &#225;trio esquerdo, pouco m&#243;veis e com morfologia vari&#225;vel, mas n&#227;o filiforme, mais associados a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do que a trombose venosa profunda, com taxas de TEP de 38% a 40% e menor gravidade na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; e c) muito m&#243;veis, mas n&#227;o filiformes, com apar&#234;ncia que lembra mixoma, com associa&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e trombose venosa profunda e taxa de TEP de 62% a 67%<sup>7</sup>. As defini&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas para o trombo de tipo A incluem, entre outras: serpiginoso, fusiforme, irregular, pleom&#243;rfico, lobulado, alongado, err&#225;tico, ca&#243;tico, etc<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com trombo tipo A, como o caso aqui relatado, constituem um grupo de alto risco, com mortalidade total precoce (<underline>&lt;</underline> 8 dias) de aproximadamente 42%, um ter&#231;o deles com evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal nas primeiras 24 horas do diagn&#243;stico de TEP. Embora o TEP tenha sido relatado em 40% dos pacientes com trombo tipo B, a mortalidade diretamente relacionada &#224; trombose &#233; de aproximadamente 4%<sup>1,7</sup>. Outro estudo, por&#233;m, demonstra mortalidade global de 31%, sem diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mobilidade ou ader&#234;ncia do trombo &#224; parede card&#237;aca (28% aderido e 38% livre), sugerindo que os fatores que predizem a mortalidade nos pacientes com trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas s&#227;o, exclusivamente, a presen&#231;a de TEP e o tipo de tratamento efetuado<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente caso, os dados cl&#237;nicos apresentados pela paciente na evolu&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de trombose venosa profunda dos membros inferiores e a caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica da imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica, levaram ao diagn&#243;stico de trombo em tr&#226;nsito no &#225;trio direito, aderido &#224; valva de Eust&#225;quio na entrada da veia cava inferior, dado &#250;til e muito facilmente visualizado pelo estudo transesof&#225;gico. Apesar do diagn&#243;stico de trombo tipo A, as boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da paciente determinaram que se optasse por tratamento com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, em detrimento dos outros esquemas terap&#234;uticos que poderiam ter sido realizados. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o existe, no momento, consenso sobre a melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para esses pacientes. No <italic>European Cooperative Study</italic><sup>4</sup>, a mortalidade foi de 60% nos pacientes anticoagulados, de 40% nos tratados com trombol&#237;tico e de 27% nos tratados cirurgicamente, sugerindo ser a op&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica a mais eficaz. Um estudo de metan&#225;lise efetuado por Kinney e Wright<sup>2</sup>, por&#233;m, demonstra que as probabilidades de sobrevida em pacientes com trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas, com e sem TEP pr&#233;vio, foram, respectivamente, de 0,70 e 0,92 para os que receberam heparina, de 0,62 e 0,89 para os que receberam agentes trombol&#237;ticos, de 0,62 e 0,89 para os que foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, e de 0,19 e 0,53 para os que n&#227;o receberam tratamento. Esses autores conclu&#237;ram que, mesmo com evolu&#231;&#227;o similar, a heparina deve ser considerada a melhor escolha quando n&#227;o h&#225; imin&#234;ncia de r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Nesse estudo, s&#243; 7 pacientes n&#227;o tinham sintomas de etiologia card&#237;aca, tendo, por&#233;m, fatores de risco para TEP (cateter venoso central, TEP pr&#233;vio, marcapasso e infarto agudo de mioc&#225;rdio). Estudo de metan&#225;lise mais recente<sup>3</sup> demonstrou mortalidade global de 27,1%, sendo de 28,6% nos que receberam heparina, de 23,8% nos tratados cirurgicamente, de 11,3% nos que receberam trombol&#237;tico e de 100% nos que n&#227;o foram tratados. Neste &#250;ltimo estudo foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com trombo mural ou associado a marcapasso, cateter, tumor e qualquer implante ou anastomose cir&#250;rgica, incluindo, portanto, de forma exclusiva, os pacientes com trombo m&#243;vel, provavelmente do tipo A. </p>
    <p>Outro estudo demonstra taxa de mortalidade de 44,7% em pacientes tratados, com 21,1% ocorrendo no primeiro dia de admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Apesar de a mortalidade n&#227;o ter diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, foi de 47,1% nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia, de 22,2% nos submetidos a tromb&#243;lise, de 62,5% nos tratados com heparina, e de 50% nos submetidos a t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas de retirada do trombo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo ICOPER<sup>4</sup>, a mortalidade global em pacientes com TEP com e sem trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas foi de 21% e 11% aos 14 dias, e de 29% e 16% aos tr&#234;s meses, respectivamente, sugerindo, de forma n&#227;o significante, a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com trombo intracard&#237;aco. Todavia, a taxa de mortalidade aos 14 dias foi similar nos pacientes com e sem trombo intracard&#237;aco submetidos a trombol&#237;tico (20,8% e 17,1%) ou embolectomia (25% e 28,6%), respectivamente, mas muito diferente nos pacientes em uso de heparina, com 23,5% quando com trombo e 8% quando sem trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas, fato que n&#227;o pode ser explicado adequadamente, mas que sugere que os pacientes com trombo intracard&#237;aco n&#227;o deveriam receber heparina como tratamento ideal. Nesse estudo, por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi informada a morfologia do trombo nas c&#226;maras direitas, podendo corresponder tanto &#224;quele formado localmente como &#224;quele em tr&#226;nsito. </p>
    <p>Como a paciente deste relato apresentava trombose venosa profunda, fato comum nos pacientes com trombos em tr&#226;nsito<sup>5,9</sup>, o tratamento foi completado com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de filtro de veia cava inferior e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Mesmo n&#227;o tendo sido demonstrado de forma conclusiva nessa paciente, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica produzida pela miomatose uterina tenha sido um dos fatores determinantes para estase e posterior trombose venosa nos membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>Embora, nessa paciente, o estudo transtor&#225;cico tenha detectado o trombo no interior do &#225;trio direito, a exata localiza&#231;&#227;o s&#243; p&#244;de ser verificada com o estudo transesof&#225;gico. Quando comparados os dois m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a sensibilidade do estudo transtor&#225;cico parece ser de 50% a 60% para detec&#231;&#227;o do trombo intra-atrial, podendo, ainda, subestimar o tamanho real do mesmo. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de ader&#234;ncia ou reten&#231;&#227;o na valva de Eust&#225;quio &#233; um dado de extremo valor para diferenciar outras massas que podem ingressar no &#225;trio direito desde o interior da veia cava inferior, como as invas&#245;es metast&#225;sicas de alguns tumores, entre os quais leiomioma, hipernefroma ou hepatoma<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ivan Romero Rivera </p>
        <p> Avenida M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404 </p>
        <p> Ponta Verde - 57035-000 - Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="irivera@cardiol.br">irivera@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="irrivera@uol.com.br">irrivera@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 14/08/07; revisado recebido em 06/09/07; aceito em 26/09/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Right heart emboli-in-transit: case report and literature review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Emboli in transit in right atrium are rare. When they occur, they are associated to high rate of pulmonary embolism and mortality. This is a case report on an embolus in transit in right chambers, with clinical suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism. Diagnosis was obtained through transesophageal echocardiography. The patient had a positive response post-anticoagulation. The team discussed presentation forms, treatment and condition development.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Right heart emboli-in-transit. Case report and literature review</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ricardo C&#233;sar Cavalcanti; Edmilton Wanderley Cavalcante; Roberto L&#250;cio de Gusm&#227;o Ver&#231;osa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Memorial Arthur Ramos, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Emboli in transit in right atrium are rare. When they occur, they are associated to high rate of pulmonary embolism and mortality. This is a case report on an embolus in transit in right chambers, with clinical suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism. Diagnosis was obtained through transesophageal echocardiography. The patient had a positive response post-anticoagulation. The team discussed presentation forms, treatment and condition development.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary embolism; echocardiography, transesophageal; thrombosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) - a condition not commonly diagnosed - reports high mortality rate<sup>1</sup>. Echocardiographic detection of the embolus in transit in right heart chambers helps in identifying a high risk group of patients whose mortality rate ranges from 29% to 100%. That is quite high when compared to the general mortality rate from PTE in general - from 8% to 10%<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>This is a case report on a right atrium embolus in transit. The different strategies currently being used have been discussed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 57-year-old, hypertensive female patient, body weight 85 kg, on regular use of Enalapril (10 mg b.i.d.), was admitted at a Hospital Center due to a syncope episode and a number of episodes of precordial pain and acute dyspnea with spontaneous resolution.</p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram and cinecoronariogaphy were normal. One day after hospital discharge the patient was submitted to a new transthoracic echocardiogram that revealed mass in transit inside right atrium. The patient was referred to our unit to be evaluated. After new hospital admittance, a transeophageal echocardiogram was performed. It revealed heart chambers within normal size and pulmonary blood pressure at approximately 35 mmHg, calculated by minimal tricuspid regurgitation. A fusiform, elongated, highly mobile structure could be observed inside the right atrium. With approximately 35 mm in extension and erratically following a serpinginous course, the structure clearly adhered to remaining Eustachius valve to bifurcate after moving approximately 1 cm, protruding towards right ventricle in diastole and presenting texture similar to that of cardiac muscle. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0e45-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0e45-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>On exam day the patient presented edema and pain in lower limbs. Diagnosis was deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of recent onset in left lower limb (superficial femoral, popliteal, fibular, solear and gastrocnemial veins) and absence of thrombus and/or signs of phlebitis in superficial venous system on ultra-sound. The study also showed venous stasis in the ileofemoral venous transition, probably due to a large uterine myoma (14mm x 12mm). The administration of anti-hypertensive medication with Enalapril 10 mg b.i.d. was kept. Anticoagulation was started with heparin. Pulmonary scintigram was performed, which showed small, diffiuse hypoperfusion areas. </p>
      <p>After 5 days a new transesophageal echocardiogram was performed. No thrombi or intracardiac masses were identified. The patient was submitted to percutaneous implant of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter through right femoral catheter. Oral anticoagulation was started, as well as surgical resection of uterine tumor. </p>
      <p>After 2 years under treatment, the patient is asymptomatic, on antihypertensives and oral anticoagulation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography has documented thrombi in right chambers in approximately 4% to 20% of patients with acute PTE. Prevalence is, therefore, higher than the 3% to 12% observed in autopsy studies, probably due to the diagnosis reached for non-fatal cases<sup>3-6</sup>. Total mortality rate among those patients is approximately 28%, which is higher than in-hospital mortality rate from acute PTE (reported to be 2.5%) treated predominantly with IV heparin. It is not yet clear whether the presence of thombi in the left chambers actually contributes for poorer development or if it is a mere marker for the presence of massive PTE<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most typically, right chambers thrombi are located in the right atrium, and following their morphology, they may be ranked as following: a) long and narrow, following a serpiginous course, filiform and extremely mobile, frequently associated to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs, and rarely to a heart condition. PTE rate ranges between 79% (documented) and 98% (clinical diagnosis), showing to be more severe at presentation and clinical development; b) similar to left atrium thrombi - less mobile, with variable morphology, but not filiform. More commonly associated with heart disease rather than trombosis, with PTE rates between 38% and 40%, less severe at presentation and clinical development; and c) very mobile, but not filiform, resembling a myoma, with intermediate association to heart condition and deep venous thrombosis (DVT); PTE rate ranging from 62% to 67%<sup>7</sup>. Morphological definitions for Type A thrombus include: serpiginous, fusiform, irregular, pleomorphic, lobular, elongated, erratic, chaotic, etc<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Type A thrombus patients - as in the present case report - are a high risk group, with early total mortality rate (<underline>&lt;</underline> 8 days) of approximately 42%, being one third of them within 24 hours after PTE diagnosis. However, although PTE has been reported for 40% of Type B thrombus patients, mortality directly related to thrombosis is approximately 4%<sup>1,7</sup>. Another study, on the other hand, reports total mortality rate of 31%, with no significant difference in regard to thrombus motility or adherence to cardiac wall (28% adhered, 38% free), thus suggesting that predictive mortality factors for patients with thrombus in right chambers are exclusively the presence of PTE and the type of treatment used<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the case being reported, clinical data presented by the patient after being diagnosed for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs, and morphological data of echo image led to the diagnosis of embolus in transit in right atrium. The embolus was adhered to the Eustachius valve at inferior vena cava (IVC) entry - a useful data, quite easily visualized on transesophageal study. Although the diagnosis of Type A thrombus had been reached, patient&#146;s good clinical condition led to the choice for anticoagulation treatment rather than any other therapeutic regimen that could have been adopted. </p>
      <p>Up to this point in time no consensus has been reached on the best therapeutic option for these patients. In the European Cooperative Study<sup>4</sup>, mortality rate was reported to be 60% for anticoagulated patients; 40% for those treated with thrombolytics; and 27% for those submitted to surgical procedures, which suggests the surgical approach to the most effective. However, a meta-analysis study carried out by Kinney &amp; Wright<sup>2</sup> showed that survival probabilities for patients with embolus in right chambers - with or without previous PTE - were: 0.70 and 0.92 for those on heparin; 0.62 and 0.89 for those on thrombolytic agents; 0.62 and 0.89 for those submitted to surgical treatment; and 0.19 and 0.53 for those receiving no treatment, respectively. The conclusion was that even showing similar development, heparin should be considered the best option if not faced by imminent, fast clinical deterioration. In that study, only 7 patients did not present cardiac etiology symptoms. However, the patients did have risk factors for PTE (central venous catheter, previous PTE, pacemaker and myocardial acute infarction). A more recent meta-analysis study<sup>3</sup> showed global mortality rate to be 27.1%, being 28.6% for those on heparin, 23.8% for those submitted to surgical treatment, 11.3% for those on thrombolytics, and 100% for those not treated. The last study excluded patients with mural thrombus, or thrombus associated to: pacemaker; catheter; tumor; any other implant or surgical anastomosis, therefore including exclusively embolus in transit patients &#150; probably Type A. </p>
      <p>Another study shows mortality rate to be 44.7% among treated patients, with 21.1% on day 1 of hospital admission. Although mortality rate does not show statistically significant difference, it was reported to be 47.1% among patients submitted to surgery, 22.2% among those submitted to thrombolysis; 62.5% among those on heparin; and 50% among those submitted to interventionist techniques for thrombus removal<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ICOPER<sup>4</sup> study reported global mortality rate for PTE patients with and without thrombus in right chambers to be 21% and 11% within 14 days; 29% and 16% within 3 months, respectively, thus suggesting, in a non-significant fashion, the poorer course of patients with intracardiac thrombus. However, mortality rate within 14 days was similar for patients with and without intracardiac thrombus who were submitted to thrombolytics: 20.8% and 17.1% or embolectomy: 25% and 28.6%, respectively, although quite different in patients on heparin, with 23.5% with right chambers thrombus and 8% without right chambers thrombus. That might be explained fairly clearly, but it does suggest that patients with intracardiac thrombus should not receive heparin as ideal treatment. The study did not inform on the morphology of right chamber thrombus - it could be either formed locally of in transit. </p>
      <p>As the patient presented deep venous thrombosis (DVT) - a common condition in patients with thrombi in transit<sup>5,9</sup> - treatment was added by an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter and oral anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>Although not being conclusive for this patient, the mechanical compression from uterine myomatosis was a key factor for stasis and later venous thrombosis in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p>Although the transthoracic study did detect a thrombus in the right atrium of this patient, the precise location could only be confirmed by the transesophageal study. When the two echocardiographic methods are compared, the sensitivitiy of the transthoracic study seems to be from 50% to 60% for intra-atrial thrombus detection, with possible underestimation of thrombus real size. Identifying adherence or retention at the Eustachius valve is a most invaluable piece of information to distinguish other masses that may enter the right atrium from inside inferior vena cava (IVC), such as the metastatic invasions by other tumors, among them: leiomyoma, hypernefrome, or hepatome<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
