<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dpsNMmsYgRsnYKFSXcqJHGd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital especializado em cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grativvol</surname>
            <given-names>Petherson Suzano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seguro</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mocelin</surname>
            <given-names>Am&#237;lcar Oshiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>433</fpage>
      <lpage>440</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudos nacionais em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (ICD) s&#227;o fundamentais para o entendimento dessa afec&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Determinar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com ICD em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. M&#201;TODOS: Examinamos prospectivamente 212 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, os quais foram admitidos em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia (UE) de hospital especializado em cardiologia. Estudaram-se vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, apresenta&#231;&#227;o e causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Em 100 pacientes, foram analisados exames complementares, prescri&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e letalidade. RESULTADOS: Entre os pesquisados houve predom&#237;nio de homens (56%) e a etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi a mais freq&#252;ente (29,7%), apesar da elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de valvares (15%) e chag&#225;sicos (14,7%). A forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o mais comuns foram, respectivamente, congest&#227;o (80,7%) e m&#225; ades&#227;o/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada (43,4%). Na suban&#225;lise dos 100 pacientes, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi a mais freq&#252;ente (55%), uso de drogas vasoativas ocorreu em 20% e a letalidade foi de 10%. An&#225;lise comparativa entre os pacientes que receberam alta e faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ratificou alguns crit&#233;rios de mau progn&#243;stico: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica reduzida, baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o, necessidade de droga vasoativa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) aumentado e hiponatremia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre o perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada atendida na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital especializado em cardiologia da regi&#227;o sudeste do Brasil. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial destes pacientes dados cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;micos e de exames complementares fornecem subs&#237;dios para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, auxiliando na decis&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais avan&#231;adas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</kwd>
        <kwd>unidade de emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital especializado em cardiologia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Decompensated heart failure in the emergency department of a cardiology hospital</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sandrigo Mangini; F&#225;bio Serra Silveira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Petherson Suzano Grativvol; Lu&#237;s Fernando Bernal da Costa Seguro; S&#237;lvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Am&#237;lcar Oshiro Mocelin; Luiz Francisco Cardoso; Fernando Bacal; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudos nacionais em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (ICD) s&#227;o fundamentais para o entendimento dessa afec&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com ICD em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Examinamos prospectivamente 212 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, os quais foram admitidos em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia (UE) de hospital especializado em cardiologia. Estudaram-se vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, apresenta&#231;&#227;o e causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Em 100 pacientes, foram analisados exames complementares, prescri&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e letalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Entre os pesquisados houve predom&#237;nio de homens (56%) e a etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi a mais freq&#252;ente (29,7%), apesar da elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de valvares (15%) e chag&#225;sicos (14,7%). A forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o mais comuns foram, respectivamente, congest&#227;o (80,7%) e m&#225; ades&#227;o/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada (43,4%). Na suban&#225;lise dos 100 pacientes, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi a mais freq&#252;ente (55%), uso de drogas vasoativas ocorreu em 20% e a letalidade foi de 10%. An&#225;lise comparativa entre os pacientes que receberam alta e faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ratificou alguns crit&#233;rios de mau progn&#243;stico: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica reduzida, baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o, necessidade de droga vasoativa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) aumentado e hiponatremia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre o perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada atendida na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital especializado em cardiologia da regi&#227;o sudeste do Brasil. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial destes pacientes dados cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;micos e de exames complementares fornecem subs&#237;dios para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, auxiliando na decis&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais avan&#231;adas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, unidade de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>National studies on decompensated heart failure (DHF) are key to the understanding of this condition in our midst. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the characteristics of DHF patients in an emergency department. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 212 patients diagnosed with decompensated heart failure who had been admitted to an emergency department (EU) of a cardiology hospital were prospectively evaluated. Clinical variables, form of presentation and causes of decompensation were studied. In 100 patients, ancillary tests, prescription of vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and mortality were also analyzed. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There was a predominance of the male gender (56%) and the most frequent etiology was ischemia (29,7%) despite high frequency of valvular (15%) and chagasic (14,7%) etiologies. The most common form of presentation and cause of decompensation were congestion (80.7%) and poor compliance/inadequate medication (43.4%), respectively. In the subanalysis of the 100 patients, systolic dysfunction was the most common cause of decompensation (55%); use of vasoactive drugs occurred in 20%, and mortality was 10%. The comparative analysis between the patients who were discharged and those who died during hospitalization confirmed some criteria of poor prognosis: reduced systolic blood pressure, low cardiac output associated with congestion, need for vasoactive drugs, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, increased left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and hyponatremia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This study presents information about the profile of decompensated heart failure patients attended on the emergency unit of a brazilian southeast cardiology hospital. Clinical, hemodynamical and ancillary data may provide information for risk assessment in the initial evaluation helping the decision on hospitalization and advanced strategic therapies. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Decompensated heart failure; emergency unit.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; hoje um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e respons&#225;vel por n&#250;mero expressivo de interna&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de elevada mortalidade. A IC descompensada (ICD) &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente da IC, resultando em grande n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es. Dados norte-americanos revelam aproximadamente um milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es por ano por ICD, sendo a primeira causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o na faixa et&#225;ria acima de 65 anos<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, a ICD &#233; tamb&#233;m causa muito freq&#252;ente de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica da ICD, nos &#250;ltimos anos muitas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre ela t&#234;m sido publicadas, incluindo o registro ADHERE (norte-americano)<sup>3</sup> e o EHFS (europeu)<sup>4,5</sup>, al&#233;m de diretrizes de tratamento (inclusive latino-americanas)<sup>6</sup>. Dados nacionais<sup>7-11</sup> e latino-americanos<sup>12</sup> sobre ICD s&#227;o escassos. </p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com ICD atendidos em uma UE de um hospital especializado em cardiologia, incluindo forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, etiologia, causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, achados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades, necessidade de drogas vasoativas, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e letalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram coletados dados, de maneira prospectiva, em um per&#237;odo de 150 dias, de 212 pacientes consecutivamente admitidos na UE do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), com o diagn&#243;stico de ICD.</p>
    <p>Em uma an&#225;lise inicial, buscou-se a defini&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, incluindo sexo, idade, press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, etiologias, formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, de maneira retrospectiva, selecionaram-se 100 pacientes dos 212 inicialmente avaliados que apresentavam prontu&#225;rio dispon&#237;vel (relacionado &#224; &#233;poca da interna&#231;&#227;o). Buscaram-se, al&#233;m dos dados cl&#237;nicos j&#225; mencionados, presen&#231;a de comorbidades, exames complementares (hemoglobina, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, eletr&#243;litos e ecocardiograma), necessidade de drogas vasoativas, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e letalidade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram elaborados crit&#233;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o das etiologias, formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Utilizaram-se os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>13</sup>, com adapta&#231;&#245;es, para defini&#231;&#227;o das etiologias que foram divididas em: isqu&#234;mica, hipertensiva, chag&#225;sica, valvar, idiop&#225;tica, indefinida e outras. Para que o paciente fosse classificado como portador de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, os crit&#233;rios adotados foram hist&#243;ria de coronariopatia aguda ou cr&#244;nica e/ou cineangiocoronariografia com les&#245;es obstrutivas compat&#237;veis; para etiologia hipertensiva: hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) ou n&#237;veis tensionais &#224; admiss&#227;o acima de 140 x 90 mmHg, descartando outras etiologias poss&#237;veis; etiologia chag&#225;sica: antecedente epidemiol&#243;gico positivo confirmado por sorologia; etiologia valvar: antecedente de valvopatia compat&#237;vel com os achados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; etiologia idiop&#225;tica: exclus&#227;o de dados compat&#237;veis com alguma outra etiologia; etiologia indefinida: dados insuficientes para defini&#231;&#227;o de etiologia espec&#237;fica. </p>
    <p>As formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o foram divididas em seis: 1) congest&#227;o, 2) congest&#227;o associada &#224; HAS, 3) baixo d&#233;bito, 4) baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o, 5) indefinida e 6) outras. Crit&#233;rios para congest&#227;o inclu&#237;ram presen&#231;a de dois ou mais dos seguintes sinais e sintomas: ortopn&#233;ia, dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna, crepitantes pulmonares, press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada, refluxo hepatojugular presente, ascite, edema de membros inferiores; congest&#227;o associada &#224; HAS: sinais ou sintomas de congest&#227;o e n&#237;veis tensionais superiores ou iguais a 140 x 90 mmHg; baixo d&#233;bito foi definido mediante a presen&#231;a de um dos seguintes sinais e sintomas: tempo de enchimento capilar lentificado, altera&#231;&#227;o de sens&#243;rio, tontura ou sudorese associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo de 90 mmHg; baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o: sinais e sintomas compat&#237;veis com baixo d&#233;bito e congest&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram divididas em oito: 1) m&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada, 2) m&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada associada &#224; HAS, 3) evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, 4) isquemia, 5) infec&#231;&#227;o, 6) arritmia, 7) indefinida e 8) outras. Para defini&#231;&#227;o de m&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada, era necess&#225;ria a presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: n&#227;o-ader&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina ou medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita, uso inadequado das medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas (doses ou posologia inadequadas), uso de subst&#226;ncias ou medica&#231;&#245;es com potencial de descompensa&#231;&#227;o; m&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada associada &#224; HAS: crit&#233;rios de m&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada j&#225; mencionados associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial maior ou igual a 140 x 90 mmHg; evolu&#231;&#227;o: exclus&#227;o de outras causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o; isquemia: dor tor&#225;cica anginosa e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e/ou curva enzim&#225;tica compat&#237;vel; infec&#231;&#227;o: presen&#231;a de quadro infeccioso em qualquer s&#237;tio associado &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC; arritmia: presen&#231;a de bradi ou taquiarritmia associada &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas com teste t de student. Para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (expressas em porcentagem), foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado. Os dados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p &lt; 0,05. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para estabelecer de maneira independente as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; letalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados referentes ao perfil dos pacientes atendidos na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com ICD est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;ficos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos prontu&#225;rios dispon&#237;veis, relacionados &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, foi poss&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de mais detalhes, demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos demonstrou que os homens, al&#233;m de serem mais freq&#252;entes (56%), apresentam predom&#237;nio da etiologia isqu&#234;mica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">gr&#225;f. 4</xref>) e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (65,3%). A etiologia hipertensiva foi predominante no sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05">gr&#225;f. 5</xref>) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m mais freq&#252;ente, por&#233;m com menor intensidade que o sexo masculino (52,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Fazendo a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito e aqueles que receberam alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial (PA) diast&#243;lica, etiologia e causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito apresentavam PA sist&#243;lica mais baixa (101,43 &#177; 26,09 x 131,41 &#177; 44,72). O achado de baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o e de necessidade de DVA, independentemente da droga, apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; letalidade. Outros dados com signific&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; letalidade inclu&#237;ram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) mais baixa (30,1 &#177; 8,2% x 47,3 &#177; 17,2%), maior di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) (7,56 &#177; 1,1 cm x 6,4 &#177; 1,2 cm), n&#237;vel s&#233;rico mais baixo de s&#243;dio (133,7 &#177; 7 mg/dl x 137,2 &#177; 4,5 mg/dl) e tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o (32,3 &#177; 23 dias x 5,58 &#177; 7 dias). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica determinou que as vari&#225;veis independentes relacionadas &#224; letalidade hospitalar foram o uso de dobutamina e dopamina (p = 0,02 &#150; Odds Ratio 41 com varia&#231;&#227;o 7-226).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (60 anos) &#233; inferior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados internacionais dispon&#237;veis<sup>3-5</sup> (m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 71 anos), por&#233;m concordante com estudo nacional que avaliou pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico de IC<sup>8</sup> (m&#233;dia de 52 anos). A justificativa pode estar associada &#224; menor expectativa de vida geral da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>2</sup> (incluindo atendimento p&#250;blico, dificuldade de acesso e qualidade de tratamento), poss&#237;vel menor preval&#234;ncia de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, concomitante ao n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes com miocardiopatia de etiologia valvar e chag&#225;sica que tendem a apresentar IC em idade mais precoce<sup>8</sup>. Outro estudo nacional comparou popula&#231;&#245;es atendidas em hospitais terci&#225;rios no sul do Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, e a popula&#231;&#227;o nacional apresentou faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada (73 anos) que a norte-americana (67 anos), entretanto apenas um paciente da popula&#231;&#227;o nacional (total de 143 pacientes) apresentava doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>9</sup>. O estudo EPICA-Niter&#243;i<sup>7</sup> comparou o atendimento da ICD nos servi&#231;os p&#250;blico e privado, demonstrando faixa et&#225;ria inferior no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico (61 x 72 anos). Outro estudo em hospital privado especializado em cardiologia no Rio de Janeiro apresentou idade m&#233;dia mais avan&#231;ada<sup>10</sup> (acima de 70 anos).</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foi mais baixa (128,75 mmHg), quando comparada aos achados do registro norte-americano ADHERE<sup>3</sup> (144 mmHg) e europeu EHFS<sup>4,5</sup> (m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 134 mmHg). Esse fato pode estar relacionado &#224; maior gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o, por tratar-se de hospital especializado em cardiologia, e poss&#237;vel busca tardia de atendimento m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a etiologia isqu&#234;mica ter sido a mais freq&#252;ente (29,7%), os n&#250;meros s&#227;o inferiores quando comparados aos dados internacionais<sup>3-5</sup> (acima de 50%) Essa diferen&#231;a est&#225; provavelmente relacionada &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia das etiologias chag&#225;sica, reum&#225;tica e hipertensiva em nosso meio. Registros argentinos<sup>14</sup> tamb&#233;m observaram menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e sugerem que esse diagn&#243;stico estaria subestimado por causa da menor indica&#231;&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o invasiva mediante cineangiocoronariografia da etiologia da IC, possivelmente associada a quest&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e de acesso &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>Com base em dados nacionais e internacionais, a congest&#227;o &#233; de maneira expressiva a forma mais comum de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da IC descompensada<sup>5,10,15</sup>. Nossos dados confirmaram essa observa&#231;&#227;o e, al&#233;m disso, demonstraram elevada associa&#231;&#227;o de HAS &#224; congest&#227;o, tamb&#233;m em concord&#226;ncia com estudo nacional recente<sup>10</sup>. M&#225; ader&#234;ncia/medica&#231;&#227;o inadequada foi a causa mais freq&#252;ente de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Em trabalho nacional pr&#233;vio<sup>11</sup>, tal achado pode estar associado a poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas do nosso pa&#237;s, incluindo baixo n&#237;vel cultural e acesso restrito ao tratamento (como atendimento m&#233;dico, equipe multidisciplinar e medica&#231;&#245;es), entretanto dados internacionais tamb&#233;m trazem a baixa ader&#234;ncia como causa freq&#252;ente de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC<sup>5</sup>. Por tratar-se de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, de elevada morbidade e mortalidade e expressivo n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, o seguimento ao tratamento (restri&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina e uso adequado de medica&#231;&#245;es que melhoram sintoma e sobrevida) &#233; fundamental para que melhores resultados sejam alcan&#231;ados. Nesse contexto, estudos com cl&#237;nicas de IC<sup>16,17</sup> (unidades especializadas no tratamento de pacientes com IC, constitu&#237;das por cardiologista, enfermeiro especializado em IC e equipe multidisciplinar) t&#234;m demonstrado diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, melhora da ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e qualidade de vida, sendo arma interessante como pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na IC, al&#233;m da disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es que melhoram o sintoma e reduzem a mortalidade.</p>
    <p>A IC sist&#243;lica foi discretamente preponderante (55%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; diast&#243;lica, e existe varia&#231;&#227;o na literatura, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>18</sup>. No sexo masculino, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi mais observada (65,3%) quando comparada ao sexo feminino (52,6%), confirmando a freq&#252;ente presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica descrita na literatura no sexo feminino<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A necessidade de droga vasoativa e a letalidade foram muito freq&#252;entes, al&#233;m do tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o. Podemos atribuir esses achados a poss&#237;vel maior gravidade dos nossos pacientes, por tratar-se de hospital especializado em cardiologia, o qual &#233; refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento de IC avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa entre os pacientes que receberam alta e aqueles que faleceram confirmou alguns crit&#233;rios de mau progn&#243;stico bem estabelecidos da IC, incluindo press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais baixa<sup>20</sup> (101,43 x 131,41 mmHg), apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de baixo d&#233;bito associado &#224; congest&#227;o<sup>15</sup>, necessidade de DVA<sup>21</sup>, FEVE reduzida<sup>6</sup> (30 x 47%) e hiponatremia<sup>6</sup> (133,7 x 137,2 mg/dl). Entretanto, a an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que apenas a dopamina ou dobutamina foram vari&#225;veis independentes. Apesar da limita&#231;&#227;o, principalmente pelo tamanho reduzido da amostra, esses dados refor&#231;am aspectos importantes da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do paciente que chega &#224; UE, os quais devem ser valorizados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de gravidade. Algumas informa&#231;&#245;es como fun&#231;&#227;o renal e n&#237;vel de hemoglobina, apesar de bem estabelecidas como fatores de mau progn&#243;stico<sup>6</sup>, n&#227;o foram significativas.</p>
    <p>A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica apresenta, nas suas formas mais graves, elevada morbidade e mortalidade<sup>22,23</sup>. Nosso estudo em ICD n&#227;o demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia chag&#225;sica (apesar da sugest&#227;o pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero absoluto), o que pode ter ocorrido pelo n&#250;mero reduzido da amostra. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de uma amostra reduzida quando comparada aos estudos internacionais, entretanto oferece dados expressivos sobre ICD na UE de um hospital especializado em cardiologia da regi&#227;o sudeste do Brasil. Apesar da avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva inicial, a an&#225;lise de mortalidade foi feita de maneira retrospectiva com n&#250;mero ainda mais reduzido de pacientes, sendo evidente a limita&#231;&#227;o principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de fatores de mau progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram levantados os dados relacionados a tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel diferenciar a IC cr&#244;nica descompensada da IC de in&#237;cio recente. </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas na chegada, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (exceto pelo uso de drogas vasoativas) e na alta hospitalar n&#227;o foram levantadas de maneira sistem&#225;tica, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel an&#225;lise desses dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos dados demonstraram popula&#231;&#227;o mais jovem e n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial mais reduzido, quando comparados a dados internacionais. Houve predom&#237;nio da etiologia isqu&#234;mica, por&#233;m com grande freq&#252;&#234;ncia das etiologias hipertensiva, valvar e chag&#225;sica. Forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes foram, respectivamente, congest&#227;o e baixa ader&#234;ncia. Houve predom&#237;nio de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, bem como do sexo masculino. A necessidade de drogas vasoativas foi elevada, bem como a letalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do paciente que chega &#224; UE, dados como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica baixa, congest&#227;o associada a baixo d&#233;bito, FEVE reduzida, maiores DDVE, hiponatremia e necessidade de drogas vasoativas podem ser valorizados como fatores de mau progn&#243;stico e auxiliar na decis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais avan&#231;adas.</p>
    <p>Por causa de sua grande extens&#227;o territorial e diferen&#231;as epidemiol&#243;gicas intraterritoriais pronunciadas, estudos nacionais em ICD contemplando as diferentes regi&#245;es s&#227;o fundamentais para melhor entendimento dessa afec&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio, fornecendo subs&#237;dios para tratamentos mais espec&#237;ficos e pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de mais adequadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Sandrigo Mangini </p>
        <p> Rua Teodoro Sampaio, 498/51 - Pinheiros </p>
        <p> 05406-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sandrigomangini@cardiol.br">sandrigomangini@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sanmangini@ig.com.br">sanmangini@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/04/07; revisado recebido em 21/09/07; aceito em 18/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Decompensated heart failure in the emergency department of a cardiology hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: National studies on decompensated heart failure (DHF) are key to the understanding of this condition in our midst. OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of DHF patients in an emergency department. METHODS: A total of 212 patients diagnosed with decompensated heart failure who had been admitted to an emergency department (EU) of a cardiology hospital were prospectively evaluated. Clinical variables, form of presentation and causes of decompensation were studied. In 100 patients, ancillary tests, prescription of vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and mortality were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a predominance of the male gender (56%) and the most frequent etiology was ischemia (29,7%) despite high frequency of valvular (15%) and chagasic (14,7%) etiologies. The most common form of presentation and cause of decompensation were congestion (80.7%) and poor compliance/inadequate medication (43.4%), respectively. In the subanalysis of the 100 patients, systolic dysfunction was the most common cause of decompensation (55%); use of vasoactive drugs occurred in 20%, and mortality was 10%. The comparative analysis between the patients who were discharged and those who died during hospitalization confirmed some criteria of poor prognosis: reduced systolic blood pressure, low cardiac output associated with congestion, need for vasoactive drugs, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, increased left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and hyponatremia. CONCLUSION: This study presents information about the profile of decompensated heart failure patients attended on the emergency unit of a brazilian southeast cardiology hospital. Clinical, hemodynamical and ancillary data may provide information for risk assessment in the initial evaluation helping the decision on hospitalization and advanced strategic therapies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Decompensated heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>emergency unit</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Decompensated heart failure in the emergency department of a cardiology hospital</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sandrigo Mangini; F&#225;bio Serra Silveira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Petherson Suzano Grativvol; Lu&#237;s Fernando Bernal da Costa Seguro; S&#237;lvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Am&#237;lcar Oshiro Mocelin; Luiz Francisco Cardoso; Fernando Bacal; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>National studies on decompensated heart failure (DHF) are key to the understanding of this condition in our midst.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the characteristics of DHF patients in an emergency department.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 212 patients diagnosed with decompensated heart failure who had been admitted to an emergency department (EU) of a cardiology hospital were prospectively evaluated. Clinical variables, form of presentation and causes of decompensation were studied. In 100 patients, ancillary tests, prescription of vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and mortality were also analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There was a predominance of the male gender (56%) and the most frequent etiology was ischemia (29,7%) despite high frequency of valvular (15%) and chagasic (14,7%) etiologies. The most common form of presentation and cause of decompensation were congestion (80.7%) and poor compliance/inadequate medication (43.4%), respectively. In the subanalysis of the 100 patients, systolic dysfunction was the most common cause of decompensation (55%); use of vasoactive drugs occurred in 20%, and mortality was 10%. The comparative analysis between the patients who were discharged and those who died during hospitalization confirmed some criteria of poor prognosis: reduced systolic blood pressure, low cardiac output associated with congestion, need for vasoactive drugs, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, increased left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and hyponatremia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This study presents information about the profile of decompensated heart failure patients attended on the emergency unit of a brazilian southeast cardiology hospital. Clinical, hemodynamical and ancillary data may provide information for risk assessment in the initial evaluation helping the decision on hospitalization and advanced strategic therapies. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Decompensated heart failure; emergency unit.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is currently a public health problem and accounts for a significant number of hospital admissions as well as for high mortality. Decompensated HF (DHF) is a frequent presentation of HF and results in a large number of hospital admissions. North-American data show approximately one million hospital admissions for DHF per year, making it the first cause of hospitalization in the age range above 65 years<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, DHF is also a common cause of hospital admissions<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because of its epidemiologic and public health importance, much information has been published on DHF in the past years, including the ADHERE (North American)<sup>3</sup> and the EHFS (European)<sup>4,5</sup> reports, in addition to treatment guidelines (including Latin American guidelines)<sup>6</sup>. National<sup>7-11</sup> and Latin-American<sup>12</sup> data on DHF are scarce.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of DHF patients seen in the EU of a cardiology hospital, including form of presentation, etiology, cause of decompensation, clinical and echocardiographic findings, comorbidities, need for vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data from 212 patients consecutively admitted in the ED of <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) </italic>with the diagnosis of DHF were prospectively collected in a period of 150 days. </p>
      <p>In an initial analysis, we sought to define clinical variables including gender, age, blood pressure, heart rate, etiology, form of presentation, and causes of decompensation. Next, 100 out of the 212 patients initially assessed and who had an available medical chart (related to the hospital admission period) were retrospectively selected. In addition to the clinical data previously mentioned, the presence of comorbidities, ancillary tests (hemoglobin, renal function, electrolytes and echocardiogram), need for vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and mortality were also investigated. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Criteria for the definition of etiology, form of presentation and causes of decompensation were established.</p>
      <p>Criteria from the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>13</sup> were used with adaptations to define the etiologies, which were divided into: ischemic, hypertensive, chagasic, valvular, idiopathic, undefined, and other. For a patient to be classified as having DHF of ischemic etiology, the criteria adopted were history of acute or chronic coronary artery disease and/or coronary angiography showing obstructive lesions consistent with this diagnosis; for hypertensive etiology: history of systemic hypertension (SH) or pressure levels above 140 x 90 mmHg at admission, provided that other possible etiologies had been ruled out; chagasic etiology: positive epidemiological history confirmed by serologic tests; valvular etiology: history of heart valve disease consistent with the findings of heart failure; idiopathic etiology: absence of data consistent with any other etiology; undefined etiology: lack of enough data to define a specific etiology.</p>
      <p>The forms of presentation were divided into six: 1) congestion, 2) congestion associated with SH, 3) low cardiac output, 4) low cardiac output associated with congestion, 5) undefined, and 6) other. Criteria for congestion included the presence of two or more of the following signs and symptoms: orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary rales, elevated jugular venous pressure, presence of hepatojugular reflux, ascites, lower limb edema; congestion associated with SH: signs or symptoms of congestion and pressure levels greater than or equal to 140 x 90 mmHg; low cardiac output was defined by the presence of one of the following signs and symptoms: slowed capillary filling time, sensory alterations, dizziness or diaphoresis associated with systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg; low cardiac output associated with congestion: signs and symptoms consistent with both low cardiac output and congestion.</p>
      <p>The causes of decompensation were divided into eight: 1) poor compliance/inadequate medication, 2) poor compliance/inadequate medication associated with SH, 3) disease progression, 4) ischemia, 5) infection, 6) arrhythmia, 7) undefined, and 8) other. The definition of poor compliance/inadequate medication required the presence of one or more of the following criteria: non-compliance in relation to salt and water restriction or the medication prescribed, inadequate use of the medication prescribed (inadequate dose or administration), use of substances or medications that could potentially lead to decompensation; poor compliance/inadequate medication associated with SH: criteria of poor compliance/inadequate medication previously mentioned associated with blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 x 90 mmHg; progression: exclusion of other causes of decompensation; ischemia: anginal chest pain and/or electrocardiographic changes and/or enzyme curve consistent with this diagnosis; infection: presence of infection in any site associated with HF decompensation; arrhythmia: presence of bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia associated with HF decompensation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared using the Student&#146;s t test. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables (expressed as percentages). Data were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. Logistic regression multivariate analysis was performed so as to independently establish the variables related to in-hospital mortality. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data regarding the profile of the patients seen in the emergency department with DHF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphs 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After a retrospective analysis of the available medical charts related to the hospital admission period, more details could be obtained, and are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison between genders demonstrated that men predominated in the sample (56%) and that the ischemic etiology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04-body2">Graph 4</xref>) and systolic dysfunction (65.3%) were more frequent among them. The hypertensive etiology predominated among females (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05-body2">Graph 5</xref>) and systolic dysfunction was also more frequent, though to a lesser extent than in the male gender (52.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="grf04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the comparison between the patients who died and those who were discharged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), no statistically significant difference was found as regards gender, age, heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (BP), etiology and cause of decompensation. Patients who died presented lower systolic BP (101.43 &#177; 26.09 x 131.41 &#177; 44.72). The finding of low cardiac output associated with congestion and need for vasoactive drugs (VAD), regardless of the drug, was statistically significant in relation to mortality. Other data with statistical significance in relation to mortality included lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (30.1 &#177; 8.2% <italic>vs</italic> 47.3 &#177; 17.2%), higher left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) (7.56 &#177; 1,1 cm <italic>vs</italic> 6.4 &#177; 1.2 cm), lower serum sodium level (133.7 &#177; 7 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 137.2 &#177; 4.5 mg/dl) and longer length of hospital stay (32.3 &#177; 23 days <italic>vs</italic> 5.58 &#177; 7 days).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0433-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The logistic regression multivariate analysis showed that the independent variables related to in-hospital mortality were the use of dobutamine and dopamine (p = 0.02 &#150; Odds Ratio 41, ranging from 7-226).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age of the study population (60 years) is lower than that found in available international data<sup>3-5</sup> (mean of approximately 71 years), but consistent with a national study that evaluated hospitalized patients diagnosed with HF<sup>8</sup> (mean of 52 years). The reason may be associated with the lower overall life expectancy of the Brazilian population<sup>2</sup> (due to public health care conditions, difficulty of access to health care, and quality of treatment), a possible lower prevalence of ischemic cardiomyopathy, and the significant number of patients with cardiomyopathy of valvular and chagasic etiology who tend to present HF at younger ages<sup>8</sup>. Another national study compared the populations treated in tertiary care hospitals in southern Brazil with those in the United States, and found that the national population had a higher age range (73 years) than the North-American population (67 years); however, only one patient in the national population (a total of 143 patients) presented Chagas disease<sup>9</sup>. The EPICA-Niter&#243;i<sup>7</sup> study compared the management of DHF in public and private health services and demonstrated that the age range was lower in public health services (61 vs. 72 years). Another study conducted in a private cardiology hospital in Rio de Janeiro showed a higher mean age<sup>10</sup> (above 70 years).</p>
      <p>The mean systolic blood pressure was also lower (128.75 mmHg) when compared with the findings of the North American ADHERE study<sup>3</sup> (144 mmHg) and the European EHFS<sup>4,5</sup> study (mean of approximately 134 mmHg). This may be related to the fact that our study population was more severely ill and was selected from a cardiology referral hospital; also, it may have taken too long for patients to seek medical care. </p>
      <p>Although the ischemic etiology was the most frequent (29.7%), these figures are lower when compared to international data<sup>3-5</sup> (above 50%). This difference is probably related to the higher frequency of the chagasic, rheumatic and hypertensive etiologies in our midst. Argentinean studies<sup>14</sup> also showed lower frequencies of ischemic cardiomyopathy and suggested that this diagnosis was underestimated due to the less frequent indication of invasive investigation of the etiology of HF using coronary angiography, which is possibly related to socioeconomic issues and access to the test. </p>
      <p>Based on national and international data, congestion is significantly the most common presentation of decompensated HF<sup>5,10,15</sup>. Our findings confirmed this observation and also demonstrated a strong association of SH with congestion, which is consistent with a recent national study<sup>10</sup>. Poor compliance/inadequate medication was the most common cause of decompensation. In a previous national study<sup>11</sup>, this finding could be associated with possible socioeconomic limitations in our country, including a low cultural level and limited access to treatment (such as medical care, multidisciplinary team and medications). However, international data also show low compliance as a common cause of HF decompensation<sup>5</sup>. Since it is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality that leads to a significant number of hospitalizations, treatment follow-up (water and salt restriction and appropriate use of medications that improve symptoms and survival) is key to achieve better results. In this context, studies conducted in HF clinics<sup>16,17</sup> (health units specialized in the treatment of HF patients which include cardiologists, nurses specialized in HF and multidisciplinary staff) have demonstrated a decrease in the number of hospital admissions, as well as improved treatment compliance and quality of life, thus making them an interesting option as a public health policy in HF, together with the supply of medications that improve the symptoms and reduce mortality.</p>
      <p> There was a slight predominance of systolic HF (55%) in relation to diastolic HF, and variations are reported in the literature, depending on the population studied<sup>18</sup>. In the male gender, systolic dysfunction was more frequently found (65.3%) when compared with the female gender (52.6%), thus confirming the frequent presence of diastolic dysfunction described in the literature for the female gender<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The need for vasoactive drugs, as well as mortality and prolonged length of hospital stay were very frequent. These findings may be attributed to the fact that our patients were possibly more severely ill, since the study was conducted in a cardiology hospital which is a referral for the treatment of advanced HF. </p>
      <p>The comparative analysis between patients who were discharged and those who died confirmed some well-established criteria of poor prognosis for HF, including lower systolic blood pressure<sup>20</sup> (101.43 x 131.41 mmHg), clinical presentation of low cardiac output associated with congestion<sup>15</sup>, need for VAD<sup>21</sup>, reduced LVEF<sup>6</sup> (30 x 47%) and hyponatremia<sup>6</sup> (133.7 x 137.2 mg/dl). However, the multivariate analysis demonstrated that only dopamine or dobutamine were independent variables. Despite the limitation mainly on account of the reduced sample size, these data underscore important aspects of the baseline evaluation of patients who are admitted to the EU, which should be considered for severity stratification. Some information such as renal function and hemoglobin level were unremarkable, despite their being well-established as factors of poor prognosis<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In its more severe forms, chagasic cardiomyopathy has high morbidity and mortality<sup>22,23</sup>. Our study on DHF did not show a statistically significant mortality in relation to the chagasic etiology (although this had been suggested by the assessment of the absolute number), which may have resulted from the small sample size.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was small when compared with those of international studies; however, it provided significant data on DHF in the EU of a cardiology hospital in a southeastern Brazilian region. Despite the initial prospective evaluation, the analysis of mortality was made retrospectively with an even smaller number of patients, so that the limitation, mainly in relation to the definition of factors of poor prognosis, was evident. </p>
      <p>Data regarding the time of onset of symptoms of decompensation were not obtained, and this resulted in that decompensated chronic HF could not be differentiated from acute HF. </p>
      <p>Information regarding the medications used at admission, during hospitalization (except for the use of vasoactive drugs) and at hospital discharge was not systematically obtained; therefore, these data could not be analyzed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our data showed a younger population and lower blood pressure levels when compared with international data. There was a predominance of the ischemic etiology; however the hypertensive, valvular and chagasic etiologies were very frequent. The most frequent form of presentation and cause of decompensation were congestion and poor compliance, respectively. There was a predominance of systolic dysfunction as well as of the male gender. In-hospital mortality and the need for vasoactive drugs were high. </p>
      <p>In the initial assessment of the patients admitted to the EU, data such as low systolic blood pressure, congestion associated with low cardiac output, reduced LVEF, higher LVDD, hyponatremia, and need for vasoactive drugs may be considered as factors of poor prognosis, and may help the decision on whether to hospitalize the patient and choose more advanced therapeutic strategies. </p>
      <p>Because of its large territorial extension and marked intraterritorial epidemiologic differences, national studies on DHF including the different regions are key to improve the understanding of this condition in our midst, as they provide support for more specific treatments and more appropriate health policies. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
