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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">X5VrMfdLsPm3hrTYrFD4jtL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial: efeito do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal em adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Moura de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Adim&#233;ia Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Batista Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>426</fpage>
      <lpage>432</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) tem sido associado a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do IMC e da CA sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) de adolescentes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo anal&#237;tico de corte transversal. Selecionados 536 adolescentes, alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas. Foram calculados IMC, classificado como normal alto (&gt;p50 &lt;p85), sobrepeso (&gt;p85 &lt;p95) e obesidade (&gt;p95). Mediu-se a CA, aumentada se&gt;p75 e a PA, elevada se &gt;p90. RESULTADOS: Trezentos e dezenove (59,5%) indiv&#237;duos eram meninas, idade de 14,0&#177; 1,99 anos, peso normal alto em 39,6%, sobrepeso em 37,1% e obesidade em 23,3%. O percentual de PAS e PAD elevadas acompanhou a eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC (p=0,000), alcan&#231;ando 46,4% nos meninos e 39,3% nas meninas obesas (PAS) e 42,0% e 44,6% (PAD), respectivamente. PAS e PAD elevadas foram 3,9 a 3,4 vezes mais freq&#252;ente nos meninos, e 2,2 a 2,0 vezes mais nas meninas com CA &gt; p75, respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples cada aumento no IMC aumentaria a PAS em 1,198 mmHg e da CA em 0,622 mmHg. A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) de PAS e PAD elevadas em raz&#227;o do IMC&gt;p85 foi 3,9(I.C. 95% 2,0-7,4[p=0,000]) e 4,3(I.C. 95% 2,2-8,5[p=0,000]), respectivamente, e em raz&#227;o da CA&gt;p75 de 1,8(IC 95% 1,0 a 3,0 [p=0,036]) e 1,4(IC 95% 0,8 a 2,4). Encontrou-se em 16/181(8,8%) dos adolescentes com peso normal alto, PA&gt;P90 com CA&gt;p75. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os valores do IMC e da CA t&#234;m forte influ&#234;ncia sobre os valores da PA de adolescentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>Press&#227;o arterial: efeito do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal em adolescentes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es; Alessandro Moura de Almeida; Adim&#233;ia Souza Santos; Daniel Batista Valente Barbosa; Arm&#234;nio Costa Guimar&#227;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (Fameb/UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) tem sido associado a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o efeito do IMC e da CA sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) de adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo anal&#237;tico de corte transversal. Selecionados 536 adolescentes, alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas. Foram calculados IMC, classificado como normal alto (<underline>&gt;</underline>p50 &lt;p85), sobrepeso (<underline>&gt;</underline>p85 &lt;p95) e obesidade (<underline>&gt;</underline>p95). Mediu-se a CA, aumentada se&gt;p75 e a PA, elevada se &gt;p90. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Trezentos e dezenove (59,5%) indiv&#237;duos eram meninas, idade de 14,0&#177; 1,99 anos, peso normal alto em 39,6%, sobrepeso em 37,1% e obesidade em 23,3%. O percentual de PAS e PAD elevadas acompanhou a eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC (p=0,000), alcan&#231;ando 46,4% nos meninos e 39,3% nas meninas obesas (PAS) e 42,0% e 44,6% (PAD), respectivamente. PAS e PAD elevadas foram 3,9 a 3,4 vezes mais freq&#252;ente nos meninos, e 2,2 a 2,0 vezes mais nas meninas com CA &gt; p75, respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples cada aumento no IMC aumentaria a PAS em 1,198 mmHg e da CA em 0,622 mmHg. A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) de PAS e PAD elevadas em raz&#227;o do IMC<underline>&gt;</underline>p85 foi 3,9(I.C. 95% 2,0-7,4[p=0,000]) e 4,3(I.C. 95% 2,2-8,5[p=0,000]), respectivamente, e em raz&#227;o da CA&gt;p75 de 1,8(IC 95% 1,0 a 3,0 [p=0,036]) e 1,4(IC 95% 0,8 a 2,4). Encontrou-se em 16/181(8,8%) dos adolescentes com peso normal alto, PA&gt;P90 com CA<underline>&gt;</underline>p75. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os valores do IMC e da CA t&#234;m forte influ&#234;ncia sobre os valores da PA de adolescentes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Adolescente, hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have been associated with blood pressure elevation. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the effect of BMI and WC on blood pressure (BP) of adolescents. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Cross-sectional analytical study including 536 adolescents from public and private schools. BMI was calculated and classified as high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50th p and &lt; 85th p), overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p and &lt; 95th p), and obesity (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95th p). WC was measured and considered increased if &gt; 75th p. BP was considered elevated if &gt; 90th p. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>319 (59.5%) adolescents were girls, the mean age was 14.0&#177; 1.99 years, high-normal weight was found in 39.6%, overweight in 37.1% and obesity in 23.3%. The percentage of high SBP and DBP followed the increase in BMI (p=0.000), reaching 46.4% among boys and 39.3% among obese girls for SBP and 42.0% and 44.6% for DBP, respectively. High SBP and DBP were 3.9 and 3.4 times more frequent among boys and 2.2 to 2.0 times more frequent among girls with WC &gt; 75th p, respectively. Using simple linear regression analysis, each increment in BMI would increase SBP by 1.198 mmHg, and in WC by 0.622 mmHg. The PR for elevated SBP and DBP in relation to BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p was 3.9 (95% CI 2.0-7.4[p=0.000]) and 4.3(95% CI 2.2-8.5[p=0.000]), respectively; in relation to WC &gt; 75th p was 1.8(95% CI 1.0 to 3.0 [p=0.036]) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.4). BP &gt; 90th p with WC <underline>&lt;</underline> 75th p was found in 16/181 (8.8%) of the adolescents with high-normal weight. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>BMI and WC values have a strong influence on BP values in adolescents.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Adolescent, hypertension, obesity, waist circumference.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade tem aumentado, atingindo todas as faixas et&#225;rias, e entre elas a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>1</sup>. Nos Estados Unidos, entre o terceiro (1994) e o quarto (2002) NHANES, o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as e adolescentes entre seis e 19 anos com sobrepeso/obesidade aumentou em 45%<sup>2</sup>. Em Salvador-BA, local deste estudo, dados anteriores mostraram 13,1% de obesidade numa amostra de escolares<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia do problema aumenta quando a obesidade infanto-juvenil mostra forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e se identifica como importante preditor de hipertens&#227;o e obesidade na vida adulta<sup>4-6</sup>. Em ambos os estratos et&#225;rios, se associa &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia a insulina e diabetes tipo 2, al&#233;m de acarretar problemas sociais e psicol&#243;gicos<sup>7</sup>. Cerca de 60% daqueles que apresentam obesidade nas primeiras d&#233;cadas sofrem de pelo menos uma dessas anormalidades metab&#243;licas, como adultos<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) constitui o referencial para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>status</italic> do peso, entre normal, sobrepeso e obesidade, enquanto a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) &#233; o principal indicador de concentra&#231;&#227;o abdominal de gordura, &#224; qual tamb&#233;m se associam, com elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia, os mesmos fatores de risco associados &#224; obesidade<sup>9</sup>. Constituem, assim, dois m&#233;todos importantes para o diagn&#243;stico de sobrepeso/obesidade e de obesidade central, em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos e na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>10,11</sup>, pela sua f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, precis&#227;o e reprodutibilidade<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>No Brasil, estudos relativos aos efeitos do IMC e da CA sobre a PA de adolescentes ainda s&#227;o escassos. Pesquisa recente relata baixa sensibilidade dos pontos de corte dessas vari&#225;veis para a detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o em adolescentes<sup>13</sup>. Estudos como o atual, contudo, com amostra que permite a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da PA de acordo com o status de peso e os valores da CA, certamente contribuem para subsidiar dados que mostram o gradativo aumento da associa&#231;&#227;o do peso e aumento da CA com eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, o que deve ser encarado pelos pediatras e cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos como estado pr&#233;-hipertensivo, merecendo maior cuidado na sua identifica&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do IMC e da CA sobre a PA numa amostra de adolescentes em Salvador-Bahia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o alvo foi representada por adolescentes saud&#225;veis entre 11 e 18 anos, matriculados em escolas da rede p&#250;blica e privada da cidade de Salvador, participantes de uma pesquisa sobre status de peso e fatores de risco cardiovascular, com enfoque especial na presen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia a insulina. </p>
    <p>Foram selecionadas, por conveni&#234;ncia do tamanho do alunado, acesso para o estudo e facilidades estruturais para a determina&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis propostas, tr&#234;s escolas particulares e quatro p&#250;blicas, numa regi&#227;o de classe m&#233;dia. </p>
    <p>O projeto seguiu as normas da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Conep, resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/1996) e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Maternidade Clim&#233;rio de Oliveira-UFBA. </p>
    <p>Preliminarmente, foram realizadas palestras de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia da detec&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Dentre os alunos que aceitaram participar do estudo e que apresentaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido assinado pelo respons&#225;vel, foram selecionados aqueles com IMC igual ou maior ao percentil 50 para idade e g&#234;nero. O grupo de eutr&#243;ficos ficou compreendido entre os percentis 50 e 84, sobrepeso entre os percentis 85 e 94 e obesidade igual ou maior ao percentil 95. A faixa de IMC desse grupo de eutr&#243;ficos tem sido considerada normal alta ("<italic>high-normal</italic>") em virtude de apresentar risco aumentado de sobrepeso/obesidade e hipertens&#227;o na fase de adulto jovem. Sendo assim selecionada, no intuito de permitir melhor comparabilidade entre os grupos definidos por status de peso<sup>6</sup>. A amostra final foi de 536 estudantes, 143 (27%) da escola privada e 393 (73%) da escola p&#250;blica. O estudo foi realizado entre maio de 2005 a novembro 2006. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos estudantes incluiu:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Altura, peso, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). As medidas foram realizadas pelo primeiro pesquisador, com o aux&#237;lio de estudantes de medicina previamente testados quanto &#224; confiabilidade das aferi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas em estudo piloto, estando o adolescente com roupas leves e descal&#231;o. A altura foi medida com estadi&#244;metro (Leicester), com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, e o peso com balan&#231;a digital com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg. O IMC foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Quetelet (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e classificado por idade e g&#234;nero como normal alto (<underline>&gt;</underline>p 50 e &lt; p85), sobrepeso (<underline>&gt;</underline> p85 e &lt;p95) e obesidade (<underline>&gt;</underline> p95)<sup>6,14</sup>. A CA foi aferida na metade entre a por&#231;&#227;o inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a borda superior da crista il&#237;aca, no final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o normal, com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica. A m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de duas medidas foi considerada para an&#225;lise. Obesidade central foi definida como CA &gt; p75 para idade e g&#234;nero, como proposto por Ferranti e cols.<sup>15</sup> e Fernandez e cols.<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, no membro superior direito apoiado &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, com tensi&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio marca Missouri. Foram utilizados manguitos com largura de 40% da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o cotovelo e o acr&#244;mio, e comprimento de 80% a 100% dessa medida. Foi registrada a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s leituras consecutivas, feitas com intervalo de 60 segundos. </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi determinada na fase I de Korotkoff e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) na fase V de Korotkoff. O valor da PA foi classificado, segundo o Task Force on "<italic>High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic>"<sup>17</sup>, como normal (&lt; p90), normal alto (<underline>&gt;</underline> p90 e &lt; p95), e hipertens&#227;o (<underline>&gt;</underline> p95), levando em conta idade, g&#234;nero e altura. Foi considerado elevado o valor da PA <underline>&gt;</underline> p90, de acordo com idade, g&#234;nero e percentil de altura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Testes estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o, entre os g&#234;neros, das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis idade, peso, altura, IMC, CA, PAS e PAD foi feita pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes, e a dos percentuais das vari&#225;veis categorizadas IMC, CA, PAS e PAD pelo teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de tr&#234;s ou mais vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feita pela ANOVA e entre duas m&#233;dias da mesma vari&#225;vel pelo Bonferroni p&#243;s-teste. A an&#225;lise da signific&#226;ncia da influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis preditoras IMC e CA sobre as vari&#225;veis de desfecho PAS e PAD, respectivamente, foi feita pela regress&#227;o linear simples e a sua raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP), calculada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. </p>
    <p>Valores de <italic>p</italic> menores do que 5% (p&lt;0,05) foram considerados significantes. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Stata 8.0 (Stata, College Station,TX).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra de 536 adolescentes est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Foram estudados 217 (40,5%) meninos e 319 (59,5%) meninas, sendo a diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,000). Os alunos da escola p&#250;blica caracterizaram-se por m&#233;dia de idade um pouco superior, mas estatisticamente significante (14,2&#177; 1,90 <italic>versus</italic> 13,5&#177; 2,10, p=0,001); predomin&#226;ncia significativa de n&#227;o-brancos (79,7 <italic>versus</italic> 20,3; 78,6 <italic>versus</italic> 21,4; p=0,001, respectivamente) e valores m&#233;dios do IMC, CA e PAD significativamente mais elevados (p=0,000). Quanto ao status de peso, o grupo normal alto predominou significativamente na escola privada (55,9%,p=0,000), enquanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na escola p&#250;blica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra o comportamento da PAS segundo o status de peso e g&#234;nero. Foram comparados 212 (39,6%) adolescentes com peso normal alto, 199 (37,1%) com sobrepeso e 125 (23,3%) com obesidade. Observou-se um gradiente positivo, crescente e significativo (p=0,000) do percentual de PA elevada, entre os adolescentes com peso normal alto e os com sobrepeso e desses com os obesos. Nos obesos, a PAS mostrou-se elevada em 46,4% dos meninos e 39,3% das meninas e a PAD em 42,0% e 44,6%, respectivamente. O resultado da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples dos valores da PAS em fun&#231;&#227;o dos valores do IMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) ilustra a robustez da influ&#234;ncia do IMC sobre a PAS, r=0,436 (p=0,000), com o Coeficiente Beta de 1,198, indicando que para cada aumento de uma unidade no IMC, a PAS aumentaria em 1,198 mmHg. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> mostra o comportamento da PAS segundo a CA e g&#234;nero. O porcentual de adolescentes com PAS e PAD elevadas foi significativamente maior entre aqueles com CA aumentada (&gt;p75), em ambos os g&#234;neros. No g&#234;nero masculino, por&#233;m, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA na presen&#231;a de obesidade central foi 3,9 (PAS) a 3,4 (PAD) vezes mais freq&#252;ente do que naqueles com CA<underline>&lt;</underline>p75, contrastando com freq&#252;&#234;ncias 2,2 (PAS) a 2,0 (PAD) vezes maiores no g&#234;nero feminino. O Coeficiente Beta de 0,622 da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples (r=0,493;p=0,000) mostrou que, para cada aumento de 1 cm na CA, a PAS aumentaria de 0,622 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Vale destacar, ao longo da reta de regress&#227;o, o encontro de 8,8%(16/181) de adolescentes com peso normal alto e 30,8% (24/78) com sobrepeso que apresentavam PAS elevada (&gt;p90) associada a um valor nomal da CA (<underline>&lt;</underline>p75).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, os valores da RP de PAS e PAD elevadas, associados a valores do IMC<underline>&gt;</underline>p85, foram 3,9(IC95% 2,0-7,4[p=0,000]) e 4,3(IC95% 2,2-8,5[p=0,000]), respectivamente, ap&#243;s ajuste para g&#234;nero e cor da pele, e quando associados a CA&gt;p75 foram de 1,8(IC95%1,0-3,0[p=0.036]) e de 1,4 (IC95% 0,8-2,4[NS]), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo revelou significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento do peso e concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes de ambos os g&#234;neros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>), em conformidade com dados de outros estudos, mostrando que o aumento do IMC e da CA s&#227;o bons preditores do risco de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o em adolescentes<sup>8,9,18,19</sup>. Os dados reafirmam, tamb&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia do excesso de gordura abdominal na etiopatogenia da hipertens&#227;o, seja associada diretamente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas metab&#243;licas dos adip&#243;citos a&#237; localizados e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com a estimula&#231;&#227;o do SRRA seja indiretamente por meio de hiperinsulinemia decorrente da resist&#234;ncia a insulina conseq&#252;ente a dist&#250;rbio no mecanismo celular de metaboliza&#231;&#227;o da glicose<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esses achados indicam, tamb&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia da determina&#231;&#227;o dessas duas vari&#225;veis na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiometab&#243;lico e refor&#231;am dois pontos importantes na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de hipertens&#227;o em adolescentes. O primeiro &#233; a presen&#231;a de obesidade central, como sinalizador de maior probabilidade de PA elevada na presen&#231;a de status de peso <underline>&gt;</underline>p85, e o segundo, o percentual de 8,8% de adolescentes com PA elevada e CA normal (CA<underline>&lt;</underline>p75) na faixa do <italic>status</italic> de peso normal alto. Nesse segundo caso, fica evidente que IMC entre os percentis 50 e 85 acarreta risco de PA elevada, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de aumento da CA, indicando a necessidade de maior vigil&#226;ncia quanto &#224; PA desses adolescentes. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com o comportamento de outros par&#226;metros biol&#243;gicos, como glicemia e colesterol, cujo risco epidemiol&#243;gico se distribui ao longo de uma curva ascendente, mostrando que mais importante do que a classifica&#231;&#227;o categorizada &#233; a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao poss&#237;vel risco que possam acarretar. Nesses adolescentes, a rela&#231;&#227;o do peso e do ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial &#233; positiva e cont&#237;nua, como ilustrado pela reta de regress&#227;o da PAS em raz&#227;o do IMC e da CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>), sendo de esperar que o risco de altera&#231;&#227;o aumente &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o que os valores se aproximam do ponto de corte considerado. Esses achados se assemelham aos de Berkey e cols.<sup>20</sup>, em adultos, e de Wilson e cols.<sup>21</sup> e Moussa e cols.<sup>22</sup> em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Esse paradigma biol&#243;gico refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da classifica&#231;&#227;o da faixa do IMC entre os percentis 50 e 85, como faixa normal alta, faixa intermedi&#225;ria de risco, na qual estudo de coorte mostrou que adolescentes apresentam alto risco de obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica quando adultos jovens<sup>6</sup>. Essa faixa do IMC em adolescentes se assemelharia &#224; zona cinzenta de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o proposta para adultos, pelo <italic>VII Joint</italic>, com valores press&#243;ricos entre 120/80 e 139/89 mmHg<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ponto de corte da CA, &#233; preciso considerar, tamb&#233;m, que o valor atual usado neste estudo pode subestimar o grau de obesidade central, uma vez que se baseia no obtido em adolescentes americanos, com dados antropom&#233;tricos diferentes dos nossos<sup>24</sup>. Nessa faixa et&#225;ria, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; um valor estabelecido para a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura a partir do qual se possa diagnosticar aumento da gordura visceral. Taylor e cols.<sup>25 </sup>propuseram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do p80, uma vez que esse ponto de corte apresentou melhor sensibilidade e especificidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade central por <italic>dual energy X-ray absorptiometry</italic> (DEXA), utilizado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Por sua vez, no NHANES III, os valores estimados, tendo como ponto de corte o p90, j&#225; utilizado em outros estudos<sup>4-9</sup>, excediam, em adolescentes a partir de 14 anos, os valores preconizados para adultos<sup>26</sup>, sugerindo que pontos de corte menores devam ser utilizados. Ferranti e cols.<sup>15</sup>, estudando a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica entre adolescentes, sugeriu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do p75 como ponto de corte, utilizado no atual estudo, mediante a identifica&#231;&#227;o de valores correspondentes aos utilizados em adultos<sup>16,26</sup>. Assim, os valores ideais de ponto de corte para o IMC e a CA seriam aqueles com menor associa&#231;&#227;o com valores alterados dos constituintes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Essas considera&#231;&#245;es indicam a necessidade da determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte para a CA em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas brasileiras. Por&#233;m, &#233; preciso considerar, tamb&#233;m, que uma CA "normal" n&#227;o afasta, nesses adolescentes, a inexist&#234;ncia de excessiva gordura intra-abdominal, ainda n&#227;o percebida pela medi&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro abdominal, e que essa gordura tenha uma atividade metab&#243;lica mais intensa em termos de produ&#231;&#227;o de adipocitocinas e que j&#225; exista um estado de resist&#234;ncia a insulina, levando ao aumento da PA, especialmente se fatores heredit&#225;rios de hipertens&#227;o coexistirem. Adolescentes com esse perfil devem ser submetidos a estudos metab&#243;licos mais sofisticados e acompanhados na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; l&#225;, fica a mensagem de que na faixa de IMC normal alto, p50<underline>&gt;</underline>IMC&lt;p85, &#233; preciso avaliar cl&#237;nica e metabolicamente o adolescente, mesmo que a CA seja considerada normal. </p>
    <p> Finalmente, no intuito de melhor validar os achados atuais em termos de representatividade, &#233; necess&#225;rio algumas considera&#231;&#245;es sobre a amostra estudada. O predom&#237;nio de estudantes da rede p&#250;blica nesta amostra (3,7 para cada aluno da rede privada) e na qual predominaram n&#227;o-brancos (78,6 <italic>versus</italic> 20,3%, P=0,000) a torna mais representativa das caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnico-sociais de Salvador, embora constitua uma amostra estratificada pela localiza&#231;&#227;o de escolas p&#250;blicas em bairro de classe m&#233;dia e m&#233;dia alta, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o estudantil melhor qualificada do ponto de vista socioecon&#244;mico do que a das escolas p&#250;blicas da periferia de Salvador. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o predom&#237;nio de meninas (59,5%<italic> versus</italic> 40,5%, P=0,000) e uma ades&#227;o ao estudo mais homog&#234;nea segundo o status de peso, diferente da observada entre os estudantes das escolas privadas, na qual predominaram aqueles com peso normal alto, 55,9%(P=0,000). Al&#233;m disto, &#233; digno de nota que os valores m&#233;dios do IMC, CA e PAD tenham sido significativamente mais elevados entre os estudantes da rede p&#250;blica. Esses achados permitem inferir que os adolescentes da rede p&#250;blica com sobrepeso/obesidade foram mais sens&#237;veis ao chamamento para o estudo, interessando-se em serem avaliados de modo mais eq&#252;itativo. Se assim for, este &#250;ltimo aspecto &#233; positivo para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Outro ponto a considerar &#233; que a classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial acima ou abaixo do p90 baseou-se na medida da PA numa &#250;nica ocasi&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, se repetidas numa segunda ocasi&#227;o, algumas dessas medidas alteradas passassem para a faixa de normalidade, como observado por outros<sup>27</sup>. Contudo, essas considera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invalidam os achados da forte influ&#234;ncia do IMC e da CA sobre os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos desses adolescentes, caracterizando-se como dois importantes preditores, cujo rastreamento tem importantes repercuss&#245;es na vida adulta, acarretando maior risco de obesidade e hipertens&#227;o<sup>28-30</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho fornece dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o do aumento do <italic>status</italic> de peso e da CA com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA em adolescentes de escolas privadas e p&#250;blicas de Salvador, contribuindo para dois aspectos importantes de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. O primeiro, ampliando e consolidando a evid&#234;ncia de que o controle do excesso de peso deve representar prioridade nas estrat&#233;gias educacionais e preventivas para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. O segundo diz respeito mais espec&#237;fico aos adolescentes com valor do IMC pr&#243;ximos do p85, na faixa normal alta aqui considerada (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>p50 e &lt;p85) ou na faixa de sobrepeso, pr&#243;ximo a este limite, quando a toler&#226;ncia e a despreocupa&#231;&#227;o com o peso podem evitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de aumento da PA, o que pode tamb&#233;m j&#225; sinalizar a poss&#237;vel presen&#231;a de dislipidemia e/ou resist&#234;ncia a insulina. A efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle do excesso de peso &#233; importante, a fim de minimizar o risco presente de diabetes tipo 2 e de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura na vida adulta. Apesar da amplia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento a respeito do problema, in&#250;meras quest&#245;es de ordem fisiopatol&#243;gica, epidemiol&#243;gica, terap&#234;utica e preventiva ainda permanecem sem resposta. Dentre essas, o conhecimento sobre a etiopatogenia do excesso de peso, o rastreamento do seu risco at&#233; a vida adulta e a efic&#225;cia de interven&#231;&#245;es relativas ao estilo de vida. Todas essas importantes quest&#245;es indicam novos caminhos de pesquisa, com vistas ao controle das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares degenerativas na idade adulta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por FAPESB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es </p>
        <p> Rua do &#201;bano, 251/1101, Caminho das &#193;rvores </p>
        <p> 41820-370, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="isabelguima@terra.com.br">isabelguima@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/07/07; revisado recebido em 21/11/07; aceito em 20/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>30. Jafar TH, Islam M, Poulter N, Hatcher J,    Schmid CH. Levey AS, et al. Children in south asia have higher body massadjusted    blood pressure levels than white children in the United States: a comparative    study. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1291-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Children in south asia have higher body mass-adjusted blood pressure levels than white children in the United States: a comparative study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1291</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jafar</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Islam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulter</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatcher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have been associated with blood pressure elevation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of BMI and WC on blood pressure (BP) of adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional analytical study including 536 adolescents from public and private schools. BMI was calculated and classified as high-normal (&gt; 50th p and &lt; 85th p), overweight (&gt; 85th p and &lt; 95th p), and obesity (&gt; 95th p). WC was measured and considered increased if &gt; 75th p. BP was considered elevated if &gt; 90th p. RESULTS: 319 (59.5%) adolescents were girls, the mean age was 14.0&#177; 1.99 years, high-normal weight was found in 39.6%, overweight in 37.1% and obesity in 23.3%. The percentage of high SBP and DBP followed the increase in BMI (p=0.000), reaching 46.4% among boys and 39.3% among obese girls for SBP and 42.0% and 44.6% for DBP, respectively. High SBP and DBP were 3.9 and 3.4 times more frequent among boys and 2.2 to 2.0 times more frequent among girls with WC &gt; 75th p, respectively. Using simple linear regression analysis, each increment in BMI would increase SBP by 1.198 mmHg, and in WC by 0.622 mmHg. The PR for elevated SBP and DBP in relation to BMI &gt; 85th p was 3.9 (95% CI 2.0-7.4[p=0.000]) and 4.3(95% CI 2.2-8.5[p=0.000]), respectively; in relation to WC &gt; 75th p was 1.8(95% CI 1.0 to 3.0 [p=0.036]) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.4). BP &gt; 90th p with WC &lt; 75th p was found in 16/181 (8.8%) of the adolescents with high-normal weight. CONCLUSION: BMI and WC values have a strong influence on BP values in adolescents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>waist circumference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Blood pressure: effect of body mass index and of waist circumference on adolescents</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es; Alessandro Moura de Almeida; Adim&#233;ia Souza Santos; Daniel Batista Valente Barbosa; Arm&#234;nio Costa Guimar&#227;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (Fameb/UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have been associated with blood pressure elevation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the effect of BMI and WC on blood pressure (BP) of adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Cross-sectional analytical study including 536 adolescents from public and private schools. BMI was calculated and classified as high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50th p and &lt; 85th p), overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p and &lt; 95th p), and obesity (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95th p). WC was measured and considered increased if &gt; 75th p. BP was considered elevated if &gt; 90th p.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>319 (59.5%) adolescents were girls, the mean age was 14.0&#177; 1.99 years, high-normal weight was found in 39.6%, overweight in 37.1% and obesity in 23.3%. The percentage of high SBP and DBP followed the increase in BMI (p=0.000), reaching 46.4% among boys and 39.3% among obese girls for SBP and 42.0% and 44.6% for DBP, respectively. High SBP and DBP were 3.9 and 3.4 times more frequent among boys and 2.2 to 2.0 times more frequent among girls with WC &gt; 75th p, respectively. Using simple linear regression analysis, each increment in BMI would increase SBP by 1.198 mmHg, and in WC by 0.622 mmHg. The PR for elevated SBP and DBP in relation to BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p was 3.9 (95% CI 2.0-7.4[p=0.000]) and 4.3(95% CI 2.2-8.5[p=0.000]), respectively; in relation to WC &gt; 75th p was 1.8(95% CI 1.0 to 3.0 [p=0.036]) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.4). BP &gt; 90th p with WC <underline>&lt;</underline> 75th p was found in 16/181 (8.8%) of the adolescents with high-normal weight.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>BMI and WC values have a strong influence on BP values in adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Adolescent, hypertension, obesity, waist circumference.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of overweight/obesity has increased, affecting all age ranges including the pediatric population<sup>1</sup>. In the United States, between the third (1994) and fourth (2002) NHANES, the number of overweight/obese children and adolescents aged from six to 19 years increased by 45%<sup>2</sup>. In Salvador, BA, where this study was conducted, previous data showed 13.1% of obesity in a sample of schoolchildren<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The relevance of the problem is even greater in view of the fact that childhood and youth obesity shows a strong association with the presence of high blood pressure (BP) and is identified as an important predictor of hypertension and obesity in adulthood<sup>4-6</sup>. In both age ranges, obesity is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dislipidemia, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes, in addition to leading to social and psychological problems<sup>7</sup>. Approximately 60% of those who present obesity in the first decades will have at least one of these metabolic alterations in adulthood<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Body mass index (BMI) is a parameter for weight classification as normal, overweight and obesity, whereas waist circumference (WC) is the main indicator of abdominal fat accumulation with which the same risk factors related to obesity are frequently associated<sup>9</sup>. Thus, these are two important methods for the diagnosis of overweight/obesity and of central obesity both in epidemiological studies and in the clinical practice<sup>10,11</sup>, because they are precise, reproducible, and easy to perform<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, studies regarding the effects of BMI and WC on BP in adolescents are still scarce. A recent study shows a low sensitivity of the cut-off points of these variables in detecting hypertension in adolescents<sup>13</sup>. However, studies like this, with a sample that enables the comparison of BP values according to the weight status and WC values, certainly contribute to provide data that show the gradual increase of the association of weight and increased WC with elevated BP. This should be considered by pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists as a prehypertensive state, thus deserving greater care in its identification, prevention and treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMI and WC on BP in a sample of adolescents in the city of Salvador, Bahia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The target population was comprised of healthy adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years who were enrolled in public and private schools of the city of Salvador, and were participating in a study on weight status and cardiovascular risk factors, with special emphasis on the presence of insulin resistance. </p>
      <p>Because of the convenient number of students, access to the study and structural facilities for the determination of the variables proposed, three private and four public schools located in a middle-class neighborhood were selected.</p>
      <p>The project followed the standards of the National Commission (Council) on Research Ethics (CONEP, resolution 196/1996) and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Maternidade Clim&#233;rio de Oliveira &#150; </italic>UFBA.</p>
      <p>Preliminarily, awareness seminars on the importance of detecting cardiovascular risk factors in the pediatric population were held. Among the students who agreed to participate in the study and who provided the written informed consent signed by their legal representatives, those with BMI greater than or equal to the 50th percentile for age and gender were selected. The group of normal-weight individuals was in the range between the 50th and 84th percentiles, the group of overweight individuals was between the 85th and 94th percentiles, and the group of obese individuals was in the range greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. The BMI range of this normal-weight group has been considered high-normal because it has an increased risk of overweight/obesity and hypertension in young adulthood. The selection was thus made to enable a better comparison between the groups defined by weight status<sup>6</sup>. The final sample was comprised of 536 students, 143 (27%) of whom from private schools and 393 (73%) from public schools. The study was conducted between May 2005 and November 2006.</p>
      <p>The clinical assessment of the students included:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The following anthropometric measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Height, weight, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI). The measurements were taken by the first investigator, with the help of medical students previously tested as regards the reliability of anthropometric measurements in a pilot study, with the adolescents barefoot and wearing light clothing. Height was measured with a stadiometer (Leicester) to the nearest 0.1cm, and weight was measured on a digital scale to the nearest 0.1 Kg. BMI was calculated using the Quetelet index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and was classified according to age and gender as high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50th p and &lt; 85th p), overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p and &lt; 95th p) and obesity (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95th p)<sup>6,14</sup>. WC was measured half way between the lower border of the last rib and the upper border of the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration, using a non-stretchable tape measure. The arithmetic mean of two measurements was considered for the analysis. Central obesity was defined as WC &gt; 75th p for age and gender, as proposed by Ferranti et al<sup>15</sup> and Fernandez et al<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured after a 5-minute rest, with the patient in the sitting position, in the right upper limb supported at the height of the heart, using a Missouri mercury column sphygmomanometer. Cuffs with width of 40% of the arm circumference as measured at the midpoint between the elbow and the acromion, and length of 80 to 100% of this measure were used. The mean of three consecutive readings taken at 60-second intervals was recorded.</p>
      <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined at Korotkoff phase I and diastolic blood pressure (SBP) at Korotkoff phase V. BP values were classified according to the Task Force on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program<sup>17</sup> as normal (&lt; 90th p), high normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 90th p and &lt; 95th p), and hypertension (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95th p), considering age, gender and height. BP values <underline>&gt;</underline> 90th p were considered high according to age, gender and height percentile. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Normality of variable distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical tests</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The comparison between genders of the means of the age, weight, height, BMI, WC, SBP and DBP variables was made using the Student&#146;s t test for independent samples. Comparison of percentages of the BMI, WC, SBP and DBP categorized variables was made using the Pearson&#146;s chi-square test. The comparison of the means of three or more continuous variables was made using ANOVA and between two means of the same variable using Bonferroni post-test. The analysis of the significance of the influence of the BMI and WC predictive variables on the SBP and DBP endpoint variables, respectively, was made using simple linear regression analysis, and its prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis.</p>
      <p>P values lower than 5% (p&lt;0.05) were considered significant.</p>
      <p>Data were analyzed using the Stata 8.0 software (Stata, College Station, TX).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the sample of 536 adolescents are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. A total of 217 (40.5%) boys and 391 (59.9%) girls were studied, and this difference was significant (p=0.000). Students from public schools had a slightly but statistically significant higher mean age (14.2&#177; 1.90 <italic>versus</italic> 13.5&#177; 2.10, p=0.001); significant predominance of non-white individuals (79.7 <italic>versus</italic> 20.3; 78.6 <italic>versus</italic> 21.4; p=0.001, respectively); and significantly higher BMI, WC and DBP values (p=0.000). As regards weight status, the high-normal group significantly predominated in private schools (55.9%; p=0.000), whereas no significant difference was found in public schools.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>SBP changes according to weight status and gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. A total of 212 (39.6%) high-normal weight, 199 (37.1%) overweight and 125 (23.3%) obese adolescents were compared. A significant (p=0.000) increasing positive gradient of the elevated BP percentage was observed among high-normal weight and overweight adolescents, as well as between overweight and obese adolescents. SBP was elevated in 46.4% of the obese boys and in 39.3% of the obese girls, and DBP was elevated in 42.0% and 44.0%, respectively. The result of the simple linear regression analysis of SBP values in relation to BMI values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) shows the strength of the influence of BMI on SBP, r=0.436 (p=0.000), with a beta coefficient of 1.198, thus indicating that for each one-unit increase in BMI, SBP would increase by 1.198 mmHg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>SBP changes according to WC and gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. The percentage of adolescents with high SBP and DBP was significantly higher among those with increased WC (&gt; 75th p) in both genders. In the male gender, however, BP elevation in the presence of central obesity was 3.9 (SBP) to 3.4 (DBP) times more frequent than in those with WC <underline>&lt;</underline> 75th p, in contrast with frequencies 2.2 (SBP) to 2.0 (DBP) times higher in the female gender. The beta coefficient of 0.622 of the simple linear regression analysis (r=0.493; p=0.000) showed that for each 1-cm increase in WC, SBP would increase by 0.622mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Along the regression line, it is worth pointing out the finding of 8.8% (16/181) high-normal weight adolescents and 30.8% (24/78) overweight adolescents who presented elevated SBP (&gt; 90th p) associated with normal WC values (<underline>&lt;</underline> 75th p).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Using multiple logistic regression, PR values for high SBP and DBP associated with values of BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p were 3.9 (95% CI 2.0-7.4 [p=0.000]) and 4.3 (95% CI 2.2-8.5 [p=0.000]), respectively, after age and skin color adjustment. When associated with WC &gt; 75th p, these values were 1.8(95% CI 1.0-3.0 [p=0.036]) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.8-2.4 [NS]), respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0426-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study showed a significant association of weight gain and abdominal fat concentration with blood pressure elevation in adolescents of both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>), thus corroborating data from other studies that showed that increased BMI and WC are good predictors of the risk of development of hypertension in adolescents<sup>8,9,18,19</sup>. The data also confirm the importance of excess abdominal fat in the pathogenesis of hypertension, whether directly associated with the metabolic characteristics of adipocytes located in this region and their relationships with RAAS stimulation, or indirectly via the hyperinsulinemia resulting from insulin resistance due to alterations in the cell mechanism of glucose metabolization<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>These findings also show the importance of determining these two variables in the cardiometabolic risk assessment, and reinforce two important points in risk stratification of hypertension in adolescents. The first is the presence of central obesity as an indicator of a higher probability of elevated BP in the presence of a weight status <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th p. The second is the finding of 8.8% of adolescents with elevated BP and normal WC (WC <underline>&lt;</underline> 75th p) within the range of high-normal weight status. In the second case, it is evident that BMI between the 50th and 85th percentiles results in risk of elevated BP even in the absence of increased WC, thus indicating the need for closer surveillance as regards the BP of these adolescents. This observation is in accordance with the behavior of other biological parameters such as blood glucose and cholesterol, whose epidemiological risk is distributed along an ascending curve, thus showing that more important than the categorized classification is the distribution of values in relation to the possible risk that they may cause. In these adolescents, the relation of weight and abdominal fat accumulation with blood pressure levels is positive and continuous, as shown in the regression line of SBP in relation to BMI and WC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>); also, the risk of alteration is expected to increase as the values get closer to the cut-off point considered. These findings are similar to those of Berkey et al&#146;s<sup>20</sup> in adults and of Wilson et al&#146;s<sup>21</sup> and Moussa et al&#146;s<sup>22</sup> in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>This biologic paradigm underscores the importance of the classification of the BMI range between the 50th and 85th percentiles as a high-normal range &#150; intermediate risk range, in which a cohort study showed that adolescents present a high risk of obesity and systolic hypertension in young adulthood<sup>6</sup>. This BMI range in adolescents would be similar to the grey zone of prehypertension proposed by the VII Joint National Committee for adults with pressure levels between 120/80 and 139/89 mmHg<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to the WC cut-off point, it is also necessary to consider that the value currently used in this study may underestimate the degree of central obesity, since it is based on values obtained from American adolescents, whose anthropometric data are different from ours<sup>24</sup>. In this age range, there is still no value established for waist circumference from which the presence of increased visceral fat could be diagnosed. Taylor et al<sup>25</sup> proposed the use of the 80th p, since this cut-off point showed better sensitivity and specificity in relation to the assessment of central adiposity, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the gold standard. On the other hand, in NHANES III, the values estimated using the 90th p as the cut-off point as already used in other studies<sup>4-9</sup> exceeded the values recommended for adults<sup>26</sup> in adolescents as from 14 years of age, thus suggesting that lower cut-off points should be used. Ferranti et al<sup>15</sup> studied the presence of metabolic syndrome among adolescents and suggested the use of the 75th p as the cut-off point, as we did in the present study, by identifying the values corresponding to those used in adults<sup>16,26</sup>. Thus, the optimal cut-off point values for BMI and WC would be those less associated with abnormal values of the metabolic syndrome components. These considerations show the need for the determination of WC cut-off points in Brazilian pediatric populations. However, we should also consider that a "normal" WC does not rule out the existence of excess intraabdominal fat in these adolescents, not yet detected by abdominal perimeter measurement, and that this fat has a more intense metabolic activity in terms of production of adipocytokines, and also that an insulin resistance state already exists, thus leading to increased BP, especially if inherited factors for hypertension coexist. Adolescents with this profile should undergo more sophisticated metabolic studies and be followed up. Meanwhile, the message to be conveyed is that in the high-normal BMI range, 50th p <underline>&gt;</underline> BMI &lt; 85th p, it is necessary to evaluate adolescents both clinically and metabolically, even if their WC is considered normal.</p>
      <p>Finally, with the purpose of better validating the current findings in terms of representativeness, some considerations on the sample studied are necessary. In this sample, there was a predominance of non-white (78.6 <italic>versus</italic> 20.3%, p=0.000) students from public schools (3.7 for each student from private school), thus making it more representative of the ethnical and social characteristics of Salvador, although it is a stratified sample due to the location of the public schools in middle and upper-class neighborhoods, therefore with a better qualified student population from the socioeconomic point of view than those from public schools on the outskirts of Salvador. The predominance of girls (59.5% <italic>versus</italic> 40.5%, p=0.000) in this population stands out, as well as the more homogeneous distribution according to weight status, unlike that observed among students from private schools, in whom there was a predominance of high-normal weight individuals (55.9%; p=0.000). Additionally, we should point out that the mean BMI, WC and DBP values were significantly higher among students from public schools. Based on these findings, we can assume that overweight/obese adolescents from public schools were more responsive to the study recruitment, and were more homogeneously interested in being evaluated. This being the case, this latter aspect may be useful for the implementation of treatment and prevention strategies. </p>
      <p>Another point to consider is that the classification of BP above or under the 90th p was based on one single occasion. If repeated on a second occasion, some of these abnormal measurements could possibly have shifted to the normal range, as observed in other studies<sup>27</sup>. However, these considerations do not invalidate the findings of a strong influence of BMI and WC on the pressure levels of these adolescents. These two indexes are thus characterized as important predictors, whose screening may help prevent the consequences in adulthood, such as the higher risk of obesity and hypertension<sup>28-30</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study provides data on the association of increased weight status and WC with BP elevation in adolescents from private and public schools in Salvador, thus contributing to two important public health aspects: the first, by extending and consolidating the evidence that the control of excess weight should be a priority in educational and preventive strategies for health maintenance in children and adolescents. The second aspect refers more specifically to adolescents with BMI close to the 85th p, in the high-normal range considered here (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 50th p and &lt; 85th p) or in the overweight range, close to this limit, where tolerance and lack of concern with weight may impede the identification of increased BP, which may already be a sign of the possible presence of dislipidemia and/or insulin resistance. The efficacy of excess weight control and prevention strategies is important so as to minimize the risk of type-2 diabetes and early cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Despite the broader knowledge on the problem, several questions regarding pathophysiology, epidemiology, therapy and prevention still remain unanswered. Among them, the knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of excess weight, risk screening until adulthood, and the efficacy of interventions regarding lifestyle. All these key issues point to new research paths targeting at the control of degenerative cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es, from <italic>Universidade Federal da Bahia</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
