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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tjFhxLtnzXbsmMFYMFMMp3q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade central, triglicer&#237;deos e hipertens&#227;o arterial em uma &#225;rea rural do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mar&#231;al</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kac</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazzinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vel&#225;squez-Mel&#233;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Ren&#233; Rachou </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e Aplicada</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>419</fpage>
      <lpage>425</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o, importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, representa uma das principais causas de morbidade em todo o mundo. OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial e seus fatores de risco em uma comunidade rural do nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 2004, em Virgem das Gra&#231;as, comunidade rural localizada no Vale do Jequitinhonha. A amostra era composta por 287 indiv&#237;duos, com idades entre 18 e 88 anos. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida segundo os crit&#233;rios da Joint National Committee (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg): indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; usavam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos tamb&#233;m foram considerados hipertensos. Usou-se a an&#225;lise bivariada para testar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e hipertens&#227;o, e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para ajustar fatores de confus&#227;o e identificar intera&#231;&#245;es. A for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o foi mensurada usando-se odds ratio (OR) e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC (95%)]. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia bruta da hipertens&#227;o foi de 47,0% [IC (95%): 41,1 - 53,0], a preval&#234;ncia ajustada por idade foi de 43,2% [IC (95%): 35,7 - 50,7], enquanto a preval&#234;ncia ajustada por escolaridade foi de 44,1% [IC (95%): 43,9 - 44,3]. De acordo com a an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que idade, triglicer&#237;deos, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e sexo eram fatores de risco independentes associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os achados fornecem evid&#234;ncias importantes de que a hipertens&#227;o &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica associado &#224; dislipidemia e &#224; obesidade abdominal, na &#225;rea rural de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>popula&#231;&#227;o rural</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade central, triglicer&#237;deos e hipertens&#227;o arterial em uma &#225;rea rural do Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Association between central obesity, triglycerides and hypertension in a rural area in Brazil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriano Mar&#231;al Pimenta<sup>I</sup>; Gilberto Kac<sup>II</sup>; Andrea Gazzinelli<sup>I</sup>; Rodrigo Corr&#234;a-Oliveira<sup>III</sup>; Gustavo Vel&#225;squez-Mel&#233;ndez<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Ren&#233; Rachou, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o, importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, representa uma das principais causas de morbidade em todo o mundo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial e seus fatores de risco em uma comunidade rural do nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal realizado em 2004, em Virgem das Gra&#231;as, comunidade rural localizada no Vale do Jequitinhonha. A amostra era composta por 287 indiv&#237;duos, com idades entre 18 e 88 anos. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg): indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; usavam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos tamb&#233;m foram considerados hipertensos. Usou-se a an&#225;lise bivariada para testar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e hipertens&#227;o, e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para ajustar fatores de confus&#227;o e identificar intera&#231;&#245;es. A for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o foi mensurada usando-se <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC (95%)]. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia bruta da hipertens&#227;o foi de 47,0% [IC (95%): 41,1 - 53,0], a preval&#234;ncia ajustada por idade foi de 43,2% [IC (95%): 35,7 - 50,7], enquanto a preval&#234;ncia ajustada por escolaridade foi de 44,1% [IC (95%): 43,9 &#150; 44,3]. De acordo com a an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que idade, triglicer&#237;deos, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e sexo eram fatores de risco independentes associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os achados fornecem evid&#234;ncias importantes de que a hipertens&#227;o &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica associado &#224; dislipidemia e &#224; obesidade abdominal, na &#225;rea rural de Minas Gerais. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, popula&#231;&#227;o rural, epidemiologia, dislipidemias, obesidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Hypertension represents a serious public health problem and is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity around the world. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in a rural community located in the north-eastern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2004 in the Virgem das Gra&#231;as Village, a rural community located the Jequitinhonha Valley. The sample consisted of 287 males and females aged between 18 to 88 years. Hypertension was defined according to Joint National Committee criteria (systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg): subjects already receiving anti-hypertensive treatment were considered to be hypertensive. Bivariate analysis was performed to test the relationship between the independent variables and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding and to identify interactions. The strength of association was measured using Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals [CI (95%)]. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The crude prevalence of hypertension was 47.0% [CI (95%): 41.1 &#150; 53.0], the age-standardized prevalence was 43.2% [CI (95%): 35.7 &#150; 50.7], while the schooling-standardized prevalence was 44.1% [CI (95%): 43.9 &#150; 44.3]. Age, triglycerides, waist circumference and sex were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension according to multivariate analysis. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The findings provide important evidence concerning the hypertension as a public health problem and its association with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity in the rural area of Minas Gerais. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hypertension, rural population, epidemiology, dyslipidemias, obesity.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e uma das causas mais freq&#252;entes de morbidade, tanto nos pa&#237;ses industrializados quanto naqueles em desenvolvimento, principalmente em centros urbanos<sup>1</sup>. A HA est&#225; associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;as renais e diabete, sendo tamb&#233;m um componente da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>2</sup>. De maneira ainda mais significante, no entanto, a HA est&#225; estreitamente relacionada a outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, estando associada a 40% dos casos de acidentes cerebrovasculares e 25% das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas. De fato, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem as principais causas de morte no mundo todo, sendo respons&#225;veis por 30% do coeficiente de mortalidade espec&#237;fica<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o se conhece completamente a preval&#234;ncia de HA no Brasil, uma vez que os estudos sobre a patologia t&#234;m enfocado praticamente as regi&#245;es sul e sudeste do pa&#237;s<sup>4</sup>. Alguns autores afirmam que 20% dos adultos brasileiros sofrem de HA, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a entre indiv&#237;duos que vivem em &#225;reas urbanas parece variar de 22,3% a 43,9%, com base nos crit&#233;rios da <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (<italic>JNC</italic>)<sup>2</sup>. Considerando-se que at&#233; o presente existem poucos estudos sobre a preval&#234;ncia de HA em &#225;reas rurais do Brasil<sup>4</sup>, investigamos a preval&#234;ncia dessa doen&#231;a entre os habitantes de uma comunidade rural localizada no Vale do Jequitinhonha, em Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que fizeram parte do estudo foram informados sobre os objetivos da pesquisa e sobre seus direitos enquanto participantes e, voluntariamente, assinaram o termo de consentimento. </p>
    <p>Um estudo transversal e de base populacional foi realizado na comunidade de Virgem das Gra&#231;as, localizada no munic&#237;pio de Ponto dos Volantes, no nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Em 2001, uma pesquisa havia revelado que a comunidade tinha 685 habitantes, dos quais 408 tinham <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos de idade. Exclu&#237;mos 121 participantes pelos seguintes motivos: 7 mulheres gr&#225;vidas, 3 pacientes com empecilhos m&#233;dicos ou cir&#250;rgicos, 55 indiv&#237;duos estavam fora da comunidade no momento da pesquisa e 56 n&#227;o aderiram aos procedimentos do estudo. Com isso, a amostra final era composta de 287 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Pesquisadores adequadamente treinados realizaram as entrevistas, usando um question&#225;rio estruturado com perguntas sobre os aspectos sociais, demogr&#225;ficos e de estilo de vida dos participantes da pesquisa. Ao final da entrevista, procedeu-se a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que incluiu medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso corporal, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura [CC] e circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril [CQ]), de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. As medidas foram repetidas 3 vezes e, em seguida, registrados os valores m&#233;dios.</p>
    <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal de cada participante foi avaliada usando-se o aparelho de bioimped&#226;ncia RJL (BIA &#150; 101 Q; RJL Systems, Detroit) e calculada com o software Cyprus vers&#227;o 1.2 que acompanhava o instrumento. N&#237;veis de gordura corporal acima de 25% em homens ou de 30% em mulheres foram usados como pontos de corte para definir obesidade<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado usando-se a f&#243;rmula: IMC = peso (kg) / altura<sup>2</sup> (m) e classificado de acordo com os pontos de corte estabelecidos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>7</sup>. A obesidade abdominal foi diagnostica usando-se os crit&#233;rios propostos pela OMS<sup>7</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (RCQ) foi calculada usando-se a seguinte f&#243;rmula: RCQ = CC / CQ e classificada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da OMS<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram colhidas amostras de sangue (5 mL) de cada sujeito por meio de pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, depois de um per&#237;odo de jejum de 12 horas. Al&#237;quotas de soro e plasma obtidas pela centrifuga&#231;&#227;o de cada amostra foram adequadamente preparadas e armazenadas em frascos mantidos a uma temperatura de 4&#186;C at&#233; o momento da an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica. Para determinar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e glicose, usaram-se m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos-colorim&#233;tricos e o analisador Roche Cobas Mira Plus. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) tamb&#233;m foi determinada por ensaio enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;trico, ap&#243;s precipita&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-C) com &#225;cido fosfot&#250;ngstico e cloreto de magn&#233;sio. Os n&#237;veis de LDL-C foram calculados segundo a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald: LDL-C = CT &#150; (HDL-C + TG/5).</p>
    <p>Dislipidemia e hiperglicemia foram classificadas de acordo com consenso brasileiro aplic&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi determinada por um m&#233;todo indireto, usando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da JNC<sup>2</sup>. As medidas foram feitas tr&#234;s vezes em cada sujeito, com um intervalo de 2 minutos entre cada uma delas. Com base nos valores m&#233;dios, os participantes foram classificados como hipertensos quando sua press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica era <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou quando a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica era <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg e/ou se o indiv&#237;duo usasse medicamentos anti-hipertensivos regularmente. Neste estudo, HA foi definida como vari&#225;vel dependente. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a popula&#231;&#227;o participante do estudo (<italic>n</italic> = 287) foi comparada quanto &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, sociais e econ&#244;micas com a popula&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o estava participando do estudo (<italic>n</italic> = 121), e as diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos foram identificadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson. Uma vez que a amostra final tendia a ser mais velha e a ter mais anos de escolaridade formal, foram calculadas preval&#234;ncias de HA padronizadas por idade e escolaridade usando-se para isso uma t&#233;cnica de padroniza&#231;&#227;o direta com o <italic>software Epidat</italic> (OPAS/OMS) vers&#227;o 3.0. A popula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o era composta por habitantes adultos de uma &#225;rea rural de Minas Gerais, cujos dados foram obtidos do Censo de 2000 realizado pelo Instituto de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE). </p>
    <p> As poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es entre a preval&#234;ncia de HA e as covari&#225;veis de interesse foram examinadas por meio de an&#225;lises bivariadas; todas as covari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia inferior a 0,20 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,20) foram inclu&#237;das no modelo final. As vari&#225;veis foram ajustadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada passo a passo. A Odds Ratio (OR) e o seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC (95%)] foram calculados para determinar a for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma covari&#225;vel e a HA. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em 5% (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05). Os dados foram compilados e analisados com o aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>), vers&#227;o 10.0. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas de ambos os grupos (participantes e n&#227;o participantes) da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Virgem das Gra&#231;as est&#227;o indicadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Como se pode ver, o grupo n&#227;o participante do estudo era mais jovem e tinha um n&#237;vel mais elevado de escolaridade. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>HA foi diagnosticada em 47,0% [IC (95%) = 41,1 &#150; 53,0] dos indiv&#237;duos participantes do estudo, sem diferen&#231;as significantes quanto ao sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias de HA padronizadas por idade e escolaridade foram inferiores &#224; preval&#234;ncia bruta, respectivamente 43,2% [IC (95%) = 35,7 &#150; 50,7] e 44,1% [IC (95%) = 43,9 &#150; 44,3]. A preval&#234;ncia de HA permaneceu, no entanto, semelhante entre homens e mulheres. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref> mostra que havia diferen&#231;as significantes entre homens e mulheres quanto a tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool, sendo os n&#237;veis mais elevados observados entre os homens. Entre as mulheres, a HA estava associada com idade, cor da pele e n&#237;vel de escolaridade, sendo tamb&#233;m positivamente relacionada &#224; menopausa. A preval&#234;ncia de HA tendeu a aumentar com a idade e com o n&#250;mero menor de anos de escolaridade. Na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, por&#233;m, a HA foi significantemente associada somente &#224; idade, especialmente entre os indiv&#237;duos de 50 a 59 anos [<italic>OR</italic> = 4,18; IC (95%) = 1,37 &#150; 12,71], embora a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de HA em geral tendesse a aumentar depois dos 40 anos de idade. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>, a obesidade foi mais prevalente entre as mulheres e todas as covari&#225;veis, exceto o percentual de gordura corporal, estavam associadas com HA: a preval&#234;ncia de HA tendia a aumentar com a CC. Na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#245;es entre HA e as diversas covari&#225;veis.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas dosadas, exceto glicemia, foram associadas com a preval&#234;ncia de HA entre as mulheres, ao passo que, entre os homens, HDL-C foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel associada com a preval&#234;ncia de HA. Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertrigliceridemia foi mais elevada entre as mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref> mostra os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada. Idade [OR = 1,05; IC (95%) = 1,03 &#150; 1,07], n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos [OR = 6,04; IC (95%) = 1,22 &#150; 29,89], CC [n&#237;vel de risco 2; OR = 3,84; IC (95%) = 1,50 &#150; 9,85] e sexo [masculino; OR = 2,03; IC (95%) = 1,01 &#150; 4,05] continuaram associados de maneira independente &#224; HA ajustada para poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a HA &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de na comunidade de Virgem das Gra&#231;as (MG, Brasil), uma vez que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a entre a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do estudo foi de 47,0% [IC (95%) = 41,1 &#150; 53,0]. Embora essa freq&#252;&#234;ncia seja semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o de Alfenas, MG, (47,43%)<sup>8</sup>, ela &#233; muito mais elevada do que a observada na cidade de Cavunge, localizada na &#225;rea rural da Bahia, estado do nordeste brasileiro (36,5%)<sup>9</sup> e mais alta do que os valores observados em outros pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, como a Argentina (39,8%)<sup>10</sup>, Chile (38,5%)<sup>11</sup>, Equador (36,0%)<sup>12</sup> e M&#233;xico (21,9%)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HA pode estar superestimada. Detectamos diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; idade e escolaridade entre a popula&#231;&#227;o que participou do estudo e os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o participaram. Normalmente, esse tipo de poss&#237;vel falha na sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes representaria uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, uma vez que indiv&#237;duos jovens de comunidades rurais em geral tendem a migrar para os centros urbanos em busca de melhores oportunidades e condi&#231;&#245;es de vida. No entanto, no presente estudo, essa tendenciosidade foi minimizada corrigindo-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia observada de HA com respeito &#224;s distribui&#231;&#245;es por idade e escolaridade do total da popula&#231;&#227;o, usando-se para isso um m&#233;todo de padroniza&#231;&#227;o direta. Depois da corre&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de HA ainda continuava relativamente alta: 43,2% [IC (95%) = 35,7 &#150; 50,7] na padroniza&#231;&#227;o por idade e 44,1% [IC (95%) = 43,9 &#150; 44,3] na padroniza&#231;&#227;o por escolaridade, embora esses &#237;ndices fossem semelhantes aos encontrados nos centros urbanos brasileiros, como Araraquara (43,1%)<sup>14</sup> e Cotia (44,0%)<sup>15</sup>, ambos localizados no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, no sudeste brasileiro.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HA em Virgem das Gra&#231;as foi diretamente associada com idade tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres, como indicado pela an&#225;lise bivariada e multivariada. O aumento da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos com mais idade &#233; normalmente associado ao desenvolvimento de arteriosclerose e o conseq&#252;ente mau funcionamento das art&#233;rias, o que resulta em HA sist&#243;lica isolada<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que a preval&#234;ncia de HA era maior nos homens do que nas mulheres, o que corrobora os dados da literatura<sup>4</sup>, embora a preval&#234;ncia de HA tenha sido mais alta entre mulheres a partir dos 60 anos de idade. Hildretch e Saunders<sup>16</sup> j&#225; haviam demonstrado que a HA &#233; mais freq&#252;ente entre homens de 45 a 50 anos, mas que a preval&#234;ncia entre mulheres aumenta acima dessa faixa et&#225;ria. A alta preval&#234;ncia de HA em mulheres de mais idade (&gt; 60 anos) possivelmente coincide com o in&#237;cio da menopausa uma vez que, antes dessa fase, do ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico as mulheres s&#227;o mais jovens que homens da mesma idade. Assim, embora mulheres mais jovens sejam menos vulner&#225;veis &#224; HA e a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares do que homens da mesma idade, ap&#243;s a menopausa essa situa&#231;&#227;o se inverte<sup>2</sup>. Neste estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de HA em mulheres que j&#225; estavam na fase da menopausa foi de 69,2%, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia entre as mulheres que ainda n&#227;o tinham atingido essa fase foi de 32,5%, uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (r &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Este estudo revelou que a obesidade (em geral e a abdominal) era mais prevalente entre mulheres que homens: Matos e Ladeia<sup>9</sup> relataram resultados semelhantes na cidade de Cavunge, localizada na &#225;rea rural da Bahia, Brasil. Alguns estudos sugerem que o ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo na regi&#227;o abdominal &#233; um fator de risco mais significante para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares do que a massa total de gordura<sup>17</sup>, podendo ser usado como indicador de pacientes de maior risco<sup>18</sup>. Neste estudo, a CC foi positivamente associada a HA. De acordo com as an&#225;lises bivariada e multivariada, a preval&#234;ncia de HA aumentava quanto maior a CC, por&#233;m, depois da an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre CC e HA continuou somente para n&#237;vel de risco 2 [<italic>OR</italic> = 3,84; IC (95%) = 1,50 &#150; 9,85]. </p>
    <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de CT, LDL-C e TG, 56,7, 58,7 e 90,5%, eram hipertensos, respectivamente. A doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m estava presente em 69,2% dos indiv&#237;duos que tinham n&#237;veis baixos de HDL-C. No Canad&#225;, o Quebec Cardiovascular Study<sup>19</sup> demonstrou que n&#237;veis aumentados de LDL-C e TG, e n&#237;veis reduzidos de HDL-C, estavam associados a um maior risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares num per&#237;odo de 5 anos. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, s&#243; os n&#237;veis elevados de TG permaneceram diretamente associados a HA depois da an&#225;lise multivariada. Alguns estudos sugerem que n&#237;veis elevados de TG representam o fator de risco mais significante associado a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um dos aspectos mais importantes deste estudo foi o de detectar uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre HA, CC e n&#237;veis altos de TG s&#233;rico. N&#237;veis elevados de TG s&#233;rico foram detectados em sujeitos com obesidade abdominal<sup>21</sup>, e alguns autores se referem &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia desses dois fatores como cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica. Existe um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de evid&#234;ncias indicando uma n&#237;tida associa&#231;&#227;o entre cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica e risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>21,22-24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um outro aspecto interessante deste estudo foi a alta preval&#234;ncia de componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, principalmente em mulheres. Um estudo recente realizado com essa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o mostrou que 21,6% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, com uma diferen&#231;a relevante entre homens (7,7%) e mulheres (33,6%)<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante enfatizar que, em virtude do delineamento transversal deste estudo, as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas podem n&#227;o ter causalidade entre si, uma vez que os determinantes e o desfecho foram medidos em um &#250;nico momento. No entanto, o modelo multivariado indicou que os poss&#237;veis fatores independentemente associados a HA na popula&#231;&#227;o de Virgem das Gra&#231;as eram idade, sexo, hipertrigliceridemia e obesidade abdominal. Vale notar que a alta preval&#234;ncia de HA, dislipidemia e obesidade revelada por este estudo s&#227;o patologias que aumentam o risco de aterosclerose, o que, por sua vez, &#233; um fator relevante para a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidentes cerebrovasculares<sup>22</sup>. &#201;, portanto, necess&#225;rio que as autoridades do setor da sa&#250;de adotem urgentemente medidas para o tratamento, controle e preven&#231;&#227;o da HA, dislipidemia e obesidade, visando a reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares incapacitantes e letais entre as popula&#231;&#245;es rurais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses relacionados com este artigo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq); Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG); National Institute of Health (NIH); Fogarty International Center.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Adriano Mar&#231;al Pimenta pela Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gustavo Vel&#225;squez-Mel&#233;ndez </p>
        <p> Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190 </p>
        <p> 30130-100 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guveme@ufmg.br">guveme@ufmg.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/05/07; revisado recebido em 14/09/07; aceito em 17/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between central obesity, triglycerides and hypertension in a rural area in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hypertension represents a serious public health problem and is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity around the world. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in a rural community located in the north-eastern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2004 in the Virgem das Gra&#231;as Village, a rural community located the Jequitinhonha Valley. The sample consisted of 287 males and females aged between 18 to 88 years. Hypertension was defined according to Joint National Committee criteria (systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg): subjects already receiving anti-hypertensive treatment were considered to be hypertensive. Bivariate analysis was performed to test the relationship between the independent variables and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding and to identify interactions. The strength of association was measured using Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals [CI (95%)]. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of hypertension was 47.0% [CI (95%): 41.1 - 53.0], the age-standardized prevalence was 43.2% [CI (95%): 35.7 - 50.7], while the schooling-standardized prevalence was 44.1% [CI (95%): 43.9 - 44.3]. Age, triglycerides, waist circumference and sex were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension according to multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The findings provide important evidence concerning the hypertension as a public health problem and its association with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity in the rural area of Minas Gerais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>rural population</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Association between central obesity, triglycerides and hypertension in a rural area in Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adriano Mar&#231;al Pimenta<sup>I</sup>; Gilberto Kac<sup>II</sup>; Andrea Gazzinelli<sup>I</sup>; Rodrigo Corr&#234;a-Oliveira<sup>III</sup>; Gustavo Vel&#225;squez-Mel&#233;ndez<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Ren&#233; Rachou, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Hypertension represents a serious public health problem and is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity around the world.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in a rural community located in the north-eastern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2004 in the Virgem das Gra&#231;as Village, a rural community located the Jequitinhonha Valley. The sample consisted of 287 males and females aged between 18 to 88 years. Hypertension was defined according to Joint National Committee criteria (systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg): subjects already receiving anti-hypertensive treatment were considered to be hypertensive. Bivariate analysis was performed to test the relationship between the independent variables and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding and to identify interactions. The strength of association was measured using Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals [CI (95%)].</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The crude prevalence of hypertension was 47.0% [CI (95%): 41.1 &#150; 53.0], the age-standardized prevalence was 43.2% [CI (95%): 35.7 &#150; 50.7], while the schooling-standardized prevalence was 44.1% [CI (95%): 43.9 &#150; 44.3]. Age, triglycerides, waist circumference and sex were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension according to multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The findings provide important evidence concerning the hypertension as a public health problem and its association with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity in the rural area of Minas Gerais. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hypertension, rural population, epidemiology, dyslipidemias, obesity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) represents a serious public health problem and is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity in both industrialised and developing countries, especially in urban centres<sup>1</sup>. AH is associated with cardiac insufficiency, renal diseases and diabetes, and is also a component of metabolic syndrome<sup>2</sup>. More significantly, however, AH is strongly related to other cardiovascular diseases, being associated with 40% of stroke and 25% of ischemic heart diseases. In fact, cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death worldwide, being responsible for 30% of case-fatality rate<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of AH in Brazil is not fully known since studies of the disease have focused almost entirely on the south-eastern and south regions of the country<sup>4</sup>. Some authors state that 20% of Brazilian adults suffer from AH, whilst the prevalence of the disease amongst individuals living in urban areas is apparently within the range 22.3% to 43.9% based on the criteria of the Joint National Committee (JNC)<sup>2</sup>. Considering that only a few studies concerning the prevalence of AH in rural areas of Brazil have been performed to date<sup>4</sup>, we have investigated the prevalence of this condition amongst the inhabitants of a rural community situated in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethical Committee on Research of <italic>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic> in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Counci1. All of the individuals who took part in the study were informed about the objectives of the research and their rights as participants, and voluntarily signed an appropriate form of consent. </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional and population-based study was conducted in the village of Virgem das Gra&#231;as located in the municipality of Ponto dos Volantes, north-eastern Brazil. In 2001, a survey of the community revealed 685 inhabitants of which 408 individuals were <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years old. We excluded 121 participants by the following reasons: 7 pregnants, 3 with medical or surgical impediments, 55 individuals were outside at moment of survey and 56 with non-adherence to the study procedures. This resulted in a final sample of 287 individuals.</p>
      <p>Researches appropriately trained, conducted the interviews following a structured questionnaire relating to social, demographic and lifestyle aspects of the subjects. At the end of the interview, a clinical evaluation was performed that included anthropometrical measurements (body weight, stature, waist circumference &#150; WC, hip circumference &#150; HC) carried out according to standard recommendations<sup>5</sup>. Measurements were carried out in triplicate and the mean values recorded.</p>
      <p>The body composition of each subject was assessed using an RJL bio-impedance analyser (BIA &#150; 101 Q; RJL Systems, Detroit) and was calculated using Cyprus software version 1.2 as supplied with the instrument. Body fat levels in excess of 25% for males or 30% for females were used as cut-off points for defining obesity<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the expression: BMI = weight (kg) / stature<sup>2</sup> (m) and categorised according to the cut-off points established by the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>7</sup>, Abdominal obesity was diagnosed using the criteria proposed by WHO.<sup>7</sup> The waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR ) was calculated from the expression: WHR = WC / HC and categorised according to WHO recommendations<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Blood samples (5 mL) were collected from each subject by venous puncture following a fasting period of 12 h. Aliquots of the serum and plasma obtained by the centrifugation of each sample were appropriately treated and stored in vials maintained at 4&#186;C until required by the laboratory for biochemical analysis. Colorimetric enzymatic methods were employed for the determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose using a Roche Cobas Mira Plus analyser. The concentration of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was also determined by colorimetric enzymatic assay following precipitation of the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) fractions with phosphotungstic acid and magnesium chloride. The levels of LDL-C were calculated by application of the Friedewald equation. LDL-C = TC &#150; (HDL-C + TG/5)</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia were classified according to applicable Brazilian consensus.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was determined by an indirect method using a mercury sphygmomanometer and following the recommendations of the JNC<sup>2</sup>. Measurements were taken three times for each subject with an interval of 2 min between readings. On the basis of the mean values, subjects were classified as hypertensive when the arterial systolic pressure was <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or the arterial diastolic pressure was <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg and/or the individual was using anti-hypertensive drugs regularly. In the present study, AH was defined as a dependent variable. </p>
      <p>Initially, the population participating in the study (<italic>n</italic> = 287) was compared with respect to demographic, social and economic characteristics with the non-participating population (<italic>n</italic> = 121), and the differences between the two groups were identified using Pearson&#146;s c<sup>2 </sup>test. Because the final sample tended to be older and have more years of formal education, age and schooling standardized prevalences of AH were calculated using direct standardization technique employing Epidat software (OPAS/OMS) version 3.0. Standard population consisted of the rural adult inhabitants of Minas Gerais, whose data were available from the 2000 Census conducted by the <italic>Instituto de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic> (IBGE). </p>
      <p>Potential relationships between the prevalence of AH and covariables of interest were examined through bivariate analyses, and all covariables that showed significance at p &lt; 0.20 were included in the final model. Variables were adjusted using step-by-step multivariate logistic regression. Odds ratio (OR) and the respective 95% confidence interval [CI (95%)] were determined in order to test the strength of the relationship between a variable and AH. The level of statistical significance was established at 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The data were compiled and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 10.0. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic, social and economic characteristics of both the participating and the non-participating groups of the adult population of Virgem das Gra&#231;as are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. As can be seen, the later group was younger and had more schooling. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>AH was diagnosed in 47.0% [CI (95%) = 41.1 &#150; 53.0] of those individuals who participated in the present study, with no significant differences by sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Both, age and schooling standardized prevalences of AH were lower than crude prevalence, respectively, 43.2% [CI (95%) = 35.7 &#150; 50.7] and 44.1% [CI (95%) = 43.9 &#150; 44.3]. The prevalence of AH remained, however, similar amongst males and females. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows that there were significant differences between male and female subjects regarding smoking and alcohol consumption, with the highest levels being observed for males. Amongst females, AH was associated with age, skin colour, and schooling, and was also positively related with menopause. The prevalence of AH tended to increase with age and with fewer years of schooling. In the male population, however, AH was significantly associated only with age, especially amongst 50 to 59 year old individuals [OR = 4.18; CI (95%) = 1.37 &#150; 12.71], although the frequency of AH generally tended to increase after 40 years of age. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>, obesity was more prevalent amongst the female population, and all covariables, except for body fat percentage, were associated with AH: the prevalence of AH tended to increase with WC. Amongst the male population, no associations between AH and the various covariables were established.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All of the biochemical variables measured, except for glycaemia, were found to be associated with prevalence of AH amongst women, whilst HDL-C was the only variable associated with prevalence of AH amongst men. Furthermore, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher in female (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). The results of the multivariate analysis regarding are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. Age [OR = 1.05; CI (95%) = 1.03 &#150; 1.07], high levels of triglycerides [OR = 6.04; CI (95%) = 1.22 &#150; 29.89], WC [risk level 2; OR = 3.84; CI (95%) = 1.50 &#150; 9.85] and sex [male; OR = 2.03; CI (95%) = 1.01 &#150; 4.05] remained independently associated with AH adjusting for potentially confounding variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0419-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study indicate that AH is a serious health problem within the community of Virgem das Gra&#231;as (MG, Brazil) since the prevalence of the disease amongst the adult population studied was 47.0% [CI (95%) = 41.1 &#150; 53.0]. Whilst this frequency is similar to that reported for the population of Alfenas, MG, Brazil (47.43%)<sup>8</sup>, it is much higher than that observed in the rural town of Cavunge located in the north-eastern state of Bahia, Brazil (36.5%)<sup>9</sup>, and is higher than values from other Latin American countries such as Argentina (39.8%)<sup>10</sup>, Chile (38.5%)<sup>11</sup>, Ecuador (36.0%)<sup>12</sup> and Mexico (21.9%)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of AH could be overestimated. We detected differences in age and schooling between the population who participated in the study and the non-participating individuals. Normally, this type of potential selection flaw would represent a limitation of the study since young individuals from rural communities often tend to migrate to urban centres seeking better opportunities and life conditions. However, in the present study, this bias was reduced by correcting the observed AH frequency with respect to the age and schooling distributions of the total population using a direct standardisation method. Following correction, the prevalence of AH still remained somewhat high at 43.2% [CI (95%) = 35.7 &#150; 50.7] for age standardization and 44.1% [CI (95%) = 43.9 &#150; 44.3] for schooling standardization, but this rates were similar to that found in Brazilian urban centres such as Araraquara (43.1%)<sup>14</sup> and Cotia (44.0%)<sup>15</sup>, both located in the southeastern State of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of AH in Virgem das Gra&#231;as was directly associated with age for both men and women, as shown by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Increased arterial pressure in older individuals is normally associated with the development of arteriosclerosis and the consequent malfunction of the arteries, resulting in isolated systolic AH<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of AH was higher amongst men than women, which corroborates literature reports<sup>4</sup>, although the prevalence of AH was highest amongst women of 60 years and above. Hildretch and Saunders<sup>16</sup> have previously shown that AH is more frequent in men aged between 45 and 50 years, but that the prevalence amongst women increases above this age range. The high prevalence of AH amongst older women (&gt; 60 years) is possibly initiated by the onset of menopause since, prior to this phase, women are haemodynamically younger than males of corresponding age. Thus, whilst younger women are less vulnerable to AH and cardiovascular diseases than are men of a similar age, following menopause this situation inverted<sup>2</sup>. In the present study the prevalence of AH in menopausal women was 69.2%, whilst the prevalence in pre-menopausal women was 32.5%, a difference that is statistically significant (r &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The present study revealed that obesity (both general and abdominal) was more prevalent amongst the women than the men: Matos and Ladeia<sup>9</sup> have reported similar findings for the rural town of Cavunge (Bahia, Brazil). Some studies suggest that the accumulation of adipose tissue in the abdominal region is a more significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease than is total fat mass<sup>17</sup> and may be used as an indicator for higher risk patients<sup>18</sup>. In the present study, WC was positively associated with AH. According to bivariate and multivariate analysis, the prevalence of AH increased with increasing WC but, following multivariate analysis, the positive association between WC and AH remained only for risk level 2 [OR = 3.84; CI (95%) = 1.50 &#150; 9.85]. </p>
      <p>Amongst the individuals that presenting high levels of TC, LDL-C and TG, 56.7, 58.7 and 90.5%, were hypertensives, respectively. The disease also was presented in 69.2% of the individuals had low HDL-C levels. A survey of a Canadian population, conducted by the Quebec Cardiovascular Study<sup>19</sup>, showed that increased levels of LDL-C and TG, and diminished levels of HDL-C, were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases within a 5 year span. </p>
      <p>In the present study, only high TG levels remained directly associated with AH after multivariate analysis. Some studies suggest that high TG levels represent the most significant risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the most important aspects of the present study was report a positive association between AH, WC and high levels of serum TG. High levels of serum TG have been observed in subjects presenting abdominal obesity<sup>21</sup>, and some authors have referred to the occurrence of these two factors as hypertriglyceridemic waist. There is a considerable body of evidence to indicate a strong association between hypertriglyceridemic waist and the risk of cardiovascular diseases<sup>21,22-24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Other interesting aspect of this study was the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome components, specially, in female. One recent study with this same population showed that 21.6% of individuals had metabolic syndrome, with a relevant difference between men (7.7%) and women (33.6%)<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to stress that, the cross-sectional design of the present study, the associations observed may not be causative since determinants and outcomes were measured at a single point in time. However, the multivariate model indicated that the potential factors independently associated with AH within the population of Virgem das Gra&#231;as were age, sex, hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity. It is of noteworthy that the high prevalence of AH, dyslipidemia and obesity revealed by this study are conditions for increased risk of atherosclerosis, which in turn is a relevant factor for the occurrence of myocardial infarction and stroke<sup>22</sup>. It is thus necessary for the appropriate authorities urgently to adopt measures for the treatment, control and prevention of AH, dyslipidemia and obesity with a view to reducing the incidence of incapacitating and lethal cardiovascular diseases in rural populations. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq); <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais</italic> (FAPEMIG); National Institute of Health (NIH); Fogarty International Center.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriano Mar&#231;al Pimenta, from <italic>Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
