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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kZfCZTLDp5zMR3xDxc4GH9G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valvoplastia sem suporte para insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa: resultados a longo prazo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balbinot</surname>
            <given-names>Alexsandra L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Guaracy Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abrah&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>396</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As vantagens do reparo valvar para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa est&#227;o bem estabelecidas. O procedimento est&#225; associado com baixas taxas de morbimortalidade, e foram relatados baixos &#237;ndices de reopera&#231;&#227;o, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e endocardite. Na maior parte das s&#233;ries, s&#227;o implantados an&#233;is para anuloplastia, mas algumas institui&#231;&#245;es preferem valvoplastia sem suporte. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia sem suporte para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa. M&#201;TODOS: Entre janeiro de 1980 e janeiro de 2003, 116 pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento. Sessenta e dois (53,4%) eram do sexo masculino, e a media de idade era 47,2 &#177; 16,5 anos. Os procedimentos empregados foram: Anuloplastia tipo Wooler (65,5%), anuloplastia unilateral (15,5%), ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular da c&#250;spide posterior (35,3%), encurtamento de corda tend&#237;nea anterior (20,7%), encurtamento de corda tend&#237;nea posterior (6,9%) e desbridamento do c&#225;lcio (0,9%). O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 6,5 &#177; 5,1, e o acompanhamento mais longo foi de 24 anos. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade precoce foi de 0,86% (1 paciente), e a mortalidade tardia foi de 6,03% (7 pacientes). A sobrevida atuarial foi de 85,3% em vinte anos. A maioria dos pacientes (55,2%) apresentava classe funcional III no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, enquanto no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a classe funcional I foi mais freq&#252;ente (66,4%). Quatro pacientes (3,4%) tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, e n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A sobrevida livre de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos foi de 94,8%, e resultados semelhantes foram observados para endocardite bacteriana. A sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 79% e 53% aos 5 e 10 anos, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Valvoplastia sem suporte &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa, representando uma alternativa terap&#234;utica adequada para determinados casos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Valvoplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos de acompanhamento</kwd>
        <kwd>valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>Valvoplastia sem suporte para insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa: resultados a longo prazo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation: long-term results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexsandra L. Balbinot<sup>I</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>I, II</sup>; Paulo R. Prates<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant&#146;Anna<sup>I</sup>; Orlando C. Wender<sup>I</sup>; Guaracy Fernandes Teixeira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Rog&#233;rio S. Abrah&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As vantagens do reparo valvar para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa est&#227;o bem estabelecidas. O procedimento est&#225; associado com baixas taxas de morbimortalidade, e foram relatados baixos &#237;ndices de reopera&#231;&#227;o, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e endocardite. Na maior parte das s&#233;ries, s&#227;o implantados an&#233;is para anuloplastia, mas algumas institui&#231;&#245;es preferem valvoplastia sem suporte. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes submetidos &#224; valvoplastia sem suporte para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre janeiro de 1980 e janeiro de 2003, 116 pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento. Sessenta e dois (53,4%) eram do sexo masculino, e a media de idade era 47,2 &#177; 16,5 anos. Os procedimentos empregados foram: Anuloplastia tipo Wooler (65,5%), anuloplastia unilateral (15,5%), ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular da c&#250;spide posterior (35,3%), encurtamento de corda tend&#237;nea anterior (20,7%), encurtamento de corda tend&#237;nea posterior (6,9%) e desbridamento do c&#225;lcio (0,9%). O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 6,5 &#177; 5,1, e o acompanhamento mais longo foi de 24 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A mortalidade precoce foi de 0,86% (1 paciente), e a mortalidade tardia foi de 6,03% (7 pacientes). A sobrevida atuarial foi de 85,3% em vinte anos. A maioria dos pacientes (55,2%) apresentava classe funcional III no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, enquanto no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a classe funcional I foi mais freq&#252;ente (66,4%). Quatro pacientes (3,4%) tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, e n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A sobrevida livre de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos foi de 94,8%, e resultados semelhantes foram observados para endocardite bacteriana. A sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 79% e 53% aos 5 e 10 anos, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Valvoplastia sem suporte &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral degenerativa, representando uma alternativa terap&#234;utica adequada para determinados casos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Valvoplastia, valva mitral/cirurgia, estudos de acompanhamento, valva mitral/terapia operat&#243;ria, estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The advantages of valve repair for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation are well established. The procedure is associated with low mortality and morbidity rates, and low indices of reoperation, thromboembolic events and endocarditis have been reported. In most series, annuloplasty rings are implanted, but some institutions give preference to unsupported valvuloplasty. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the clinical outcome of patients submitted to unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 1980 and January 2003, 116 patients were submitted to the procedure. A total of 62 (53.4%) were men, and mean age was 47.2 &#177; 16.5 years. The procedures included: Wooler annuloplasty (65.5%), unilateral annuloplasty (15.5%), quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet (35.3%), anterior chordal shortening (20.7%), posterior chordal shortening (6.9%), and calcium debridement (0.9%). Mean follow-up was 6.5 &#177; 5.1 years, and the longest follow-up was 24 years. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mortality was 0.86% (1 pt) early and 6.03% (7 pt) late. Actuarial survival was 85.3% in 20 years. Most patients (55.2%) presented preoperative NYHA functional class III, whereas class I was more frequent in the postoperative period (66.4%). Thromboembolic complications were observed in 4 patients (3.4%), and no correlation was seen with atrial fibrillation. Freedom from thromboembolic events was 94.8%, and similar results were observed for bacterial endocarditis. Survival free from reoperation was 79%, and 53% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Unsupported valvuloplasty is effective and safe for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation, representing an adequate therapeutic alternative for selected cases. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral valve; mitral valve/surgery; evaluation studies.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o reparo valvar tornou-se o procedimento de escolha para tratamento de valvopatia mitral. Com os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, cerca de 90% das valvas mitrais degenerativas podem ser reparadas<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos estudos publicados mostraram que o reparo &#233; prefer&#237;vel &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva<sup>1-4</sup>. H&#225; relatos de menor mortalidade operat&#243;ria, melhor manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e maior sobrevida dos pacientes. Embora o procedimento possa estar associado com uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia mais elevada de reopera&#231;&#245;es, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, hemorragias relacionadas ao uso de anticoagulantes e epis&#243;dios de endocardite infecciosa &#233; mais baixa ap&#243;s o reparo do que ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva<sup>3,5-7</sup>. O aprimoramento das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas para reparo da valva mitral produziu melhores resultados. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos usa an&#233;is de anuloplastia para conferir estabilidade e reprodutibilidade ao processo de reparo<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde 1974, temos realizado valvoplastia sem suporte para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, no in&#237;cio apenas em casos de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica<sup>6</sup>, mas nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas tamb&#233;m em casos de doen&#231;a valvar degenerativa. A avalia&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo dos pacientes tratados para valvopatia mitral degenerativa com valvoplastia sem suporte pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre os resultados dessa abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu casos consecutivos e n&#227;o-aleat&#243;rios de doen&#231;a degenerativa da valva mitral tratados com valvoplastia sem suporte entre janeiro de 1980 e janeiro de 2003 no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. Em todos os casos, o m&#233;todo preferido foi reparo valvar, com toler&#226;ncia de pequenos defeitos residuais, uma vez que uma valva natural, mesmo com algumas imperfei&#231;&#245;es, &#233; melhor que uma pr&#243;tese mitral. Os pacientes que n&#227;o puderam ser acompanhados ou foram submetidos a tratamento para valvopatia mitral de outras etiologias (reum&#225;ticas e cong&#234;nitas), bem como estenose mitral, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. A s&#233;rie incluiu 116 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade 47,26 &#177; 16,57 anos; 53,4% homens). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta outras caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes estava em classe funcional III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). O achado mais comum foi dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel, presente em 78,4% dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Foram observados outros tipos de les&#227;o mitral, especificados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Os procedimentos empregados para reparo da valva mitral foram anuloplastia tipo Wooler<sup>12</sup>, anuloplastia unilateral, ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular da c&#250;spide posterior, encurtamento de corda tend&#237;nea anterior ou posterior e desbridamento do c&#225;lcio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os procedimentos concomitantes inclu&#237;ram pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica em seis pacientes (5,1%), procedimento de Cox-maze<sup>13</sup> para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em quatro (3,4%), reparo da valva tric&#250;spide em dois (1,72%), isolamento cir&#250;rgico de veias pulmonares para tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>14</sup> em um (0,86%) e reparo da valva a&#243;rtica em dois pacientes (1,72 %).</p>
    <p>Antes da cirurgia, setenta pacientes (60,3%) apresentavam ritmo sinusal, e os 46 pacientes restantes (39,7%) apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Seis pacientes (5,2%) tinham algum bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 6,5 &#177; 5,1 anos, e o acompanhamento mais longo foi de 24 anos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram operados por meio de esternotomia mediana. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi estabelecida por canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e das veias cavas. Ap&#243;s o estabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com hipotermia (30 a 32&#176;C), a aorta foi clampeada e o &#225;trio esquerdo foi aberto para inspe&#231;&#227;o da cavidade e da valva mitral. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita com cardioplegia induzida por solu&#231;&#227;o cristal&#243;ide fria rica em pot&#225;ssio.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o das causas da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, era selecionada a t&#233;cnica de reparo mais adequada para o caso. As seguintes anormalidades foram observadas, isoladamente ou associadas: prolapso das c&#250;spides anterior e posterior, ruptura das cordas tend&#237;neas anterior e posterior, alongamento das cordas tend&#237;neas das c&#250;spides anterior e posterior, calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral. As t&#233;cnicas empregadas s&#227;o descritas abaixo. Depois que a compet&#234;ncia da valva era testada com solu&#231;&#227;o salina, o &#225;trio esquerdo era fechado enquanto a temperatura corporal era normalizada pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Quando o clampe a&#243;rtico era liberado, permitindo a reperfus&#227;o coronariana, o batimento card&#237;aco era retomado espontaneamente ou com o aux&#237;lio de cardiovers&#227;o interna. O suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico era interrompido quando a temperatura nasofar&#237;ngea atingia 37&#176;C. Em seguida, procedia-se &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;nula, revis&#227;o da hemostasia, drenagem do mediastino, aplica&#231;&#227;o dos fios do marca-passo &#224; parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e fechamento do t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos reconstrutivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>a) Anuloplastia tipo Wooler<sup>12</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica envolve a plicatura e suspens&#227;o da c&#250;spide mural distendida, com pontos pr&#243;ximos das comissuras. Essa t&#233;cnica se baseia no fato de a dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel se deve ao alargamento da c&#250;spide mural, que tem uma inser&#231;&#227;o difusa e fibromuscular. A inser&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide septal, por outro lado, &#233; de denso tecido fibroso, dif&#237;cil de distender. N&#227;o h&#225; interfer&#234;ncia com a largura da c&#250;spide septal. O di&#226;metro final do orif&#237;cio da valva depende do tamanho da c&#250;spide. Usa-se uma sutura de poli&#233;ster 2-0 com almofadas de Teflon passadas atrav&#233;s do anel fibroso e a regi&#227;o externa da c&#250;spide mural.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>b) Ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizada na boceladura m&#233;dia prolapsada da c&#250;spide posterior. Essa t&#233;cnica costuma ser empregada em casos de ruptura das cordas tend&#237;neas posteriores. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o afetada por ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular, seguem-se a plicatura do anel e sutura borda a borda da c&#250;spide. Conseq&#252;entemente, o tamanho do orif&#237;cio &#233; reduzido, aumentado a coapta&#231;&#227;o da borda livre e restaurando a compet&#234;ncia da valva<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>c) Corre&#231;&#227;o de cordas alongadas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O defeito &#233; corrigido por meio de sutura direta da corda, ou seu agrupamento, &#224; por&#231;&#227;o tend&#237;nea do m&#250;sculo papilar mais pr&#243;xima da margem livre da c&#250;spide desejada. &#201; mais f&#225;cil efetuar esse procedimento antes da anuloplastia, quando a regi&#227;o est&#225; mais exposta<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os pacientes eram levados &#224; sala de recupera&#231;&#227;o e recebiam cuidados intensivos por pelo menos 24 horas. Eles recebiam alta ap&#243;s o quinto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sem prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia anticoagulante, exceto nos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados foram analisados em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo atuarial para sobrevida global e m&#233;todo actual para curvas de sobrevida livre de eventos<sup>16</sup> com o aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>). Os resultados quantitativos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um paciente morreu de embolia pulmonar no quarto dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, de modo que a taxa de mortalidade imediata foi de 0,86%. A mortalidade tardia foi de 10,4%, com nove mortes no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. As causas de &#243;bito foram taquiarritmia ventricular (2 pacientes), acidente de carro (1 paciente), disfun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (1 paciente) e morte s&#250;bita de causa indeterminada (5 pacientes). A curva de sobrevida atuarial aos 10 e 20 anos foi de 92% e 86,4%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>).Como apenas tr&#234;s pacientes tiveram um acompanhamento completo durante 20 anos, e nove pacientes durante 15 anos, as curvas atuariais e actuais restantes foram calculadas durante 12 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes (77, 66,4%) estava em classe funcional I no &#250;ltimo exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Quatorze pacientes (12,1%) estavam em classe funcional II e 14 (12,1%) em classe funcional III; apenas um paciente (0,9%) estava em classe funcional IV. Esses resultados representaram uma melhora significante (P = 0,0001) da classe funcional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e ritmo card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes (2,7%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Dois deles tiveram embolia cerebral e um, embolia pulmonar. Um paciente apresentou flebotrombose de membro inferior. A taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos foi de 94,8% &#177; 0,3 aos doze anos de acompanhamento. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3A</xref>.) </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do ritmo card&#237;aco revelou a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 41pacientes (35,3%). Apenas um deles (2,4%) desenvolveu um epis&#243;dio tromboemb&#243;lico. Os outros tr&#234;s casos de tromboembolia ocorreram em pacientes com ritmo sinusal. No presente estudo, o ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o p&#244;de ser correlacionado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Endocardite bacteriana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quatro pacientes (3,4%) tiveram endocardite bacteriana valvar no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. A sobrevida livre de endocardite de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi de 92,9 &#177; 0,04 % aos doze anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reopera&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao longo de 23 anos de acompanhamento, quarenta pacientes (34,5%) foram reoperados, em per&#237;odos que variaram de 21 dias 20,6 anos (m&#233;dia 4,1 &#177; 4,2 anos) ap&#243;s o procedimento original. As reopera&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram casos de novo reparo valvar ou substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral. A sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 79 &#177; 4% aos cinco anos e de 53 &#177; 6% aos dez anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4A</xref>), conforme estimado pelo m&#233;todo atuarial de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4B</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando os pacientes foram considerados separadamente de acordo com a d&#233;cada (de 1980 a 2000), n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos per&#237;odos de sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o. S&#233;ries mais recentes foram semelhantes &#224;s primeiras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4-ABC</xref>). Na d&#233;cada de 1980, 29 pacientes (25,2%) foram tratados, enquanto 68 pacientes (59,1%) foram submetidos a reparo mitral na d&#233;cada de 1990.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A valvoplastia mitral &#233; uma alternativa segura e eficaz &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral. Com o desenvolvimento de novas t&#233;cnicas esse procedimento tem sido cada vez mais usado, e j&#225; existem s&#233;ries com dura&#231;&#227;o de mais de 20 anos para an&#225;lise<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O principal objetivo do reparo valvar &#233; manter a arquitetura normal da valva mitral. Preserva&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular e da estrutura subvalvar, menor necessidade de terapia anticoagulante, fun&#231;&#227;o ideal a longo prazo e menor incid&#234;ncia de endocardite s&#227;o algumas das vantagens oferecidas pelo reparo da valva mitral<sup>1,17</sup>. O procedimento tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado com baixo &#237;ndice de mortalidade operat&#243;ria e excelentes taxas de sobrevida precoce e tardia<sup>18</sup>. Um estudo, por exemplo, revelou sobrevida de 71 &#177; 3% aos quinze anos entre 113 pacientes tratados entre 1972 e 1979<sup>3</sup>. No presente estudo, o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos foi significantemente reduzido no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (1 caso) e tardio (7 casos). Embora nossos resultados inclu&#237;ssem apenas nove casos com acompanhamento superior a 15 anos e tr&#234;s superiores a 20 anos, eles mostram uma taxa de sobrevida tardia de 85,34% aos 20 anos.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;rem n&#250;meros consider&#225;veis de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e em terapia anticoagulante, a preval&#234;ncia relatada de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ap&#243;s o reparo da valva mitral &#233; muito baixa<sup>9</sup>. Uma das vantagens do reparo valvar sem suporte de anel &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de material prot&#233;tico, mantendo uma boa melhora hemodin&#226;mica. Deloche e cols.<sup>3</sup> observaram uma taxa livre de tromboembolia de 94% &#177; 2% aos 15 anos. Galloway e cols.<sup>4</sup> relataram uma taxa livre de tromboembolia de 95,2% aos cinco anos. Neste estudo, houve quatro casos (3,5%) de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, o que ressalta a baixa preval&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o em associa&#231;&#227;o com reparo da valva mitral. Nossos resultados mostraram uma taxa de sobrevida livre de tromboembolia de 94,84% aos doze anos. Apesar do elevado n&#250;mero de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (46 casos, 39,7%), n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre ritmo card&#237;aco e tromboembolia.</p>
    <p>Houve apenas quatro casos (3,4%) de endocardite infecciosa no presente estudo, e a taxa de sobrevida livre de endocardite foi de 92,9% aos 12 anos, corroborando os relatos anteriores de riscos baix&#237;ssimos de endocardite infecciosa ap&#243;s reparo valvar<sup>3, 4, 9, 10, 19, 20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao reparo da valva mitral &#233; sua durabilidade a longo prazo, e foram relatadas excelentes taxas de sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o (93% &#177; 2%) aos quinze anos. A an&#225;lise dos nossos resultados pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier revelou taxas de sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o de 79.0% e 39,1% % aos cinco e 15 anos, respectivamente. Pelo m&#233;todo essas taxas foram de 82% e 50% aos cinco e 15 anos, respectivamente. Quando as taxas de sobrevida livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o foram comparadas de acordo com o per&#237;odo em que a cirurgia foi realizada, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A melhora da classe funcional &#233; a regra no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e foi relatada uma taxa de 95% de pacientes em classe funcional I e II no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento<sup>10</sup>. Resultados semelhantes foram observados no presente estudo. A maioria dos pacientes evoluiu para classe funcional I e II (66,4% e 12,1%, respectivamente). No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 55,2% dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional III.</p>
    <p>A anuloplastia tipo Wooler foi a t&#233;cnica mais usada para o reparo valvar (65,5%). Uma das caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas mais importantes desse m&#233;todo &#233; o fato de dispensar o uso de an&#233;is para anuloplastia. As desvantagens da inser&#231;&#227;o de an&#233;is para suporte do anel valvar abrangem redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do anel na s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole, principalmente no caso de an&#233;is r&#237;gidos; o tempo gasto na sua inser&#231;&#227;o, aumentando o tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico e a dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; e o maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e hem&#243;lise<sup>21</sup>. Embora tenha-se afirmado que o anel de anuloplastia ajuda a evitar a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva do anel valvar e a falha do reparo, a t&#233;cnica de anuloplastia sem suporte usada para reparo valvar demonstrou ser suficiente para evitar a dilata&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>6,11,21</sup>. Os an&#233;is de anuloplastia reduzem a &#225;rea da valva mitral e convertem uma valva bic&#250;spide anat&#244;mica e funcional em uma valva funcionalmente monoc&#250;spide, pois a mobilidade da c&#250;spide posterior &#233; reduzida. N&#227;o se deve usar an&#233;is pequenos, para evitar o desenvolvimento de estenose<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, esses resultados mostram que a valvoplastia mitral sem suporte &#233; um m&#233;todo acess&#237;vel e seguro para o tratamento de valvopatia mitral degenerativa. A melhora sintom&#225;tica e os baixos n&#237;veis de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e infecciosas validam o seu uso. As reopera&#231;&#245;es, necess&#225;rias com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia do que no caso de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, n&#227;o afetam as taxas de sobrevida tardia nem a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O fato de evitar o implante de anel pode minimizar o problema da mobilidade anular durante o ciclo card&#237;aco. Deve-ser dar prefer&#234;ncia a esse m&#233;todo de reparo, em vez do uso de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, sobretudo em pacientes mais jovens.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem o trabalho minucioso e precioso de &#194;ngelo de Souza e dos funcion&#225;rios do Departamento de Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Alexsandra L. Balbinot pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renato A. K. Kalil </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana </p>
        <p> 90620-001, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="kalil.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">kalil.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/07/07; revisado recebido em 17/10/07; aceito em 03/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation: long-term results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The advantages of valve repair for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation are well established. The procedure is associated with low mortality and morbidity rates, and low indices of reoperation, thromboembolic events and endocarditis have been reported. In most series, annuloplasty rings are implanted, but some institutions give preference to unsupported valvuloplasty. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical outcome of patients submitted to unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation. METHODS: Between January 1980 and January 2003, 116 patients were submitted to the procedure. A total of 62 (53.4%) were men, and mean age was 47.2 &#177; 16.5 years. The procedures included: Wooler annuloplasty (65.5%), unilateral annuloplasty (15.5%), quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet (35.3%), anterior chordal shortening (20.7%), posterior chordal shortening (6.9%), and calcium debridement (0.9%). Mean follow-up was 6.5 &#177; 5.1 years, and the longest follow-up was 24 years. RESULTS: Mortality was 0.86% (1 pt) early and 6.03% (7 pt) late. Actuarial survival was 85.3% in 20 years. Most patients (55.2%) presented preoperative NYHA functional class III, whereas class I was more frequent in the postoperative period (66.4%). Thromboembolic complications were observed in 4 patients (3.4%), and no correlation was seen with atrial fibrillation. Freedom from thromboembolic events was 94.8%, and similar results were observed for bacterial endocarditis. Survival free from reoperation was 79%, and 53% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Unsupported valvuloplasty is effective and safe for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation, representing an adequate therapeutic alternative for selected cases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral valve</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valve</kwd>
        <kwd>evaluation studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation: long-term results</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexsandra L. Balbinot<sup>I</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>I, II</sup>; Paulo R. Prates<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant&#146;Anna<sup>I</sup>; Orlando C. Wender<sup>I</sup>; Guaracy Fernandes Teixeira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Rog&#233;rio S. Abrah&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The advantages of valve repair for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation are well established. The procedure is associated with low mortality and morbidity rates, and low indices of reoperation, thromboembolic events and endocarditis have been reported. In most series, annuloplasty rings are implanted, but some institutions give preference to unsupported valvuloplasty.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the clinical outcome of patients submitted to unsupported valvuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 1980 and January 2003, 116 patients were submitted to the procedure. A total of 62 (53.4%) were men, and mean age was 47.2 &#177; 16.5 years. The procedures included: Wooler annuloplasty (65.5%), unilateral annuloplasty (15.5%), quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet (35.3%), anterior chordal shortening (20.7%), posterior chordal shortening (6.9%), and calcium debridement (0.9%). Mean follow-up was 6.5 &#177; 5.1 years, and the longest follow-up was 24 years.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mortality was 0.86% (1 pt) early and 6.03% (7 pt) late. Actuarial survival was 85.3% in 20 years. Most patients (55.2%) presented preoperative NYHA functional class III, whereas class I was more frequent in the postoperative period (66.4%). Thromboembolic complications were observed in 4 patients (3.4%), and no correlation was seen with atrial fibrillation. Freedom from thromboembolic events was 94.8%, and similar results were observed for bacterial endocarditis. Survival free from reoperation was 79%, and 53% at 5 and 10 years, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Unsupported valvuloplasty is effective and safe for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation, representing an adequate therapeutic alternative for selected cases. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral valve; mitral valve/surgery; evaluation studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Valve repair has become the procedure of choice for mitral disease over the past decades. With the development of technical improvements, around 90% of degenerative mitral valves can be repaired<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many reports have shown that mitral valve repair is preferable to valve replacement<sup>1-4</sup>. Lower operative mortality, better maintenance of left ventricular function and improved survival are reported. Although the procedure may result in a higher frequency of reoperation, the frequency of thromboembolic events and hemorrhages related to the use of anticoagulants and episodes of infectious endocarditis is lower after valve repair than after valve replacement<sup>3,5-7</sup>. Improvement of surgical techniques for mitral valve repair has resulted in better outcomes. Most studies, however, use annuloplasty rings to provide stability and reproducibility to the repair process<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since 1974, we have been performing unsupported valvuloplasty for mitral regurgitation, initially only in cases of rheumatic disease<sup>6</sup> but, during the last decades, also in cases of degenerative valve disease. Long-term evaluation of patients treated for degenerative mitral disease with unsupported valvuloplasty may provide useful information about the results of this therapeutic approach.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This retrospective study included consecutive, non-random cases of degenerative mitral disease treated with unsupported valvuloplasty, between January 1980 and January 2003, at <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</italic>. In all cases, technical preference was given to valve repair and small residual defects were tolerated, in the sense that the natural valve, even with some imperfections, is better than mitral prostheses. Patients whose follow-up had been lost, or were treated for mitral disease of other etiologies (rheumatic and congenital), as well as for mitral stenosis, were excluded. The series included 116 patients (mean age, 47.26 &#177; 16.57 years; 53.4% men). Other patient characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Most of the patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Annulus dilatation was the most common finding, present in 78.4% of the patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). Other types of mitral valve lesions were observed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Procedures used for mitral valve repair included Wooler type annuloplasty<sup>12</sup>, unilateral annuloplasty, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet, anterior or posterior chordal shortening and calcium debridement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Concomitant procedures included aortic prosthesis in 6 patients (5.1%), Cox-maze procedure<sup>13</sup> for atrial fibrillation in 4 (3.4%), tricuspid valve repair in 2 (1.72%), surgical isolation of pulmonary veins to treat atrial fibrillation<sup>14</sup> in 1 (0.86%) and aortic valve repair in 2 patients (1.72%).</p>
      <p>Seventy patients (60.3%) presented sinus rhythm, and the remaining 46 patients (39.7%) presented atrial fibrillation preoperatively. Six patients (5.2%) presented some intraventricular conduction block.</p>
      <p>Mean follow-up was 6.5 &#177; 5.1 years, and the longest follow-up extended to 24 years.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were operated on through a median sternotomy. Extracorporeal circulation was established by cannulation of the ascending aorta and venae cavae. After establishment of extracorporeal circulation with moderate hypothermia (30 to 32&#176;C), the aorta was clamped and the left atrium was opened for inspection of the cavity and mitral valve. Myocardial protection was provided with cold, crystalloid potassium-induced cardioplegia.</p>
      <p>The repair technique more appropriate to each case was selected after identification of the causes of regurgitation. The following isolated or associated abnormalities were observed: prolapse of the anterior and posterior leaflets, rupture of the anterior and posterior chordae, elongated chordae to the anterior and posterior leaflets, calcified mitral annulus and dilated mitral annulus. The techniques employed are described below. After testing for valve competence with saline, the left atrium was closed while body temperature was normalized by extracorporeal circulation. When the aortic clamp was released, allowing coronary reperfusion, the heart beat recovered either spontaneously or by internal cardioversion. Mechanical circulatory assistance was interrupted when nasopharyngeal temperature reached 37&#186;C. The cannulae were then removed, hemostasia was revised, the mediastinum was drained, pacemaker wires applied on the right ventricular wall and the chest was closed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Reconstructive procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>a) Wooler type annuloplasty<sup>12</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p>This technique involves plication and suspension of the distended mural leaflet, with stitches close to the commissures. It is based in the fact that annulus dilation is due to widening of the mural leaflet, which has a diffuse and fibromuscular insertion. Insertion of the septal leaflet, on the other hand, is of dense, fibrous tissue, difficult to distend. There is no interference with the width of the septal leaflet. The final diameter of the valve orifice is a function of the size of this leaflet. A suture of 2-0 polyester is used with Teflon felt pledgets, passed through the fibrous annulus and the external region of the mural leaflet.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>b) Quadrangular resection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Performed on the prolapsed middle scallop of the posterior leaflet. This technique is usually employed in cases of rupture of the posterior chordae. The affected region is corrected by quadrangular resection, the annulus is plicated and the leaflet edges sewn to one another. In consequence, orifice size is reduced, increasing leaflet free-edge coaptation and restoring valve competence<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>c) Correction of elongated chordae</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The defect is corrected by direct suture of the chord, or their cluster, at the tendinous portion of the papillary muscle that is closest to the free margin of the desired leaflet. This is more easily done before annuloplasty, when the region is more exposed<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Postoperative management</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After surgery the patients were taken to the recovery room, receiving intensive care for at least 24 hours. They were discharged from hospital after the fifth postoperative day, and no oral anticoagulant therapy was routinely prescribed except in cases of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results were analyzed in contingency tables and submitted to statistical analysis by the actuarial method for global survival and the actual method for event-free survival curves<sup>16</sup> with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Quantitative results were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The significance level was established at alpha 5% (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One patient died of pulmonary embolism on the fourth postoperative day, so that immediate mortality was 0.86%. Late mortality was 10.4 %, with nine deaths in the late postoperative period. Causes of death were ventricular tachyarrhythmia (2 patients), car accident (1 patient), respiratory dysfunction (1 patient), and sudden death of undetermined cause (5 patients). The actuarial survival curve at 10 and 20 years was 92 % and 86.4%, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Since only three of the patients had complete follow-up for 20 years, and nine patients for 15 years, the remaining actuarial and actual curves were estimated for 12 years after surgery.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical outcome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most of the patients (77, 66.4%) were in functional class I at the last postoperative examination. Fourteen patients (12.1%) were in functional class II, 14 (12.1%) in class III and only one patient (0.9%) was in functional class IV. These results represented significant improvement (P = 0.0001) of functional class (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Thromboembolic complications and heart rhythm</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three patients (2.7%) presented thromboembolic complications in the late postoperative period. Two of them had cerebrovascular and one had pulmonary embolism. One patient presented phlebothrombosis of the left lower extremity. The thromboembolic-free survival rate was 94.8% &#177; 0.3 at 12 years follow-up. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analysis of postoperative heart rhythm showed atrial fibrillation in 41 patients (35.3%). Only one of them (2.4%) developed a thromboembolic episode. The three remaining cases of thromboembolism occurred in patients with sinus rhythm. Heart rhythm could not be correlated to the occurrence of thromboembolic events during the late postoperative period in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bacterial endocarditis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Four patients (3.4%) had valve bacterial endocarditis in the late postoperative period. Endocarditis-free survival according to the Kaplan-Meier method was 92.9 &#177; 0.04 % at 12 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Reoperation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Over 23 years of follow-up, forty of the patients (34.5%) were reoperated, after periods ranging from 21 days to 20.6 years (mean 4.1 &#177; 4.2 years) from the original procedure. Reoperation included cases of new valve repair or mitral valve replacement. Reoperation-free survival was 79 &#177; 4% at 5 years and 53 &#177; 6% at 10 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4A</xref>), as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0396-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When patients were considered separately according to decade (from 1980 to 2000), no differences were observed for reoperation-free survival periods, and more recent series were similar to earlier ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4-ABC</xref>). During the 1980&#146;s, 29 patients (25.2%) where treated whereas 68 patients (59.1%) had mitral repair in the decade from 1990 to 2000.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and effective alternative to valve replacement for management of mitral valve regurgitation. It has been increasingly used, with the development of different techniques, and series with follow-up longer than 20 years are available for analysis<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Maintaining the normal architecture of the mitral valve is the main objective of valve repair. Preservation of ventricular geometry and of subvalvar structure, decreased need for anticoagulant therapy, optimal long-term function and reduced incidence of endocarditis<sup>1,17</sup>. The procedure is also associated to low operative mortality and excellent early and late survival rates<sup>18</sup>. One study, for instance, showed 71 &#177; 3% survival at 15 years among 113 patients, treated between 1972 and 1979<sup>3</sup>. In the present study, the number of deaths was significantly decreased in the immediate (1 case) and late (7 cases) postoperative periods. Although our results included only 9 cases with follow-up longer than 15 years, and 3 longer than 20 years, they show a late survival rate of 85.34% at 20 years.</p>
      <p>Although most studies include considerable numbers of patients with atrial fibrillation and receiving anticoagulant therapy, very low prevalence of thromboembolic events after mitral valve repair has been reported<sup>9</sup>. Advantages of valve repair without ring support include the absence of prosthetic material, maintaining good hemodynamic improvement. Deloche et al<sup>3</sup> observed a thromboembolism-free rate of 94% &#177; 2% at 15 years. Galloway et al<sup>4</sup> reported thromboembolism-free rate of 95.2% at 5 years. Four cases (3.5%) of thromboembolic events were observed in the present study, stressing the low prevalence of this complication in association with mitral valve repair. Our results showed a thromboembolism-free rate of 94.84% at 12 years. Despite the high number of patients with atrial fibrillation (46 cases, 39.7%), no correlation between heart rhythm and thromboembolism was observed.</p>
      <p>Only 4 cases (3.4%) of infectious endocarditis were observed in the present study, and the endocarditis-free survival rate was 92.9% at 12 years, supporting previous reports showing very low risks of infectious endocarditis after valve repair<sup>3, 4, 9, 10, 19, 20</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the main concerns with mitral valve repair is its long-term durability, and excellent reoperation-free survival rates of 93% &#177; 2% at 15 years have been reported. Analysis of our results with the Kaplan-Meier method showed reoperation-free survival rates of 79.0 % and 39.1 % at 5 and 15 years respectively. Results by evaluation with the actual method showed 82% and 50% reoperation-free survival at 5 and 15 years, respectively. When reoperation-free survival rates were compared according to the period in which the surgery was performed, no differences were found for reoperation free survival.</p>
      <p>Improvement of functional class is the rule in the postoperative period, and 95% of patients in functional class I and II have been reported during follow-up<sup>10</sup>. Similar results were observed in the present study. Most of the patients moved to functional class I and II (66.4% and 12.1%, respectively). In the preoperative period, 55.2% of the patients were in functional class III.</p>
      <p>Wooler annuloplasty was the most frequently used technique for valve repair (65.5%). One of the most important technical characteristics of this method is the avoidance of annuloplasty rings. Disadvantages of the insertion of the rings supporting the valve annulus include reduced movement of the ring in systole and diastole, particularly with rigid rings; time spent in insertion, lengthening the time of aortic clamping and duration of myocardial ischemia; increased risk of infection and hemolysis<sup>21</sup>. Although it has been suggested that annuloplastic rings help avoid progressive dilation of the valvar annulus and repair failure, the technique of unsupported annuloplasty used for valve repair has been shown to be adequate in avoiding dilation in the postoperative period<sup>6,11,21</sup>. Annuloplasty rings have been shown to reduce the area of the mitral valve, and convert an anatomic and functionally bicuspid valve into a functionally monocuspid one, since movement of the posterior leaflet is reduced. Small rings should be avoided, to prevent the development of stenosis<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, these results show that unsupported mitral valvuloplasty is an accessible and safe method for treatment of degenerative mitral disease. Symptomatic improvement and low levels of thromboembolic and infectious complications validate its use. Reoperations, more frequently needed than with valve replacement, do not affect late survival rates or quality of life of the patients. Avoidance of ring implantation may minimize impairment of annular movement during cardiac cycle. Preference should be given to this method of repair as compared to mechanical prostheses, particularly in younger patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge the precious and thorough work of Angelo de Souza and the staff of the Research Unit at the <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alexsandra L. Balbinot, from <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
