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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">py934t49NC78sq6BKPgbnSd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000600001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#233;rie fracionada da extens&#227;o de joelho proporciona maiores respostas cardiovasculares que s&#233;ries cont&#237;nuas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polito</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Doederlein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Agnew</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farinatti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo de Tarso Veras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Florida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Florida</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Health and Human Performance </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Paran&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>382</fpage>
      <lpage>387</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a pode proporcionar significativas respostas cardiovasculares durante sua execu&#231;&#227;o, sendo interessante tra&#231;ar estrat&#233;gias para reduz&#237;-las sem comprometer a produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a. OBJETIVO: Comparar as respostas cardiovasculares agudas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e duplo-produto (DP) durante a extens&#227;o unilateral de joelho (quatro s&#233;ries de oito repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas) realizada de forma cont&#237;nua ou fracionada. Ambos os protocolos envolveram 2 minutos (min) de intervalo entre as s&#233;ries, e no protocolo fracionado foi adicionada uma pausa de 2 segundos (s) entre a 4&#170; e a 5&#170; repeti&#231;&#245;es. M&#201;TODOS: Oito homens saud&#225;veis e treinados em for&#231;a muscular (26&#177; 6 anos) participaram da coleta de dados, aleatoriamente divididos em dois dias n&#227;o-consecutivos. As respostas cardiovasculares foram medidas por fotopletismografia (Finapres) em repouso, ao t&#233;rmino de cada s&#233;rie e 2 min ap&#243;s a execu&#231;&#227;o de cada protocolo. RESULTADOS: A s&#233;rie fracionada acusou valores significativamente mais elevados que o protocolo de s&#233;rie cont&#237;nua para: PAS (mmHg) na 2&#170; (173,1&#177; 5,4 vs 152,0&#177; 4,0; p=0,001), 3&#170; (188,9&#177; 8,6 vs 162,4&#177; 6,0; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (193,1&#177; 8,1 vs 161,6&#177; 5,9; p=0,000); PAD (mmHg) na 3&#170; (103,8&#177; 4,1 vs 86,1&#177; 3,3; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (104,1&#177; 2,7 vs 83,4&#177; 3,3; p=0,000); DP (mmHg.bpm) na 2&#170; (17.907,5&#177; 1.350,7 vs 14.541,9&#177; 1.848,0; p=0,03), 3&#170; (19.687,3&#177; 1.444,3 vs 15.612,1&#177; 1.180,3; p=0,008) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (21.271,0&#177; 1.794,2 vs 15.992,0&#177; 1.093,4; p=0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O protocolo fracionado proporcionou maior eleva&#231;&#227;o das respostas press&#243;ricas que o protocolo cont&#237;nuo. No entanto, pelas caracter&#237;sticas do delineamento adotado, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos para confrontar esses achados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>fotopletismografia</kwd>
        <kwd>for&#231;a muscular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA DO ESPORTE</p>
    <p>S&#233;rie fracionada da extens&#227;o de joelho proporciona maiores respostas cardiovasculares que s&#233;ries cont&#237;nuas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discontinuous sets of knee extensions induce higher cardiovascular responses in comparison to continuous ones</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos Doederlein Polito<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Sim&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Vitor Agnew Lira<sup>V</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega<sup>III</sup>; Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti<sup>IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paran&#225;, PR </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>University of Florida - College of Health and Human Performance, Florida, United States</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a pode proporcionar significativas respostas cardiovasculares durante sua execu&#231;&#227;o, sendo interessante tra&#231;ar estrat&#233;gias para reduz&#237;-las sem comprometer a produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar as respostas cardiovasculares agudas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e duplo-produto (DP) durante a extens&#227;o unilateral de joelho (quatro s&#233;ries de oito repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas) realizada de forma cont&#237;nua ou fracionada. Ambos os protocolos envolveram 2 minutos (min) de intervalo entre as s&#233;ries, e no protocolo fracionado foi adicionada uma pausa de 2 segundos (s) entre a 4&#170; e a 5&#170; repeti&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Oito homens saud&#225;veis e treinados em for&#231;a muscular (26&#177; 6 anos) participaram da coleta de dados, aleatoriamente divididos em dois dias n&#227;o-consecutivos. As respostas cardiovasculares foram medidas por fotopletismografia (Finapres) em repouso, ao t&#233;rmino de cada s&#233;rie e 2 min ap&#243;s a execu&#231;&#227;o de cada protocolo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A s&#233;rie fracionada acusou valores significativamente mais elevados que o protocolo de s&#233;rie cont&#237;nua para: PAS (mmHg) na 2&#170; (173,1&#177; 5,4 <italic>vs</italic> 152,0&#177; 4,0; p=0,001), 3&#170; (188,9&#177; 8,6 <italic>vs</italic> 162,4&#177; 6,0; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (193,1&#177; 8,1 <italic>vs</italic> 161,6&#177; 5,9; p=0,000); PAD (mmHg) na 3&#170; (103,8&#177; 4,1 <italic>vs</italic> 86,1&#177; 3,3; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (104,1&#177; 2,7 <italic>vs</italic> 83,4&#177; 3,3; p=0,000); DP (mmHg.bpm) na 2&#170; (17.907,5&#177; 1.350,7 <italic>vs</italic> 14.541,9&#177; 1.848,0; p=0,03), 3&#170; (19.687,3&#177; 1.444,3 <italic>vs</italic> 15.612,1&#177; 1.180,3; p=0,008) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (21.271,0&#177; 1.794,2 <italic>vs</italic> 15.992,0&#177; 1.093,4; p=0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O protocolo fracionado proporcionou maior eleva&#231;&#227;o das respostas press&#243;ricas que o protocolo cont&#237;nuo. No entanto, pelas caracter&#237;sticas do delineamento adotado, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos para confrontar esses achados. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fotopletismografia, for&#231;a muscular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The strength training can promote significant cardiovascular responses during its performance and it is interesting to devise strategies to reduce them, without compromising the strength production. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare the acute cardiovascular responses of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) during the unilateral knee extension (four series of 8 maximum repetitions) performed continuously or discontinuously. Both protocols involved a 2-minute interval between the series and the discontinuous protocol had an extra interval of 2 seconds between the 4<sup>th</sup> and the 5<sup>th</sup> repetitions. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Eight healthy men trained in muscular strength (aged 26&#177; 6 years) participated in the data collection and were randomly divided in two non-consecutive days. The cardiovascular responses were measured by photoplethysmography (Finapres, Ohmeda, Louisville, CO, USA) at rest, at the end of each series and 2 minutes after the performance of each protocol. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The discontinuous series showed significantly higher values when compared to the protocol of the continuous series for: SAP (mmHg) at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (173.1&#177; 5.4 vs 152.0&#177; 4.0; p=0.001), 3<sup>rd</sup> (188.9&#177; 8.6 vs 162.4&#177; 6.0; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (193.1&#177; 8.1 vs 161.6&#177; 5.9; p=0.000); DAP (mmHg) at the 3<sup>rd</sup> (103.8&#177; 4.1 vs 86.1&#177; 3.3; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (104.1&#177; 2.7 vs 83.4&#177; 3.3; p=0.000); DP (mmHg.bpm) at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (17,907.5&#177; 1,350.7 vs 14,541.9&#177; 1,848.0; p=0.03), 3<sup>rd</sup> (19,687.3&#177; 1,444.3 vs 15,612.1&#177; 1,180.3; p=0.008) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (21,271.0&#177; 1,794.2 vs 15,992.0&#177; 1,093.4; p=0.001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The discontinuous protocol promoted higher increase in pressure responses when compared to the continuous one. However, due to the characteristics of the study design, further studies are necessary to support these findings. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Blood pressure; heart rate; photoplethysmography; muscle strength.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a proporciona aumentos significativos de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial, mediante a resposta adren&#233;rgica, metab&#243;lica, e pela compress&#227;o vascular ocasionada pelo exerc&#237;cio<sup>1,2</sup>. V&#225;rios fatores podem determinar a magnitude da resposta cardiovascular nas situa&#231;&#245;es de produ&#231;&#227;o elevada de for&#231;a, como velocidade de movimento<sup>3</sup>, n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries<sup>4</sup>, porcentual de carga m&#225;xima<sup>5</sup>, tipo da contra&#231;&#227;o muscular e massa muscular envolvida<sup>2,6</sup>, n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es<sup>2</sup>, tipos de exerc&#237;cio<sup>1</sup>, intervalo de recupera&#231;&#227;o entre as s&#233;ries<sup>7</sup> e estado de treinamento<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Independentemente da demanda cardiovascular relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a, essa atividade pode compor a rotina de treinamento de pessoas acometidas por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e apresentar relativa seguran&#231;a<sup>10</sup>. Uma das formas para diminuir o esfor&#231;o cardiovascular &#233; a combina&#231;&#227;o subm&#225;xima de cargas e repeti&#231;&#245;es<sup>5</sup>, mas esta poderia comprometer um desenvolvimento significativo da for&#231;a muscular.</p>
    <p>Outra estrat&#233;gia relaciona-se &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o no decorrer da execu&#231;&#227;o de um exerc&#237;cio, em vez de realiz&#225;-lo continuamente. Esse procedimento foi aplicado em tr&#234;s estudos<sup>11-13</sup> e os resultados indicaram redu&#231;&#227;o nas respostas cardiovasculares. Por&#233;m, foram identificadas diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas que poderiam descaracterizar um treinamento para a for&#231;a, como fracionamento da s&#233;rie caracterizado pela inclus&#227;o de outro exerc&#237;cio<sup>11</sup>; pausa muito longa (15 s) e aprecia&#231;&#227;o apenas da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que &#233; limitada para inferir sobre demanda cardiovascular no exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a<sup>12</sup> e pausa ocorrendo em cada repeti&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que um exerc&#237;cio para maximizar a for&#231;a muscular deve ser realizado com intensidade suficiente para gerar desconforto, e em pessoas treinadas seu t&#233;rmino deve ocorrer em momento pr&#243;ximo &#224; fadiga. Isso n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum dos tr&#234;s experimentos citados ou a resposta cardiovascular analisada n&#227;o foi a melhor. Dessa forma, optamos por pausa de 2 s no decorrer de uma s&#233;rie com repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas, considerando que as respostas cardiovasculares devem declinar entre 1-2 s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do esfor&#231;o<sup>14</sup>. Nossa hip&#243;tese foi que 2 s seriam suficientes para ocasionar redu&#231;&#227;o nas respostas cardiovasculares sem comprometer a intensidade.</p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica (PAD), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e duplo-produto (DP) durante quatro s&#233;ries de oito repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas (8RM) na extens&#227;o unilateral do joelho com e sem pausa de 2 s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado em estudo piloto pr&#233;vio considerando 0,80 como pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica e assumindo uma m&#237;nima diferen&#231;a detectada de 32 mmHg com desvio padr&#227;o de 18 mmHg para a PAS em quatro s&#233;ries do exerc&#237;cio. Oito homens (m&#233;dia&#177; desvio padr&#227;o: 26&#177; 6 anos; 173,9&#177; 6,3 cm; 75,4&#177; 11,7 kg) n&#227;o-atletas, com pelo menos um ano de experi&#234;ncia em treinamento de for&#231;a, foram volunt&#225;rios para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Todos assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A amostra foi orientada a n&#227;o ingerir cafe&#237;na ou &#225;lcool 24 horas antes da coleta de dados e manter jejum p&#243;s-prandial de tr&#234;s horas no dia de coleta. Foram atribu&#237;dos como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: uso de subst&#226;ncia ergog&#234;nica ou f&#225;rmaco de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular; comprometimentos ostemioarticulares; hipertens&#227;o arterial diagnosticada.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> ilustra o delineamento utilizado. Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos, a coleta de dados iniciou com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes de 8RM no exerc&#237;cio de extens&#227;o unilateral do joelho no membro dominante (direito em todos os volunt&#225;rios) utilizando equipamento espec&#237;fico (cadeira extensora Life Fitness, Brunswick, Atlantic, EUA). O exerc&#237;cio foi realizado com os indiv&#237;duos sentados e recostados em &#226;ngulo de 90&#186; entre o encosto e o assento da cadeira extensora. O &#226;ngulo de movimento foi estipulado a partir de flex&#227;o do joelho a 90&#186; finalizando com a extens&#227;o total, com tempo de 2 s para o movimento conc&#234;ntrico e exc&#234;ntrico marcado por metr&#244;nomo. A escolha pela execu&#231;&#227;o unilateral ocorreu pelo fato de alguns sujeitos conseguirem levantar toda a carga do equipamento em execu&#231;&#227;o bilateral e por ser mais c&#244;modo estabilizar o corpo mantendo uma das m&#227;os livre para a medida de press&#227;o arterial. Foram utilizados tr&#234;s dias com intervalos de 48 horas para a obten&#231;&#227;o da carga, a fim de familiariza&#231;&#227;o da amostra com o protocolo. Em cada dia, os sujeitos tiveram at&#233; cinco tentativas para realizar n&#227;o mais que oito repeti&#231;&#245;es na angula&#231;&#227;o estipulada, com intervalo entre as tentativas de pelo menos 5 min. Nenhuma pausa foi permitida entre as fases conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica ou entre as repeti&#231;&#245;es, assim como a amostra foi instru&#237;da sobre o correto posicionamento no equipamento para permitir a medida da press&#227;o arterial e n&#227;o realizar manobra de Valsalva.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o teste de 8RM, os sujeitos visitaram o laborat&#243;rio em duas ocasi&#245;es com intervalo de 48 horas, no hor&#225;rio entre 14h e 16h. De forma aleat&#243;ria, os sujeitos realizaram em cada dia o protocolo cont&#237;nuo ou fracionado. Ambos os protocolos envolveram quatro s&#233;ries de 8RM com 2 min de intervalo entre as s&#233;ries. A escolha pelo n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries, repeti&#231;&#245;es e intervalo teve como refer&#234;ncia a sugest&#227;o do Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina do Esporte<sup>15</sup>. No protocolo fracionado, foi inserida uma pausa de 2 s entre a 4&#170; e a 5&#170; repeti&#231;&#245;es. Durante o per&#237;odo de pausa, os sujeitos permaneceram im&#243;veis no equipamento.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial de repouso foi registrada ap&#243;s 10 min na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada no pr&#243;prio equipamento, mantendo-se im&#243;vel, calmo e sem conversar. Tanto em repouso quanto em exerc&#237;cio, a press&#227;o arterial foi medida por t&#233;cnica fotopletismogr&#225;fica (Finapres&#8482; 2350, Ohmeda, WI, EUA), a qual pode ser considerada como o procedimento n&#227;o-invasivo mais adequado para a medida de PAS e PAD durante exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a<sup>4,16</sup>. Foi aplicado um cuff no dedo m&#233;dio da m&#227;o esquerda para detectar a distens&#227;o da art&#233;ria digital. Para evitar poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias da gravidade sobre o local da medida<sup>17</sup>, a m&#227;o esquerda foi posicionada pr&#243;xima ao cora&#231;&#227;o por meio de um suporte, e os sujeitos foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o realizar nenhum tipo de contra&#231;&#227;o ou movimento envolvendo dedos, punho, cotovelo e ombro esquerdo. Todas as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares relacionadas ao esfor&#231;o foram anotadas imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino de cada s&#233;rie (finaliza&#231;&#227;o do movimento) e 2 min ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. Para auxiliar na familiariza&#231;&#227;o da amostra com a posi&#231;&#227;o adequada de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, a press&#227;o arterial foi aferida durante os testes de 8RM. Foram observados elevados coeficientes de correla&#231;&#245;es intraclasses nos dois &#250;ltimos dias de testes de 8RM tanto em repouso [FC=0,93 (p=0,000); PAS=0,92 (p=0,000); PAD=0,84 (p=0,000)] quanto em exerc&#237;cio [FC=0,89 (p=0,001); PAS=0,91(p=0,000); PAD=0,82 (p=0,001)]. O mesmo equipamento de medida da press&#227;o arterial forneceu os valores de FC. O DP foi calculado atrav&#233;s da equa&#231;&#227;o DP = PAS x FC.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, foram utilizados de forma descritiva m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia para expressar os resultados. O tratamento inferencial foi realizado pelo teste t de Student para amostras dependentes a fim de comparar os valores cardiovasculares em repouso nos dois dias de coleta. A ANOVA de duas entradas (protocolo utilizado e n&#250;mero de medidas &#150; repouso, s&#233;ries, p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o) com medidas repetidas no segundo fator foi utilizada para compara&#231;&#227;o das respostas cardiovasculares antes, durante e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, seguida do teste post-hoc de Bonferroni para detectar as diferen&#231;as significativas (p&lt;0,05). Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistica<sup>&#174;</sup> (vers&#227;o 6.0, Statsoft, OK, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ambos os protocolos mostraram que os valores de PAS, PAD, FC e DP em todas as s&#233;ries do exerc&#237;cio foram significativamente (p&lt;0,05) mais elevados que o repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>). Todas as vari&#225;veis retornaram a valores pr&#243;ximos aos de repouso 2 min ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do esfor&#231;o. Analisando isoladamente cada protocolo, &#233; poss&#237;vel perceber que, apesar da tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o das respostas cardiovasculares no decorrer das s&#233;ries no protocolo cont&#237;nuo (principalmente da PAS), os valores n&#227;o se mostraram estatisticamente diferentes entre a 1&#170; e a 4&#170; s&#233;ries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Entretanto, no protocolo de s&#233;rie fracionada, houve aumentos significativos no decorrer das s&#233;ries, principalmente para PAS, PAD e DP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando os valores encontrados em ambos os protocolos, os valores de repouso e recupera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se mostraram diferentes. No entanto, em esfor&#231;o, o protocolo de s&#233;rie fracionada acusou valores significativamente mais elevados que o protocolo de s&#233;rie cont&#237;nua para PAS na 2&#170; (173,1&#177; 5,4 vs 152,0&#177; 4,0 mmHg; p=0,001), 3&#170; (188,9&#177; 8,6 vs 162,4&#177; 6,0 mmHg; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (193,1&#177; 8,1 vs 161,6&#177; 5,9 mmHg; p=0,000). A diferen&#231;a entre os protocolos manteve-se estatisticamente elevada no protocolo de s&#233;rie fracionada na PAD na 3&#170; (103,8&#177; 4,1 vs 86,1&#177; 3,3 mmHg; p=0,000) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (104,1&#177; 2,7 vs 83,4&#177; 3,3 mmHg; p=0,000). A FC foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os protocolos. O DP, como &#233; calculado a partir da FC e PAS, sofreu influ&#234;ncia desta e apresentou valores mais elevados no protocolo de s&#233;ries fracionadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de s&#233;rie cont&#237;nua na 2&#170; (17.907,5&#177; 1.350,7 vs 14.541,9&#177; 1.848,0 mmHg.bpm; p=0,03), 3&#170; (19.687,3&#177; 1.444,3 vs 15.612,1&#177; 1.180,3 mmHg.bpm; p=0,008) e 4&#170; s&#233;rie (21.271,0&#177; 1.794,2 vs 15.992,0&#177; 1.093,4 mmHg.bpm; p=0,001).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> ilustra o comportamento de PAS, PAD e FC em um sujeito do estudo (caso 3).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese inicial do presente experimento foi que o protocolo com pausa de 2 s entre as repeti&#231;&#245;es proporcionasse menor demanda cardiovascular que o exerc&#237;cio realizado de forma cont&#237;nua. Esse fato baseia-se na possibilidade de, em um breve intervalo, ocorrer maior perfus&#227;o vascular ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo proporcionado pelo exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m de iniciar resposta barorreflexa compensando o aumento press&#243;rico<sup>14</sup>. No entanto, a pausa de 2 s ocasionou maior resposta cardiovascular durante o exerc&#237;cio. Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para os resultados encontrados reside na caracter&#237;stica do pr&#243;prio exerc&#237;cio. Utilizamos a extens&#227;o unilateral do joelho, que &#233; iniciada pela fase conc&#234;ntrica do movimento. Essa caracter&#237;stica determina um razo&#225;vel esfor&#231;o para a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o da carga, proporcionado pela aus&#234;ncia do ciclo alongamento-encurtamento, ou seja, o m&#250;sculo n&#227;o utiliza a energia el&#225;stica decorrente do movimento exc&#234;ntrico e necessita produzir mais for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o<sup>18,19</sup>. Em termos de comportamento cardiovascular, estudos mostram que durante a fase conc&#234;ntrica as respostas press&#243;ricas tendem a ser maiores que as observadas na fase exc&#234;ntrica<sup>9,20</sup>. Partindo dessa premissa, a pausa ocorrida no decorrer da s&#233;rie, mesmo que tenha reduzido as respostas cardiovasculares, pode ter exigido elevado grau de esfor&#231;o para o rein&#237;cio do movimento. Dessa forma, tanto o grau de esfor&#231;o quanto a solicita&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculos sinergistas podem ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento das respostas press&#243;ricas<sup>2,5</sup>. Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; sustentada pelo fato de as respostas cardiovasculares serem influenciadas por est&#237;mulo do c&#243;rtex motor, induzindo a up-regulation das respostas cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s unidades motoras recrutadas durante o esfor&#231;o<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Independentemente das hip&#243;teses levantadas, conv&#233;m explicitar poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo. Os valores de PAS, PAD e FC n&#227;o foram registrados durante o per&#237;odo de pausa de 2 s no protocolo de s&#233;rie fracionada, pelo fato de o Finapres realizar eventualmente autocalibra&#231;&#227;o, que por breve per&#237;odo impossibilita a leitura dos valores. Isso ocorreu em alguns sujeitos durante a pausa de 2 s, e a amostra n&#227;o teria condi&#231;&#245;es de retornar para replicar o experimento. Igualmente, n&#227;o foi utilizada eletromiografia para detectar o grau de solicita&#231;&#227;o muscular em ambos os protocolos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se pode garantir que a manobra de Valsalva n&#227;o foi realizada, principalmente no protocolo fracionado.</p>
    <p>Considerando, por&#233;m, a quantidade reduzida de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre s&#233;ries fracionadas e exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a, a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o pode ser &#250;til no entendimento do comportamento press&#243;rico durante esfor&#231;os com alta intensidade. Por exemplo, a despeito da diferen&#231;a ocorrida na &#250;ltima s&#233;rie entre os protocolos para PAS, PAD e DP, os valores medidos 2 min ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o se mostraram estatisticamente diferentes. Dessa forma, independentemente dos valores encontrados, a redu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o tende a ser igual, provavelmente proporcionada pela maior perfus&#227;o vascular e a&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa<sup>14</sup>. Durante cada protocolo, foram observados aumentos de todas as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso, com tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o (no protocolo cont&#237;nuo) e aumento significativo (no protocolo fracionado) das primeiras s&#233;ries para as &#250;ltimas na PAS, PAD e DP. Esses aumentos se devem aos mecanismos j&#225; citados de ajuste cardiovascular, ou seja, a fadiga acumulada em uma s&#233;rie pode ter sido interveniente no aumento da resposta press&#243;rica. A FC, por sua vez, n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as interprotocolos e pouca diferen&#231;a intraprotocolos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a FC &#233; mediada por mecanismos semelhantes ao da press&#227;o arterial<sup>21,22</sup>, mas seu comportamento depende de aumentos dram&#225;ticos na massa muscular<sup>23</sup>, na dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o<sup>24</sup> e na intensidade<sup>8</sup>, que n&#227;o foram foco do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a extens&#227;o de joelho realizada de forma fracionada pode determinar maiores respostas cardiovasculares que a execu&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua. N&#227;o obstante, esses resultados n&#227;o devem ser definitivos, sendo necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos experimentos utilizando diferentes exerc&#237;cios e intensidades. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcos Doederlein Polito </p>
        <p> Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </p>
        <p> Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380 - Campus Universit&#225;rio </p>
        <p> 86051-990 - Londrina - Paran&#225; - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcospolito@uel.br">marcospolito@uel.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 06/09/07, revisado recebido em 20/11/07, aceito em 21/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Discontinuous sets of knee extensions induce higher cardiovascular responses in comparison to continuous ones</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The strength training can promote significant cardiovascular responses during its performance and it is interesting to devise strategies to reduce them, without compromising the strength production. OBJECTIVE: To compare the acute cardiovascular responses of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) during the unilateral knee extension (four series of 8 maximum repetitions) performed continuously or discontinuously. Both protocols involved a 2-minute interval between the series and the discontinuous protocol had an extra interval of 2 seconds between the 4th and the 5th repetitions. METHODS: Eight healthy men trained in muscular strength (aged 26&#177; 6 years) participated in the data collection and were randomly divided in two non-consecutive days. The cardiovascular responses were measured by photoplethysmography (Finapres, Ohmeda, Louisville, CO, USA) at rest, at the end of each series and 2 minutes after the performance of each protocol. RESULTS: The discontinuous series showed significantly higher values when compared to the protocol of the continuous series for: SAP (mmHg) at the 2nd (173.1&#177; 5.4 vs 152.0&#177; 4.0; p=0.001), 3rd (188.9&#177; 8.6 vs 162.4&#177; 6.0; p=0.000) and 4th series (193.1&#177; 8.1 vs 161.6&#177; 5.9; p=0.000); DAP (mmHg) at the 3rd (103.8&#177; 4.1 vs 86.1&#177; 3.3; p=0.000) and 4th series (104.1&#177; 2.7 vs 83.4&#177; 3.3; p=0.000); DP (mmHg.bpm) at the 2nd (17,907.5&#177; 1,350.7 vs 14,541.9&#177; 1,848.0; p=0.03), 3rd (19,687.3&#177; 1,444.3 vs 15,612.1&#177; 1,180.3; p=0.008) and 4th series (21,271.0&#177; 1,794.2 vs 15,992.0&#177; 1,093.4; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The discontinuous protocol promoted higher increase in pressure responses when compared to the continuous one. However, due to the characteristics of the study design, further studies are necessary to support these findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>photoplethysmography</kwd>
        <kwd>muscle strength</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Discontinuous sets of knee extensions induce higher cardiovascular responses in comparison to continuous ones</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcos Doederlein Polito<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Sim&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Vitor Agnew Lira<sup>V</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega<sup>III</sup>; Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti<sup>IV</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paran&#225;, PR</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>University of Florida - College of Health and Human Performance, Florida, United States</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The strength training can promote significant cardiovascular responses during its performance and it is interesting to devise strategies to reduce them, without compromising the strength production.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the acute cardiovascular responses of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) during the unilateral knee extension (four series of 8 maximum repetitions) performed continuously or discontinuously. Both protocols involved a 2-minute interval between the series and the discontinuous protocol had an extra interval of 2 seconds between the 4<sup>th</sup> and the 5<sup>th</sup> repetitions.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Eight healthy men trained in muscular strength (aged 26&#177; 6 years) participated in the data collection and were randomly divided in two non-consecutive days. The cardiovascular responses were measured by photoplethysmography (Finapres, Ohmeda, Louisville, CO, USA) at rest, at the end of each series and 2 minutes after the performance of each protocol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The discontinuous series showed significantly higher values when compared to the protocol of the continuous series for: SAP (mmHg) at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (173.1&#177; 5.4 <italic>vs</italic> 152.0&#177; 4.0; p=0.001), 3<sup>rd</sup> (188.9&#177; 8.6 <italic>vs</italic> 162.4&#177; 6.0; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (193.1&#177; 8.1 <italic>vs</italic> 161.6&#177; 5.9; p=0.000); DAP (mmHg) at the 3<sup>rd </sup>(103.8&#177; 4.1 <italic>vs</italic> 86.1&#177; 3.3; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (104.1&#177; 2.7 <italic>vs</italic> 83.4&#177; 3.3; p=0.000); DP (mmHg.bpm) at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (17,907.5&#177; 1,350.7 <italic>vs</italic> 14,541.9&#177; 1,848.0; p=0.03), 3<sup>rd</sup> (19,687.3&#177; 1,444.3 <italic>vs</italic> 15,612.1&#177; 1,180.3; p=0.008) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (21,271.0&#177; 1,794.2 <italic>vs</italic> 15,992.0&#177; 1,093.4; p=0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The discontinuous protocol promoted higher increase in pressure responses when compared to the continuous one. However, due to the characteristics of the study design, further studies are necessary to support these findings. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(6): 350-355)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Blood pressure; heart rate; photoplethysmography; muscle strength.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The strength training can promote significant increases in heart rate and blood pressure through the adrenergic and metabolic responses and the vascular compression caused by the exercise<sup>1,2</sup>. Several factors can determine the magnitude of the cardiovascular response in situations of elevated strength production, such as velocity of movement<sup>3</sup>, number of series<sup>4</sup>, percentage of maximum load<sup>5</sup>, type of muscular contraction and involved muscular mass<sup>2,6</sup>, number of repetitions<sup>2</sup>, types of exercise<sup>1</sup>, interval of recovery between the series<sup>7</sup> and training status<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the cardiovascular demand related to the strength training, this activity can be a part of the training routine of people presenting heart diseases with relative safety<sup>10</sup>. One way to decrease the cardiovascular exertion is the submaximum combination of loads and repetitions<sup>5</sup>, but it could compromise a significant development of muscular strength. </p>
      <p>Another strategy is related to the interruption throughout the performance of an exercise, instead of performing it continuously. This procedure was used in three studies<sup>11-13</sup> and the results indicated a decrease in the cardiovascular responses. However, some methodological differences were identified that could discharacterize the strength training program, such as a discontinuous series characterized by the inclusion of another exercise<sup>11</sup>; a too-long interval (15 seconds) and measurement of heart rate, only, which is limited to infer on the cardiovascular demand during the strength training<sup>12</sup> and interval occurring at each repetition<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe that, in order to maximize muscular strength, an exercise must be performed at sufficient intensity to generate discomfort and, in trained persons, its end must occur at a moment near that of fatigue. </p>
      <p>That did not occur in any of the three aforementioned experiments or the evaluated cardiovascular response was not the best one. Therefore, we chose an interval of 2 sec during a series with maximum repetitions, considering that the cardiovascular responses must decrease 1-2 sec after the end of the exercise<sup>14</sup>. Our hypotheses was that 2 sec would be enough to cause the decrease in the cardiovascular responses without compromising intensity.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP) during four series of eight maximum repetitions (8MR) in the unilateral knee extension with and without the 2-second interval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated in a previous pilot study, considering 0.80 as the statistical power and supposing a minimum detected difference of 32 mmHg with a standard deviation (SD) of 18 mmHg for SAP in four series of the exercise. Eight men (mean age&#177; SD: 26&#177; 6 years; mean height:173.9&#177; 6.3 cm; mean weight:75.4&#177; 11.7 kg), non-athletes, with at least one year of experience in strength training were volunteers in the study. All participants signed a free and informed consent form. The sample was advised not to consume caffeine or alcohol 24 hours prior to the data collection and maintain a postprandial fast of 3 hours on the day of data collection.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: use of ergogenic substance or any cardiovascular action drug; osteomyoarticular injuries; diagnosis of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the study design used. After sample selection, the data collection was started with the 8MR test performance during the unilateral knee-extension exercise in the dominant limb (right limb in all volunteers), using specific equipment (hyperextension chair, Life Fitness, Brunswick, Atlantic, USA). The exercise was performed with individuals sitting up straight at a 90-degree angle between the seat and back of the hyperextension chair. The angle of movement was calculated based on the knee flexion at 90&#186;, ending with total extension, with a 2-second duration for the concentric and eccentric movement timed by a metronome. The choice of unilateral performance was due to the fact that some subjects could elevate 100% of the equipment load in a bilateral performance and because it was more comfortable to stabilize the body by maintaining one hand free to have the blood pressure measured. Load attainment was obtained after three days of training, with 48-hr intervals, in order for the sample to get acquainted with the protocol. On each day, the subjects had up to 5 attempts to perform no more than 8 repetitions at the defined angulation, with an interval between attempts of at least 5 minutes. No interval was allowed between the concentric and eccentric phases or between repetitions; the sample was also instructed on the correct positioning on the equipment, in order to allow the measurement of the blood pressure and not to perform the Valsalva maneuver.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After the 8MR test, the subjects visited the laboratory on two different occasions with a 48-hr interval between them, between 2 and 4 PM. The subjects randomly performed either the continuous or the discontinuous protocol on each day. Both protocols involved four series of 8MR with a 2-minute interval between the series. The choice of number of series, repetitions and interval duration used those suggested by the American College of Sports Medicine, as reference<sup>15</sup>. In the discontinuous protocol, a 2-second interval was inserted between the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> repetition. During the interval, the subjects remained immobile on the equipment.</p>
      <p>The blood pressure at rest was recorded after 10 minutes in sitting position, at the equipment, maintaining the subject immobile, calm and without talking. Both at rest and during the exercise, the blood pressure was measured by photoplethysmography (Finapres&#8482; 2350, Ohmeda, WI, USA), which can be considered a noninvasive procedure that is more adequate for the measurement of SAP and DAP during strength exercises<sup>4,16</sup>. A cuff was applied to the middle finger of the left hand to detect the distension of the digital artery. To prevent possible interferences of gravity on the measurement site<sup>17</sup>, the left hand was positioned close to the heart through a support and the subjects were instructed not to perform any contraction or movement involving the left fingers, wrist, elbow or shoulder. All cardiovascular variables related to physical exercise were recorded immediately after the end of each series (end of the movement) and 2 minutes after the end of the exercise. To help the sample get familiarized with the adequate position when performing the exercise, the blood pressure was measured during the 8MR test. High intraclass correlation coefficients were observed in the last two days of 8MR tests, both at rest [HR=0.93 (p=0.000); SAP=0.92 (p=0.000); DAP=0,84 (p=0.000)] and during exercise [HR=0.89 (p=0.001); SAP=0.91(p=0.000); DAP=0.82 (p=0.001)].</p>
      <p>The same equipment that measured arterial pressure was used to record the HR. The DP was calculated through the equation: DP=SAP x HR.</p>
      <p>The data were analyzed by the mean descriptive method and mean standard error to express the results. The inferential treatment was carried out by Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test for dependent samples in order to compare the cardiovascular values at rest on both days of data collection. Two-way ANOVA (protocol used and number of measurements &#150; rest, series, post-exercise) with repeated measurements in the second factor was used to compare the cardiovascular responses before, during and after the exercise, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test to detect significant differences (p&lt;0.05). The data were analyzed with the Statistica<sup>TM</sup> software (version 6.0, Statsoft, OK, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Both protocols showed that the values of SAP, DAP, HR and DP in all the series of the exercise were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than values at rest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>). All the variables returned to values close to those at rest 2 minutes after the end of the exercise. When analyzing each protocol separately, it is possible to observe that, despite the tendency to elevation regarding the cardiovascular responses during the series in the continuous protocol (especially SAP), the values were not statistically different between the 1<sup>st </sup>and the 4<sup>th</sup> series (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, in the protocol of the discontinuous series, there were significant increases throughout the series, especially for SAP, DAP and DP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the values observed in both protocols, there was no difference between at-rest and recovery values. However, during the exercise, the protocol of the discontinuous series showed significantly higher values when compared to the continuous series for SAP at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (173.1&#177; 5.4 <italic>vs</italic> 152.0&#177; 4.0 mmHg; p=0.001), 3<sup>rd</sup> (188.9&#177; 8.6 <italic>vs</italic> 162.4&#177; 6.0 mmHg; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (193.1&#177; 8.1 <italic>vs</italic> 161.6&#177; 5.9 mmHg; p=0.000). The difference between the protocols remained statistically high in the discontinuous series protocol regarding DAP at the 3<sup>rd</sup> (103.8&#177; 4.1 <italic>vs</italic> 86.1&#177; 3.3 mmHg; p=0.000) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (104.1&#177; 2.7 <italic>vs</italic> 83.4&#177; 3.3 mmHg; p=0.000). The HR was the only variable that presented no differences between the protocols. The DP, as it calculated from the HR and SAP, was influenced by the latter and presented higher values in the discontinuous series protocol when compared to the continuous one at the 2<sup>nd</sup> (17,907.5&#177; 1,350.7 <italic>vs</italic> 14,541.9&#177; 1,848.0 mmHg.bpm; p=0.03), 3<sup>rd</sup> (19,687.3&#177; 1,444.3 <italic>vs</italic> 15,612.1&#177; 1,180.3 mmHg.bpm; p=0.008) and 4<sup>th</sup> series (21,271.0&#177; 1,794.2 <italic>vs</italic> 15,992.0&#177; 1,093.4 mmHg.bpm; p=0.001).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the behavior of SAP, DAP and HR in a study individual (case 3).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-06-0382-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial hypothesis of the present experiment was that the protocol with a 2-second interval between the repetitions would result in less cardiovascular demand than the continuous one. This fact is based on the possibility that, during a brief interval, a higher vascular perfusion occurs after a period of blood flow restriction caused by the exercise, in addition to starting the baroreflex response, compensating the pressure increase<sup>14</sup>. However, the 2-second interval resulted in a higher cardiovascular response during the exercise. One possible explanation for the results observed in the present study resides in the characteristics of the exercise itself. We used the unilateral knee extension, which is initiated by the concentric phase of the movement. This characteristic requires some effort to move the load, caused by the absence of the stretching-shortening cycle, i.e., the muscle does not use the elastic energy resulting from the eccentric movement and needs to produce a higher force of contraction<sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the cardiovascular behavior, studies have shown that during the concentric phase of the exercise, the pressure responses tend to be higher than those observed during the eccentric phase<sup>9,20</sup>. Based on that, the interval during the series, even if it decreased the cardiovascular responses, might have required a high degree of physical effort for the re-start of the movement. Therefore, both the degree of effort and the synergist muscle demand might have contributed to the increase in pressure responses<sup>2,5</sup>. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the cardiovascular responses are influenced by the motor cortex stimulus, inducing the up-regulation of the cardiovascular responses in relation to the motor units recruited during the exercise<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regardless of the hypotheses that were raised, it is necessary to mention the possible limitations of the present study. The values of SAP, DAP and HR were not recorded during the 2-second interval of the discontinuous series protocol, due to the fact that the Finapres equipment eventually carries out the self-calibration, which prevents the reading of values for a short period. This occurred with some subjects during the 2-second interval and the sample would not be able to return in order to replicate the experiment. Additionally, electromyography was not used to detect the degree of muscular demand in both protocols. Moreover, it cannot be guaranteed that the Valsalva maneuver was not performed, especially in the discontinuous protocol. </p>
      <p>However, considering the scarce amount of information on discontinuous series and strength exercises, the present investigation can be useful for the understanding of pressure behavior during high-intensity physical effort. For instance, despite the difference observed in the last series between the protocols for SAP, DAP and DP, the values measured 2 minutes after the exercise were not statistically different. Thus, regardless of the values observed, the post-effort decrease tends to be the same, probably caused by the higher vascular perfusion and baroreflex action<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>During each protocol, increases in all cardiovascular variables were observed in relation to at-rest values, with a tendency to elevation (in the continuous protocol) and significant increase (in the discontinuous protocol) from the first series to the last ones in SA, DAP and DP. These increases are due to the aforementioned mechanisms of cardiovascular adjustment, i.e., the accumulated fatigue in one series might have intervened in the pressure response increase. HR, on the other hand, showed no inter-protocol difference and little intra-protocol difference. A possible explanation is that HR is mediated by mechanisms that are similar to those of blood pressure<sup>21,22</sup>, but its behavior depends on striking increases in muscle mass<sup>23</sup>, exercise duration<sup>24</sup> and intensity<sup>8</sup>, which were not the focus of the present study. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, knee extension series, when performed discontinuously, can result in higher cardiovascular responses when compared to continuous series. However, these results must not be considered definitive and further experiments using different exercises and intensities are necessary. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
