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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ntTgPZh9L89YXdqf6JjQXVG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomo-Cl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2008: dispn&#233;ia intensa rapidamente progressiva em mulher portadora de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Michele Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>365</fpage>
      <lpage>373</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>febre reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMO-CL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 3/2008 &#150; Dispn&#233;ia intensa rapidamente progressiva em mulher portadora de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriano Freitas Ribeiro; Michele Tavares Abrantes; Marcelo Vieira; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Estenose da valva mitral, febre reum&#225;tica, pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Mulher de 58 anos de idade procurou atendimento no hospital em raz&#227;o de dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os h&#225; tr&#234;s dias.</p>
    <p>Aos 34 anos de idade, dois meses ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de artrite em tornozelo direito, tratado com prednisona, a paciente iniciou cansa&#231;o desencadeado por esfor&#231;os grandes, como subir aclives ou carregar peso. Em seguida, passou a apresentar palpita&#231;&#245;es. O exame f&#237;sico dessa &#233;poca revelou peso de 69,2 kg, altura de 1,63 m, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, pulso regular, 78 batimentos por minuto e press&#227;o arterial de 120/70 mmHg. O exame dos pulm&#245;es foi normal. O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou choque da ponta no quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, sobre a linha hemiclavicular. A primeira bulha foi hipofon&#233;tica em &#225;rea mitral, a segunda bulha foi normofon&#233;tica em &#225;reas pulmonar e a&#243;rtica. Havia sopro sist&#243;lico +/4 e sopro telediast&#243;lico +/4 em &#225;rea mitral. O exame do abdome foi normal.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (25/3/1981) revelou ritmo sinusal, regular, extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares, dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P 80 ms, do intervalo PR 160 ms, do QRS 80 ms, S&#194;P &#150; 60&#186; e S&#194;QRS 60&#186;. A morfologia da onda P denotava dist&#250;rbio intra-atrial da condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (1&#186;/4/1981) revelou aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo e espessamento e fus&#227;o comissural de valva mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de estenose da valva mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi medicada com amiodarona 200 mg e clortalidona 50 mg (que n&#227;o tolerou), em doses di&#225;rias. Foi reavaliada ambulatorialmente em 5/5/1982, 6/9/1982, 7/3/1983, em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, o eletrocardiograma (8/9/1982) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e &#225;rea inativa septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Novo ecocardiograma (8/9/1982) revelou estenose mitral moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). Foram prescritas digoxina 0,25 mg e hidroclorotiazida 50 mg, em doses di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Os sintomas tornaram-se altamente limitantes dez anos ap&#243;s o seu in&#237;cio, com dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os m&#237;nimos, e foi indicado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico (1991).</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o (5/11/1993) consistiu em retirada da valva e implante de biopr&#243;tese Biocor 29 em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, retirada de trombos atriais e sutura da aur&#237;cula esquerda. Constataram-se aumentos moderados do cora&#231;&#227;o e da art&#233;ria pulmonar, grande quantidade de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo e estenose, e calcifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides da valva mitral, assim como do anel valvar.</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar com prescri&#231;&#227;o de warfarina e foi encaminhada para controle m&#233;dico na sua cidade de origem. Voltou a apresentar dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por esfor&#231;os grandes oito anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia (2001), contudo permaneceu sem medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O exame cl&#237;nico (23/10/2002) revelou pulso irregular, 76 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 170/100 mmHg. Foi auscultado sopro diast&#243;lico +++/4 em &#225;rea mitral.</p>
    <p>Realizaram-se os diagn&#243;sticos de hipertens&#227;o arterial e de degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese com estenose, e foi indicada nova opera&#231;&#227;o. A paciente preferiu aguardar e seguiu medicada com enalapril e hidroclorotiazida.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um ano, a dispn&#233;ia se intensificou e passou a ser desencadeada por esfor&#231;os moderados (12/12/2003), e cerca de oito meses ap&#243;s houve sua intensifica&#231;&#227;o, aparecendo aos esfor&#231;os menores que os habituais por tr&#234;s meses e, finalmente, aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os; a paciente procurou atendimento na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia (8/11/2004).</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou pulso irregular, 100 batimentos por minuto, e press&#227;o arterial de 130/100 mmHg. Havia estertores em bases pulmonares. Foi identificado sopro sist&#243;lico + em &#225;rea mitral. Havia edema leve de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (8/11/2004) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e &#225;rea inativa septal. O ecocardiograma (5/11/2004) revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertens&#227;o em ventr&#237;culo direito e calcifica&#231;&#227;o e mobilidade muito reduzida de pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>)</p>
    <p>O estudo hemodin&#226;mico (9/11/2004) revelou press&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito de 15 mmHg, de ventr&#237;culo direito de 50/0/15, de tronco pulmonar de 50/33/39, "capilar" pulmonar de 35 mmHg, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 120/0/11 mmHg e de aorta de 120/80/93 mmHg. A cineangiocoronariografia revelou obstru&#231;&#227;o de 80% no 1/3 distal da art&#233;ria circunflexa. A ventriculografia esquerda demonstrou aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final em raz&#227;o de aneurisma inferior, este com aspecto sugestivo de pseudo-aneurisma. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo encontrava-se dilatado com hipocinesia difusa leve. Havia calcifica&#231;&#227;o no anel mitral.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica revelou a presen&#231;a de focos infecciosos dent&#225;rios, tratados com raspagem periodontal subgengival (11/11/2004).</p>
    <p>Foi indicada a reopera&#231;&#227;o (12/11/2004). A biopr&#243;tese Biocor 29 em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral encontrava-se espessa e rota, e foi retirada. Implantou-se pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica SJM 82569617, modelo 23MJ-501.</p>
    <p>O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico da biopr&#243;tese revelou densa calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos. Foram tamb&#233;m enviados para exame fragmentos de trombos mistos recentes.</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar (22/11/2004) e foi medicada com warfarina.</p>
    <p>Depois de um m&#234;s (22/12/2004), a paciente retornou &#224; emerg&#234;ncia em raz&#227;o de hemat&#250;ria e enterorragia, e foi hospitalizada no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;. A ultra-sonografia de abdome (23/12/2004) revelou rins t&#243;picos sem altera&#231;&#227;o de par&#234;nquima. O INR chegou a 1,5 (28/12/2004), e a paciente recebeu alta (29/12/2004).</p>
    <p>A paciente retomou o uso de warfarina em doses di&#225;rias de 5 mg.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica na evolu&#231;&#227;o (15/2/2005) revelou INR de 8,8. Foi feito o ajuste da dose de warfarina; n&#227;o se registrou abafamento dos ru&#237;dos da pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Sete meses ap&#243;s a segunda opera&#231;&#227;o, a paciente apresentou dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, al&#233;m de n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, hipotens&#227;o postural, epis&#243;dio de calafrios e tosse com expectora&#231;&#227;o esbranqui&#231;ada. Procurou atendimento na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia (6/6/2005, &#224;s 21h25). Vinha em uso de enalapril de 10 mg, warfarina de 5 mg, alternado com 2,5 mg/, e propranolol 40 mg em doses di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 136 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 80/60 mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 18/min. O exame dos pulm&#245;es revelou estertores em bases pulmonares. O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou sopro sist&#243;lico ++/6 e sopro diast&#243;lico ++/6 em &#225;rea mitral. O exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema de extremidades.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (6/6/2005) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 140 batimentos por minuto, bloqueio do ramo direito e &#225;rea inativa inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (8/6/2005) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com dimens&#245;es normais e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culo direito, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (tab. 1). O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico revelou gradiente transvalvar mitral m&#233;dio de 30 mmHg, diminui&#231;&#227;o da excurs&#227;o dos hemidiscos e presen&#231;a de extenso trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo preenchendo e atapetando o &#225;trio esquerdo. N&#227;o foram visibilizadas imagens t&#237;picas de trombos na pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi medicada com oxig&#234;nio por cateter, furosemida por via endovenosa, deslanos&#237;deo C, dobutamina, soro fisiol&#243;gico, amiodarona por via endovenosa e heparina (5.000 U, intravenosa r&#225;pida, seguida de administra&#231;&#227;o de 1.000 U/hora).</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial revelou hemoglobina de 12,5 g/dl, hemat&#243;crito de 38%, plaquetas 177.000 por mm<sup>3</sup>, leuc&#243;citos 14.600 mm<sup>3</sup> (segmentados 80%, linf&#243;citos 13%, eosin&#243;filos 1%, mon&#243;citos 6%), ur&#233;ia 63 mg/dl, creatinina 1,3 mg/dl, desidrogenase l&#225;tica 327 U/l (refer&#234;ncia:120-240 U/l), bilirrubinas totais 1,53, bilirrubina indireta 1,22 mg/dl, bilirrubina direta 0,31 mg/dl, troponina I 0,40 ng/ml, CK MB massa 2,8 ng/ml (normal at&#233; 4 ng/ml), s&#243;dio 137 mEq/l, pot&#225;ssio 4,7 mEq/l, INR 1,31, sedimento urin&#225;rio 37.000 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, 200 hem&#225;cias/mm<sup>3</sup>, 39.600 cilindros hialinos/mm<sup>3</sup>, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada 3,1 (7/6/2007, &#224;s 16 horas).</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com hipotens&#227;o progressiva, apesar das medidas de suporte que inclu&#237;ram intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, administra&#231;&#227;o de volume e noradrenalina. Foi cogitado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, que n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizado em raz&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da paciente, que faleceu (8/6/2005).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O caso em quest&#227;o refere-se a uma mulher de 58 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de estenose mitral de etiologia reum&#225;tica, que aproximadamente sete meses ap&#243;s realizar a segunda cirurgia para coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica mitral evoluiu com quadro de dispn&#233;ia importante e hipotens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, culminando com &#243;bito no terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os primeiros sintomas apresentados aos 34 anos de idade foram dor, edema e impot&#234;ncia funcional no p&#233; esquerdo que melhoraram com uso de cortic&#243;ide. Apesar de esse quadro de artrite poder ser sugestivo de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, a artrite da febre reum&#225;tica &#233; classicamente definida como uma poliartrite de grandes articula&#231;&#245;es, de car&#225;ter migrat&#243;rio e assim&#233;trico, com destaque para a despropor&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da dor e impot&#234;ncia funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o ao edema. Normalmente, n&#227;o deixa seq&#252;elas e apresenta &#243;tima resposta ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Alguns pacientes, por&#233;m, apresentam apenas artralgia de uma ou mais articula&#231;&#245;es como no caso aqui relatado, dificultando o diagn&#243;stico<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o primeiro surto da doen&#231;a ocorre geralmente entre 5 e 15 anos de idade, e a taxa de incid&#234;ncia ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o estreptoc&#243;cica da orofaringe varia de 0,3%-3%<sup>2,3</sup>. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o quadro apresentado pela paciente seja compat&#237;vel com a recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, principalmente porque ocorreu de forma tardia, fora da faixa et&#225;ria habitual e ap&#243;s poucos meses j&#225; evoluiu com sintomas cardiol&#243;gicos, que, em m&#233;dia, demoram entre quinze e quarenta anos para se manifestar ap&#243;s o surto inicial.</p>
    <p>A recorr&#234;ncia &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas marcantes da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. Ela &#233; mais comum nos tr&#234;s primeiros anos ap&#243;s o surto inicial, e a cada surto aumentam as chances de ocorr&#234;ncia de seq&#252;elas valvares<sup>1</sup>. Portanto, todo paciente com diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica deve receber profilaxia secund&#225;ria com penicilina benzatina na dose de 1.200.000 UI, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;veis, a depender da idade do &#250;ltimo surto e presen&#231;a de cardite ou seq&#252;ela valvar.</p>
    <p>Quatro meses ap&#243;s o quadro inicial, a paciente procurou servi&#231;o m&#233;dico por dispn&#233;ia e palpita&#231;&#245;es aos grandes esfor&#231;os. No exame f&#237;sico, chamava aten&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de hipofonese de B1 em foco mitral, com B2 normofon&#233;tica, sopro sist&#243;lico (+/4) e telediast&#243;lico (+/4) em foco mitral, com &#237;ctus em posi&#231;&#227;o normal. Essa ausculta &#233; compat&#237;vel com dupla les&#227;o mitral com predom&#237;nio de estenose. Na estenose mitral pura, encontramos um &#237;ctus de localiza&#231;&#227;o normal, B1 hiperfon&#233;tica decorrente do fechamento s&#250;bito e amplo das c&#250;spides valvares, sopro diast&#243;lico em ruflar entre o &#225;pice card&#237;aco e a borda esternal esquerda, que se caracteriza pela baixa intensidade, presen&#231;a do refor&#231;o pr&#233;-sist&#243;lico e estalido de abertura. &#201; mais aud&#237;vel quando o paciente &#233; colocado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Em estenoses muito avan&#231;adas, pela calcifica&#231;&#227;o intensa das c&#250;spides com redu&#231;&#227;o importante da mobilidade valvar, a primeira bulha pode tornar-se hipofon&#233;tica e sem estalido de abertura, e o refor&#231;o pode desaparecer pela presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). Como essa paciente n&#227;o apresentava sinais e sintomas de estenose acentuada, a hipofonese de primeira bulha associada ao sopro sist&#243;lico &#233; compat&#237;vel com insufici&#234;ncia mitral associada<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma inicial mostrava dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial e desvio do eixo el&#233;trico de onda P para esquerda, sugestivos de sobrecarga atrial esquerda. Posteriormente, o ecocardiograma confirmou a dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e presen&#231;a de estenose mitral com espessamento e fus&#227;o comissural (tab. 1), caracter&#237;sticas marcantes do acometimento reum&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a estenose mitral tem como causa mais freq&#252;ente a febre reum&#225;tica, sendo as mulheres mais afetadas que os homens na raz&#227;o de 2:1. Apenas 50% dos pacientes apresentam hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com atividade reum&#225;tica pr&#233;via<sup>5</sup>. A doen&#231;a pode ficar latente por per&#237;odos de at&#233; vinte anos, e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas principais s&#227;o dispn&#233;ia, fadiga, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, palpita&#231;&#245;es e fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos. Fatores precipitantes como exerc&#237;cio, estresse emocional, gravidez, infec&#231;&#227;o e hipertireoidismo podem produzir ou agravar os sintomas j&#225; existentes<sup>6</sup>. A gravidade da estenose mitral pode ser estimada de acordo com a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP), com o gradiente e a &#225;rea valvar em:</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Leve</italic>: quando a &#225;rea valvar &#233; maior que 1,5 cm, o gradiente menor que 5 mmHg e a PSAP menor que 30 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Moderada</italic>: quando a &#225;rea est&#225; entre 1,0 e 1,5 cm, o gradiente entre 5 e 10 mm Hg, e a PSAP entre 30 e 50 mmHg.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Grave</italic>: quando a &#225;rea &#233; menor que 1,0 cm, o gradiente maior que 10 mmHg e a PSAP maior que 50 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Sua progress&#227;o &#233; vari&#225;vel com perdas de &#225;rea valvar estimadas por ecocardiografia entre 0,09 e 0,32 cm&#178;/ano<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente iniciou seguimento ambulatorial, e durante os nove anos subseq&#252;entes pudemos observar a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a com desenvolvimento de FA, complica&#231;&#227;o mais comum nesses casos, e limita&#231;&#227;o progressiva aos esfor&#231;os. Em 1991, quando j&#225; estava em classe funcional III, foi indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico, principal decis&#227;o a ser tomada no seguimento desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Mesmo sabendo-se da inexor&#225;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o da estenose mitral, sempre h&#225; prefer&#234;ncia em manter a valva nativa. O tratamento cl&#237;nico pode postergar a cirurgia, e os principais medicamentos usados s&#227;o os diur&#233;ticos para al&#237;vio dos sintomas congestivos associados, betabloqueadores, antagonistas de c&#225;lcio ou digoxina para controle da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transmitral e press&#227;o pulmonar nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos<sup>8</sup>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; essencial a preven&#231;&#227;o de novos surtos de atividade reum&#225;tica, profilaxia de endocardite, orienta&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>1,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico, resumidamente, existem duas possibilidades: comissurotomia mitral (cir&#250;rgica ou por cateter-bal&#227;o) e troca valvar. A comissurotomia por cateter-bal&#227;o &#233; indicada em pacientes com estenose mitral moderada/acentuada sintom&#225;ticos, sem contra-indica&#231;&#245;es (regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo, equipe m&#233;dica sem experi&#234;ncia) e anatomia favor&#225;vel (escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico &lt;9). Tamb&#233;m deve ser realizada em pacientes com estenose mitral aparentemente oligossintom&#225;ticos se apresentarem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, programa&#231;&#227;o de gravidez ou necessidade de grande cirurgia. J&#225; a troca valvar &#233; indicada em pacientes com estenose mitral moderada/acentuada sintom&#225;ticos ou com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e anatomia desfavor&#225;vel ou outras contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para comissurotomia<sup>1,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o n&#227;o apresentava exames na &#233;poca da cirurgia, mas j&#225; estava em classe funcional III e, portanto, com indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a qual foi realizada em 1993 com implante de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica. Permaneceu assintom&#225;tica at&#233; 2001 quando voltou a apresentar dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os, sendo auscultado sopro diast&#243;lico 3+/4 em foco mitral. Foi feita hip&#243;tese de degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese com estenose, confirmada pelo eco que mostrou valva calcificada, com mobilidade extremamente reduzida e insufici&#234;ncia central.</p>
    <p>Esta &#233; a principal limita&#231;&#227;o das biopr&#243;teses que, apesar da baixa trombogenicidade, da boa hemodin&#226;mica, da facilidade de implante e da aus&#234;ncia de ru&#237;do, apresentam baixa durabilidade relacionada principalmente &#224; ruptura e &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o, condicionando o paciente a v&#225;rias reopera&#231;&#245;es. Alguns dados indicam que, num per&#237;odo de dez a quinze anos, aproximadamente 30% das pr&#243;teses apresentam falhas, e quanto mais jovem for o paciente, maior ser&#225; a chance de degenera&#231;&#227;o (em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 40 anos, a taxa de falha em dez anos chega a 40%)<sup>6</sup>. Em 2004, quando j&#225; apresentava dispn&#233;ia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar importante, a paciente concordou com nova interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foi implantada pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral do tipo St. Jude Medical, e a paciente recebeu alta no d&#233;cimo dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, medicada com warfarina. Essa pr&#243;tese de duplo folheto pertence &#224; primeira gera&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas e foi usada inicialmente em 1977. Pelo bom perfil hemodin&#226;mico e pela boa durabilidade e biocompatibilidade, seu uso foi difundido mundialmente. Em 2001, Remadi e cols.<sup>9</sup> publicaram seguimento de dezenove anos, com 440 pacientes submetidos a implante de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica St. Jude em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, mostrando baixos &#237;ndices de eventos emb&#243;licos e nenhuma degenera&#231;&#227;o estrutural.</p>
    <p>Em 2006, publicou-se a &#250;ltima diretriz americana de valvopatias, a qual demonstrou que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral, independentemente do tipo da pr&#243;tese, deve ter como alvo um INR entre 2,5 e 3,5. Al&#233;m disso, essa diretriz recomendou, como rotina, o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na dose de 75-100 mg em todos os pacientes, independentemente da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco (classe I). J&#225; pela diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, o uso de aspirina s&#243; &#233; recomendado como classe I se o paciente apresentar fatores de risco para eventos emb&#243;licos, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ou nos casos de evento tromboemb&#243;lico na vig&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada<sup>7,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando se consideram os antecedentes de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o achado de grande quantidade de trombos na cirurgia, esta poderia ser considerada de alto risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e, portanto, com indica&#231;&#227;o de associar aspirina &#224; warfarina.</p>
    <p>A primeira reavalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita um m&#234;s ap&#243;s alta hospitalar em decorr&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos hemorr&#225;gicos, complica&#231;&#227;o mais esperada no seguimento desses indiv&#237;duos. O risco de sangramento depende de v&#225;rios fatores sendo os principais: a intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, o uso concomitante de aspirina, idade superior a 65 anos e hist&#243;rico de sangramento pr&#233;vio. O sangramento &#233; caracterizado como maior se &#233; fatal, se necessita de cirurgia ou procedimento invasivo, transfus&#227;o, ou quando ocorre em sistema nervoso, olhos, articula&#231;&#245;es ou retroperit&#244;nio. Qualquer outro sangramento &#233; considerado sangramento menor. A hemat&#250;ria e enterorragia apresentadas pela paciente s&#227;o consideradas formas de sangramento menor.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s cirurgia, a paciente apresentou anticoagula&#231;&#227;o excessiva com INR de 8,8, no entanto sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, sendo feita apenas a readequa&#231;&#227;o da dose de warfarina. &#201; importante ressaltar que a tentativa de corre&#231;&#227;o do INR para n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos pode trazer o INR a n&#237;veis inadequadamente baixos e, dessa forma, induzir um estado transit&#243;rio de hipercoagubilidade, o que eleva o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Portanto, desde que o paciente n&#227;o apresente sangramentos maiores, deve-se evitar o uso de vitamina K1 endovenosa. Nesse caso, seria correto apenas suspender a medica&#231;&#227;o em uso por um a dois dias e reduzir sua dose. Outra possibilidade seria a suspens&#227;o da droga por um dia e administra&#231;&#227;o de 1-2,5 mg de vitamina K1 por via oral.</p>
    <p>As intercorr&#234;ncias apontadas anteriormente ilustram a dificuldade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Remadi e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em estudo j&#225; citado com popula&#231;&#227;o francesa, constataram que as principais complica&#231;&#245;es apresentadas foram relacionadas &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, tanto excessiva como subterap&#234;utica. Foi evidenciado que 20% dos pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis persistentemente baixos de INR. Um estudo realizado no Brasil com pacientes valvopatas mostrou que apenas 51,3% dos pacientes apresentavam INR na faixa desej&#225;vel e 37% apresentavam INR subterap&#234;utico<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente sete meses ap&#243;s cirurgia, a paciente do caso em discuss&#227;o evoluiu com dispn&#233;ia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os de r&#225;pida instala&#231;&#227;o e foi admitida na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia j&#225; hipotensa (PA 80 x 60mmHg), taquic&#225;rdica (FC de 136 batimentos por minuto) e com crepita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares. Na ausculta, chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico em &#225;rea mitral, sem hepato ou esplenomegalia e sem nenhuma refer&#234;ncia a febre ou sinais de endocardite. Os exames laboratoriais iniciais mostraram hemoglobina 12,5 g/dl, leucocitose sem desvio (14.500), discreta altera&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina 1,3 mg/dl), LDH e bilirrubinas normais, urina I com grande quantidade de cilindros hialinos e INR subterap&#234;utico, al&#233;m de ECG com FA de alta resposta.</p>
    <p>A instala&#231;&#227;o de um quadro relativamente abrupto de dispn&#233;ia associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o (choque) deve levantar hip&#243;teses de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pr&#243;tese valvar. Degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese poderia ser uma das causas da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, no entanto a r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro e a excelente durabilidade da pr&#243;tese falam contra esse diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Uma segunda hip&#243;tese seria endocardite bacteriana aguda com les&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese. A endocardite &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com pr&#243;tese e sempre deve ser cogitada, principalmente pela heterogeneidade de seu quadro cl&#237;nico e elevada taxa de letalidade (ao redor de 40%). Aproximadamente 25% dos casos ocorrem em pr&#243;teses, sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; maior principalmente nos tr&#234;s meses iniciais p&#243;s-implante, com risco estimado de infec&#231;&#227;o de 1% em doze meses e 3% em cinco anos. No caso em quest&#227;o, no s&#233;timo m&#234;s p&#243;s-cirurgia, a paciente encontra-se numa fase de transi&#231;&#227;o dos germes mais freq&#252;entes, com predom&#237;nio de <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> coagulase negativo (30%-35%) e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (10%-15%), seguidos de enterococos, fungos e estreptococos. A r&#225;pida instala&#231;&#227;o do quadro na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas de toxemia como febre, mal-estar, anorexia, fraqueza, aus&#234;ncia de sinais de endocardite e de altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais compat&#237;veis, com exce&#231;&#227;o da leucocitose, torna esse diagn&#243;stico menos prov&#225;vel<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um terceiro diagn&#243;stico a ser levantado seria a trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar. A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos associados &#224; hist&#243;ria de inadequada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, confirmada pelo INR de entrada de 1,3 (presente em 70% desses casos) e pela r&#225;pida instala&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, torna o diagn&#243;stico de trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar a hip&#243;tese mais plaus&#237;vel para o caso descrito. O exame de escolha para o caso &#233; o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que auxilia no diagn&#243;stico diferencial e na conduta terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 36 horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o, foi realizado eco transtor&#225;cico, que mostrou aumento de &#225;trio esquerdo, dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo direito com aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada. Em complementa&#231;&#227;o, o eco transesof&#225;gico mostrou gradiente transvalvar mitral m&#233;dio de 30 mmHg, diminui&#231;&#227;o da excurs&#227;o dos hemidiscos e trombo em todo &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Foi institu&#237;da terap&#234;utica com inotr&#243;picos, diur&#233;tico e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina sem sucesso, com deterioriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progressiva e &#243;bito no terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar varia entre 0,03% e 5,7% e depende do tipo, da localiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese e, principalmente, de adequada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia em pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica St. Jude na literatura mundial &#233; de 0,2%, contudo cursa com elevada morbidade e mortalidade, exigindo diagn&#243;stico preciso e terap&#234;utica precoce.</p>
    <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais freq&#252;ente no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica bastante heterog&#234;nea, desde pacientes assintom&#225;ticos at&#233; quadros extremos de choque cardiog&#234;nico. A grande maioria apresenta-se com quadro de dispn&#233;ia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os (46%). Muitas vezes, fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos sist&#234;micos e edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es podem ser as primeiras manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a. O exame f&#237;sico revela mudan&#231;a no padr&#227;o de sopro e caracteristicamente abafamento do ru&#237;do met&#225;lico, muitas vezes percebido pelo pr&#243;prio paciente<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O melhor exame complementar para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico &#233; o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, que permite elucidar a presen&#231;a de massa obstrutiva e suas caracter&#237;sticas (trombo <italic>vs</italic> pannus), avaliar suas dimens&#245;es e quantificar a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da obstru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A terap&#234;utica no caso de trombose pr&#243;tese valvar ainda &#233; controversa, principalmente pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de casos na literatura mundial e pela incapacidade de realizar estudo prospectivo e randomizado comparando tratamento cir&#250;rgico com tromb&#243;lise. Na diretriz americana publicada em 2006, a cirurgia &#233; a terap&#234;utica de escolha nos pacientes com acometimento de valvas do lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o. Embora n&#227;o se contra-indique a tromb&#243;lise, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para essa modalidade de tratamento ainda s&#227;o limitadas (classe IIb)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia &#233; indicada como terap&#234;utica inicial nos pacientes com trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar esquerda que se apresentem em classe funcional III-IV ou que tenham trombos de grandes dimens&#245;es em &#225;trio esquerdo (classe IIa). No entanto, apesar de ser considerada o tratamento ideal para esses casos, a cirurgia muitas vezes apresenta elevada mortalidade. O principal preditor de mortalidade &#233; a classe funcional do paciente na admiss&#227;o e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de choque cardiog&#234;nico, com &#237;ndices de mortalidade variando desde 4,7% nos pacientes em CFI-II, 17,5% nos pacientes em CF IV at&#233; 35% nos pacientes que se encontram em estado cr&#237;tico como o caso aqui exposto<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica &#233; a alternativa ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico. O primeiro relato de tromb&#243;lise em pr&#243;tese valvar foi feito em 1971 por Luluaga e cols.<sup>16</sup>, com uso de estreptoquinase em pr&#243;tese tric&#250;spide. Posteriormente, diversos relatos de tromb&#243;lise foram surgindo com taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A primeira revis&#227;o com aproximadamente duzentos casos de tromb&#243;lise em pr&#243;teses valvares esquerdas mostrou taxa de sucesso de 82%, eventos emb&#243;licos em 12% (5%-10% AVC), mortalidade de 6% e sangramentos maiores de 5%<sup>15</sup>. Em 2000, Gupta e cols.<sup>17</sup> publicaram uma s&#233;rie com 110 portadores de trombose de pr&#243;tese com taxa de sucesso de 81,8%, melhora parcial em 10% e falha em 8,2%. Ocorreram eventos emb&#243;licos em 19,1% dos casos.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Roudaut e cols.<sup>15</sup> com 127 casos revelou sucesso completo em 70,9%; sucesso parcial de 17,3% e falha em 11,8% dos casos. Houve aproximadamente 25% de complica&#231;&#245;es com taxas de embolia de 15%, mortalidade de 12% e sangramento maior em 4,7%.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o existem ainda indica&#231;&#245;es bem definidas para tromb&#243;lise em pr&#243;teses valvares esquerdas. Pela &#250;ltima diretriz americana, &#233; considerada terap&#234;utica classe IIb em pacientes com trombose de pr&#243;tese esquerda em CF I-II e trombo pequeno (n&#227;o h&#225; especifica&#231;&#227;o sobre tamanho do trombo); em pacientes em classe III-IV e trombo pequeno se a cirurgia &#233; considerada de risco muito alto ou n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; e em pacientes em CF II-IV com trombo grande se a cirurgia &#233; de risco muito alto ou n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel. Ao contr&#225;rio, a tromb&#243;lise &#233; a terapia de escolha nas tromboses do lado direito (IIA)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O maior problema da tromb&#243;lise &#233; a falta de elementos significativos em predizer taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es. Estudos mais recentes t&#234;m tentado trazer elementos que favore&#231;am a sele&#231;&#227;o ideal do candidato &#224; tromb&#243;lise. Em 2004, Tong e cols.<sup>18</sup> publicaram estudo mostrando que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eco transesof&#225;gico para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do trombo &#233; um importante preditor de sucesso p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise. Para cada aumento de 1 cm no trombo, houve um aumento na taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 2,4 vezes. Nesse mesmo estudo, o antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral tamb&#233;m foi um preditor, independente de eventos, com aumento nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es de 4,5 vezes. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica permitiu estabelecer um corte para o tamanho do trombo, cujo valor foi de 0,8 cm, ou seja, pacientes com trombo menor que esse valor tiveram sucesso na tromb&#243;lise<sup>18</sup>. Os trombol&#237;ticos aprovados para trombose de pr&#243;teses valvares s&#227;o estreptoquinase (maior casu&#237;stica), rTPA e uroquinase com discreta superioridade da estreptoquinase e rTPA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; uroquinase. A dose de estreptoquinase preconizada &#233; de 250.000 UI em <italic>bolus</italic> durante 30 min, seguida de 100.000 UI/h. Dever&#225; ser interrompida infus&#227;o caso n&#227;o ocorra melhora hemodin&#226;mica em 24 horas ou quando houver melhora total ou retorno dos gradientes aos padr&#245;es basais ou at&#233; completar 72 horas de infus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise, os pacientes devem ser anticoagulados com heparina e, posteriormente, com warfarina.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consenso, caber&#225; ao m&#233;dico analisar cada caso e definir qual o tratamento ideal para aquele paciente na institui&#231;&#227;o em foi admitido. No caso em estudo, as duas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento seriam fact&#237;veis, j&#225; que o choque cardiog&#234;nico poderia interferir na conduta cir&#250;rgica pelo elevado risco perioperat&#243;rio, e a tromb&#243;lise poderia apresentar elevados &#237;ndices de embolia pelo trombo de grandes dimens&#245;es em &#225;trio esquerdo. O uso de heparina nesses casos teria uma evid&#234;ncia IIb se o paciente estivesse em classe funcional I/II e com trombo de pequenas dimens&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Dr. Adriano Freitas Ribeiro, </p>
    <p> Dra. Michele Tavares Abrantes</p>
    <p><italic>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas</italic>: trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar com choque cardiog&#234;nico, e, menos provavelmente, endocardite bacteriana com disfun&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;tese ou degenera&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>Dr. Adriano Freitas Ribeiro, </p>
    <p> Dra. Michele Tavares Abrantes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rio do ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica de 1981 a 1982 (n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o de exames entre 1982 e 1993, per&#237;odo em que ocorreu a primeira cirurgia card&#237;aca) descrevem a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural ao longo do tempo de valvopatia reum&#225;tica com predom&#237;nio de estenose valvar. Nesses exames, foi observada a agress&#227;o reum&#225;tica &#224; valva mitral, evidenciada do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico por imagens de espessamento e fus&#227;o comissural mitral, aumento do gradiente transvalvar m&#233;dio (16 mmHg), diminui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea valvar (1,4 cm<sup>2</sup>) e da implica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da cardiopatia valvar (aumento discreto do di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo: 42 mm). Observou-se ainda o desarranjo da atividade el&#233;trica atrial, demonstrada pela evid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os achados intra-operat&#243;rios de 1993 foram concordantes com a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Um aspecto importante foi a presen&#231;a de "grande quantidade de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo".</p>
    <p>Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foi observada degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, como demonstrado em ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de 2004, que revelou imagem de calcifica&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, mobilidade reduzida de seus folhetos, insufici&#234;ncia central e periprot&#233;ticas discretas. Evidenciavam-se tamb&#233;m hipertens&#227;o pulmonar acentuada (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar de 70 mmHg), aumento do gradiente transprot&#233;tico m&#233;dio (17 mmHg), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda discreta (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aferida pelo m&#233;todo de Teickholz de 44%, VN&gt; 55%), al&#233;m de aumento moderado do &#225;trio esquerdo (46 mm). O achado intra-operat&#243;rio de 2004 demonstrou rotura dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, e o estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico evidenciou "densa" calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese e a presen&#231;a de "fragmentos de trombos mistos recentes". Em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o implante de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, a paciente apresentou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de junho de 2005 demonstrou hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culo direito e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito de 60 mmHg. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que revelou imagem de extenso trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo, diminui&#231;&#227;o da excurs&#227;o dos discos da pr&#243;tese e gradiente transprot&#233;tico m&#233;dio muito elevado (30 mmHg). Esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com trombose de pr&#243;tese, apesar da descri&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o-visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de "imagens t&#237;picas de trombos na pr&#243;tese". A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita tamb&#233;m traduz a possibilidade de epis&#243;dio de embolia pulmonar, dentro do contexto anat&#244;mico e cl&#237;nico de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, presen&#231;a de trombo extenso em &#225;trio esquerdo e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; necropsia, o cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 69 4g e apresentava grande trombo aderido &#224; parede lateral e ao teto do &#225;trio esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>). Havia ainda pequenos trombos perif&#233;ricos nos hemidiscos da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, mas aparentemente n&#227;o conferiam restri&#231;&#227;o de mobilidade destes, a julgar pelo teste realizado no momento da necropsia. O trombo se insinuava nos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares esquerdas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5</xref>). Notou-se ainda pequeno pertuito na superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica do &#225;trio, que comunicava a cavidade atrial com o resqu&#237;cio do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. N&#227;o havia trombose no interior deste ap&#234;ndice atrial. A valva a&#243;rtica mostrava fus&#227;o discreta da comissura entre o folheto n&#227;o-coronariano e o coronariano direito, al&#233;m de discreto espessamento difuso. O ventr&#237;culo direito tinha volume aumentado, e na parede diafragm&#225;tica do esquerdo havia cicatriz fibrosa de 1 cm de extens&#227;o, com discreto afilamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig. 6</xref>). O estudo histol&#243;gico mostrou que a maior parte do trombo era recente, por&#233;m na sua base havia sinais de organiza&#231;&#227;o (vasos neoformados), e que, portanto, a trombose era antiga (no m&#237;nimo mais de quatro semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Histologicamente, os pulm&#245;es apresentavam acentuada congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica, principalmente &#224; esquerda, onde havia trombos no &#243;stio das veias. Havia c&#233;lulas macrof&#225;gicas com pigmento hemossider&#243;tico no interior de alv&#233;olos (c&#233;lulas do v&#237;cio card&#237;aco). As v&#234;nulas e veias interlobulares tinham paredes espessas e por vezes mostravam lume oclu&#237;do por fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">fig. 8</xref>). O comprometimento vascular se estendia para o territ&#243;rio arterial, com acentuada hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia de vasos intra e pr&#233;-acinares e fibrose intimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">fig. 9</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos demais &#243;rg&#227;os, n&#227;o havia sinais de embolia sist&#234;mica pr&#233;via ou recente. Havia esteatose hep&#225;tica e colecistite calculosa cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico</italic>: choque cardiog&#234;nico por trombose extensa de &#225;trio esquerdo e veias pulmonares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existem controv&#233;rsias na literatura sobre o papel da exclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial na preven&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos em pacientes com doen&#231;a mitral. Algumas estat&#237;sticas demonstram que o &#237;ndice de pat&#234;ncia da comunica&#231;&#227;o entre a cavidade do &#225;trio e o ap&#234;ndice chega a mais de um ter&#231;o dos casos. Esses pertuitos seriam respons&#225;veis por fluxo turbulento que aumentariam a chance de trombose local<sup>19</sup>. No caso aqui discutido, a trombose n&#227;o tinha rela&#231;&#227;o com o pertuito descrito. Al&#233;m disso, em uma casu&#237;stica de seguimento m&#233;dio de 3,6 anos de 136 pacientes submetidos &#224; exclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial durante cirurgia da valva mitral, alguns autores demonstraram que a taxa de trombose atrial foi de 12,3% e que foi maior nos doentes que n&#227;o recebiam warfarina<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, o papel da exclus&#227;o da aur&#237;cula na preven&#231;&#227;o de tromboses &#233; questionado.</p>
    <p>Chamou ainda nossa aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de a paciente ter apresentado tromboses atriais em diversos per&#237;odos da evolu&#231;&#227;o e mesmo assim n&#227;o ter tido tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico. A les&#227;o cicatricial no mioc&#225;rdio da parede diafragm&#225;tica pode ter sido conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de embolia, por&#233;m n&#227;o podemos afastar completamente a possibilidade de isquemia secund&#225;ria &#224; les&#227;o obstrutiva da coron&#225;ria circunflexa distal.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto a ser discutido &#233; a intensidade das les&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva. Elas costumam ser mais graves em pacientes mais jovens<sup>21</sup> e raramente s&#227;o irrevers&#237;veis do ponto de vista histol&#243;gico (les&#245;es plexiformes ou dilatadas). No caso em quest&#227;o, as les&#245;es vasculares eram qualitativamente graves e, sem d&#250;vida, contribu&#237;ram para a evolu&#231;&#227;o do caso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 3/2008: severe and rapidly progressive dyspnea in a woman with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic fever</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve prosthesis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 3/2008 &#150; Severe and rapidly progressive dyspnea in a woman with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Adriano Freitas Ribeiro; Michele Tavares Abrantes; Marcelo Vieira; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral valve stenosis; rheumatic fever; heart valve prosthesis.</p>
      <p>A 58-year-old woman sought hospital care for dyspnea on minimum exertion felt for three days.</p>
      <p>At 34 years of age, two months after an episode of arthritis of her right ankle, which was treated with prednisone, the patient developed tiredness on heavy exertion such as climbing up a slope or carrying weight. Then she developed palpitations. On physical examination, at that time, her weight was 69.2 kg, her height was 1.63m, body mass index of 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, regular pulse of 78 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 120/70 mmHg. Lung examination was normal. Heart examination was significant for apical impulse in the fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. Intensity of S1 was diminished in the mitral area, intensity of S2 was normal in the pulmonic and aortic areas. A grade 1 systolic murmur and grade 1 late diastolic murmur in the mitral area were observed. Abdominal examination was normal.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (3/25/1981) showed normal sinus rhythm, ventricular extrasystoles, P wave duration of 80 ms, PR-interval duration of 160 ms, QRS duration of 80 ms, S&#194;P &#150; 60&#186; and S&#194;QRS 60&#186;. P wave morphology denoted intra-atrial conduction disturbance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Echocardiogram (04/01/1981) showed enlarged left atrium as well as mitral valve commissural fusion and thickening (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with rheumatic mitral stenosis.</p>
      <p>She was started on daily doses of amiodarone 200 mg and chlorthalidone 50 mg (which she did not tolerate). She had follow-up visits in 05/05/1982, 09/06/1982, 03/07/1983 in which she was clinically stable.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up her electrocardiogram (09/08/1982) showed atrial fibrillation and an inactive interventricular septal area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A repeat echocardiogram (09/08/1982) showed moderate mitral stenosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Daily doses of digoxin 0.25mg and hydrochlorothiazide 50g were prescribed.</p>
      <p>Symptoms became very limiting ten years after their onset with dyspnea on minimal exertion, and surgical treatment was indicated (1991).</p>
      <p>The operation (11/05/1993) consisted of valve removal, Biocor 29 bioprosthesis implantation at the mitral position, removal of atrial thrombi and left auricular exclusion by suture. Moderate heart and pulmonary artery enlargement, a great amount of thrombi in the left atrium, and calcification of the mitral valve cusps, as well as of the valve annulus, were observed.</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged with warfarin and was sent for clinical follow-up in the city where she had been referred from. She had recurrent dyspnea on heavy exertion eight years after surgery (2001), but remained off medication.</p>
      <p>On physical examination (10/23/2002) her pulse was irregular, 76 beats per minute, and blood pressure was 170/100 mmHg. A grade 4 diastolic murmur was heard in the mitral area.</p>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with hypertension and prosthesis degeneration with stenosis, and reoperation was indicated. The patient chose to wait and was treated with enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide.</p>
      <p>One year later, the dyspnea was more intense and now triggered by moderate exertion (12/12/2003). Eight months later, it was even worse and occurring on milder than usual exertion for three months. Finally, she had dyspnea on minimal exertion, and sought medical care in the emergency department (11/08/2004).</p>
      <p>On physical examination she had irregular pulse, 100 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 130/100 mmHg. Rales were heard on lung bases. A grade 1 systolic murmur was heard in the mitral area. Mild lower limb edema was observed.</p>
      <p>Electrocardiogram (11/08/2004) showed atrial fibrillation and an inactive interventricular septal area. Echocardiogram (11/05/2004) showed moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction, right ventricular hypertension, besides calcification and reduced motion of the mitral prosthesis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Hemodynamic study (11/09/2004) showed the following mean pressures: right atrium of 15 mmHg, right ventricle of 50/0/15, pulmonary trunk of 50/33/39, pulmonary "capillary" of 35 mmHg, left ventricle of 120/0/11 mmHg, and aorta of 120/80/93 mmHg. Coronary angiography showed an 80% obstruction in the distal third of the circumflex artery. Left ventriculography showed increased end-systolic volume due to an inferior aneurysm, which had an aspect suggestive of pseudoaneurysm. There was left ventricular dilation with mild diffuse hypokinesia, and mitral annulus calcification.</p>
      <p>Dental evaluation revealed the presence of infectious dental foci, which were treated with periodontal subgingival scaling (11/11/2004).</p>
      <p>Reoperation was indicated (11/12/2004). The Biocor 29 mitral bioprosthesis was thickened and ruptured, and was removed. A SJM 82569617 model 23MJ-501 mechanical prosthesis was implanted.</p>
      <p>Pathological study of the bioprosthesis revealed dense calcification of the leaflets. Fragments of recent mixed thrombi were also sent for analysis.</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged (11/22/2004) with warfarin.</p>
      <p>One month later (12/22/2004) she returned to the emergency department due to hematuria and intestinal bleeding and was hospitalized in <italic>Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;.</italic> Abdominal ultrasound (12/23/2004) showed kidneys in normal position with no parenchymal abnormalities. INR reached 1.5 (12/28/2004), and the patient was discharged (12/29/2004).</p>
      <p>The patient restarted the use of warfarin at daily doses of 5 mg.</p>
      <p>In the follow-up clinical evaluation (02/15/2005) INR was 8.8. The warfarin dose was adjusted. No muffled sounds from the prosthesis were observed.</p>
      <p>Seven months after the second operation, the patient presented dyspnea on minimal exertion, in addition to nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension, episodes of chills and cough with white expectoration. She sought medical care in the emergency department (6/6/2005, at 9:25p.m.). She was taking enalapril 10mg, warfarin 5mg alternated with 2.5 mg, and propranolol 40 mg at daily doses.</p>
      <p>On physical examination her heart rate was 136 beats per minute, blood pressure was 80/60 mmHg and respiratory rate was 18/min. The lung examination revealed rales on lung bases. Heart examination revealed a grade 2 systolic murmur and grade 2 diastolic murmur in the mitral area. Abdominal examination was normal, and no extremity edema was observed.</p>
      <p>Electrocardiogram (6/6/2005) revealed atrial fibrillation, heart rate of 140 beats per minute, right bundle branch block and inactive inferior area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram (6/8/2005) showed normal left ventricular dimensions and normal systolic function, right ventricular dilation and hypokinesia, enlarged left atrium, severe tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed mean transmitral gradient of 30 mmHg, decreased excursion of the hemidiscs and presence of a large left atrial thrombus filling and lining the left atrium. No typical images of prosthetic valve thrombi were visualized.</p>
      <p>The patient was started on oxygen via nasal cannula and received intravenous furosemide, deslanoside C, dobutamine, saline solution, intravenous amiodarone and heparin (5000 U, fast injection, followed by the administration of 1000 U/hour).</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests revealed hemoglobin of 12.5 g/dL, hematocrit of 38%, platelet count of 177,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, white blood cell count of 14,600/ mm<sup>3</sup> (80% bands, 13% lymphocytes, 1% eosynophils, 6% monocytes), BUN 63 mg/dL, creatinine 1.3 mg/dL, lactate dehydrogenase 327 U/L (reference value:120-240 U/L), total bilirubin 1.53, indirect bilirubin 122 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.31 mg/dL, troponin I 0.40 ng/mL, CK MB mass 2.8 ng/mL (normal values up to 4 ng/mL), sodium 137 mEq/L, potassium 4.7 mEq/L, INR 1.31, urinary sediment 37000 white blood cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, 200 red blood cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, 39600 hyaline casts/mm<sup>3</sup>, activated partial thromboplastin time 3.1 (6/7/2007, at 4p.m.).</p>
      <p>The patient developed progressive hypotension despite the support measures which included orotracheal intubation, and noradrenaline and fluid administration. Surgical treatment was considered but could not be performed because the patient was critically ill and died (6/8/2005).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This case reports a 58-year-old woman diagnosed with rheumatic mitral stenosis who underwent a second operation for implantation of a metallic mitral valve prosthesis and approximately seven months later developed significant dyspnea and refractory hypotension and eventually died on the third hospital day.</p>
      <p>The first symptoms she presented at 34 years of age were pain, edema and functional impotence of the left foot which improved with the use of corticosteroids. Although these manifestations of arthritis may be suggestive of rheumatic disease, arthritis in rheumatic fever is classically defined as a migrating asymmetric polyarthritis affecting the large joints, with a significant disproportion between intensity of pain and functional impotence in relation to edema. It usually progresses without sequelae and is highly responsive to acetylsalicylic acid. However, like in the case reported, some patients present only joint pain affecting one or more joints, which makes the diagnosis difficult<sup>1</sup>. Additionally, the initial attack of the disease occurs most commonly between five and 15 years of age, and the incidence rate after streptococcal infection of the oropharynx ranges from 0.3-3%<sup>2,3</sup>. The manifestations presented by the patient may be consistent with recurrence of the disease, mainly because they had a late onset, out of the usual age range; only a few months later she developed cardiac symptoms, which usually take, on average, between 15 and 40 years to occur after the initial attack.</p>
      <p>Recurrence is one of the remarkable characteristics of rheumatic heart disease. It is more frequent within the first three years after the initial attack, and the likelihood of the occurrence of valvular damage increases at every attack<sup>1</sup>. Therefore, all patients diagnosed with rheumatic fever should receive secondary prophylaxis with penicillin G benzathine at the dose of 1200000 IU, with varying frequency and duration, depending on the patient's age at the last attack and on the presence of carditis or valvular damage.</p>
      <p>Four months after the initial manifestations, the patient sought medical care for dyspnea and palpitations on heavy exertion. Physical examination was significant for diminished S1 in the mitral area, with normal intensity of S2, systolic murmur (grade 1) and late diastolic murmur (grade 1), with apical impulse in its normal position.</p>
      <p>This auscultation is consistent with mitral regurgitation and stenosis with predominance of stenosis. In mitral stenosis alone, we find the apical impulse in its normal position, accentuated S1 due to a sudden and wide closure of the valve cusps, and rumbling diastolic murmur between the apex cordis and the left sternal border, which is characterized by low intensity, presence of presystolic accentuation and opening snap. It is better heard with the patient in the left lateral position. In very advanced stenosis, due to intense cusp calcification with significant reduction of valvular motion, the first heart sound may become diminished and without an opening snap, and the presystolic accentuation may disappear because of the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Since this patient did not present signs and symptoms of severe stenosis, the finding of diminished S1 associated with systolic murmur is consistent with associated mitral regurgitation<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Baseline electrocardiogram showed intra-atrial conduction disturbance and P wave electric axis leftward deviation suggestive of left atrial overload. Later, the echocardiogram confirmed left atrial dilation and presence of mitral stenosis with commissural thickening and fusion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>), which are marked characteristics of rheumatic involvement.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and women are more frequently affected than men at a 2:1 ratio. Only 50% of the patients have a clinical history consistent with previous rheumatic activity<sup>5</sup>. The condition may remain latent for periods of up to 20 years, and the main clinical features are dyspnea, fatigue, exercise intolerance, palpitations, and embolic phenomena. Precipitating factors such as exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy, infection and hyperthyroidism may produce or aggravate pre-existing symptoms<sup>6</sup>. The severity of mitral stenosis may be classified according to the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), gradient and valve area in:</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Mild</italic>: when the valve area is greater than 1.5cm, the gradient is lower than 5mmHg, and PASP is lower than 30mmHg.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Moderate</italic>: when the area is between 1.0 and 1.5cm, the gradient between 5 and 10mmHg, and PASP between 30 and 50mmHg.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Severe</italic>: when the area is lower than 1.0cm, the gradient higher than 10mmHg, and PASP higher than 50mmHg.</p>
      <p>Its progression is variable, with valve area losses of between 0.09 and 0.32cm&#178;/year as estimated by echocardiography<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient started outpatient follow-up and during the subsequent nine years we could observe the natural progression of the disease with development of AF &#150; the most common complication in these cases, and progressive limitation on exertion. In 1991, when she was in functional class III, surgical treatment was indicated; this indication is the main decision to be made in the follow-up of these patients.</p>
      <p>Even with awareness of the inexorable progression of mitral stenosis, maintenance of the native valve is always preferred. Medical therapy may postpone surgery, and the main drugs used are: diuretics for relief of the associated congestive symptoms; beta blockers; and calcium antagonists or digoxin for the control of heart rate and subsequent decrease of the transmitral gradient and pulmonary pressure in symptomatic patients<sup>8</sup>. Prevention of new attacks of rheumatic activity, endocarditis prophylaxis, advice for the practice of physical activity and anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation are also essential<sup>1,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards surgical therapy, in brief, there are two possibilities: mitral commissurotomy (surgical or using balloon catheter) and valve replacement. Balloon valvotomy is indicated in patients with symptomatic moderate/severe mitral stenosis with no contraindication (mitral regurgitation, left atrial thrombus, unskilled medical team), and favorable morphology (echocardiographic score &lt; 9). It should also be performed in apparently oligosymptomatic patients with mitral stenosis if they present pulmonary hypertension, if planning pregnancy or when a major surgery is required. Valve replacement, in turn, is indicated in symptomatic patients with moderate/severe mitral stenosis or with pulmonary hypertension and unfavorable morphology or other contraindications for valvotomy<sup>1,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient's laboratory tests by the time of surgery were not available, but she was already in functional class III and, therefore, with indication for surgical intervention, which was performed in 1993 with bioprosthesis implantation. She remained asymptomatic until 2001, when she developed dyspnea on exertion again, and a grade 4 diastolic murmur was heard in the mitral area. A presumptive diagnosis of degeneration of the stenotic prosthesis was made and confirmed by echocardiography, which showed a calcified valve with very reduced motion and central regurgitation.</p>
      <p>This is the main limitation of bioprostheses which, despite the low thrombogenicity, good hemodynamics, easy implantation and absence of noise, have short durability, related mainly to rupture and calcification, thus making the patient subject to several reoperations. Some data indicate that within a period of 10 to 15 years approximately 30% of the prostheses present flaws, and the younger the patient, the greater the likelihood of degeneration (in individuals younger than 40 years, the ten-year flaw rate reaches 40%)<sup>6</sup>. In 2004, when the patient already presented dyspnea on minimal exertion and significant pulmonary hypertension, she agreed on the repeat intervention.</p>
      <p>A St. Jude Medical mechanical mitral prosthesis was implanted, and the patient was discharged on the tenth postoperative day. She was in good clinical conditions and was treated with warfarin. This bileaflet prosthesis belongs to the first generation of metallic prosthesis and was first used in 1977. Given its good hemodynamic profile and good durability and biocompatibility, it became used worldwide. In 2001, Remadi et al<sup>9</sup> published the results of a 19-year follow-up of 440 patients undergoing St. Jude metallic prosthesis implantation in the mitral position, and showed low rates of embolic events and no structural degeneration.</p>
      <p>In 2006, the most recent American guideline on valvular heart diseases was published, demonstrating that anticoagulation in mechanical mitral valve, regardless of the type of prosthesis, should have a target INR between 2.5 and 3.5. Additionally, this guideline recommended the routine use of acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 75-100mg in all patients, regardless of the presence of risk factors (class I).On the other hand, according to the guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, the use of aspirin is only recommended as class I if the patient presents risk factors for embolic events such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysfunction, or in the cases of thromboembolic event during adequate anticoagulation<sup>7,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>When we consider the history of atrial fibrilation, left ventricular dysfunction and the intraoperative finding of a large amount of thrombi, surgery could be considered of high risk for thromboembolic events and, therefore, aspirin in combination with warfarin would be indicated.</p>
      <p>The first follow-up evaluation was made one month after hospital discharge due to bleeding events, which are the most frequently expected complication in the follow-up of these individuals. The risk of bleeding depends on several factors, the main of which are: intensity and duration of anticoagulation; combined use of aspirin; age greater than 65 years; and history of previous bleeding. Bleeding is classified as major if it is fatal, requires surgery or invasive procedures, blood transfusion, or when it involves the nervous system, eyes, joints or retroperitoneum. Any other bleeding is considered minor. The patient presented hematuria and intestinal bleeding which are considered minor forms of bleeding.</p>
      <p>Three months after surgery, the patient presented excessive anticoagulation with INR of 8.8, however without hemorrhagic manifestations, and only the warfarin dose was adjusted. It is important to point out that the attempt to correct INR to therapeutic levels may bring INR to inadequately low levels and, thus, induce a transient state of hypercoagulability, which increases the risk of thromboembolic events. Therefore, as long as the patient does not present major bleedings, the use of intravenous vitamin K1 should be avoided. In this case, it would be correct to simply discontinue the medication in use for one to two days and then reduce its dose. Another possibility would be discontinuation of the drug for one day and administration of oral vitamin K1 at the dose of 1-2.5mg.</p>
      <p>The events previously reported show how difficult it is to achieve proper anticoagulation in our population. In a previously mentioned study conducted in the French population, Remadi et al<sup>9</sup> found that the main complications were related to anticoagulation, both excessive and subtherapeutic. They demonstrated that 20% of the patients had persistently low levels of INR. A study conducted in Brazil in patients with heart valve disease showed that only 51.3% of the patients presented INR within the desirable range, and 37% had subtherapeutic levels<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately seven months after surgery, the patient developed rapidly progressive dyspnea on minimal exertion and was admitted in the emergency department with hypotension (BP 80 X 60mmHg), tachycardia (HR of 136bpm) and pulmonary rales. Heart auscultation was significant for the presence of a systolic and diastolic murmur in the mitral area with no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly and no reference to fever or signs of endocarditis. Baseline laboratory tests showed hemoglobin of 12.5g/dL, leukocytosis without left shift (14500), mild alteration of renal function (creatinine 1.3 mg/dL), normal LDH and bilirubins, urinalysis showing a great amount of hyaline casts, and subtherapeutic INR, in addition to ECG with rapid response AF.</p>
      <p>The relatively sudden onset of dyspnea associated with hypotension (shock) should lead to a presumptive diagnosis of complications related to the heart valve prosthesis. Prosthesis degeneration could be one of the causes of decompensation. However, the rapid progression of the symptoms and the excellent durability of the prosthesis tell against this diagnosis.</p>
      <p>A second hypothesis is acute infective endocarditis with prosthesis damage and dysfunction. Endocarditis is a possible complication in the follow-up of patients with prosthesis and should be considered, mainly because of the heterogeneity of its manifestations and high mortality rate (around 40%). Approximately 25% of the cases occur in prostheses, and the incidence is especially higher within the first three months post-implantation, with an estimated risk of infection of 1% in twelve months and 3% in five years. In the present case, the symptoms occurred in the seventh month post-surgery, a period when the patient is subject to a phase of transition of the most frequent microbes, with predominance of coagulase negative <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> (30%-35%) and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (10%-15%), followed by enterococci, fungi and streptococci. In view of the sudden onset of the manifestations, in the absence of symptoms of toxemia such as fever, malaise, anorexia, weakness, absence of signs of endocarditis and of consistent laboratory abnormalities, except for leukocytosis, this diagnosis was less probable<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>A third hypothesis to be made is prosthetic valve thrombosis. The presence of risk factors for thromboembolic events associated with the history of inadequate anticoagulation, as confirmed by the baseline INR of 1.3 (which is present in 70% of these cases), and the rapid onset of symptoms makes the diagnosis of prosthetic valve thrombosis more feasible for the present case. The test of choice for the case is transesophageal echocardiogram, which helps in the differential diagnosis and therapeutic management.</p>
      <p>Approximately 36 hours after admission, a transesophageal echocardiogram was performed, and showed enlarged left atrium, right ventricular dilation and hypokinesia with increased systolic pressure and significant tricuspid regurgitation. Additionally, the study showed a mean transmitral gradient of 30mmHg, decreased hemidisc excursion and thrombus all over the left atrium.</p>
      <p>Therapy with inotropic agents, diuretics and heparin anticoagulation was started unsuccessfully, and the patient had a progressive clinical deterioration and eventually died on the third day of hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The incidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis ranges from 0.03% to 5.7% and depends on prosthesis type and location, and mainly on adequate anticoagulation<sup>13</sup>. The incidence in St. Jude metallic prosthesis is of 0.2% in the international literature. However, it is accompanied by high morbidity and mortality, thus requiring accurate diagnosis and early treatment.</p>
      <p>Obstruction is more frequent within the first year after surgery, with a quite heterogeneous clinical presentation going from asymptomatic patients to extreme manifestations of cardiogenic shock. Most of the cases present with dyspnea on minimum exertion (46%). Frequently, systemic embolic events and acute pulmonary edema may be the first manifestations of the condition. Physical examination reveals a change in the pattern of murmur, and a characteristic muffled metallic sound, which is frequently noticed by the patients themselves<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The best ancillary test to confirm the diagnosis is transesophageal echocardiogram, which may show the presence of an obstructive mass and its characteristics (thrombus vs. pannus), evaluate their dimensions and quantify the hemodynamic effects of the obstruction.</p>
      <p>The treatment of prosthetic valve thrombosis remains controversial, mainly due to the small number of cases in the literature and to the impossibility of conducting a prospective randomized study comparing surgical therapy with thrombolysis. In the American guideline published in 2006, surgery is the treatment of choice in patients with involvement of the left heart valves. Although thrombolysis is not contraindicated, recommendations for this treatment modality are still limited (class IIb)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Surgery is indicated as the initial therapy of patients with left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis in functional class III-IV or with large left atrial thrombi (class IIa). However, although considered the optimal treatment for these cases, surgery has frequently a high mortality rate. The main predictor of mortality is the patient's functional class at admission and the presence or absence of cardiogenic shock, with mortality rates ranging from 4.7% in patient in FC I-II, 17.5% in patients in CF IV, and up to 35% in patients critically ill as was the case of our patient<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thrombolytic therapy is the alternative to surgical treatment. Thrombolysis in heart valve prosthesis was first reported by Luluaga et al<sup>16</sup> in, with the use of streptokinase in tricuspid valve prosthesis. Later, several reports of thrombolysis were made with varying success and complication rates.</p>
      <p>The first review with approximately 200 cases of thrombolysis in left-sided prosthetic valves showed a success rate of 82%, embolic events in 12% (5%-10% stroke), mortality in 6%, and major bleeding in 5%<sup>15</sup>. In 2000, Gupta et al<sup>17</sup> published a series of 110 patients with prosthetic valve thrombosis with a success rate of 81.8%, partial improvement in 10% and failure in 8.2%. Embolic events occurred in 19.1% of the cases.</p>
      <p>Roudaut et al's study<sup>15</sup> with 127 cases found full success in 70.9%, incomplete success in 17.3% and failure in 11.8% of the cases. Approximately 25% of complications were observed, with embolism rate of 15%, mortality of 12%, and major bleeding of 4.7%.</p>
      <p>There is still no well-established indication for thrombolysis in left-sided prosthetic valves. According to the latest American guideline, it is considered class IIb therapy in patients with left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis in FC I-II and small thrombus (there is no specification as to the size of the thrombus); in patients in class III-IV and small thrombus if surgery is considered of very high risk or is unavailable; and in patients in FC II-IV with large thrombus if surgery is of very high risk or unavailable. Conversely, thrombolysis is the treatment of choice in right-sided thrombosis (IIA)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The major problem of thrombolysis is the lack of significant elements predictive of success and complication rates. More recent studies have attempted to find elements that could facilitate the optimal selection of patients eligible for thrombolysis. In 2004, Tong et al<sup>18</sup> published a study showing that performance of transesophageal echocardiogram for quantification of thrombus is an important predictor of post-thrombolysis success. For every 1-cm increase in thrombus size there was a 2.4-fold increase in the complication rate. Their study also showed that prior history of stroke was also an independent predictor of events, with a 4.5-fold increase in complication rates. The statistical analysis could establish a cut-off point of 0.8 cm for thrombus size, that is, thrombolysis was successful in patients with a thrombus smaller than this value<sup>18</sup>. The thrombolytic agents approved for prosthetic valve thrombosis are streptokinase (larger number of cases), rTPA, and urokinase, with a slight superiority of streptokinase and rTPA over urokinase. The recommended dose of streptokinase is 250000 IU intravenous bolus for 30 minutes, followed by 100000 IU/h. The infusion should be interrupted if hemodynamic improvement is not verified in 24 hours or when full improvement is observed, or else when the gradients return to baseline patterns, or when 72 hours of infusion are completed. After thrombolysis, the patients should be anticoagulated with heparin and later with warfarin.</p>
      <p>Despite these consensus recommendations, it is up to the physician to analyze each case and define the best treatment for any given patient, considering the health service where they are being treated. In the case reported, both treatment options would be feasible, since cardiogenic shock could interfere with the surgical management due to the high perioperative risk, and thrombolysis could have high rates of embolism from the large left atrial thrombus. Heparin use in these cases would have a IIb evidence if the patients were in functional class I/II and had small thrombus.</p>
      <p>Dr. Adriano Freitas Ribeiro,</p>
      <p> Dra. Michele Tavares Abrantes</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Presumptive diagnoses</italic>: prosthetic valve thrombosis with cardiogenic shock and, less likely, infective endocarditis with prosthetic valve dysfunction or degeneration.</p>
      <p>Dr. Adriano Freitas Ribeiro,</p>
      <p> Dra. Michele Tavares Abrantes</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coment on the echocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiographic studies performed from 1981 to 1982 (there is no record of studies between 1982 and 1993, period in which the first cardiac surgery was performed) describe the natural progression over time of rheumatic heart valve disease with predominance of valve stenosis. These studies showed the rheumatic damage to the mitral valve, as echocardiographically demonstrated by images of mitral commissural fusion and thickening, increased mean transmitral gradient (16 mmHg), decreased valve area (1,4 cm<sup>2</sup>) and hemodynamic implication of the heart valve disease (mild increase of the left atrial antero-posterior diameter: 42 mm). Disturbance of the atrial electrical activity was also observed, as demonstrated by the evidence of atrial fibrillation. The intraoperative findings in 1993 were consistent with the preoperative echocardiographic findings. An important finding was the presence of a great amount of thrombi in the left atrium.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up, degeneration of the mitral bioprosthesis was observed, as demonstrated in the transthoracic echocardiogram of 2004, which revealed an image of prosthesis calcification, reduced leaflet motion, and mild central and periprosthetic regurgitation. Significant pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary pressure of 70 mmHg), increased mean transprosthetic gradient (17 mmHg), mild left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction measured by the Teichholz method of 44%, normal value &gt; 55%), and moderate left atrial enlargement (46 mm) were also demonstrated. The intraoperative finding of 2004 showed rupture of the leaflets of the mitral bioprosthesis, and the pathological study showed "dense" calcification of the prosthesis leaflets and the presence of "newly formed fragments of mixed thrombi". During the follow-up after implantation of the mechanical prosthesis, the patient developed hemodynamic instability, and the transthoracic echocardiogram of June 2005 demonstrated right ventricular hypokinesia and right ventricular systolic pressure of 60 mmHg. She underwent transesophageal echocardiography which showed the image of a large left atrial thrombus, decreased excursion of the prosthetic discs, and very high mean transprosthetic gradient (30 mmHg). These findings are consistent with prosthetic valve thrombosis, despite the description of non visualization of "images typical of thrombi on the prosthesis". Right ventricular dysfunction also translates into the possibility of the occurrence of pulmonary embolism within the anatomic and clinical context of mechanical prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, presence of a large left atrial thrombus, and inadequate anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At necropsy, the heart weighed 694g and had a large thrombus adhered to the left atrial lateral wall and roof (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Small peripheral thrombi on the hemidiscs of the mechanical prosthesis were also found, but they apparently did not cause hemidisc motion restriction, based on the test performed at necropsy. The thrombus entered into the left pulmonary vein ostia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref>). A small orifice on the atrial endocardial surface was also observed, communicating the atrial cavity with the remainder of the left atrial appendage. No thrombosis was found inside this atrial appendage. The aortic valve showed mild commissural fusion between the non-coronary leaflet and the right coronary leaflet, in addition to mild diffuse thickening. The right ventricle was enlarged, and a 1-cm fibrous scar with mild tapering was observed in the left ventricular diaphragmatic wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">Figure 6</xref>). Histological study showed that the major part of the thrombus was recent. However there were signs of organization (newly-formed vessels) on its base; therefore, the thrombosis was old (at least more than four weeks of onset) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7-body2">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Histologically, the lungs showed marked chronic passive congestion, mainly on the left, where thrombi were observed into the vein ostium. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages were observed inside the alveoli (heart failure cells). Interlobar veins and venulae had thickened walls and sometimes their lumens were occluded by fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8-body2">Figure 8</xref>). The vascular involvement extended to the arterial territory, with marked hypertrophy of the tunica media of the intra and pre-acinar vessels and intimal fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9-body2">Figure 9</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0365-00011-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No signs of recent or previous systemic embolism were found in the other organs. Hepatic steatosis and chronic calculous cholecystitis were present.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Pathological diagnosis</italic>: cardiogenic shock due to extensive left atrial and pulmonary vein thrombosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The role of atrial appendage exclusion in the prevention of thrombotic events in patients with mitral valve disease is controversial in the literature. Some statistical data demonstrate that the patency rate of the communication between the atrial cavity and the appendage reaches more than one third of the cases. These communications would produce a turbulent blood flow which would increase the likelihood of local thrombosis<sup>19</sup>. In the present case, thrombosis was not related to the communication described. Additionally, in a case series with a mean follow-up of 3.6 years of 136 patients undergoing atrial appendage exclusion during mitral valve surgery, some authors demonstrated that the rate of atrial thrombosis was 12.3%, and was higher in patients who did not receive warfarin<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our attention was drawn to the fact that the patient presented atrial thromboses in different periods of the follow-up but nevertheless did not present systemic thromboembolism. The myocardial scar in the diaphragmatic wall may have been a consequence of embolism. However, we cannot fully rule out the possibility of ischemia secondary to an obstructive lesion of the distal circumflex coronary artery.</p>
      <p>Another aspect to be discussed is the intensity of the morphological abnormalities resulting from passive pulmonary hypertension. They tend to be more severe in younger patients<sup>21</sup>, and are seldom irreversible from the histological point of view (plexiform or dilated lesions). In the present case, the vascular lesions were qualitatively severe and undoubtedly contributed to the progression of the case.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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