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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VWThqKYMt6VGgQkTnNX7vtt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indicadores de qualidade assistencial na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada em centro cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Garcia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo T&#233;cnico de Qualidade Assistencial </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>350</fpage>
      <lpage>354</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Indicadores de qualidade (IQ) em cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o importantes instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em centros hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os IQ da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) isolada em centro terci&#225;rio cardiol&#243;gico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 144 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a CRVM isolada entre outubro de 2005 e mar&#231;o de 2007: 108 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (75%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 65&#177;11 anos e EuroSCORE de 4&#177;3. Os IQ avaliados foram: intervalo de tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia (TMC); taxa de cancelamento (TxC) decorrentes de problemas ligados &#224; infra-estrutura hospitalar; tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (TPH); mortalidade operat&#243;ria (MO) e taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida cir&#250;rgica (TxRH). RESULTADOS: O TMC (n=98) foi de 4&#177;3 dias (mediana de 4 dias) e a TxC foi zero. A MO observada de 4,9% (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 2,2 - 9,87%) foi menor do que a MO esperada de 5,1% (IC 95% = 1,4% a 14,37%), mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,65). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para MO observada foi de 0,702 (IC 95% = 0,485 - 0,919). O TPH foi de 11&#177;9 dias. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para TPH foi de 0,764 (IC 95% = 0,675 - 0,852). A TxRH observada foi de 2,1%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos IQ demonstrou que, em um centro com baixo n&#250;mero anual de CRVM, os resultados alcan&#231;ados foram compat&#237;veis com o perfil de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia perioperat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade da assist&#234;ncia a sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>indicadores de qualidade em assist&#234;ncia a sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indicadores de qualidade assistencial na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada em centro cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Ary Ribeiro; M&#244;nica Peres de Ara&#250;jo; Luiz Antonio de Almeida Campos; Marco Aur&#233;lio Fernandes; Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Celso Garcia da Silveira; Edson Nunes; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, N&#250;cleo T&#233;cnico de Qualidade Assistencial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Indicadores de qualidade (IQ) em cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o importantes instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em centros hospitalares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os IQ da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) isolada em centro terci&#225;rio cardiol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 144 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a CRVM isolada entre outubro de 2005 e mar&#231;o de 2007: 108 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (75%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 65&#177;11 anos e EuroSCORE de 4&#177;3. Os IQ avaliados foram: intervalo de tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia (TMC); taxa de cancelamento (TxC) decorrentes de problemas ligados &#224; infra-estrutura hospitalar; tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (TPH); mortalidade operat&#243;ria (MO) e taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida cir&#250;rgica (TxRH). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O TMC (n=98) foi de 4&#177;3 dias (mediana de 4 dias) e a TxC foi zero. A MO observada de 4,9% (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 2,2 &#150; 9,87%) foi menor do que a MO esperada de 5,1% (IC 95% = 1,4% a 14,37%), mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,65). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para MO observada foi de 0,702 (IC 95% = 0,485 &#150; 0,919). O TPH foi de 11&#177;9 dias. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para TPH foi de 0,764 (IC 95% = 0,675 &#150; 0,852). A TxRH observada foi de 2,1%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos IQ demonstrou que, em um centro com baixo n&#250;mero anual de CRVM, os resultados alcan&#231;ados foram compat&#237;veis com o perfil de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Assist&#234;ncia perioperat&#243;ria, qualidade da assist&#234;ncia a sa&#250;de, indicadores de qualidade em assist&#234;ncia a sa&#250;de, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Em um contexto de crescente controle dos custos relacionados aos procedimentos de alta complexidade, &#233; importante avaliar indicadores de qualidade da cirurgia card&#237;aca de forma sistem&#225;tica. Dois tipos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos cuidados de sa&#250;de existem: os que medem o desempenho, tamb&#233;m chamados indicadores de resultados ou desfechos, e aqueles que avaliam processos relacionados aos cuidados em sa&#250;de<sup>1-6</sup>. Taxas de mortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) que avaliam cirurgi&#245;es, hospitais ou ambos s&#227;o exemplos de indicadores de resultados. J&#225; indicadores baseados em processos, freq&#252;entemente chamados de indicadores de qualidade (IQ), reportam taxas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de testes de rastreamento de doen&#231;as, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es na interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta hospitalar, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar etc.<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em cirurgia card&#237;aca, como as popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes podem diferir significativamente entre institui&#231;&#245;es e &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre n&#250;meros absolutos, como a taxa de mortalidade, por exemplo, &#233; inapropriada para an&#225;lise do custo e benef&#237;cio e compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre as institui&#231;&#245;es<sup>7-9</sup>. Entretanto, a taxa de mortalidade ajustada pelos escores de risco &#233; um importante indicador de desempenho dos servi&#231;os de cirurgias (hospitais e cirurgi&#245;es)<sup>1,3,4,10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos, o banco de dados da Sociedade dos Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos (STS) &#233; um dos sistemas de medida e relato de resultados de cirurgia card&#237;aca mais abrangentes e consistentes que existem<sup>13,14</sup>. Esse sistema coleta dados de todas as cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM), cirurgias valvares e transplantes card&#237;acos realizadas naquele pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a literatura m&#233;dica ainda &#233; escassa em publica&#231;&#245;es que lidem com indicadores de qualidade. A maioria dos relatos se dedica a reportar a mortalidade operat&#243;ria em hospitais p&#250;blicos, envolvendo pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde outubro de 2005, atendendo &#224;s demandas do processo de acredita&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pelos padr&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Acredita&#231;&#227;o (ONA) e ao projeto de melhores pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas da Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Hospitais Privados (ANAHP), o Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco passou a controlar continuamente IQ no atendimento &#224; sua clientela.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os indicadores de qualidade na realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada no Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo compreendido entre outubro de 2005 e mar&#231;o de 2007, 144 pacientes consecutivos, submetidos a CRVM isolada, foram selecionados para inclus&#227;o no estudo: 108 eram homens (75%), com idade de 65&#177;11 anos (mediana de 65 anos); 51% dos pacientes apresentavam idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A CRVM foi realizada por meio de t&#233;cnicas convencionais, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em 90% dos casos. Nos que utilizaram CEC, o tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio foi de 96&#177;47 minutos (mediana de 88,5 minutos). Cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia foram realizadas em 36 pacientes (25%).</p>
    <p>Os indicadores de qualidade analisados foram: intervalo de tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia (TMC); taxa de cancelamento (TxC) decorrente de problemas ligados &#224; estrutura hospitalar; tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (TPH); mortalidade operat&#243;ria (MO); e taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida cir&#250;rgica (TxRH) (safenectomia, esternotomia etc.).</p>
    <p>Especificamente para c&#225;lculo do tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia foram exclu&#237;das as cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia ou urg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade operat&#243;ria analisada foi a taxa de &#243;bitos observada durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou em 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, a mortalidade operat&#243;ria foi ajustada pelo EuroSCORE padr&#227;o, de modo que a mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada foi confrontada com a mortalidade operat&#243;ria esperada para cada paciente. A mortalidade operat&#243;ria esperada foi obtida por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica aplicada ao EuroSCORE padr&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade operat&#243;ria. Ainda de acordo com o EuroSCORE padr&#227;o, os pacientes foram grupados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco operat&#243;rio. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar tamb&#233;m foi analisado de acordo com o ajuste em rela&#231;&#227;o ao EuroSCORE padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados por suas m&#233;dias, medianas e desvios-padr&#227;o, enquanto os categ&#243;ricos, por suas respectivas propor&#231;&#245;es. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> ou a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia fator &#250;nico, e para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas o teste exato de Fisher ou o teste do Qui-quadrado. Na an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia utilizou-se o teste de Dunnet para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. Para correla&#231;&#227;o entre dados cont&#237;nuos, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi calculada como um &#237;ndice de qu&#227;o bem o EuroSCORE poderia discriminar pacientes que sobreviveram daqueles que faleceram ou pacientes que tiveram tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar maior do que 12 dias daqueles com tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar menor do que 12 dias. Os valores de p (bicaudais) iguais ou inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia (n=98) foi de 4&#177;3 dias (mediana de quatro dias). A taxa de cancelamento foi zero. O EuroSCORE da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 4&#177;3 (mediana de tr&#234;s). EuroSCORE de baixo risco foi observado em 38,7%, de moderado risco, em 38%, e de alto risco, em 23,4% dos pacientes. A mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada de 4,9% (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a [IC] 95% = 2,2 &#150; 9,87%) foi menor do que a mortalidade operat&#243;ria esperada de 5,1% (IC 95% = 1,4% a 14,37%), mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,65). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na mortalidade operat&#243;ria entre pacientes considerados de alto (9,4%), moderado (5,8%) ou baixo (1,9%) risco pelo EuroSCORE (p=0,10). A mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada para os pacientes de baixo risco pelo EuroSCORE foi semelhante &#224; esperada (1,9% &#150; IC 95%=0,01 a 11,69% e 2,0% &#150; IC 95%=1,9 a 2,58%, respectivamente). Para os pacientes de alto risco, a mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada foi inferior &#224; esperada (9,4% &#150; IC 95%=2,46 a 25,0% e 12,0% &#150; IC 95%=8,7 a 14,66%, respectivamente). A mortalidade operat&#243;ria esperada para os de moderado risco foi inferior &#224; observada (4,1%; IC 95% = 3,90 a 4,4% e 5,8%, IC 95% = 1,41 a 16,54%, respectivamente; p&lt;0,0001). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para mortalidade operat&#243;ria foi de 0,702 (IC 95% = 0,485 &#150; 0,919) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 11&#177;9 dias (mediana de oito dias). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e o EuroSCORE (r=0,39, p&lt;0,0001). Os pacientes com EuroSCORE baixo tiveram tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar significativamente menor (8&#177;4 dias) do que os com EuroSCORE moderado (12&#177;10 dias; p=0,036) e alto (15&#177;10 dias; p&lt;0,0001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de pacientes com EuroSCORE de risco moderado em compara&#231;&#227;o com os de risco alto (p=0,147). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 0,764 (IC 95% = 0,675 &#150; 0,852) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). A taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por infec&#231;&#227;o na ferida cir&#250;rgica foi de 2,1%.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a taxa de mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada para CRVM isolada, em contradi&#231;&#227;o &#224; vincula&#231;&#227;o dos resultados ao n&#250;mero de cirurgias realizadas por servi&#231;os e cirurgi&#245;es<sup>1,10,17</sup>, &#233; semelhante &#224; esperada (4,9%; IC 95% = 2,2 a 9,87% <italic>vs</italic> 5,1%; IC 95% = 1,4% a 14,37%) e com uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,702 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com os observados por Moraes e cols.<sup>16</sup> que, analisando a aplica&#231;&#227;o do EuroSCORE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 759 pacientes submetidos a CRVM, encontraram 69,9% de concord&#226;ncia entre a mortalidade operat&#243;ria observada e a esperada.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, tendo como base os dados do Datasus, foi demonstrada rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas e a mortalidade operat&#243;ria<sup>15</sup>. Os resultados demonstrados neste estudo n&#227;o confirmam a exist&#234;ncia dessa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa, mas est&#227;o concordantes com publica&#231;&#245;es de centros norte-americanos, onde tem sido verificado que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de cirurgias e a mortalidade operat&#243;ria &#233; fraca<sup>10,17-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com os dados do SUS, a mortalidade operat&#243;ria da CRVM no Brasil &#233; de 7,0%, n&#250;mero superior aos encontrados nas bases de dados da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos dos Estados Unidos (STS) e do registro de cirurgias card&#237;acas do Reino Unido<sup>19</sup> e &#224; taxa observada no presente estudo. No entanto, como os autores ressaltam, os bancos de dados americanos e brit&#226;nicos referem-se a registros volunt&#225;rios dos servi&#231;os que realizam cirurgias card&#237;acas, enquanto os do Datasus s&#227;o dados administrativos de servi&#231;os que realizam cirurgia pelo Brasil. Infelizmente, como os dados dispon&#237;veis no Datasus s&#227;o administrativos, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel ajustar a mortalidade operat&#243;ria pela gravidade dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>De acordo com alguns autores, o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total durante uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o deve ultrapassar 12 dias<sup>20,21</sup>. Neste estudo, a mediana do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total foi de oito dias. Em concord&#226;ncia com os achados de Toumpoulis e cols.<sup>21</sup>, foi encontrada uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o EuroSCORE e o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total. Assim, os pacientes com EuroSCORE baixo tiveram um tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total significativamente menor do que os de moderado e alto risco. J&#225; entre estes &#250;ltimos (moderado e alto), n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do EuroSCORE para tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total foi de 0,744 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Portanto, o EuroSCORE, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorreu com a mortalidade operat&#243;ria, serviu para identificar pacientes com maior chance de maior perman&#234;ncia hospitalar para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida cir&#250;rgica observada neste estudo foi de 2,1%. Essa taxa est&#225; abaixo da verificada no banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca da Sociedade Nacional dos Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos dos Estados Unidos<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das dificuldades que enfrentamos para avaliar os resultados foi a obten&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncias para todos os indicadores pesquisados. N&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura m&#233;dica sobre o tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica eletiva. Por esse motivo, a meta na institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; manter esse intervalo de tempo menor do que cinco dias. O tempo entre a marca&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia observado neste estudo teve uma mediana de quatro dias. Do mesmo modo, a taxa de cancelamento cujo racional &#233; a suspens&#227;o da cirurgia por inadequa&#231;&#245;es na infra-estrutura ou nos processos hospitalares ligados ao procedimento, na institui&#231;&#227;o tem zero (0%) como meta e esse foi o &#237;ndice observado ao longo dos 14 meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A qualidade dos cuidados com a sa&#250;de deve, por princ&#237;pio, ser segura, eficiente, centrada no paciente, aplicada no tempo certo, efetiva, eq&#252;itativa, e empregar rigorosa metodologia cient&#237;fica. Dentro desse esp&#237;rito, ao avaliar indicadores de qualidade na assist&#234;ncia &#224; CRVM, o Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco demonstrou que, mesmo sendo um centro com baixo n&#250;mero anual de CRVM, alcan&#231;ou resultados compat&#237;veis com o perfil de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida.</p>
    <p>O controle dos indicadores de qualidade permite uma ampla avalia&#231;&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o, identificando pontos fortes e fracos, desse modo contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores de qualidade demonstrou que, em um centro com baixo n&#250;mero anual de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, os resultados alcan&#231;ados foram compat&#237;veis com o perfil de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha </p>
        <p> Rua Roberto Dias Lopes, 220/201, Leme </p>
        <p> 22010-110, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ascrocha@cardiol.br">ascrocha@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/07/2007; revisado recebido em 10/09/2007; aceito em 16/10/2007.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Indicators of healthcare quality in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed at a tertiary cardiology center</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Quality indicators (QI) for cardiac surgery are important instruments for measuring healthcare quality in hospital centers and allow comparison with high-quality healthcare centers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate QIs in isolated myocardial revascularization procedures (CABG) performed at a tertiary cardiology center. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four consecutive patients who had undergone isolated CABG were evaluated between October 2005 and March 2007. One hundred and eight patients were men (75%), the mean age was 65&#177;11, and the EuroSCORE was 4&#177;3. The following QIs were measured: time elapsed between the surgery date-setting appointment and the actual day of the CABG (TDC); surgery cancellation rate (SCR) due to problems in hospital infrastructure; length of hospital stay (LOS); operative mortality (OM) and rate of readmission (RHR) for infection in the surgical wound. RESULTS: The TDC (n=98) was 4&#177;3 days (median: 4 days) and the SCR was zero. The OM recorded of 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2 - 9.87%) was lower than the expected OM of 5.1% (95% CI = 1.4% to 14.37%), but with no statistical significance (p=0.65). The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for the OM was 0.702 (95% CI = 0.485 - 0.919). LOS was 11&#177;9 days. The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for the LOS was 0.764 (95% CI = 0.675 - 0.852). The RHR recorded was 2.1%. CONCLUSION: The measurement of the QIs showed that, in a medical center with a low annual volume of CABG, the results were compatible with the risk profile of the population involved.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Perioperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of health care</kwd>
        <kwd>quality indicators, health care</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Indicators of healthcare quality in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed at a tertiary cardiology center</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Ary Ribeiro, M&#244;nica Peres de Ara&#250;jo; Luiz Antonio de Almeida Campos; Marco Aur&#233;lio Fernandes; Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Celso Garcia da Silveira; Edson Nunes; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, N&#250;cleo T&#233;cnico de Qualidade Assistencial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Quality indicators (QI) for cardiac surgery are important instruments for measuring healthcare quality in hospital centers and allow comparison with high-quality healthcare centers.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate QIs in isolated myocardial revascularization procedures (CABG) performed at a tertiary cardiology center.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and forty-four consecutive patients who had undergone isolated CABG were evaluated between October 2005 and March 2007. One hundred and eight patients were men (75%), the mean age was 65&#177;11, and the EuroSCORE was 4&#177;3. The following QIs were measured: time elapsed between the surgery date-setting appointment and the actual day of the CABG (TDC); surgery cancellation rate (SCR) due to problems in hospital infrastructure; length of hospital stay (LOS); operative mortality (OM) and rate of readmission (RHR) for infection in the surgical wound.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The TDC (n=98) was 4&#177;3 days (median: 4 days) and the SCR was zero. The OM recorded of 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2 &#150; 9.87%) was lower than the expected OM of 5.1% (95% CI = 1.4% to 14.37%), but with no statistical significance (p=0.65). The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for the OM was 0.702 (95% CI = 0.485 &#150; 0.919). LOS was 11&#177;9 days. The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for the LOS was 0.764 (95% CI = 0.675 &#150; 0.852). The RHR recorded was 2.1%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The measurement of the QIs showed that, in a medical center with a low annual volume of CABG, the results were compatible with the risk profile of the population involved.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Perioperative care; quality of health care; quality indicators, health care; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Within a context of increasing cost control for high-complexity procedures, it is important to systematically measure quality indicators for cardiac surgery. There are two types of healthcare quality measurements: those that measure performance, also known as indicators of results or outcomes, and those that measure the processes related to healthcare<sup>1-6</sup>. Mortality rates after myocardial revascularization surgery (CABG), which measure surgeon performance, hospitals or both are examples of outcome indicators. Process indicators, on the other hand, frequently known as quality indicators (QIs), report rates of utilization of screening tests for diseases, use of medications on hospital admission and discharge, length of hospital stay, etc<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>As populations of patients undergoing cardiac surgery may differ significantly among institutions and geographical areas, the comparison of absolute numbers, such as mortality rates for instance, is inappropriate for a cost-benefit analysis and comparison of outcomes among institutions<sup>7-9</sup>. However, the risk-adjusted mortality rate is an important indicator of performance of surgical services (hospitals and surgeons) <sup>1,3,4,10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the United States, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database is one of the most comprehensive and consistent systems for measuring and reporting results of cardiac surgery<sup>13,14</sup>. This system collects data from all myocardial revascularization surgeries (CABG), valvar surgeries and cardiac transplants performed in that country.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, medical literature is still lacking as to publications about quality indicators. Most reports address operative mortality in public hospitals involving patients of <italic>SUS - Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> (the Unified National Health System)<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Starting in October 2005, in order to comply with the requirements of the hospital accreditation process set by the <italic>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Acredita&#231;&#227;o - ONA</italic> (National Accreditation Organization) and with the project of best clinical practices of the <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Hospitais Privados - ANAHP</italic> (National Association of Private Hospitals), <italic>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</italic> began to systematically monitor the QIs of the care provided to its clients.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to measure the quality indicators during the performance of isolated myocardial revascularization surgery at the <italic>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From October 2005 and March 2007, 144 consecutive patients submitted to CABG were selected to be included in the study. One hundred and eight were men (75%), aged 65&#177;11 years (median: 65 years). Fifty-one per cent of the patients were <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>CABG was performed by conventional techniques, and extracorporeal circulation (EC) was used in 90% of the cases. In those cases where EC was employed, mean aortic clamping time was 96&#177;47 minutes (median: 88.5 minutes). Urgency or emergency surgeries were performed on 36 patients (25%).</p>
      <p>The quality indicators analyzed were the following: time interval elapsed between the surgery date-setting appointment and the actual date of the procedure (TDC); surgery cancellation rate (SCR) due to problems in hospital infrastructure; length of hospital stay (LOS); operative mortality (OM) and rate of readmission (RHR) for infection in the surgical wound (saphenectomy, sternotomy, etc.).</p>
      <p>Specifically for time calculation reasons between the date-setting appointment and the surgery itself, emergency or urgency surgeries were left out.</p>
      <p>The operative mortality considered was the death rate recorded during the same hospital admission or within 30 days after surgery.</p>
      <p>For outcome comparison purposes, the operative mortality was adjusted as per the standard EuroSCORE, so that the recorded operative mortality was compared to the expected operative mortality for each patient. The expected operative mortality was obtained using the logistic regression analysis applied to the standard EuroSCORE relative to operative mortality. Still according to the standard EuroSCORE, patients were grouped during the pre-operative phase as: low, medium and high operative risk. Length of hospital stay was also analyzed using the adjustment relative to standard EuroSCORE.</p>
      <p>Continuous data are presented by their means, medians and standard deviations, whereas categorical data are presented by their respective proportions. To compare the continuous variables, we used either Student's t test or the single factor analysis of variance, and to compare categorical variables, Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test was used. For the variance analysis, the Dunnet test was used to allow comparison among the groups. To establish the correlation among continuous data, Pearson's Linear correlation was used. The area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve was calculated as a rate of how well the EuroSCORE could discriminate patients who survived from those who died or patients who remained in the hospital longer than 12 days from those who stayed less than 12 days. <italic>P</italic> values (two-tailed) equal to or lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The time elapsed between the date-setting appointment and the surgery itself (n=98) was 4&#177;3 days (median: four days). The rate of cancellation was zero. The EuroSCORE for the population studied was 4&#177;3 (median: three). Low-risk EuroSCORE was observed in 38.7%, medium-risk in 38% and high-risk in 23.4% of the patients. The OM recorded of 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2 &#150; 9.87%) was lower than the expected OM of 5.1% (95% CI = 1.4% to 14.37%), but with no statistical significance (p=0.65). No difference in operative mortality was observed among patients considered as high (9.4%), medium (5.8%) or low (1.9%) risk as per the EuroSCORE (p=0.10). The operative mortality observed in low-risk patients as per the EuroSCORE was similar to the expected value (1.9% - 95% CI = 0.01 to 11.69% and 2.0% - 95% CI =1.9 to 2.58%, respectively). Among high-risk patients, the operative mortality observed was lower than expected (9.4% - 95% CI = 2.46 to 25.0% and 12.0% - 95% CI = 8.7 to 14.66%, respectively). The expected operative mortality for medium-risk patients was lower than the observed value (4.1%; 95% CI = 3.90 to 4.4% and 5.8%, 95% CI = 1.41 to 16.54%, respectively; p&lt;0.0001). The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for operative mortality was 0.702 (95% CI = 0.485 &#150; 0.919) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The length of hospital stay was 11&#177;9 days (median: eight days). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the length of hospital stay and the EuroSCORE (r=0.39, p&lt;0.0001). Patients with a low EuroSCORE spent a significantly shorter time in hospital (8&#177;4 days) than those with a medium (12&#177;10 days; p=0.036) and high (15&#177;10 days; p&lt;0.0001) EuroSCORE. No significant difference was observed in the length of hospital stay of patients with medium-risk in comparison with those with high-risk EuroSCORE (p=0.147). The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for the length of hospital stay was 0.764 (95% CI = 0.675 &#150; 0.852) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The rate of hospital readmission due to surgical wound infection was 2.1%.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0350-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings of this study showed that the operative mortality rate recorded for isolated CABG, contrary to the link between outcomes and the number of surgeries performed by services and surgeons<sup>1,10,17</sup>, is similar to the expected value (4.9%; 95% CI =2.2 to 9.87% <italic>vs</italic> 5.1%; 95% CI = 1.4% to 14.37%), with an area under the ROC curve of 0.702 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). These data are in accordance with those recorded by Moraes et al<sup>16</sup>, who, by analyzing the use of the EuroSCORE in a population of 759 patients submitted to CABG, found 69.9% of agreement between the observed operative mortality rate and the expected operative mortality rate.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, according to DATASUS data, an inverse relationship was shown between the volume of cardiac surgeries performed and operative mortality<sup>15</sup>. The results of our study do not confirm the existence of this inverse relationship, but they are consistent with North-American publications that report that the correlation between the number of surgeries and mortality is weak<sup>10,17-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to SUS data, operative mortality from CABG in Brazil is 7.0%, a rate which is higher than that reported in the database from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons in the USA and the records of cardiac surgeries performed in the United Kingdom<sup>19</sup> and the rate observed in this study. However, as the authors emphasize, North-American and British databases refer to voluntary records of institutions that perform cardiac surgeries, whereas those from DATASUS are administrative data of institutions that perform surgeries in Brazil. Unfortunately, since the DATASUS data available are administrative, it is not possible to adjust operative mortality according to the severity of the patients' conditions.</p>
      <p>According to some authors, the length of hospital stay for a CABG surgery should not exceed 12 days<sup>20,21</sup>. In this study, the median total hospital stay was eight days. In accordance with findings by Toumpoulis et al<sup>21</sup>, a direct relationship was found between the EuroSCORE and the total length of hospital stay. Thus, patients with a low EuroSCORE remained a significantly shorter time in hospital than medium- and high-risk patients. Among medium- and high-risk patients, no significant difference was found. The area under the ROC curve of the EuroSCORE for total hospital stay was 0.744 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Therefore, EuroSCORE, similarly to what happened with operative mortality, helped to identify patients who were more likely to have longer hospital stays for myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>The rate of hospital readmission due to surgical wound infection in this study was 2.1%. This rate is lower than that reported in the database from the National Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in the USA<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of our difficulties in evaluating the outcomes was in obtaining references for all indicators measured. There are no available data in medical literature about time elapsed between the date-setting appointment and the actual elective myocardial revascularization surgery. For this reason, the goal in our institution is to keep this time interval shorter than five days. The time between the date-setting appointment and the surgery in our study was four days (median). Likewise, at our institution the target for the cancellation rate due to problems in hospital infrastructure or processes linked to the procedure is zero (0%), and this was the rate observed throughout the 14 months of evaluation.</p>
      <p>The quality of healthcare must, on principle, be safe, efficacious, patient-centered, timely, effective, and follow strict scientific methodology. Within this spirit, by evaluating healthcare quality indicators in CABG, the <italic>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</italic> showed that, despite being a center with a low annual volume of CABG procedures performed, it reached results compatible with the risk profile of the population involved.</p>
      <p>The control of quality indicators allows a broad evaluation of the institution by identifying strengths and weaknesses and, therefore, contributing to the improvement of quality of the care provided to patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>QI assessment showed that, in a medical center with a low annual volume of myocardial revascularization surgeries performed, the results were compatible with the risk profile of the population involved.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
