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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cvb5ydNfWMGpQYkkKkRtpLp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acompanhamento a longo prazo de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador implant&#225;vel como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hadid</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avellana</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di Toro</surname>
            <given-names>Dar&#237;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomez</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Fern&#225;ndez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Visser</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prieto</surname>
            <given-names>Noem&#237;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Donaci&#243;n Francisco Santojanni</institution>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>344</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os recentes estudos MADIT II e SCD-HeFT levaram a uma expans&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es do uso profil&#225;tico de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) em pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Essa terapia n&#227;o foi totalmente adotada em nosso sistema de sa&#250;de, sobretudo em virtude de seu alto custo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a taxa de mortalidade global de pacientes da nossa pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria que t&#234;m o mesmo perfil dos participantes do estudo SCD-HeFT, est&#227;o recebendo tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado e n&#227;o foram submetidos a implante de CDI, e comparar essa taxa com a do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. M&#201;TODOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo pacientes com o mesmo perfil dos participantes do estudo SCD-HeFT identificados a partir de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A taxa de mortalidade global foi avaliada por contato telef&#244;nico. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o teste t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado, dependendo do tipo de vari&#225;vel. As taxas cumulativas de mortalidade foram calculadas de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Este estudo englobou 102 pacientes, 74 dos quais do sexo masculino. A mediana da idade foi 64 anos e a m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, 25%. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre os nossos pacientes e os pacientes do estudo SCD-HeFT em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 19,6 meses, 21 pacientes morreram (20,6%), contra 28,8% do estudo SCD-HeFT. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,08). CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade dos nossos pacientes e dos pacientes do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. Esses resultados indicam que a popula&#231;&#227;o do SCD-HeFT &#233; representativa dos nossos pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>desfibriladores implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>morte s&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Acompanhamento a longo prazo de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador implant&#225;vel como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudio Hadid; Patricia Avellana; Dar&#237;o Di Toro; Claudia Fern&#225;ndez Gomez; Miguel Visser; Noem&#237; Prieto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Donaci&#243;n Francisco Santojanni, Buenos Aires - Argentina</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os recentes estudos MADIT II e SCD-HeFT levaram a uma expans&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es do uso profil&#225;tico de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) em pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Essa terapia n&#227;o foi totalmente adotada em nosso sistema de sa&#250;de, sobretudo em virtude de seu alto custo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a taxa de mortalidade global de pacientes da nossa pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria que t&#234;m o mesmo perfil dos participantes do estudo SCD-HeFT, est&#227;o recebendo tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado e n&#227;o foram submetidos a implante de CDI, e comparar essa taxa com a do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo pacientes com o mesmo perfil dos participantes do estudo SCD-HeFT identificados a partir de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A taxa de mortalidade global foi avaliada por contato telef&#244;nico. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado, dependendo do tipo de vari&#225;vel. As taxas cumulativas de mortalidade foram calculadas de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Este estudo englobou 102 pacientes, 74 dos quais do sexo masculino. A mediana da idade foi 64 anos e a m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, 25%. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre os nossos pacientes e os pacientes do estudo SCD-HeFT em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 19,6 meses, 21 pacientes morreram (20,6%), contra 28,8% do estudo SCD-HeFT. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (<italic>p</italic> = 0,08). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade dos nossos pacientes e dos pacientes do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. Esses resultados indicam que a popula&#231;&#227;o do SCD-HeFT &#233; representativa dos nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva/mortalidade, desfibriladores implant&#225;veis, morte s&#250;bita.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) apresentam maior risco de mortalidade global e podem morrer subitamente de arritmia, a despeito do uso de medicamentos comprovadamente &#250;teis, como betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e espironolactona<sup>1-11</sup>. O uso de amiodarona tamb&#233;m foi avaliado nesses pacientes, mas os achados foram inconclusivos<sup>12,13</sup>. Embora esse medicamento tenha reduzido a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade global e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca no estudo GESICA, os betabloqueadores n&#227;o eram t&#227;o amplamente usados como hoje em dia nesses pacientes<sup>14</sup>. O estudo SCD-HeFT (<italic>Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial</italic> - Morte S&#250;bita em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca) testou o efeito adicional da amiodarona e de um cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com ICC em classe funcional II-III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) de 35% ou menos<sup>15</sup>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no grupo de amiodarona foi semelhante &#224; do grupo de placebo, enquanto o implante de CDI foi associado com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (23%) na mortalidade global ap&#243;s cinco anos de acompanhamento. Em conformidade com esses achados, o estudo MADIT-II demonstrou menor mortalidade ap&#243;s o implante de CDI em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e FEVE reduzida<sup>16</sup>. Esses resultados concordantes levaram a uma expans&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es de CDI profil&#225;tico em pacientes com grave comprometimento da FEVE<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, a implementa&#231;&#227;o dessa terapia representaria um impacto econ&#244;mico significativo. Provavelmente, esse &#233; o maior impedimento &#224; ampla ado&#231;&#227;o da terapia com CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com ICC no sistema de sa&#250;de argentino.</p>
    <p>Para verificar se os resultados do estudo SCD-HeFT podem ser extrapolados para a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, avaliamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com o mesmo perfil dos participantes desse estudo e comparamos com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do grupo de placebo do SCD-HeFT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes da unidade de ICC do Servi&#231;o Cardiovascular do nosso hospital que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo SCD-HeFT foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo. Os pacientes tinham 18 anos de idade ou mais, eram portadores de ICC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel em classe funcional II-III da NYHA de etiologia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e apresentavam FEVE de no m&#225;ximo 35%. Pacientes com valvopatia ou que j&#225; tinham sido submetidos a um implante de CDI foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas e os dados cl&#237;nicos iniciais dos nossos pacientes foram extra&#237;dos de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A mortalidade global foi avaliada por contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (IIQ). O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> foi usado para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica e o teste de qui-quadrado, para dados categ&#243;ricos. As taxas cumulativas de mortalidade foram calculadas de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de Cox-Mantel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 116 pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 102 (87,9%) puderam ser contatados por telefone e fizeram parte do estudo. A m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes era 63,5&#177;10,9 anos, e 72,5% eram do sexo masculino. Sessenta e cinco pacientes (63,7%) tinham cardiomiopatia dilatada de etiologia isqu&#234;mica e os outros 37 (36,3%) de etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica. Sessenta e nove pacientes (67%) estavam em classe II da NYHA, e a mediana da FEVE era 25% (IIQ 21-30). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional para ICC, 89,7% dos pacientes estavam recebendo IECA, 69,2% betabloqueadores, 43,2% espironolactona, 35,3% digoxina e 45,9% amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Durante um acompanhamento mediano de 19,6 meses (3,3 a 74,3) 21 pacientes morreram (20,6%). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 23,1% entre os pacientes isqu&#234;micos (15 pacientes) e de 16,2% entre os n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos (6 pacientes); teste de Cox-Mantel, <italic>p</italic> = 0,52 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do estudo SCD-HeFT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos dois grupos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. Dos pacientes inscritos no grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT (n = 847), 655 (77,3%) eram do sexo masculino, contra 72,5% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo; <italic>p</italic> = 0,27. As medianas da idade (60, IIQ 51-68) e da FEVE (25%, IIQ 20-30) foram semelhantes &#224;s dos nossos pacientes. Setenta por cento dos pacientes do estudo SCD-HeFT estavam em classe funcional II da NYHA, contra 67% no nosso estudo. Em ambos os grupos, a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica era a origem mais freq&#252;ente da cardiomiopatia dilatada (53,5% no SCD-HeFT e 63,7% na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o; OR 1,52; <italic>p</italic> = 0,05). O uso de IECA e betabloqueadores foi semelhante nos dois grupos, ao passo que a digoxina foi usada com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia nos pacientes do SCD-HeFT.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes inscritos no grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT foi de 28,8% ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (mediana de 45,5 meses), contra 20,6% do presente estudo. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante: OR 0,64 (IC 95% 0,38-1,05); <italic>p</italic> = 0,08. A estimativa de morte por qualquer causa pela an&#225;lise atuarial de Kaplan-Meier mostrou curvas semelhantes de mortalidade para as duas popula&#231;&#245;es e uma taxa de mortalidade anual de 8,25% para os nossos pacientes, contra 7,25% para os pacientes do estudo SCD-HeFT (<italic>p</italic> = NS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos mostraram a efic&#225;cia da terapia com CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com grave comprometimento da FEVE<sup>18-20</sup>. Os primeiros estudos a revelar que o implante de CDI melhora o resultado na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita inclu&#237;ram portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda que tinham taquicardia ventricular (TV) n&#227;o-sustentada espont&#226;nea e TV sustentada induzida por estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF)<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>No entanto, a n&#227;o-indutividade de arritmia ventricular n&#227;o identifica, necessariamente, um subgrupo de pacientes com menor risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Esse fato foi relatado tanto em sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca<sup>23-25</sup> como em um subestudo recente do MADIT-II<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os pesquisadores do MUSTT mostraram que o EEF tem valor limitado para pacientes com FEVE inferior a 30%<sup>27</sup>. Esses achados confirmam que o valor preditivo negativo da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada &#233; baixo nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>O estudo MADIT-II incluiu pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e FEVE &lt; 30%<sup>16</sup>. Embora arritmias ventriculares ou sintomas de ICC n&#227;o fossem crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 60% dos pacientes estavam em classe II e III da NYHA. Neste estudo, a terapia com CDI reduziu significantemente a mortalidade em at&#233; 31% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,016). O MADIT-II foi o primeiro estudo a demonstrar o benef&#237;cio da terapia com CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes n&#227;o-selecionados portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>O estudo AMIOVIRT analisou o papel do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e TV n&#227;o-sustentada<sup>28</sup>. Comparado com amiodarona, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade, provavelmente devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra de pacientes.</p>
    <p>O estudo DEFINITE incluiu pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes e revelou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 35% na mortalidade com o uso de terapia com CDI, mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<italic>p</italic> = 0,08)<sup>29</sup>. Em uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada, por&#233;m, observou-se grande redu&#231;&#227;o na morte por arritmia (RRR 80%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,006), enquanto n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as relativas &#224; mortalidade por outras causas.</p>
    <p>O estudo SCD-HeFT incluiu pacientes com ICC de classe funcional II e III e FEVE &lt; 35% de etiologia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica<sup>15</sup>. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber terapia com CDI, amiodarona ou placebo em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1:1. O grupo de CDI foi delineado de maneira conservadora, com implanta&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos somente para choque com apenas um cabo. Como a estimula&#231;&#227;o antibradicardia pode piorar a ICC, ela s&#243; era iniciada se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia intr&#237;nseca ca&#237;sse para menos de 34 batidas por minuto. A terapia com CDI reduziu significantemente a mortalidade em at&#233; 23% comparado com placebo, tendo sido necess&#225;rio implantar 14 dispositivos para salvar uma vida. Embora o benef&#237;cio tenha sido observado tanto nos casos de ICC isqu&#234;mica como de ICC n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, ele se restringiu a pacientes em classe funcional II. A amiodarona n&#227;o exerceu efeito sobre a sobrevida.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo comparou a evolu&#231;&#227;o de portadores de ICC com os pacientes do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT que n&#227;o receberam amiodarona. Embora 45% dos nossos pacientes recebessem esse antiarr&#237;tmico, a taxa de mortalidade foi semelhante nos grupos de amiodarona e placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. Portanto, parece seguro presumir que essa diferen&#231;a no tratamento n&#227;o invalida a compara&#231;&#227;o feita no nosso centro de estudo. Embora a mediana do acompanhamento tenha sido diferente (45,5 meses no SCD-HeFT e 19,6 meses no nosso estudo), o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento m&#225;ximo foi semelhante nos dois grupos (72,6 <italic>vs</italic> 74,3).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao restante do tratamento cl&#237;nico, o emprego de digoxina foi maior nos pacientes do SCD-HeFT (provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia do maior n&#250;mero de ICC n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico), mas o uso dos outros medicamentos n&#227;o diferiu nos dois grupos. Embora a prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA e betabloqueadores fosse bastante semelhante &#224; dos participantes do SCD-HeFT, ela foi claramente maior do que a encontrada nos dados epidemiol&#243;gicos. Na verdade, o <italic>EuroHeart Failure Survey</italic> (Programa de Pesquisa sobre Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca) mostrou uma subutiliza&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es recomendadas tanto em termos de propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que recebiam as medica&#231;&#245;es como das doses empregadas. Isso se aplica particularmente aos betabloqueadores, que foram prescritos para apenas 37% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nessa pesquisa<sup>30</sup>. Essa diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento refor&#231;a a car&#234;ncia de &#225;reas especializadas em cuidados com a sa&#250;de, como um Programa de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A etiologia da cardiomiopatia de 8/37 pacientes (21%) do grupo n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico era doen&#231;a de Chagas, e teria sido interessante analisar essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em virtude do pequeno tamanho dessa amostra (8% de todo o grupo do estudo), achamos que esses resultados podem n&#227;o ser confi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados mostram que os pacientes com ICC que tratamos rotineiramente t&#234;m caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes aos do estudo SCD-HeFT. Al&#233;m disso, eles contrariam a teoria de que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos em grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o representam a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso pa&#237;s, e indicam que nossos pacientes tamb&#233;m podem se beneficiar da terapia com CDI. Entretanto, talvez n&#227;o seja apropriado extrapolar esses resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral portadora de ICC, considerando-se que os inibidores da ECA e betabloqueadores ainda s&#227;o pouco receitados, como mencionado acima. Al&#233;m disso, os autores do estudo MADIT-II sugeriram que o benef&#237;cio da terapia com CDI pode ser menor em pacientes que n&#227;o recebem betabloqueadores ou que recebem doses insuficientes desses medicamentos<sup>31</sup>. Da mesma forma, seria interessante conhecer a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tipo MADIT-II que n&#227;o foram selecionados de acordo com a presen&#231;a de ICC ou arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Conforme o delineamento do estudo, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos nossos pacientes foram obtidas retrospectivamente, e o desfecho do estudo (morte por qualquer causa) foi avaliado por contato telef&#244;nico. Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel acompanhar 14 pacientes que n&#227;o tinham linha telef&#244;nica, suas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o diferiram daquelas dos 102 pacientes analisados. O acompanhamento foi conclu&#237;do em 88% dos pacientes, o que permitiu uma an&#225;lise apropriada dos dados.</p>
    <p>O impacto econ&#244;mico provavelmente &#233; o maior obst&#225;culo &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o total da terapia com CDI em pacientes com ICC de classes II e III no nosso sistema de sa&#250;de. Como esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentam arritmias ventriculares nem requerem estimula&#231;&#227;o antibradicardia, os autores do estudo SCD-HeFT propuseram que o implante de CDI fosse feito em ambiente ambulatorial, sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Outros autores identificaram mais de 5% de pacientes submetidos a implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com margem de seguran&#231;a insuficiente, indicando que os testes de limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o parte importante do implante de CDI e n&#227;o devem ser omitidos<sup>32</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, no nosso sistema de sa&#250;de atual, o dispositivo representa o componente de maior custo isolado do procedimento. Portanto, o implante em ambiente ambulatorial pode ser arriscado, com benef&#237;cio insignificante em termos de custo. Em um estudo sobre custo-efetividade, os autores do SCD-HeFT afirmaram que a terapia com CDI &#233; economicamente aceit&#225;vel para o Sistema de Sa&#250;de americano e que a implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI em pacientes com ICC em classe III n&#227;o seria eficaz em termos de custo<sup>33</sup>. Infelizmente, n&#227;o existem dados publicados sobre an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade no nosso sistema de sa&#250;de. Talvez no futuro, quando o pre&#231;o do CDI ficar mais acess&#237;vel, a indica&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o suscitar&#225; o mesmo n&#237;vel de discuss&#227;o que gera atualmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento de portadores de ICC em classes funcionais II e III.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de mortalidade dos nossos pacientes e dos pacientes do grupo de placebo do estudo SCD-HeFT. Esses resultados podem indicar que a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo SCD-HeFT &#233; representativa dos nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Claudio Hadid </p>
        <p> Arcos, 2252 4 B, Belgrano, 1428 </p>
        <p> Buenos Aires - Argentina </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="chadid@intramed.net.ar">chadid@intramed.net.ar</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/06/2007; revisado recebido em 02/11/2007; aceito em 06/11/2007.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Long-term follow-up of patients with indication for a implantable defibrillator for primary prevention of death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Recent MADIT II and SCD-HeFT trials have led to an expansion of indications for use of prophylactic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) in patients with severe left-ventricular impairment. This therapy has not been fully adopted in our health care system, mainly due to its high cost. OBJECTIVE: To assess total mortality of SCD-HeFT-like patients from our daily practice who are under stable, optimal medical treatment and who have not received an ICD; and to compare it to that of the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT Trial. METHODS: SCD-HeFT-like patients identified from office medical records were included in our study. Total mortality was assessed by telephone contact. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-Test, Mann-Whitney Test or chi2 test, depending on the type of variable. Cumulative mortality rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Our study comprised 102 patients (seventy-four of which were men) with a median age of 64 years, and an overall median ejection fraction of 25%. We found no differences between our patients and SCD-HeFT patients across these 3 variables. Over a 19.6-month follow-up period, 21 patients died (20.6%) vs. 28.8% of the SCD-HeFT patients. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: SCD-HeFT-like patients from our practice had no difference in mortality rate than patients enrolled in the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT trial. These results suggest that the SCD-HeFT population is representative of our patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure, congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>defibrillators, implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>death, sudden</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Long-term follow-up of patients with indication for a implantable defibrillator for primary prevention of death</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Claudio Hadid; Patricia Avellana; Dar&#237;o Di Toro; Claudia Fern&#225;ndez Gomez; Miguel Visser and Noem&#237; Prieto</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Donaci&#243;n Francisco Santojanni, Buenos Aires - Argentina</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Recent MADIT II and SCD-HeFT trials have led to an expansion of indications for use of prophylactic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) in patients with severe left-ventricular impairment. This therapy has not been fully adopted in our health care system, mainly due to its high cost.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess total mortality of SCD-HeFT-like patients from our daily practice who are under stable, optimal medical treatment and who have not received an ICD; and to ompare it to that of the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT Trial.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> SCD-HeFT-like patients identified from office medical records were included in our study. Total mortality was assessed by telephone contact. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-Test, Mann-Whitney Test or c<sup>2</sup> test, depending on the type of variable. Cumulative mortality rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Our study comprised 102 patients (seventy-four of which were men) with a median age of 64 years, and an overall median ejection fraction of 25%. We found no differences between our patients and SCD-HeFT patients across these 3 variables. Over a 19.6-month follow-up period, 21 patients died (20.6%) <italic>vs</italic> 28.8% of the SCD-HeFT patients. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.08).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> SCD-HeFT-like patients from our practice had no difference in mortality rate than patients enrolled in the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT trial. These results suggest that the SCD-HeFT population is representative of our patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure, congestive/mortality; defibrillators, implantable; death, sudden.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have an increased risk of all-cause mortality and can die suddenly from arrhythmia despite the use of proven useful medical therapies, such as beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and spironolactone<sup>1-11</sup>. Use of amiodarone has also been evaluated in these patients with inconclusive findings<sup>12,13</sup>. Although this drug reduced incidence of all-cause mortality and sudden cardiac death in the GESICA trial, beta-blockers were not used as widely as they are nowadays in this kind of patient<sup>14</sup>. Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) tested the additional effect of amiodarone and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden death among patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-III CHF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35% or less<sup>15</sup>. Outcome in the amiodarone group was similar to that of the placebo group, while ICD implantation was associated with a significant (23%) reduction in all-cause mortality after a 5-year follow-up period. In agreement with these findings, MADIT-II Trial showed reduced mortality following ICD implantation in patients with previous myocardial infarction and reduced LVEF<sup>16</sup>. These concordant results have led to an expansion of indications for prophylactic ICD in patients with severe LVEF impairment<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, implementation of this therapy would represent a significant economic impact. This is possibly the main reason hindering broader adoption of ICD therapy for primary prevention of sudden death in CHF patients in our health care system.</p>
      <p>In order to test whether SCD-HeFT results can be extrapolated to our population, we set out to assess the outcomes of SCD-HeFT-like patients from our daily practice, and to compare them to those of the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT Trial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients from the CHF section of the Cardiovascular Service of our hospital, who fulfilled SCD-HeFT inclusion criteria, were included in the present study. Patients were at least 18 years old and had NYHA class II-III chronic, stable CHF due to ischemic or nonischemic causes and a LVEF of no more than 35 percent. Patients who had already received an ICD or had valvular heart disease were excluded.</p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics and clinical data from our patients were obtained from office medical records. Total mortality was assessed by telephone contact.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of our institution, according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables with parametric distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while nonparametric variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (IR). For statistical analysis we used the Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for continuous variables with parametric distribution, Mann-Whitney test for those with nonparametric distribution and chi-square test for categorical data. Cumulative mortality rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox-Mantel test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of 116 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria, 102 (87.9%) were successfully contacted by telephone and comprised our study group. Mean age was 63.5 &#177; 10.9 years and 72.5% were male. Etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy was ischemic in 65 patients (63.7%) and nonischemic in the remaining 37 (36.3%). Sixty-nine patients (67%) were in NYHA class II and median LVEF was 25% (IR 21 to 30). With regard to standard treatment for CHF, 89.7% of patients were receiving ACEI, 69.2% beta-blockers, 43.2% spironolactone, 35.3% digoxin and 45.9% amiodarone.</p>
      <p>During a median follow-up of 19.6 months (range 3.3 to 74.3) 21 patients died (20.6%). Mortality rate was 23.1% among ischemic patients (15 p) and 16.2% in the nonischemic group (6 p); Cox-Mantel test p = 0.52. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison with SCD-HeFT patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics of both groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Of patients enrolled in the placebo arm of SCD-HeFT trial (n = 847), 655 (77.3%) were male <italic>vs</italic> 72.5% of patients included in this study; p = 0.27. Median age (60, IR 51 to 68) and LVEF (25%, IR 20 to 30) were similar to that of our patients. Seventy percent of SCD-HeFT patients were in NYHA class II <italic>vs</italic> 67% in our study. In both groups ischemic heart disease was the most frequent origin of dilated cardiomyopathy (53.5% in SCD-HeFT <italic>vs</italic> 63.7% in our population; OR 1.52; p = 0.05). Use of ACEI and beta-blockers was similar in both, whereas digoxin was more commonly used in SCD-HeFT patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mortality rate of patients enrolled in the placebo arm of SCD-HeFT trial was 28.8% after follow-up period (median 45.5 months) <italic>vs</italic> 20.6% of patients included in the present study. This difference was not statistically significant: OR 0.64 (CI 95% 0.38-1.05); p = 0.08. Kaplan-Meier estimates of actuarial death from any cause showed similar mortality curves for both populations and an annual mortality rate of 8.25% for our patients <italic>vs</italic> 7.25% for SCD-HeFT patients (p = NS). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0339-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Benefit from ICD therapy for secondary prevention of sudden death in patients with severe LVEF impairment has been shown in several trials<sup>18-20</sup>. Early studies showing that ICD improves outcome for primary prevention of sudden death, enrolled patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction who had spontaneous unsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and inducible sustained VT at electrophysiological study (EPS)<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, ventricular arrhythmia non-inducibility does not necessarily identify a subgroup of patients at lower risk of sudden cardiac death. This fact has been reported both in survivors of cardiac arrest<sup>23-25</sup> and in a recent MADIT-II substudy<sup>26</sup>. Moreover, MUSTT investigators have shown that EP study is of limited value when LVEF is less than 30%<sup>27</sup>. These findings confirm that negative predictive value of programmed ventricular stimulation is low in these patients.</p>
      <p>MADIT-II trial enrolled patients with previous myocardial infarction and LVEF &lt; 30%<sup>16</sup>. Despite ventricular arrhythmias or CHF symptoms not being inclusion criteria, 60% of patients were in NYHA class II-III. In this study, ICD therapy significantly reduced mortality by 31% (p = 0.016). MADIT-II was the first trial to demonstrate benefit from ICD therapy for primary prevention of sudden death in non-selected patients with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The AMIOVIRT trial examined the role of ICD for primary prevention in patients with non-ischemic severe left ventricular dysfunction and nonsustained VT<sup>28</sup>. Compared to amiodarone, there was no difference in mortality, probably due to the small size of the patient sample.</p>
      <p>The DEFINITE study enrolled patients with similar characteristics and showed a 35% reduction in mortality with ICD therapy, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.08)<sup>29</sup>. Upon more detailed analysis, however, a large reduction in arrhythmic death (RRR 80%; p = 0.006) was observed, whereas there were no differences in death from other causes.</p>
      <p>The SCD-HeFT trial included patients with class II-III CHF and LVEF &lt; 35% due to ischemic or non-ischemic causes<sup>15</sup>. Patients were randomized to ICD therapy, amiodarone or placebo in 1:1:1 fashion. The ICD arm was conservatively designed, implanting shock-only, single-lead devices. Because of the potential for antibradychardia pacing to worsen CHF, it was initiated only if the intrinsic rate decreased to less than 34 beats per minute. ICD therapy significantly reduced mortality by 23% compared to placebo, with 14 devices needed to implant to save one life. Although the benefit was observed both in ischemic and non-ischemic CHF, it was restricted to class II CHF patients. Amiodarone had no effect on survival.</p>
      <p>In the present study we compared the outcomes of CHF patients from our practice to those of the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT trial who did not receive amiodarone. Although 45% of our patients received this antiarrhythmic drug, mortality rate was similar in the amiodarone and placebo groups of the SCD-HeFT trial. Therefore, it appears safe to assume that this difference in treatment does not invalidate the comparison at the center of our study. Even though the median follow-up period was different (45.5 months in SCD-HeFT <italic>vs</italic> 19.6 months in our patients), the maximum follow-up was similar in both groups (72.6 <italic>vs</italic> 74.3).</p>
      <p>In regard to the remaining medical therapy, there was a larger use of digoxin in SCD-HeFT patients (probably due to a greater proportion of nonischemic CHF), with no different use of other medications in both groups. Although prescription of ACEI and beta-blockers was very similar to that of SCD-HeFT patients, it was clearly greater than that derived from epidemiological data. Indeed, the EuroHeart Failure Survey showed an underuse of recommended medications both in terms of proportion of patients receiving them and the doses employed. This applies particularly to beta-blockers, which were prescribed in only 37% of patients included in that survey<sup>30</sup>. This difference in treatment reinforces the need for development of specialized areas of health care, such as a Heart Failure Program.</p>
      <p>Chagas disease was found to be the etiology of cardiomyopathy in 8/37 patients (21%) of the nonischemic group and it would have been interesting to analyze this population. Owing to the small size of this sample (8% of the whole study group) we considered that those results may not be reliable.</p>
      <p>These results show that CHF patients we usually treat have similar characteristics to those in the SCD-HeFT trial. They further argue against the notion that patients included in large clinical trials are not representative of our domestic population, and suggest that our patients might also benefit from ICD therapy. However, it may not be appropriate to extend these results to the general population with CHF, considering that ACEI and beta-blockers remain under-prescribed, as mentioned above. Moreover, MADIT-II authors have suggested that benefits from ICD therapy may be lower in patients who do not receive beta-blockers or who receive suboptimal doses of these drugs<sup>31</sup>. Likewise, it would be interesting to know the outcomes of MADIT-II-like patients who had not been selected according to the presence of CHF or ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>According to study design, clinical characteristics of our patients were collected retrospectively, and the end point (death from any cause) was assessed by telephone contact. Although 14 patients lacking a telephone line could not be followed, their clinical variables did not differ from those of the 102 patients analyzed. Follow-up was completed in 88% of patients, allowing an appropriate data analysis.</p>
      <p>Economic impact is probably the main reason precluding full adoption of ICD therapy in class II-III CHF patients in our health care system. Because these patients do not display ventricular arrhythmias and do not require antibradychardia pacing, SCD-HeFT authors proposed to conduct ICD implantation on an outpatient basis, without defibrillation testing. Other authors have identified more than 5% of patients undergoing ICD implant for primary prevention with an inadequate safety margin, indicating that defibrillation threshold testing remains an important part of ICD implantation and should not be omitted<sup>32</sup>. Additionally, under our current health care system the device represents the single highest cost component of the procedure. Hence, outpatient insertion can be potentially risky with negligible benefits in terms of costs. In a cost-effectiveness substudy, SCD-HeFT authors reported that ICD therapy is economically acceptable for the North American Health Care System and suggested that implantation of ICD in class III CHF patients would not be cost-effective<sup>33</sup>. Unfortunately there are no published data concerning cost-effectiveness analysis in our health care system. Perhaps in the future, as the ICD becomes more affordable, indication of this device for primary prevention of sudden death will not elicit the same level of debate that it currently generates in regard to treatment of NYHA class II-III CHF patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SCD-HeFT-like patients from our daily practice had no different mortality rate than that of patients enrolled in the placebo arm of the SCD-HeFT trial. These results may indicate that SCD-HeFT population is representative of our patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
