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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y8XWyWSJMQVvHQSmgpJKRPC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores biol&#243;gicos e superestima&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no gated SPECT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Cond&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Schiavom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Margarita C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Vila&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Alguns pacientes apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) superestimada na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (gated SPECT). OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores biol&#243;gicos e FEVE superestimada. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionamos 3.838 pacientes que realizaram gated SPECT entre 20/5/2000 e 16/9/2005, com imagens normais de perfus&#227;o e FEVE &gt;50%. Analisamos as vari&#225;veis: sexo (29,4% feminino e 70,6% masculino), idade (de 20 a 94 anos - m&#233;dia: 56 anos), peso (de 33,5 a 150 kg - m&#233;dia: 79,6 kg), altura (de 138 a 220 cm - m&#233;dia: 171 cm) e IMC (de 13,9 a 54 - m&#233;dia: 27,2). Em um subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma, inclu&#237;mos as vari&#225;veis di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (de 36 a 68 mm - m&#233;dia 47,5 mm) e sist&#243;lico (de 22 a 41 mm - m&#233;dia 29,8 mm). Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos: FEVE normal (&lt;80%) e superestimada (&gt;80%). A Raz&#227;o de Chances (RC) para apresentar FEVE superestimada foi calculada para cada vari&#225;vel por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: Encontramos as seguintes Raz&#245;es de Chances (p &lt; 0,005): sexo feminino RC = 3,585 (IC95%: 2,745 a 4,683), idade em anos RC = 1,020 (IC95%: 1,011 a 1,029) e altura em cm RC = 0,893 (IC95%: 0,829 a 0,962). O peso e o IMC n&#227;o se associaram a FEVE significativamente (p&gt;0,2). No subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes, encontramos influ&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa na obten&#231;&#227;o da FEVE superestimada para as vari&#225;veis di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico, sexo e altura. CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar de o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico influenciar na obten&#231;&#227;o da FEVE superestimada, as vari&#225;veis sexo e altura apresentam influ&#234;ncia independente na superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE pelo gated SPECT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Gated</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT</kwd>
        <kwd>tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>superestima&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores biol&#243;gicos e superestima&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no <italic>gated</italic> SPECT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Ant&#244;nio Cond&#233; de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Schiavom Duarte<sup>I</sup>; Maria Margarita C. Gonzalez<sup>II</sup>; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Moises<sup>II</sup>; Gilberto Alonso<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Vila&#231;a Lima<sup>II</sup>; Paola Emanuela Smanio<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins<sup>I</sup>;Carlos A. R. Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear, Fleury - Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia, Fleury - Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Alguns pacientes apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) superestimada na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (<italic>gated</italic> SPECT). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores biol&#243;gicos e FEVE superestimada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Selecionamos 3.838 pacientes que realizaram gated SPECT entre 20/5/2000 e 16/9/2005, com imagens normais de perfus&#227;o e FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline>50%. Analisamos as vari&#225;veis: sexo (29,4% feminino e 70,6% masculino), idade (de 20 a 94 anos &#150; m&#233;dia: 56 anos), peso (de 33,5 a 150 kg &#150; m&#233;dia: 79,6 kg), altura (de 138 a 220 cm &#150; m&#233;dia: 171 cm) e IMC (de 13,9 a 54 &#150; m&#233;dia: 27,2). Em um subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma, inclu&#237;mos as vari&#225;veis di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (de 36 a 68 mm &#150; m&#233;dia 47,5 mm) e sist&#243;lico (de 22 a 41 mm &#150; m&#233;dia 29,8 mm). Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos: FEVE normal (&lt;80%) e superestimada (<underline>&gt;</underline>80%). A Raz&#227;o de Chances (RC) para apresentar FEVE superestimada foi calculada para cada vari&#225;vel por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Encontramos as seguintes Raz&#245;es de Chances (p &lt; 0,005): sexo feminino RC = 3,585 (IC95%: 2,745 a 4,683), idade em anos RC = 1,020 (IC95%: 1,011 a 1,029) e altura em cm RC = 0,893 (IC95%: 0,829 a 0,962). O peso e o IMC n&#227;o se associaram a FEVE significativamente (p&gt;0,2). No subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes, encontramos influ&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa na obten&#231;&#227;o da FEVE superestimada para as vari&#225;veis di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico, sexo e altura. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Apesar de o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico influenciar na obten&#231;&#227;o da FEVE superestimada, as vari&#225;veis sexo e altura apresentam influ&#234;ncia independente na superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold><italic>Gated</italic>, SPECT, tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico, volume sist&#243;lico, superestima&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica permite a an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea regional nas paredes do mioc&#225;rdio, o que contribui para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, da avalia&#231;&#227;o e do seguimento terap&#234;uticos e do progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>1</sup>. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>gated</italic> SPECT) acrescentou &#224; an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o o c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), a determina&#231;&#227;o dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico e a an&#225;lise do espessamento e da motilidade das paredes mioc&#225;rdicas<sup>2</sup>. Esses par&#226;metros, al&#233;m de auxiliarem na an&#225;lise das imagens perfusionais<sup>3-5</sup>, podem fornecer importantes informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas<sup>6,7</sup>. Uma s&#233;rie de trabalhos na literatura tem validado o c&#225;lculo da FEVE pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos (cintilografia de primeira passagem<sup>8</sup>, ecocardiograma<sup>9</sup>, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica<sup>10</sup> etc). O valor m&#237;nimo considerado normal para a FEVE calculada pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT &#233; maior ou igual a 50%<sup>11</sup>, embora a literatura relate valores diferentes em alguns trabalhos<sup>12,13</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos normais podem apresentar valores de FEVE que variam de 55% a 75% quando determinados pela angiocardiografia ou pelo ecocardiograma<sup>14</sup>. Por&#233;m, na nossa casu&#237;stica, temos percebido que alguns pacientes, geralmente mulheres de baixa estatura, apresentam FEVE acima desses valores considerados normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). Essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; constatada tamb&#233;m em outros servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear e por outros autores na literatura<sup>15</sup>. Este estudo analisa a influ&#234;ncia de diversos fatores biol&#243;gicos, como sexo, idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), no c&#225;lculo da FEVE no <italic>gated</italic> SPECT, determinando quais fatores est&#227;o associados com FEVE superestimadas e o grau dessa associa&#231;&#227;o. Analisa, tamb&#233;m, qual a rela&#231;&#227;o existente entre o tamanho ventricular (di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico) e a presen&#231;a de FEVE superestimada, em um subgrupo de pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Selecionamos, retrospectivamente, 3.838 pacientes que realizaram <italic>gated</italic> SPECT entre 20/05/2000 e 16/09/2005. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: imagens normais de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela cintilografia e FEVE calculada pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT maior ou igual a 50%.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram imagens em repouso e ap&#243;s estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. As imagens de repouso foram adquiridas 30 minutos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de 370 MBq (10 mCi) de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI. As imagens de estresse foram realizadas 4 horas ap&#243;s as imagens de repouso, com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. A administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de 1,11 GBq (30 mCi) de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI na fase de estresse foi realizada no pico do esfor&#231;o do teste ergom&#233;trico (protocolos de Bruce, Bruce modificado ou Ellestad) ou ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol (0,56 mg/kg por 4 minutos). As imagens de estresse foram realizadas 45 a 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi realizada em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o (Forte<sup>&#174;</sup> Phillips), com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Para cada paciente, foram obtidas 48 proje&#231;&#245;es de 25 segundos em matriz de 64 x 64 <italic>pixels</italic>. O &#226;ngulo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi de 180 graus (in&#237;cio em incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua anterior direita de 45 graus e t&#233;rmino em obl&#237;qua posterior esquerda de 45 graus). A reconstru&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi realizada por t&#233;cnica de retroproje&#231;&#227;o filtrada com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de filtro Butterworth, e a FEVE foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> Autoquant<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Cedars-Sinai's Quantitative Gated SPECT</italic> &#150; QGS) a partir das imagens de estresse.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da FEVE, foram inclu&#237;das as seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo (29,4% feminino e 70,6% masculino), idade (de 20 a 94 anos &#150; m&#233;dia: 56 anos), peso (de 33,5 a 150 kg &#150; m&#233;dia: 79,6 kg), altura (de 138 a 220 cm &#150; m&#233;dia: 171 cm) e IMC (de 13,9 a 54 &#150; m&#233;dia: 27,2) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). O IMC foi calculado segundo a f&#243;rmula IMC = peso/(altura x altura).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos arbitr&#225;rios, segundo os resultados da FEVE: normal (&lt; 80%) e superestimada (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80%). Utilizando programa estat&#237;stico SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>, analisamos os dados por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A Raz&#227;o de Chances para apresentar FEVE superestimada foi calculada para cada vari&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Selecionamos, dos 3.838 pacientes estudados, um subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes que haviam realizado ecocardiograma com at&#233; 10 dias de diferen&#231;a da realiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>gated</italic> SPECT (61,4% dos pacientes realizaram os dois exames no mesmo dia e 95,3% dos pacientes apresentaram at&#233; 1 semana de diferen&#231;a entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos dois exames &#150; m&#233;dia de 1,57 dias). Nesse subgrupo, foram listados os valores dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico (de 22 a 41 mm &#150; m&#233;dia 29,8 mm) e diast&#243;lico (de 36 a 68 mm &#150; m&#233;dia 47,5 mm) de cada paciente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>). Essas duas vari&#225;veis, juntamente com as vari&#225;veis sexo (feminino) e altura, foram analisadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A Raz&#227;o de Chances para apresentar FEVE superestimada foi calculada para os pacientes com di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &lt; 30 mm, para os pacientes com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico &lt; 48 mm e para as vari&#225;veis sexo (feminino) e altura. Consideramos os valores citados para os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico como ponto de corte para o c&#225;lculo da Raz&#227;o de Chances, porque eram os que mais se aproximavam da m&#233;dia. As vari&#225;veis sexo (feminino) e altura foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica no subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes, juntamente com os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, para avaliarmos se possu&#237;am rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica independente com a obten&#231;&#227;o FEVE superestimada.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando consideramos todos os pacientes, as vari&#225;veis sexo, altura e idade associaram-se com a superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,005), notadamente as duas primeiras vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>). O peso e o IMC n&#227;o se associaram significativamente com a obten&#231;&#227;o de FEVE superestimada (p&gt;0,2). Entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, a altura apresentou o maior &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o com a FEVE superestimada quando consideramos todos os pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No subgrupo dos pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma, o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico demonstrou rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a FEVE superestimada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>). O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico n&#227;o influenciou de forma independente a FEVE superestimada. As vari&#225;veis sexo (feminino) e altura continuaram influenciando na obten&#231;&#227;o de FEVE superestimada, por&#233;m menos expressivamente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de todos os pacientes. Os &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre FEVE superestimada e altura, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O <italic>software</italic> Autoquant<sup>&#174;</sup> calcula a FEVE a partir da reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com base nas imagens tomogr&#225;ficas do eixo curto sincronizadas com o ECG. O volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) e o volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) s&#227;o determinados ap&#243;s a delimita&#231;&#227;o dos limites epic&#225;rdico e endoc&#225;rdico, e a FEVE &#233; calculada segundo a f&#243;rmula: [(VDF - VSF) / VDF] x 100 (%)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, pacientes do sexo feminino possuem uma chance de apresentar FEVE superestimada cerca de 3,5 vezes maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do sexo masculino. A altura apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a obten&#231;&#227;o de FEVE superestimada. Os nossos dados confirmam que a FEVE superestimada ocorre com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia em mulheres com baixa estatura.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essa constata&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de mulheres pequenas possu&#237;rem um cora&#231;&#227;o menor<sup>16</sup>, o que faz que o volume sist&#243;lico calculado seja subestimado, superestimando, conseq&#252;entemente, a FEVE. Em pacientes com volume sist&#243;lico muito pequeno, o reconhecimento autom&#225;tico do limite endoc&#225;rdico pelo <italic>software</italic> fica prejudicado por causa da baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o e do efeito de volume parcial<sup>17</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Fig. 3</xref>). Por sua vez, o reconhecimento do limite endoc&#225;rdico &#233; realizado com facilidade em pacientes com volumes ventriculares maiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Fig. 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise do subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma corrobora a hip&#243;tese da rela&#231;&#227;o entre tamanho ventricular e FEVE superestimada. O alto valor da Raz&#227;o de Chances apresentado pela vari&#225;vel di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico sugere que, possivelmente, o principal mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE seja a dificuldade de delimita&#231;&#227;o do limite endoc&#225;rdico em pacientes com volumes sist&#243;licos pequenos. No entanto, Yamada e cols.<sup>18</sup> demonstraram que mulheres apresentam valores de FEVE significativamente maiores, calculadas tanto pelo programa Segami<sup>&#174;</sup> quanto pelo Autoquant<sup>&#174;</sup>. O programa Segami<sup>&#174;</sup> define a posi&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular por meio de par&#226;metros estat&#237;sticos de distribui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de contagem e n&#227;o pela defini&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica do contorno card&#237;aco, e deveria, pelo menos do ponto de vista te&#243;rico, ser menos influenciado por volumes ventriculares pequenos.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os nossos dados mostram que o sexo feminino e a altura influenciaram de forma independente a obten&#231;&#227;o da FEVE superestimada no grupo de pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma. Apesar de apresentar uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>), na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico n&#227;o demonstrou estar associado de maneira independente &#224; FEVE superestimada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>Outros autores j&#225; demonstraram a influ&#234;ncia do tamanho reduzido do cora&#231;&#227;o na estimativa da FEVE pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT<sup>19,20</sup>. Germano e cols.<sup>21</sup> demonstraram, em um estudo com 926 pacientes no qual utilizaram o Autoquant<sup>&#174;</sup>, uma rela&#231;&#227;o exponencial inversa entre o volume diast&#243;lico final e a FEVE e entre o volume sist&#243;lico final e a FEVE. Alguns autores sugerem t&#233;cnicas para corre&#231;&#227;o da superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, como o aumento da matriz de aquisi&#231;&#227;o ou uso de filtros espec&#237;ficos<sup>20</sup>. Uma alternativa para evitar a superestima&#231;&#227;o &#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas que n&#227;o utilizam reconhecimento autom&#225;tico do limite endoc&#225;rdico sist&#243;lico<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de influenciar o c&#225;lculo da FEVE, o tamanho da cavidade ventricular esquerda deve influenciar alguns outros &#237;ndices calculados a partir da defini&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica dos contornos do endoc&#225;rdio. Duarte e cols.<sup>22</sup>, em trabalho pr&#233;vio, relataram a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TID (<italic>transient ischemic dilation</italic>), &#237;ndice que mede a diferen&#231;a das cavidades ventriculares em estresse e repouso. Em um grupo de 16 pacientes com baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de isquemia e valores de TID elevados (&gt; 1,25), 14 eram mulheres. Segundo os autores, uma poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o para a predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres nesse subgrupo poderia ser a dificuldade na defini&#231;&#227;o dos contornos do endoc&#225;rdio em pacientes com cavidade ventricular pequena, principalmente durante a fase de repouso da cintilografia, em que a dose radioativa administrada &#233; aproximadamente 3 vezes menor que aquela administrada na fase de estresse.</p>
    <p>Mesmo nos casos de FEVE superestimada, o <italic>gated</italic> SPECT consegue fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes a respeito da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Nesses casos, consegue-se demonstrar o espessamento normal, que &#233; caracterizado pelo aumento da atividade radioativa por &#225;rea nas paredes mioc&#225;rdicas durante a s&#237;stole em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; di&#225;stole, e a motilidade conservada, demonstrada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da cavidade ventricular na s&#237;stole.</p>
    <p>Poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo que precisam ser referidas s&#227;o: o pr&#243;prio tipo de estudo realizado (corte transversal) que permite estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e a vari&#225;vel dependente n&#227;o permite, no entanto, estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre elas. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o conseguimos estabelecer um mecanismo biol&#243;gico que justifique algumas associa&#231;&#245;es, como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o sexo feminino e a superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, quando esta vari&#225;vel &#233; controlada pelo di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico. Dessa forma, futuros estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para tentar compreender todos os fatores causais da medida FEVE superestimada medida pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>gated</italic> SPECT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis sexo (feminino), altura e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico associaram-se com a obten&#231;&#227;o de FEVE superestimada. A vari&#225;vel idade contribuiu menos expressivamente. O peso e o IMC n&#227;o mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a obten&#231;&#227;o de FEVE superestimada.</p>
    <p>Esta an&#225;lise confirma o que &#233; visto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Mulheres com baixa estatura apresentam valores superestimados de FEVE pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT. Apesar de o di&#226;metro ventricular reduzido ser uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fen&#244;meno, as vari&#225;veis sexo e altura influenciaram independentemente na superestima&#231;&#227;o da FEVE pelo <italic>gated</italic> SPECT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marco Ant&#244;nio Cond&#233; de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Visconde de Ouro Preto, 138 - Consola&#231;&#227;o </p>
        <p> 01303-060 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marco.oliveira@fleury.com.br">marco.oliveira@fleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/06/2007; revisado recebido em 04/09/07; aceito em 19/11/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Biological factors and overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction by gated SPECT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Some patients present an overestimated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on electrocardiogram-gated myocardial scintigraphy (gated SPECT). OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between biological factors and overestimated LVEF. METHODS: We selected 3838 patients who underwent gated SPECT between May 20, 2000 and September 16, 2005 with normal perfusion images and LVEF &gt;50%. The following variables were analyzed: gender (29.4% females and 70.6% males), age (from 20 to 94 years - mean: 56 years), weight (from 33.5 to 150 kg - mean: 79.6 kg), height (from 138 to 220 cm - mean: 171 cm) and BMI (from 13.9 to 54 - mean: 27.2). In a subgroup of 1002 patients who underwent echocardiogram, the diastolic diameter (from 36 to 68 mm - mean 47.5 mm) and systolic diameter (from 22 to 41 mm - mean 29.8 mm) variables were included. The patients were divided into two groups: normal LVEF (&lt;80%) and overestimated LVEF (&gt;80%). The odds ratio (OR) for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for each variable using logistic regression. RESULTS: The following odds ratios were found (p &lt; 0.005): female gender OR = 3.585 (95%CI: 2.745 to 4.683), age in years OR = 1.020 (95%CI: 1.011 to 1.029) and height in cm OR = 0.893 (95%CI: 0.829 to 0.962). Weight and BMI were not significantly associated with LVEF (p&gt;0.2). In the subgroup of 1002 patients, a statistically significant influence was found in overestimated LVEF values for the systolic diameter, gender and height variables. CONCLUSION: Although systolic diameter influences the overestimation of LVEF, the gender and height variables have an independent influence on LVEF overestimation by gated SPECT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>emission-computed</kwd>
        <kwd>single-photon</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Biological factors and overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction by gated SPECT </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marco Ant&#244;nio Cond&#233; de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Schiavom Duarte<sup>I</sup>, Maria Margarita C. Gonzalez<sup>II</sup>; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Moises<sup>II</sup>; Gilberto Alonso<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Vila&#231;a Lima<sup>II</sup>; Paola Emanuela Smanio<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins<sup>I</sup>; Carlos A. R. Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear, Fleury - Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia, Fleury - Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Some patients present an overestimated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on electrocardiogram-gated myocardial scintigraphy (gated SPECT).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To establish the relationship between biological factors and overestimated LVEF.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We selected 3838 patients who underwent gated SPECT between May 20, 2000 and September 16, 2005 with normal perfusion images and LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline>50%. The following variables were analyzed: gender (29.4% females and 70.6% males), age (from 20 to 94 years &#150; mean: 56 years), weight (from 33.5 to 150 kg &#150; mean: 79.6 kg), height (from 138 to 220 cm &#150; mean: 171 cm) and BMI (from 13.9 to 54 &#150; mean: 27.2). In a subgroup of 1002 patients who underwent echocardiogram, the diastolic diameter (from 36 to 68 mm &#150; mean 47.5 mm) and systolic diameter (from 22 to 41 mm &#150; mean 29.8 mm) variables were included. The patients were divided into two groups: normal LVEF (&lt;80%) and overestimated LVEF (<underline>&gt;</underline>80%). The odds ratio (OR) for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for each variable using logistic regression.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The following odds ratios were found (p &lt; 0.005): female gender OR = 3.585 (95%CI: 2.745 to 4.683), age in years OR = 1.020 (95%CI: 1.011 to 1.029) and height in cm OR = 0.893 (95%CI: 0.829 to 0.962). Weight and BMI were not significantly associated with LVEF (p&gt;0.2). In the subgroup of 1002 patients, a statistically significant influence was found in overestimated LVEF values for the systolic diameter, gender and height variables.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Although systolic diameter influences the overestimation of LVEF, the gender and height variables have an independent influence on LVEF overestimation by gated SPECT. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Tomography, emission-computed, single-photon; stroke volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy allows the analysis of regional blood perfusion in myocardial walls, which contributes to the diagnosis, evaluation, and therapeutic and prognostic follow-up of coronary artery disease<sup>1</sup>. The introduction of electrocardiographic gating in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (gated SPECT) added the calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the determination of systolic and diastolic volumes, and the analysis of myocardial wall motion and thickening to the analysis of perfusion<sup>2</sup>. In addition to helping the analysis of perfusion images<sup>3-5</sup>, these parameters can offer important prognostic information<sup>6,7</sup>. Several studies in the literature have validated the calculation of LVEF by gated SPECT in comparison with other methods (first-pass scintigraphy<sup>8</sup>, echocardiogram<sup>9</sup>, magnetic resonance imaging<sup>10</sup>, and others). The minimum value considered normal for LVEF as calculated by gated SPECT is greater than or equal to 50%<sup>11</sup>, although some studies in the literature report different values<sup>12,13</sup>. Normal individuals may present LVEF values ranging from 55% to 75% as determined by angiocardiography or echocardiogram<sup>14</sup>. However, in our case series we noticed that some patients &#150; usually short women, have LVEF values above those considered normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This association is also observed in other nuclear medicine services and by other authors in the literature<sup>15</sup>. This study analyzes the influence of several biological factors such as gender, age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) in the calculation of LFEV by gated SPECT, determining which factors are associated with overestimated LFEV and the degree of this association. It also analyzes the relationship between ventricular size (diastolic and systolic diameters) and the presence of overestimated LVEF in a subgroup of patients who underwent echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We retrospectively selected 3838 patients who underwent gated SPECT between May 20, 2000 and September 16, 2005. Inclusion criteria were: normal myocardial perfusion images on scintigraphy and LVEF greater than or equal to 50% as calculated by gated SPECT.</p>
      <p>The images were acquired with the patients at rest and after physical or pharmacologic stress. The rest images were acquired 30 minutes after intravenous administration of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI. The stress images were acquired four hours after the rest images with electrocardiogram gating. Intravenous administration of 1.11 GBq (30 mCi) of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI in the stress phase was made at the peak effort of the exercise test (Bruce protocol, modified Bruce protocol, or Ellestad) or after the administration of dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg for four minutes). Stress images were acquired 45 to 60 minutes after injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Image acquisition was made in a scintillation camera (Forte&#153; Phillips), with a low-energy high-resolution collimator. For each patient, 48 25-second projections in a 64 x 64 pixel matrix were obtained. The acquisition angle was 180 degrees (beginning in a right anterior oblique view at 45 degrees and ending in a left posterior oblique view at 45 degrees). Image reconstruction was performed with a filtered back projection technique using a Butterworth filter; LVEF was processed by the Autoquant&#153; software (Cedars-Sinai's Quantitative Gated SPECT &#150; QGS) from stress images.</p>
      <p>In addition to LVEF, the following variables were included: gender, (29.4% female and 70.6% male), age (from 20 to 94 years &#150; mean: 56 years), weight (from 33.5 to 150 kg &#150; mean: 79.6 kg), height (from 138 to 220 cm &#150; mean: 171 cm) and BMI (from 13.9 to 54 &#150; mean: 27.2) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). BMI was calculated using the formula BMI = weight / (height x height).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were divided into two arbitrary groups according to LVEF results: normal (&lt; 80%) and overestimated (<underline>&gt;</underline> 80%). Data were analyzed using logistic regression and Pearson's correlation with the SPSS&#153; statistical package. The odds ratio for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for each variable.</p>
      <p>Of the 3838 patients studied, we selected a subgroup of 1002 patients who had undergone echocardiogram within up to ten days of the gated SPECT (61.4% of the patients underwent both tests on the same day and 95.5% of the patients underwent the tests within up to one week between them &#150; with a mean of 1.57 days). In this subgroup, the values of systolic (from 22 to 41 mm &#150; mean of 29.8 mm) and diastolic (from 36 to 68 mm &#150; mean of 47.5 mm) diameters were listed for each patient (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). These two variables along with the gender (female) and height variables were analyzed using logistic regression and Pearson's correlation. The odds ratio for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for patients with a &lt; 30 mm systolic diameter; for patients with a &lt; 48 mm diastolic diameter; and for the gender (female) and height variables. These values mentioned for the systolic and diastolic diameters were considered as the cut-off point for the calculation of the odds ratio because they were the closest values to the mean. The gender (female) and height variables were included in the logistic regression analysis in the subgroup of 1002 patients along with systolic and diastolic diameters, so as to verify whether they had an independent statistical relation to the finding of an overestimated LVEF.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When all patients were considered, the gender, height and age variables showed a statistically significant association with overestimated LVEF (p&lt;0.005), notably the first two (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). Weight and BMI were not significantly associated with the finding of an overestimated LVEF (P&gt;0.2). Among the continuous variables, height had the highest correlation index with overestimated LVEF when all patients were considered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the subgroup of patients who underwent echocardiogram, the systolic diameter showed a statistically significant relation to overestimated LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t5-body2">Table 5</xref>). The diastolic diameter did not independently influence overestimated LVEF. The gender (female) and height variables still influenced the finding of an overestimated LVEF, although less significantly in relation to the analysis of all patients. The Pearson's correlation coefficients demonstrated an inverse correlation between overestimated LVEF and height, diastolic diameter and systolic diameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Autoquant&#153; software calculates LVEF from the three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricular cavity based on gated short-axis images. The end-systolic volume (ESV) and end-diastolic volume (EDV) are determined after epicardial and endocardial edge detection, and LVEF is calculated according to the formula: [(EDV - ESV) / EDV] x 100 (%)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our case series, female patients had an approximately 3.5 times higher chance of presenting an overestimated LVEF in comparison with male patients. Height had an inverse correlation with the finding of an overestimated LVEF. Our data confirm that overestimated LVEF occurs more frequently among short women.</p>
      <p>A possible explanation for this finding is the fact that small women have smaller hearts<sup>16</sup>, which causes the calculated systolic volume to be underestimated, thus consequently overestimating the LVEF. In patients with very small systolic volumes, the automatic determination of the endocardial edge by the software is impaired due to low resolution and partial volume effects<sup>17</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The endocardial edge, in turn, is easily determined in patients with greater ventricular volumes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The analysis of the subgroup of 1002 patients who underwent echocardiogram corroborates the hypothesis of the relationship between ventricular size and overestimated LVEF. The high value of the odds ratio found for the systolic diameter variable suggests that the main mechanism responsible for LVEF overestimation is possibly the difficulty to determine the endocardial edge in patients with small systolic volumes. However, Yamada et al<sup>18</sup> demonstrated that women have significantly higher LVEF values as calculated both by Segami&#153; and Autoquant&#153; softwares. The Segami&#153; software defines the ventricular wall position by means of statistical parameters of counting rate distribution and not by the automatic definition of cardiac contours and thus should, at least theoretically, be less influenced by small ventricular volumes.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0333-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Our data show that female gender and height independently influenced the finding of an overestimated LVEF in the group of patients who underwent echocardiogram. Despite presenting an inverse correlation with overestimated LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>), the diastolic diameter did not prove to be independently associated with overestimated LVEF in the logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>Other authors have already demonstrated the influence of small hearts in LVEF as estimated by gated SPECT<sup>19,20</sup>. Germano et al<sup>21</sup> demonstrated an inverse exponential relation between end-diastolic volume and LVEF, and between end-systolic volume and LVEF in a study with 926 patients in which they used Autoquant&#153;. Some authors suggest techniques for the correction of overestimated LVEF, such as larger acquisition matrices or use of specific filters<sup>20</sup>. An alternative to prevent overestimation is the use of techniques that do not use automatic systolic endocardial edge detection<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to influencing the LVEF calculation, the size of the left ventricular cavity may also influence some other indexes calculated from the automatic detection of the endocardial contours. In a previous study, Duarte et al<sup>22</sup> reported the influence of gender in obtaining TID (transient ischemic dilation) values, an index that measures the difference between ventricular cavities with stress and at rest. In a group of 16 patients with a low pretest probability of ischemia and high TID values (&gt;1.25), 14 were women. According to the authors, a possible reason for the predominance of women in this subgroup could be the difficulty to define the endocardial contours in patients with small ventricular cavities, mainly during the resting phase of scintigraphy, in which the radioactive dose administered is approximately three times lower than that administered in the stress phase.</p>
      <p>Even in cases of overestimated LVEF, gated SPECT can provide important information on the left ventricular function. In these cases, it is possible to demonstrate the normal thickening, which is characterized by increased radioactivity by area in myocardial walls during systole in relation to diastole, and the preserved motility as demonstrated by a significant reduction of the ventricular cavity during systole.</p>
      <p>A possible study limitation that should be mentioned is the type of study conducted (cross-sectional), which allows the association between independent variables and the dependent variable to be estimated, however without allowing a causal relation between them to be established. Additionally, we were not able to establish a biological mechanism that justifies some associations, such as that between the female gender and LVEF overestimation when this variable is controlled by the systolic diameter. Thus, further studies are necessary to explain all the causal factors of overestimated LVEF as measured by gated SPECT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The gender (female), height and systolic diameter variables were associated with the finding of an overestimated LVEF. The age variable contributed less significantly. Weight and BMI did not show a statistically significant relation with the finding of an overestimated LVEF.</p>
      <p>This analysis confirms what is observed in clinical practice: short women present overestimated LVEF by gated SPECT. Although a reduced ventricular diameter may be a possible explanation for this phenomenon, the gender and height variables independently influenced the overestimation of LVEF by gated SPECT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
