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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XwZNsR3RSkbhwJZ4YpXgNYQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico de mulheres idosas em Curitiba - Paran&#225;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krause</surname>
            <given-names>Maressa P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hallage</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miculis</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Petra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Mirnaluci Paulino Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio G. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Pittsburgh</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>327</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A dislipidemia &#233; considerada um dos principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, que, por sua vez, &#233; mais freq&#252;ente em indiv&#237;duos de idade avan&#231;ada. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa desconhece a caracter&#237;stica de seu perfil lip&#237;dico, assim como muitos n&#227;o possuem acesso a um tratamento adequado. OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia hipolipemiante de mulheres idosas em Curitiba - Paran&#225;. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra foi composta por 312 mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 68,8; desvio padr&#227;o 6,0 anos). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi determinado por meio das dosagens de colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia hipolipemiante foi verificada por meio de auto-relato, em seguida os grupos foram divididos em dois subgrupos, satisfat&#243;rio e insatisfat&#243;rio. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma grande preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com valores insatisfat&#243;rios nos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, no grupo que relatou n&#227;o estar sob terapia hipolipemiante: 74,2% das mulheres portadoras de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) apresentaram valores superiores &#224; meta lip&#234;mica para o LDL-C (&lt;100,0 mg/dl). Por sua vez, 45,8% a 49,3% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo que relatou utilizar medicamento hipolipemiante apresentaram valores insatisfat&#243;rios para CT, TG e LDL-C, e 25,4% obtiveram valores de HDL-C inferiores a 40,0 mg/dl. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados desta investiga&#231;&#227;o indicam uma alta preval&#234;ncia de mulheres idosas, independentemente do auto-relato de utilizar terapia hipolipemiante, com o perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; meta lip&#234;mica para o LDL-C nas mulheres idosas portadoras de DCV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico de mulheres idosas em Curitiba - Paran&#225;</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maressa P. Krause; Tatiane Hallage; Cristiane Petra Miculis; Mirnaluci Paulino Ribeiro Gama; Sergio G. da Silva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A dislipidemia &#233; considerada um dos principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, que, por sua vez, &#233; mais freq&#252;ente em indiv&#237;duos de idade avan&#231;ada. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa desconhece a caracter&#237;stica de seu perfil lip&#237;dico, assim como muitos n&#227;o possuem acesso a um tratamento adequado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia hipolipemiante de mulheres idosas em Curitiba - Paran&#225;. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A amostra foi composta por 312 mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 68,8; desvio padr&#227;o 6,0 anos). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi determinado por meio das dosagens de colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia hipolipemiante foi verificada por meio de auto-relato, em seguida os grupos foram divididos em dois subgrupos, satisfat&#243;rio e insatisfat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foi encontrada uma grande preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com valores insatisfat&#243;rios nos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, no grupo que relatou n&#227;o estar sob terapia hipolipemiante: 74,2% das mulheres portadoras de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) apresentaram valores superiores &#224; meta lip&#234;mica para o LDL-C (&lt;100,0 mg/dl). Por sua vez, 45,8% a 49,3% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo que relatou utilizar medicamento hipolipemiante apresentaram valores insatisfat&#243;rios para CT, TG e LDL-C, e 25,4% obtiveram valores de HDL-C inferiores a 40,0 mg/dl. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados desta investiga&#231;&#227;o indicam uma alta preval&#234;ncia de mulheres idosas, independentemente do auto-relato de utilizar terapia hipolipemiante, com o perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; meta lip&#234;mica para o LDL-C nas mulheres idosas portadoras de DCV.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fatores de risco, dislipidemias/terapia, envelhecimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil<sup>1</sup>, atingindo principalmente indiv&#237;duos com idade mais avan&#231;ada. Segundo o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de<sup>2</sup>, a taxa de mortalidade por DCV na Regi&#227;o Sul do pa&#237;s, entre indiv&#237;duos de 60 a 69 anos, &#233; de 264,62/100 mil habitantes. Al&#233;m disso, dados nacionais, publicados em 2004, referentes &#224;s doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas card&#237;acas reportaram que 27,59% da popula&#231;&#227;o nessa faixa et&#225;ria necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por DCV.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, o diagn&#243;stico de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco para DCV poderia modificar esse quadro pela preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, possibilitando um menor gasto da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica com a DCV e suas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias. Um dos principais fatores de risco para DCV &#233; a dislipidemia, por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV)<sup>3</sup> e por causa da progress&#227;o da aterosclerose em idosos<sup>4</sup>. Contudo, estudos referentes &#224; sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira ainda s&#227;o escassos, principalmente entre os idosos<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa n&#227;o possui acesso a um tratamento adequado ou desconhece a caracter&#237;stica de seu perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas nacionais<sup>7,8</sup> e internacionais<sup>9,10</sup> que investigaram a efic&#225;cia da terapia hipolipemiante na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de CT, LDL-C e TG constataram que grande parte dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o conseguiu atingir as metas lip&#234;micas mesmo com o uso de terapia hipolipemiante &#150; segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Dislipidemia<sup>11</sup>. Dessa forma, parece existir um consenso de que esses resultados seriam conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da falta de um tratamento medicamentoso mais agressivo e/ou de modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, tais como a ado&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta saud&#225;vel e a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<sup>3,12-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o prop&#243;sito de ampliar a compreens&#227;o sobre a dislipidemia e o seu tratamento, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia hipolipemiante em mulheres idosas, na cidade de Curitiba - Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O delineamento da pesquisa &#233; caracterizado como <italic>estudo observacional transversal e descritivo</italic>. A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo compreendido entre abril e julho de 2006.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de efetuar uma sele&#231;&#227;o de amostra estratificada, as seguintes etapas foram realizadas:</p>
    <p>1) Cadastro dos grupos comunit&#225;rios existentes no munic&#237;pio Curitiba, Paran&#225;, o qual foi obtido mediante parceria com institui&#231;&#245;es que promovem atividades recreacionais para a popula&#231;&#227;o da respectiva regional geogr&#225;fica;</p>
    <p>2) Mapeamento de todos os grupos cadastrados nas oito regionais do munic&#237;pio;</p>
    <p>3) Aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria simples dos grupos que seriam convidados a participar da pesquisa, por regional;</p>
    <p>4) Visita ao grupo, explica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos da pesquisa e convite &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria no estudo, tanto para os indiv&#237;duos pertencentes ao respectivo grupo comunit&#225;rio como tamb&#233;m extens&#227;o deste convite a familiares e amigos pr&#243;ximos a esse grupo.</p>
    <p>Depois de realizado o procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral, descrito anteriormente, o cronograma para a coleta de dados foi determinado. A amostra inicial foi constitu&#237;da de 354 mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 68,8; desvio padr&#227;o 6,0 anos) que estivessem, na data da coleta, com idade cronol&#243;gica superior ou igual a 60 anos. Entretanto, desse grupo exclu&#237;ram-se 42 indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, e outros tr&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos para as an&#225;lises do LDL-C, pois apresentavam valores de triglicer&#237;deos superiores a 400,0 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s detalhado esclarecimento sobre os prop&#243;sitos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, procedimentos utilizados, benef&#237;cios e poss&#237;veis riscos atrelados, os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento, condicionando sua participa&#231;&#227;o de modo volunt&#225;rio. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Setor de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, conforme as normas estabelecidas na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e na Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de sobre pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Instrumentos e procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os participantes cumpriram jejum de 12 horas antes da coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol total, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. O HDL-C foi mensurado pelo sistema de precipita&#231;&#227;o seletiva das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa e muito baixa densidade (LDL e VLDL). Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o o HDL-C, determinou-se no sobrenadante utilizado o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. Todas as medidas foram analisadas no espectrofot&#244;metro COBAS MIRA PLUS (Roche Diagnostics), com calibrador e soro controle DIASYS. O <italic>kit</italic> da LABTEST foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos, e o <italic>kit</italic> DIASYS para o HDL-C. O colesterol foi calculado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>16</sup>, sendo: LDL-C = colesterol total - (HDL-C + triglicer&#237;deos/5).</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que estavam, na data da coleta, utilizando terapia hipolipemiante foi realizada por auto-relato, sendo ent&#227;o dividido em dois grupos (0 = sem terapia hipolipemiante ou 1 = sob terapia hipolipemiante). Da mesma forma, o LDL-C foi dividido em dois grupos, pois havia indiv&#237;duos que auto-relataram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de DCV, de acordo com a meta lip&#234;mica recomendada para indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-portadores de DCV (LDL-C: &lt;130,0 mg/dl) e para portadores de DCV (LDL-C para DCV: &lt;100,0 mg/dl). Ambos os grupos foram divididos em subgrupos &#150; satisfat&#243;rio e insatisfat&#243;rio &#150;, classificados com base nos valores nacionalmente recomendados para cada componente do perfil lip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>)<sup>11</sup>. Dentre os indiv&#237;duos dessa amostra, 15,7% auto-relataram ser portadores de DCV.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de normalidade Kolmogorov<italic>-</italic>Smirnov foi aplicado para caracterizar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis deste estudo como param&#233;tricas (p &lt; 0,005). Aplicaram-se medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e variabilidade para a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados, posteriormente foi calculada a freq&#252;&#234;ncia relativa, que foi analisada pelo teste do c quadrado. O teste-T independente foi utilizado para verificar diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias, de cada componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, dos subgrupos satisfat&#243;rio e insatisfat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados do presente estudo foi realizada mediante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, vers&#227;o 13.0) <italic>for Windows</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> apresenta as m&#233;dias e o desvio padr&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de CT, HDL-C, TG e LDL-C e LDL-C para DCV do grupo que auto-relatou n&#227;o estar sob terapia hipolipemiante. Os valores m&#233;dios diferiram significativamente entre os subgrupos em todos os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos apresentou valores satisfat&#243;rios para todas as vari&#225;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico, por&#233;m houve uma elevada preval&#234;ncia (74,2%) de indiv&#237;duos portadores de DCV com valores superiores &#224; meta lip&#234;mica recomendada para o LDL-C (<underline>&gt;</underline> 100,0 mg/dl). Todas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os subgrupos analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a m&#233;dia dos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico para os indiv&#237;duos que auto-relataram estar sob terapia hipolipemiante. Os valores m&#233;dios diferiram significativamente entre os subgrupos em todos os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico. Apesar de as freq&#252;&#234;ncias encontradas n&#227;o demonstrarem diferen&#231;as significativas (p &gt; 0,05) entre os subgrupos, quase metade das mulheres idosas n&#227;o atingiu as metas lip&#234;micas recomendadas, com exce&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C, em que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (74,6%) apresentaram valores superiores a 40,0 mg/dl (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, 47,4% dos sujeitos portadores de DCV apresentaram valores de LDL-C superiores &#224; meta lip&#234;mica (<underline>&gt;</underline> 100,0 mg/dl) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Verificou-se neste estudo que uma grande parcela das mulheres idosas que auto-relataram n&#227;o utilizar terapia hipolipemiante apresentou n&#237;veis insatisfat&#243;rios dos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, destacando-se que 74,2% das idosas portadoras de DCV demonstraram valores superiores &#224; meta lip&#234;mica recomendada para o LDL-C (&lt; 100,0 mg/dl). Esses resultados s&#227;o similares a outros estudos<sup>9,17</sup> que relataram alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em indiv&#237;duos adultos, de ambos os sexos, sem tratamento medicamentoso. Segundo Goff Junior e cols.<sup>17</sup>, apenas 16% dos participantes do estudo <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> relataram estar sob terapia hipolipemiante; dentre os sujeitos classificados como portadores de alto e m&#233;dio risco para DCV, mais da metade n&#227;o estava sob tratamento medicamentoso para dislipidemia e apresentou n&#237;veis lip&#234;micos acima da meta estabelecida.</p>
    <p>No estudo <italic>Minnesota Heart Survey</italic> (MHS), ap&#243;s acompanhamento de vinte anos, Arnett e cols.<sup>10</sup> constataram que apenas 33% das mulheres e 28% dos homens conheciam seu perfil lip&#237;dico, por&#233;m, apesar de apresentarem n&#237;veis indesej&#225;veis de colesterol total, n&#227;o estavam sob tratamento medicamentoso. Al&#233;m disso, 55% das mulheres e 53% dos homens com n&#237;veis elevados de CT (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200,0 mg/dl) desconheciam sua condi&#231;&#227;o. Os autores tamb&#233;m destacaram que a taxa de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e controle da hipercolesterolemia foi menor nas mulheres (6%) quando comparadas aos homens da amostra (13%), o que sugere que as mulheres possuem menor controle sobre seu CT.</p>
    <p>O HDL-C &#233; considerado de grande import&#226;ncia para mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa<sup>18</sup>, por sua caracter&#237;stica cardioprotetora<sup>19,20</sup>. Entretanto, de acordo com os resultados deste estudo, observou-se que quase um ter&#231;o das mulheres idosas apresentou n&#237;veis de HDL-C inferiores aos recomendados. Similarmente, Cervato e cols.<sup>21</sup> verificaram uma preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia de 25,9% na popula&#231;&#227;o da cidade de Cotia - S&#227;o Paulo, em grande parte decorrente dos baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C.</p>
    <p>O LDL-C &#233; considerado um dos principais fatores de risco para DCV<sup>22</sup>, pois est&#225; envolvido na forma&#231;&#227;o e desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o de placas ateromatosas em pacientes assistom&#225;ticos e tamb&#233;m naqueles com aterosclerose coronariana<sup>3,23</sup>. Sendo assim, o alvo prim&#225;rio da terapia hipolipemiante &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-C<sup>3,22</sup>. Entretanto, observou-se que 74,2% das mulheres idosas portadoras de DCV sem terapia hipolipemiante apresentaram valores de LDL-C acima da meta (&lt; 100,0 mg/dl), apesar do diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio desse quadro. Similarmente, uma maior preval&#234;ncia de LDL-C elevado (&gt; 160,0 mg/dl) foi encontrada em mulheres quando comparadas aos homens, em um estudo com 516 idosas de ambos os sexos, conduzido por Alencar e cols.<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais<sup>3</sup> e nacionais<sup>16</sup> preconizam a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C, por causa de sua comprovada efic&#225;cia na diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV<sup>3</sup> e, principalmente, na redu&#231;&#227;o da reincid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, como o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>25,26</sup>. Contudo, a obten&#231;&#227;o das metas lip&#234;micas n&#227;o tem sido amplamente alcan&#231;ada. O custo da medica&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,11</sup> e o comportamento social<sup>27,28</sup> t&#234;m sido indicados como alguns dos fatores que poderiam explicar o porqu&#234; de as recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas n&#227;o estarem sendo adotadas. Al&#233;m disso, a falta de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e acesso do paciente a informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco para DCV e como prevenir essa patologia tamb&#233;m contribui para esse problema.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres do grupo que auto-relataram o uso de terapia hipolipemiante, de 45,8% a 49,3% apresentaram valores acima da meta lip&#234;mica do colesterol total, LDL-C e triglic&#233;rides, e 25,4% foram classificadas com n&#237;veis inferiores &#224; meta do HDL-C (&gt; 40,0 mg/dl). Investiga&#231;&#245;es recentes demonstraram resultados similares aos encontrados neste estudo, em que um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, mesmo sob terapia hipolipemiante, n&#227;o conseguiu atingir os n&#237;veis lip&#234;micos recomendados<sup>7,9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Oliveira e Mancini Filho<sup>29</sup> conduziram um estudo com mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa sob terapia hipolipemiante, no qual verificaram que apenas 7% apresentavam n&#237;veis de LDL-C &lt;100,0 mg/dl, 26% com n&#237;vel de CT &lt;200,0 mg/dl, 56% com HDL-C &gt;40,0 mg/dl e 44% com TG &lt;150,0 mg/dl. Outra investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>, conduzida com 190 indiv&#237;duos idosos de ambos os sexos portadores de dislipidemia, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos de risco segundo o escore de Framinghan, verificou que apenas 50,9% do grupo de baixo-m&#233;dio risco e 30,2% do grupo de alto risco conseguiram atingir as metas para o LDL-C.</p>
    <p>Resultados similares tamb&#233;m foram encontrados na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, onde 67% dos pacientes de um hospital p&#250;blico relataram que o pre&#231;o do medicamento se torna uma barreira para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico; al&#233;m disso, a falta de orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso da medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel por 31% das irregularidades do tratamento hipolipemiante<sup>30</sup>. Pesquisas internacionais t&#234;m sugerido que a falta do controle sobre os n&#237;veis lip&#234;micos pode ser conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da aus&#234;ncia de uma terapia medicamentosa mais agressiva, inefic&#225;cia da droga e baixa ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento<sup>9,26,31</sup>. Outros fatores relacionados ao sucesso ou ao fracasso da terapia hipolipemiante est&#227;o associados aos h&#225;bitos de vida, como inatividade f&#237;sica e tabagismo<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar das pesquisas nacionais citadas anteriormente, os estudos que abordam a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia no Brasil ainda s&#227;o escassos. Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada nas Regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do Brasil, que avaliou 81.262 pessoas, relatou que a preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia foi de 40% (m&#233;dia de todas as regi&#245;es) e de 44% em Curitiba - Paran&#225;<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o abordou o tipo e a dosagem da medica&#231;&#227;o utilizada. Assim, os resultados apresentados impedem a infer&#234;ncia de causalidade entre os fatores respons&#225;veis pela falta de controle da dislipidemia, como dosagem inadequada, f&#225;rmaco prescrito ou ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, esta pesquisa &#233; de car&#225;ter transversal, ent&#227;o os resultados encontrados n&#227;o evidenciam causalidade, como o efeito ao longo do tempo sobre a incid&#234;ncia da dislipidemia nos indiv&#237;duos avaliados. Contudo, ressalta-se que o objetivo deste estudo foi ampliar a compreens&#227;o sobre a dislipidemia e o seu tratamento, verificando a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da dislipidemia na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, de acordo com os grupos que relataram utilizar medicamentos hipolipemiantes.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que uma grande parcela das mulheres idosas apresentou um perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, independentemente do uso de terapia hipolimepiante. Al&#233;m disso, destaca-se o elevado porcentual de mulheres portadoras de DCV que auto-relataram n&#227;o estar sob terapia hipolipemiante e que apresentaram n&#237;veis insatisfat&#243;rios de LDL-C (&gt; 100,0 mg/dl). Aconselha-se que novos estudos sejam realizados a fim de verificar os motivos pelos quais um grande n&#250;mero de mulheres desconhece seu perfil lip&#237;dico e para tamb&#233;m analisar quais fatores podem interferir na ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o, principalmente naqueles com diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de DCV. Dessa forma, a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria poderia tornar-se mais abrangente, o que possivelmente atenuaria as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias que a dislipidemia pode desencadear, como um maior risco de desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>4,33</sup>, hipertens&#227;o<sup>34</sup> e acidente vascular cerebral<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a Dra. Mauren Isfer, bioqu&#237;mica respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do Hospital de Pol&#237;cia do Paran&#225;. Ao Projeto Diabetes Objetivando Controle e Educa&#231;&#227;o (DOCE), pela parceria realizada com o laborat&#243;rio NOVARTIS, Farm&#225;cia DAS SETE. Aos endocrinologistas do Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Diabetes do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba &#150; Dra Sheyla Q. Alonso, Dra. Carolina F. da Luz Martins, Dra. Gabriela C. de Mira e Dra Jeanne D. Gama &#150;, pela colabora&#231;&#227;o na coleta de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maressa P. Krause </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Rodrigues Pinheiro, 949 - Cap&#227;o Raso </p>
        <p> 81130-200 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maressakrause@hotmail.com">maressakrause@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/09/07; revisado recebido em 20/11/07; aceito em 10/12/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the lipid profile of elderly woman in Curitiba - Parana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is considered one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is more frequent in older individuals. However, evidence suggests that a large number of elderly individuals is not aware of their lipid profile status; additionally, many of them do not have access to adequate treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the lipid profile and the frequency of lipid-lowering therapy use in elderly women from the city of Curitiba, state of Parana, Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 312 women (mean age = 68.8; SD = 6.0 years). The lipid profile was determined by plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). The number of subjects that reported being on lipid-lowering therapy was self-reported; therefore, the groups were divided into two subgroups, satisfactory and unsatisfactory. RESULTS: A high prevalence of individuals with unsatisfactory levels of lipid profile components was observed in the group that self-reported not being on lipid-lowering therapy; of these, 74.2% of women with CVD presented levels above the LDL-C goal. On the other hand, 45.8 to 49.3% of the individuals from the group that self-reported being on lipid-lowering therapy had unsatisfactory values of TC, TG and LDL-C, and 25.4% had HDL-C levels lower than 40.0 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation indicate a high prevalence of elderly women, regardless of self-reports of being on lipid-lowering therapy, with an unsatisfactory lipid profile, mainly related to LDL-C goal for those individuals with CVD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Analysis of the lipid profile of elderly women in Curitiba - Parana</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maressa P. Krause; Tatiane Hallage; Cristiane Petra Miculis; Mirnaluci Paulino Ribeiro Gama; Sergio G. da Silva</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Dyslipidemia is considered one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is more frequent in older individuals. However, evidence suggests that a large number of elderly individuals is not aware of their lipid profile status; additionally, many of them do not have access to adequate treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze the lipid profile and the frequency of lipid-lowering therapy use in elderly women from the city of Curitiba, state of Parana, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The sample consisted of 312 women (mean age = 68.8; SD = 6.0 years). The lipid profile was determined by plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). The number of subjects that reported being on lipid-lowering therapy was self-reported; therefore, the groups were divided into two subgroups, satisfactory and unsatisfactory.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A high prevalence of individuals with unsatisfactory levels of lipid profile components was observed in the group that self-reported not being on lipid-lowering therapy; of these, 74.2% of women with CVD presented levels above the LDL-C goal. On the other hand, 45.8 to 49.3% of the individuals from the group that self-reported being on lipid-lowering therapy had unsatisfactory values of TC, TG and LDL-C, and 25.4% had HDL-C levels lower than 40.0 mg/dl.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results of this investigation indicate a high prevalence of elderly women, regardless of self-reports of being on lipid-lowering therapy, with an unsatisfactory lipid profile, mainly related to LDL-C goal for those individuals with CVD.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Risk factors; dyslipidemias/therapy; aging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered the main cause of mortality in Brazil<sup>1</sup>, affecting mainly elderly individuals. According to the Ministry of Health<sup>2</sup>, the mortality rate due to CVD in the southern region of Brazil among individuals aged 60 to 69 years is 264.62/100,000 inhabitants. Additionally, national data published in 2004 regarding cardiac ischemic diseases, reported that 27.59% of the elderly population in this age range needed hospital admission due to CVD.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the diagnosis of individuals with higher risk for CVD can alter this picture through primary prevention, allowing the public health departments to lower their costs with CVD and its consequences. One of the main risk factors for CVD is dyslipidemia, due to its association with the development of CVD<sup>3</sup> and the progression of atherosclerosis in the elderly<sup>4</sup>. However, studies concerning its frequency in the Brazilian population are still scarce, mainly among the elderly<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidence suggests that a large number of elderly individuals does not have access to adequate treatment or is unaware of their lipid profile<sup>8</sup>. Additionally, national<sup>7,8</sup> and international<sup>9,10</sup> studies that investigated the efficacy of the lipid-lowering therapy in the reduction of the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), observed that many of the individuals were unable to achieve their lipid goals even when undergoing treatment with lipid-lowering drugs &#150; according to the recommendations by the IV Brazilian Directives on Dyslipidemia<sup>11</sup>. Therefore, there seems to be a consensus that these results would be the consequence of the lack of a more aggressive drug therapy and/or lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a healthier diet and the regular practice of physical exercises<sup>3, 12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to analyze the lipid profile and the frequency of lipid-lowering therapy use in elderly women from the city of Curitiba, state of Parana, Brazil, aiming at increasing the knowledge about dyslipidemia and its treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study design is characterized as a Descriptive, Transversal and Observational Study. Data collection was carried out between April and July 2006.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population and sampling</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the objective of performing a stratified sample selection, the following steps were carried out:</p>
      <p>1) Records of the existing community groups in the city of Curitiba, state of Parana, Brazil, obtained with the help of a partnership with institutions that promote recreational activities for the population of the respective geographical region were assessed;</p>
      <p>2) Charting of all the groups registered at the eight regional zones of the city;</p>
      <p>3) Simple randomized allocation of the groups that would be invited to participate in the study, per regional zone;</p>
      <p>4) Visiting the group, with the objective of explaining the research procedures and inviting people to become volunteer participants in the study, not only the individuals that belonged to the community group, but also their family members and close friends.</p>
      <p>After the aforementioned sample selection was carried out, the chronogram for the data collection was established. The initial sample consisted of 354 women (mean age=68.8 years; SD=6.0 years) who were, at the time of the data collection, 60 years or older. However, 42 individuals were excluded due to being diabetics and three others were excluded regarding the LDL-C analyses, as their levels of triglycerides were higher than 400.0 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>After being informed about the purpose of the investigation, procedures to be used, associated benefits and possible risks, the participants signed the informed consent form, ascertaining their voluntary participation. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Biological Science Division of the Federal University of Parana, according to the directives established at the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution 196/96 of the <italic>Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic> (National Health Council) on researches involving human participants.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Instruments and procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All the participants fasted for 12 hours prior to blood collection. The enzymatic method was used to determine triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. High-density cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured through a selective precipitation system of low-density (LDL) and very low-density (VLDL) lipoproteins. After centrifuging, HDL-C was determined in the supernatant using the enzymatic method. All measurements were analyzed at the COBAS MIRA PLUS spectrophotometer (Roche Diagnostics), with DIASYS calibration system and control serum. The LABTEST kit was used to perform the measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides, whereas HDL-C was measured with a DIASYS kit. The cholesterol was calculated according to Friedewald's formula<sup>16</sup>: LDL-C = total cholesterol - (HDL-C + triglycerides /5).</p>
      <p>The number of subjects that reported being on lipid-lowering therapy at the time of data collection was self-reported, therefore, the groups were divided into two groups (0 = without lipid-lowering therapy, or 1 = undergoing lipid-lowering therapy). Similarly, LDL-C was divided in two groups, due to the presence of individuals that self-reported a previous medical diagnosis of CVD, according to the lipid goal attainment recommended for individuals without CVD (LDL-C: &lt;130.0 mg/dl) and for those with CVD (LDL-C for CVD: &lt;100.0 mg/dl). Both groups were subdivided in subgroups - satisfactory and unsatisfactory- classified based on the values recommended nationally for each component of the lipid profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>)<sup>11</sup>. Among the individuals from this sample, 15.7% of them reported having CVD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The <italic>Kolmogorov-</italic>Smirnov test of normality was used, characterizing the distribution of all the variables in this study as parametric (p&lt;0.005). Central trend and variability measures were applied for the descriptive analysis of the data; subsequently, the relative frequency was calculated and analyzed by the Chi-square test. The independent T-test was used to verify differences between the means, of each component of the lipid profile and of the satisfactory and unsatisfactory groups.</p>
      <p>The data analysis of the present study was carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 13.0) for Windows.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the means and standard deviations for levels of TC, HDL-C, TG and LDL-C as well as LDL-C for CVD in the group that self-reported not being under lipid-lowering therapy. The mean values showed a significant difference between the subgroups regarding all the components of the lipid profile. Most individuals presented satisfactory levels for all variables of the lipid profile; however, there was a high prevalence (74.2%) of individuals with CVD who had values above the lipid goal recommended for LDL-C (<underline>&gt;</underline>100.0 mg/dl). All observed frequencies showed significant differences between the studied subgroups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the means of the components of the lipid profile for the individuals that self-reported undergoing lipid-lowering therapy. The mean values showed a significant difference between the subgroups for all components of the lipid profile. Although the observed frequencies did not show a significant difference (p&gt;0.05) between the subgroups, almost 50% of the elderly women did not attain the recommended lipid goals, except for the HDL-C, for which most individuals (74.6%) presented values &gt; 40.0 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001). Additionally, 47.4% of the individuals with CVD presented LDL-C values that were higher than the lipid goal (<underline>&gt;</underline>100.0 mg/dl) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0327-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study showed that a large number of the elderly women that reported not undergoing lipid-lowering therapy had unsatisfactory levels of the lipid profile components, with 74.2% of the elderly women with CVD presenting values that were above the recommended lipid goal for LDL-C (&lt; 100.0 mg/dl). These results are similar to those observed at other studies<sup>9,17</sup>, which reported a high frequency of dyslipidemia in adult individuals of both sexes without drug therapy. According to Goff et al<sup>17</sup>, only 16% of the participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis reported undergoing lipid-lowering therapy; among those individuals classified as having high or moderate risk for CVD, more than 50% were not receiving any drug treatment for dyslipidemia and presented lipid levels above the established goal.</p>
      <p>Arnett et al<sup>10</sup> in the Minnesota Heart Survey (MHS), after a follow-up of 20 years, showed that only 33% of the women and 28% of the men were aware of their lipid profiles; however, although they presented undesired levels of total cholesterol, they were not receiving any drug therapy. Additionally, 55% of the women and 53% of the men with elevated levels of TC (<underline>&gt;</underline>200.0 mg/dl) were unaware of their condition. The authors also verified that the incidence of hypercholesterolemia awareness, treatment and control was lower among women (6%), when compared to the men (13%) of the sample, suggesting that women have less control over their TC.</p>
      <p>The HDL-C levels are considered to be very important for post-menopausal women<sup>18</sup>, due to their cardioprotective effect<sup>19,20</sup>. However, the results of the present study showed that almost one-third of the elderly women presented HDL-C levels below the recommended range. Similarly, Cervato et al<sup>21</sup>, observed a prevalence of dyslipidemia of 25.9% in the population of the city of Cotia, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, mainly due to the low levels of HDL-C.</p>
      <p>The LDL-C is considered one of the main risk factors for CVD<sup>22</sup>, as it is involved in the formation and destabilization of atheromatous plaques in asymptomatic patients and also in those with coronary atherosclerosis<sup>3,23</sup>. Thus, the primary target of the lipid-lowering therapy is the decrease in the LDL-C levels<sup>3,22</sup>. However, it was observed that 74.2% of the elderly women with CVD that were not undergoing lipid-lowering therapy presented LDL-C levels above the goal (&lt;100.0 mg/dl), in spite of the previous medical diagnosis of this picture. Similarly, a higher prevalence of elevated LDL-C (&gt;160.0 mg/dl) was observed in women when compared to the men, in a study with 516 elderly women and men carried out by Alencar et al<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The international<sup>3</sup> and national<sup>16</sup> recommendations advise the decrease in LDL-C, considering its proven efficacy in decreasing mortality due to CVD<sup>3</sup> and, mainly, reducing the incidence of further cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the attainment of lipid goals has not been broadly achieved. The cost of medication<sup>3,11</sup> and the social behavior<sup>27,28</sup> have been indicated as some of the factors that might explain why the medical recommendations are not being followed. Additionally, the patients' lack of awareness and poor access to information about the risk factors for CVD and how to prevent this pathology also contribute to the problem.</p>
      <p>As for the women in the group that self-reported undergoing lipid-lowering therapy, 45.8% to 49.3% of them presented values that were above the lipid goal regarding total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides and 25.4% of them were classified as presenting HDL-C levels that were lower than the lipid goal (&gt;40.0 mg/dl). Recent studies have shown similar results to the ones found in the present study, in which a large number of individuals, although undergoing lipid-lowering therapy, did not reach the recommended lipid goals<sup>7,9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Oliveira and Mancini Filho<sup>29</sup> carried out a study with post-menopausal women undergoing lipid-lowering therapy and verified that only 7% of them presented LDL-C levels &lt;100.0 mg/dl, 26% presented TC levels &lt;200.0 mg/dL, 56% had HDL-C levels &gt;40.0 mg/dl and 44% had TG levels &lt;150.0 mg/dl. Another study<sup>8</sup> carried out with 190 elderly individuals of both sexes with dyslipidemia, who were divided in two risk groups according to the Framingham score, verified that only 50.9% in the low-moderate risk group and 30.2% in the high-risk group attained the lipid goals for LDL-C.</p>
      <p>Similar results were also observed in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where 67% of the patients from a public hospital reported that the price of the medication becomes an impediment for the pharmacological treatment; additionally, the lack of supervision on the medication use is responsible for 31% of the lipid-lowering therapy irregularity<sup>30</sup>. International studies have suggested that the lack of control regarding the lipid levels can be a consequence of the lack of a more aggressive drug therapy, drug ineffectiveness and low adherence to treatment<sup>9,26,31</sup>. Other factors that are related to the success or failure of the lipid-lowering therapy are associated to lifestyle habits, such as sedentarism and smoking<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of the aforementioned national researches, studies on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Brazil are still scarce. A study carried out in the South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast regions of Brazil, which evaluated 81,262 individuals, reported that the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 40% (mean of all regions) and 44% in the city of Curitiba, state of Parana<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study did not assess the type and dose of medication used and thus, the results presented here prevent the inference of causality among the factors responsible for the lack of dyslipidemia control, either due to the inadequate drug dose, the prescribed drug or treatment adherence. Additionally, this is a transversal study and therefore, the results obtained do not demonstrate causality, such as the time effect on the incidence of dyslipidemia in the studied individuals. However, it is worth mentioning that the aim of this study was to increase the knowledge about dyslipidemia and its treatment, verifying the frequency of dyslipidemia among the elderly population according to the groups that reported undergoing treatment with lipid-lowering drugs.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study showed that a large number of elderly women presented an unfavorable lipid profile, regardless of the lipid-lowering therapy use. Additionally, it is noteworthy the elevated number of women with CVD that reported not undergoing lipid-lowering therapy and presented unsatisfactory LDL-C levels (&gt;100.0 mg/dl). Further studies are necessary in order to verify the reasons why a large number of women are unaware of their lipid profiles and also to analyze which factors can interfere with treatment adherence in this situation, mainly among those individuals with a previous medical diagnosis of CVD. Therefore, the primary and secondary prevention can become more comprehensive, which would possibly attenuate the consequences of dyslipidemia, such as higher risk of coronary artery disease<sup>4,33</sup>, hypertension<sup>34</sup> and cerebral vascular accident<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors wish to thank Dr. Mauren Isfer, biochemist in charge of blood measurements at the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of <italic>Hospital de Pol&#237;cia do Paran&#225;</italic>. We also thank the DOCE &#150; <italic>Diabetes Objetivando Controle e Educa&#231;&#227;o</italic> &#150; Project for the partnership, together with NOVARTIS Laboratory and <italic>Farm&#225;cia DAS SETE</italic>, as well as the endocrinologists of the Service of Endocrinology and Diabetes of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba</italic> &#150; Dr. Sheyla Q. Alonso, Dr. Carolina F. da Luz Martins, Dr. Gabriela C. de Mira and Dr. Jeanne D. Gama for their collaboration in data collection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
