<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DhG5TTpVHr6Bj4xS7MzLNmK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) determinado por esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawamura</surname>
            <given-names>Takao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ara&#231;atuba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocl&#237;nica Ara&#231;atuba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>322</fpage>
      <lpage>326</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) &#233; essencial na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mas dificuldades t&#233;cnicas na sua execu&#231;&#227;o pelo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia Doppler vascular (DV) tornam-no ainda pouco utilizado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar aplicabilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com uso de esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos (EOA) e sugerir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices delta-Br&#225;quio-Braquial (delta-BB) e delta-ITB como marcadores de risco cardiovascular. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo descritivo e observacional de 247 pacientes ambulatoriais (56,2% feminino, m&#233;dia 62,0 anos) submetidos &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com aferi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em membros superiores (MMSS) e inferiores (MMII) utilizando-se dois EOA (OMRON-HEM705CP). Nos casos em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel aferir PA em pelo menos um dos MMII utilizou-se DV. Os pacientes divididos em Grupo N (ITB normal: 0,91 a 1,30) e Grupo A (ITB alterado: &lt;0,90 ou &gt;1,30) tiveram comparados entre si os valores de delta-ITB (diferen&#231;a absoluta ITB/MMII) e delta-BB (diferen&#231;a absoluta PAS/MMSS). RESULTADOS: Utilizando-se EOA foi poss&#237;vel determinar ITB em 90,7%. Com dados do Grupo N determinaram-se valores de refer&#234;ncia (VR) no percentil 95 de delta-ITB (0-0,13) e delta-BB (0-8 mmHg). Quando comparado com o Grupo N, o Grupo A apresentou preval&#234;ncia mais elevada tanto de delta-ITB (30/52 contra 10/195; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 25,23; p&lt;0,0001) como de delta-BB (13/52 contra 7/195; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 8,95; p&lt;0,0001) acima dos VR. CONCLUS&#195;O: O ITB pode ser determinado na maioria das vezes com EOA. Delta-ITB e delta-BB acima dos VR estiveram significativamente mais prevalentes nos portadores de ITB alterado e podem ser sugeridos como marcadores de risco cardiovascular em futuros estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Valor preditivo dos testes</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria braquial</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as vasculares perif&#233;ricas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) determinado por esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Takao Kawamura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiocl&#237;nica Ara&#231;atuba, Ara&#231;atuba, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) &#233; essencial na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mas dificuldades t&#233;cnicas na sua execu&#231;&#227;o pelo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia Doppler vascular (DV) tornam-no ainda pouco utilizado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar aplicabilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com uso de esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos (EOA) e sugerir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices delta-Br&#225;quio-Braquial (delta-BB) e delta-ITB como marcadores de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo descritivo e observacional de 247 pacientes ambulatoriais (56,2% feminino, m&#233;dia 62,0 anos) submetidos &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com aferi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em membros superiores (MMSS) e inferiores (MMII) utilizando-se dois EOA (OMRON-HEM705CP). Nos casos em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel aferir PA em pelo menos um dos MMII utilizou-se DV. Os pacientes divididos em Grupo N (ITB normal: 0,91 a 1,30) e Grupo A (ITB alterado: <underline>&lt;</underline>0,90 ou &gt;1,30) tiveram comparados entre si os valores de delta-ITB (diferen&#231;a absoluta ITB/MMII) e delta-BB (diferen&#231;a absoluta PAS/MMSS). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Utilizando-se EOA foi poss&#237;vel determinar ITB em 90,7%. Com dados do Grupo N determinaram-se valores de refer&#234;ncia (VR) no percentil 95 de delta-ITB (0-0,13) e delta-BB (0-8 mmHg). Quando comparado com o Grupo N, o Grupo A apresentou preval&#234;ncia mais elevada tanto de delta-ITB (30/52 contra 10/195; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 25,23; p&lt;0,0001) como de delta-BB (13/52 contra 7/195; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 8,95; p&lt;0,0001) acima dos VR. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O ITB pode ser determinado na maioria das vezes com EOA. Delta-ITB e delta-BB acima dos VR estiveram significativamente mais prevalentes nos portadores de ITB alterado e podem ser sugeridos como marcadores de risco cardiovascular em futuros estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Valor preditivo dos testes, art&#233;ria braquial/fisiopatologia, press&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;as vasculares perif&#233;ricas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na literatura m&#233;dica est&#225; muito bem estabelecida a import&#226;ncia da determina&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB), tanto no diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) como no progn&#243;stico de eventos e mortalidade cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. No nosso meio, o m&#233;todo se difundiu gra&#231;as aos trabalhos de Makdisse<sup>2</sup>. Inicialmente determinado por m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio dos pulsos dos membros inferiores (MMII) como utilizado em um grande estudo de risco cardiovascular<sup>3</sup>, o ITB com Doppler vascular (DV) foi introduzido em 1968 por Carter<sup>4</sup>, e desde ent&#227;o essa metodologia tem sido considerada padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Sua dificuldade reside no excessivo tempo gasto na sua determina&#231;&#227;o, na variabilidade temporal da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e, finalmente, por ser m&#233;todo operador dependente<sup>5</sup>. Em 1987, Adiseshiah e cols.<sup>6</sup> publicaram o primeiro trabalho demonstrando a efic&#225;cia dos esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos (EOA) na determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB, resultado n&#227;o compartilhado por Ramanathan e cols.<sup>7</sup> que n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre medidas feitas com DV quando comparados com DINAMAP (Device for Indirect Noninvasive Automatic Mean Arterial Pressure). Recentemente um grupo da Harvard demonstrou a aplicabilidade de EOA na determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB encontrando uma sensibilidade de 88% e uma especificidade de 85% para o diagn&#243;stico de DAP<sup>8</sup>. Nesse trabalho, os autores utilizaram apenas um EOA, fato que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o eliminou o erro sistem&#225;tico da variabilidade temporal da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi desenhado para se avaliar a aplicabilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com o uso de esfigmoman&#244;metros oscilom&#233;tricos autom&#225;ticos. Assim, foram utilizados dois EOA com medidas de PA realizadas simultaneamente tanto nos membros superiores (MMSS), para se determinar o membro de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) maior, como no bra&#231;o de PAS maior e tornozelo de cada lado. Traz como novidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos anteriores a descri&#231;&#227;o de novos &#237;ndices derivados dessa metodologia: delta-BB (diferen&#231;a absoluta em mmHg da PAS dos MMSS) e delta-ITB (diferen&#231;a absoluta do ITB de ambos MMII) e discute a poss&#237;vel utiliza&#231;&#227;o futura desses como marcadores progn&#243;sticos de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo descritivo e observacional foram inclu&#237;dos 247 pacientes ambulatoriais e consecutivos de um servi&#231;o de cardiologia (56,3% do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 62,0&#177;17,0 anos), depois de exclu&#237;dos os obesos (que necessitam de manguitos apropriados), os que tinham alguma contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para aferi&#231;&#227;o de PA nos tornozelos (processos inflamat&#243;rios dolorosos, feridas, flebites ou edemas extremos) e os portadores de arritmia card&#237;aca importante (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e extra-sistolia freq&#252;ente). O tamanho de nossa amostra foi aproximadamente 20% maior que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de um trabalho anterior<sup>8</sup>. As medidas press&#243;ricas foram realizadas nos quatro membros durante o exame cl&#237;nico habitual com dois EOA (OMRON HEM 705 CP), devidamente validado pela <italic>British Hypertension Society</italic> (BHS)<sup>9</sup> e a <italic>Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation</italic> (AAMI)<sup>10</sup>, de acordo com a t&#233;cnica descrita a seguir.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o do procedimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1) Paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal horizontal em ambiente calmo e fresco (temperatura em torno de 25&#186;C) em repouso por pelo menos cinco minutos.</p>
    <p>2) Manguitos posicionados de forma confort&#225;vel, ajustados nos bra&#231;os, na mesma altura, acima do mal&#233;olo cubital com o "cuff" direcionado para o trajeto da art&#233;ria braquial de cada lado.</p>
    <p>3) Determina&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da PA nos MMSS. Ap&#243;s registro e anota&#231;&#227;o dos dados elege-se o bra&#231;o de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) maior para confront&#225;-lo com os MMII. Quando os valores de PAS dos MMSS s&#227;o id&#234;nticos elege-se o bra&#231;o direito (BD). Se ocorrer uma diferen&#231;a igual ou superior a 10 mmHg, uma segunda medida &#233; realizada assumindo-se ent&#227;o esses &#250;ltimos dados.</p>
    <p>4) Determina&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da PA do membro superior de PAS maior e do tornozelo, primeiro o esquerdo e em seguida o direito, com o "cuff" direcionado para o trajeto da art&#233;ria tibial posterior. No caso de n&#227;o se conseguir registro de PA nessa posi&#231;&#227;o, ent&#227;o o "cuff" &#233; direcionado para o trajeto da art&#233;ria dorsal do p&#233;. Se novamente n&#227;o se conseguir registro de PA nesse local, procede-se ent&#227;o &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB da forma convencional com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DV.</p>
    <p>5) C&#225;lculo do ITB de cada membro a partir dos dados obtidos utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula: ITB = (PASt / PASb) [PASt = PAS do tornozelo; PASb = PAS do bra&#231;o].</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Composi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos e determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de refer&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB, os pacientes foram divididos em Grupo N (ITB normal: 0,91 a 1,30) e Grupo A (ITB alterado: <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,90 ou &gt; 1,30), e fazendo-se uso do mesmo banco de dados pode-se fazer tamb&#233;m o c&#225;lculo dos seguintes &#237;ndices:</p>
    <p>1) Delta-BB (Delta Br&#225;quio-Braquial: diferen&#231;a absoluta em mmHg da PAS dos bra&#231;os medidos simultaneamente).</p>
    <p>2) Delta-ITB (diferen&#231;a absoluta do ITB de ambos os tornozelos).</p>
    <p>3) PP (Press&#227;o de pulso: diferen&#231;a entre a PAS e a PAD em mmHg do bra&#231;o de PAS maior).</p>
    <p>Por serem &#237;ndices novos, at&#233; agora n&#227;o descritos na literatura, procedemos &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de refer&#234;ncia (VR) tanto de delta-BB como de delta-ITB. Utilizando o Grupo N realizamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de seus integrantes em uma curva de freq&#252;&#234;ncia normal, determinamos o ponto de corte no valor mais pr&#243;ximo do percentil 95, e dessa maneira encontramos VR = 0 a 8 mmHg para delta-BB e VR = 0 a 0,13 para delta-ITB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros delta-BB e delta ITB nos grupos de ITB normal e alterado foi realizada com a compara&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% do &#237;ndice Raz&#227;o de Chances (RC) dos respectivos grupos. Foi aplicado teste de compara&#231;&#227;o de duas propor&#231;&#245;es nos resultados dos grupos de ITB alterado e normal, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Nas outras vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi aplicado o teste t de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias. Os dados de PAS/MMSS nos dois grupos de pacientes foram comparados pela metodologia An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com parcelas subdivididas e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Foi utilizado o programa SAS (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>) para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de 247 pacientes, em 224 (90,7%) foi poss&#237;vel medir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com EOA, e em apenas 23 (9,3%) foi necess&#225;rio utilizar-se o DV para a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB que foi normal em 195 (78,9%) e alterado em 52 (21,1%). Todos os que n&#227;o conseguiram ter seus dados registrados pelos EOA e que foram encaminhados para realizar DV tiveram confirmado valores de ITB em n&#237;veis alterados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica procurou-se detectar presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos como tabagismo (h&#225;bito de fumar pelo menos um cigarro por dia) e de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e diabetes tipo II (utilizando-se os padr&#245;es diagn&#243;sticos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando comparados com o grupo de ITB normal (Grupo N), os indiv&#237;duos do grupo de ITB alterado (Grupo A) tendiam a ser mais idosos e com maior incid&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabete melito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>). Apresentavam tamb&#233;m uma m&#233;dia de press&#227;o de pulso (PP) mais elevada, bem como uma maior incid&#234;ncia de valores considerados de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, no grupo de ITB normal houve uma incid&#234;ncia de PAS maior/MMSS duas vezes superior no bra&#231;o direito que no esquerdo, fato n&#227;o verificado no grupo de ITB alterado, onde a incid&#234;ncia desse par&#226;metro foi bastante equilibrada nos dois membros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados da determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de delta-BB acima dos VR esteve significativamente mais elevada no Grupo A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">tab. 6</xref>) do que no Grupo N (13 de 52 no Grupo A contra 7 de 195 do Grupo N; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 8,95; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%: 3,08 a 26,79; p&lt;0,0001). Tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de delta-ITB acima dos VR esteve significativamente mais elevada no Grupo A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">tab. 6</xref>) que no Grupo N (30 de 52 do Grupo A contra 10 de 195 do Grupo N; Raz&#227;o de Chances: 25,23; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%: 10,15 a 64,31; p &lt;0,0001). Al&#233;m disso, a m&#233;dia dos valores de delta-BB e de delta-ITB esteve significativamente mais elevada (p&lt;0,0001) no Grupo A (8,1 mmHg e 0,19, respectivamente) do que no Grupo N (3,8 mmHg e 0,05, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos anos 1990, foi demonstrado pelo grupo de Michael Alderman risco cardiovascular elevado em portadores de press&#227;o de pulso (PP) acima de 63 mmHg<sup>11,12</sup>. No nosso material encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente mais elevada (P&lt;0,0001) de PP acima desse limiar nos pacientes portadores de DAP: 65,6% <italic>versus</italic> 34,4%, e m&#233;dias 73 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 58 mmHg, respectivamente, para grupos N e A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>No Grupo N, o membro de maior preval&#234;ncia de PAS/MMSS mais elevada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>) foi o bra&#231;o direito (BD = 61,0%, Igual = 9,7% e BE = 29,2%; BD: bra&#231;o direito; BE: bra&#231;o esquerdo), mas a m&#233;dia da PAS de ambos MMSS foi praticamente igual nos dois bra&#231;os no Grupo N (BD = 139 mmHg; BE = 138 mmHg; p=0,0614) e pouco mais elevada &#224; direita (BD = 152 mmHg; BE = 149 mmHg; p=0,0095) no Grupo A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pode ser realizada utilizando-se simultaneamente simples EOA devidamente validados, salvo quando a PAS nos MMII &#233; muito baixa. Nessa minoria de casos h&#225; necessidade de se utilizar a metodologia convencional com DV. Essa praticidade do presente m&#233;todo traz vantagens como economia de tempo, maior facilidade de se realizar o exame e diminui&#231;&#227;o de erros. Conseq&#252;entemente, proporciona um maior acesso para determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB aos portadores de risco CV, resultando numa melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio, pois o custo financeiro &#233; muito baixo. Ao contr&#225;rio do que se poderia supor, a presente metodologia n&#227;o se op&#245;e &#224; metodologia tradicional com DV. Ao tornar o ITB mais acess&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes poder&#225; ter seu diagn&#243;stico de DAP estabelecido, e desses, cerca de metade necessitar&#225; fazer a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB da forma convencional com DV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>). E por ser pr&#225;tico, simples e f&#225;cil de realizar, o ITB com EOA poder&#225; ser repetido com mais assiduidade ao longo do acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Racional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os membros do corpo humano s&#227;o sim&#233;tricos entre si e imagens em espelho id&#234;nticas; &#233; de esperar, portanto, que os valores press&#243;ricos encontrados em um membro sejam muito pr&#243;ximos ao do outro, salvo se existir alguma anormalidade como uma estenose arterial. Um membro &#233; controle perfeito e &#250;nico do contralateral no mesmo indiv&#237;duo; e se nenhuma anormalidade anatomopatol&#243;gica existir, &#233; de esperar que a diferen&#231;a de qualquer par&#226;metro mensur&#225;vel entre dois membros avaliados seja pr&#243;xima a zero. Quanto mais distante desse valor, maior a chance de estar ocorrendo alguma anormalidade.</p>
    <p>Os novos par&#226;metros delta-BB e delta-ITB, ora aqui descritos, quando situados fora dos seus valores de refer&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m aqui calculados, demonstraram ser altamente prevalentes nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de DAP. Um outro detalhe interessante a salientar &#233; que poderemos diagnosticar estenoses arteriais nos membros superiores quando o delta-BB estiver elevado. A import&#226;ncia disso &#233; muito grande, pois nesse caso medidas preventivas e diagn&#243;sticas dever&#227;o ser tomadas e o controle da PA dever&#225; ser feito sempre no membro de PA maior, e n&#227;o no contralateral, que poder&#225; apontar para uma falsa normalidade. Para indiv&#237;duos que, ao longo do seu acompanhamento cl&#237;nico rotineiro, sempre tiveram n&#237;veis semelhantes de PA nos membros superiores e dentro de um quadro s&#250;bito de dor tor&#225;cica acompanhada de um delta-BB agudamente alterado, o diagn&#243;stico presuntivo de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta poder&#225; indicar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de imagem apropriados. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos futuros poder&#227;o determinar a real import&#226;ncia desses novos par&#226;metros na morbidade e mortalidade da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e cerebrovascular.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de a presen&#231;a da PAS maior dos MMSS ser mais freq&#252;ente no bra&#231;o direito do que no esquerdo no grupo de ITB normal, diferen&#231;a essa quase inexistente no grupo de ITB alterado. Como causa, ser&#225; que poder&#237;amos admitir que a primeira onda da s&#237;stole card&#237;aca direcionada para o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico proporciona uma press&#227;o maior no bra&#231;o direito, e que essa mesma onda chegaria na seq&#252;&#234;ncia &#224; origem da subcl&#225;via esquerda com um &#237;mpeto menor? Ou seria a press&#227;o arterial mais elevada no membro superior de maior for&#231;a e uso? E que, por sua vez, ocorreriam estenoses arteriais mais freq&#252;entemente no bra&#231;o direito que no esquerdo?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas futuras</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como todo novo procedimento, a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB com EOA dever&#225; no futuro ser testada contra um padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para ser devidamente validada. Confront&#225;-la com a metodologia convencional realizada com DV talvez n&#227;o seja a melhor solu&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o dos erros sistem&#225;ticos inevit&#225;veis anteriormente citados, e principalmente por ambos serem m&#233;todos indiretos. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, o par&#226;metro a ser calculado dever&#225; ser o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia (ou discord&#226;ncia) entre os dois m&#233;todos (valor de "<italic>k</italic>" de <italic>kappa</italic>). O ideal seria test&#225;-la com exames de imagem a exemplo do que ocorreu no passado com a t&#233;cnica convencional.</p>
    <p>No futuro, algumas id&#233;ias poder&#227;o ser utilizadas para se otimizar a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB. Assim, poderemos utilizar quatro EOA nos quatro membros principalmente naqueles casos de ITB lim&#237;trofes (&lt; 1,0) associados a sintomas sugestivos de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente ou que apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es tr&#243;ficas compat&#237;veis com isquemia ou mesmo diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia de pulsos nas extremidades dos MMII. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, quatro EOA medindo simultaneamente a PAS nos quatro membros imediatamente ap&#243;s um teste ergom&#233;trico poder&#227;o sensibilizar a determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB. Um outro aperfei&#231;oamento poder&#225; vir das ind&#250;strias fabricantes de EOA, como confec&#231;&#227;o de manguitos em imagem de espelho espec&#237;ficos para membros direito e esquerdos e outros com formato mais c&#244;nico apropriados para tornozelos e bra&#231;os de obesos. Uma outra solu&#231;&#227;o para os obesos seria utilizar manguitos normais mensurando-se a PA nos antebra&#231;os onde o seu formato e arcabou&#231;o &#243;sseo se assemelham ao dos tornozelos.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico atualmente utilizado na maioria dos EOA fornece uma grande precis&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o da PA m&#233;dia, que em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise &#233; o melhor par&#226;metro para quantificar fluxo. Assim, em tese, a melhor estrat&#233;gia para se ter um ITB igualmente preciso e exato poder&#225; ser no futuro aquele derivado dos valores de PA m&#233;dia dos bra&#231;os e tornozelos.</p>
    <p>Ao minimizar erros sistem&#225;ticos existentes na determina&#231;&#227;o do ITB da forma tradicional os seus valores de normalidade poder&#227;o tamb&#233;m sofrer uma corre&#231;&#227;o com o estreitamento de seus limites. Ou pelos menos ter seu valor de corte inferior elevado para 1,0, j&#225; que a PA medida nos tornozelos sempre tender&#225; ser superior &#224; dos bra&#231;os. Os dois ossos, t&#237;bia e f&#237;bula, formam uma esp&#233;cie de armadura que protege as art&#233;rias das extremidades dos MMII da constri&#231;&#227;o exercida pelo manguito. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorre na art&#233;ria braquial, que tem a companhia de apenas um osso, &#250;mero, que sozinho n&#227;o tem a mesma capacidade protetora, mas, ao contr&#225;rio, facilita a sua constri&#231;&#227;o. Cremos ser esse o principal motivo de a PA medida nos tornozelos ser maior que a medida nos bra&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Embora todas essas id&#233;ias sejam bem-vindas, n&#227;o podemos deixar de salientar que o objetivo principal deste trabalho &#233; apresentar uma metodologia simples, f&#225;cil, barata, exeq&#252;&#237;vel por qualquer m&#233;dico bem treinado e que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es extremamente &#250;teis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. As outras id&#233;ias deixar&#237;amos como sugest&#245;es para os mais iniciados e aos Servi&#231;os de Refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Dra. M&#225;rcia Makdisse, gerente do Programa de Cardiologia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e coordenadora do Comit&#234; de Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica &#150; Projeto "Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil", por ter me ensinado a realizar ITB; ao meu s&#243;cio, Dr. Marco Antonio Goiato, por emprestar-me suas id&#233;ias inteligentes; &#224; Profa. Dra. Maria L&#250;cia M. Sundefeld, respons&#225;vel pela Disciplina de Estat&#237;stica da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ara&#231;atuba/Unesp, pela sua cuidadosa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; e, finalmente, ao meu cunhado, Roberto Nakandakare, por ter-me iniciado no programa Excel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Takao Kawamura </p>
        <p> Rua Tiradentes, 1301 </p>
        <p> 16015-020 - Ara&#231;atuba, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="takaok@terra.com.br">takaok@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/08/07; revisado recebido em 09/11/07; aceito em 15/01/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Newman AB, Siscovick    DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker    of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Health    Study (CHS) Collaborative Reserch Group. Circulation. 1993; 88 (3): 837-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study: Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Reserch Group</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>837</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siscovick</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manolio</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polak</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fried</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borhani</surname>
              <given-names>NO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Makdisse M:    &#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial: import&#226;ncia e uso na pr&#225;tica    cl&#237;nica. S&#227;o Paulo: Segmento Farma; 2004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial: import&#226;ncia e uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Makdisse</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Yusuf S, Sleight    P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme    inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.The Heart    Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342    (3):145-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>145</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>342</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleight</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pogue</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosch</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dagenais</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Carter SA. Indirect    systolic pressures and pulses waves in arterial occlusive disease of the lower    extremities. Circulation. 1968; 37: 624-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Indirect systolic pressures and pulses waves in arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1968</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>624</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Ray SA, Srodon    PD, Taylor RS, Dormandy JA. Reliability of ankle-brachial pressure index measurement    by junior doctors. Br J Surg. 1990; 81: 188-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reliability of ankle-brachial pressure index measurement by junior doctors</article-title>
          <source>Br J Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srodon</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dormandy</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Adiseshiah M,    Cross FW, Belsham PA. Ankle blood pressure measured by automatic oscillotonometry:    a comparison with Doppler pressure measurements. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1987;    69: 271-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ankle blood pressure measured by automatic oscillotonometry: a comparison with Doppler pressure measurements</article-title>
          <source>Ann R Coll Surg Engl</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>271</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adiseshiah</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cross</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belsham</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Ramanathan A,    Conaghan PJ, Jenkinson AD, Bishop CR. Comparison of ankle-brachial pressure    index measurements using an automated oscillometric device with the standard    Doppler ultrasound technique. ANZ J Surg. 2003; 73: 105-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of ankle-brachial pressure index measurements using an automated oscillometric device with the standard Doppler ultrasound technique</article-title>
          <source>ANZ J Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>105</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramanathan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conaghan</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkinson</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bishop</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Beckman JA,    Higgins CO, Gerhard-Herman M. Automated oscillometric determination of the ankle-brachial    index provides accuracy necessary for office practice. Hypertension. 2006; 47:    35-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Automated oscillometric determination of the ankle-brachial index provides accuracy necessary for office practice</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beckman</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerhard-Herman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. O'Brien E, Petrie    J, Littler WA, de Swiet M, Padfield PL, Altman DG, et al. The British Hypertension    Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens.    1993; 11 (6): 677-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>677</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrie</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Littler</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Swiet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padfield</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. American National Standart. Electronic or automated sphygmomanometers. ANSI/AAMI SP 10-1992. Arlington: AAMI; 1993.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Electronic or automated sphygmomanometers: ANSI/AAMI SP 10-1992</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Madhavan S,    Ooi WI, Cohen H, Alderman MH. Relation of pulse pressure reduction to the incidence    of myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 1994; 23: 395-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of pulse pressure reduction to the incidence of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>395</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madhavan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ooi</surname>
              <given-names>WI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alderman</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Fang J, Madhavan    S, Cohen H, Alderman MH. Measures of blood pressure and myocardial infarction    in treated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 1995; 13: 413-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Measures of blood pressure and myocardial infarction in treated hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madhavan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alderman</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessing Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) by using automated oscillometric devices</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Assessing Ankle-Brachial Index is an essential procedure in clinical settings, but since its measurement by the gold standard Doppler Ultrasonic (DU) technique is impaired by technical difficulties, it is underperformed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an automated oscillometric device (AOD) by performing Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) assessments and to suggest delta brachial-brachial (delta-BB) and delta-ABI as markers of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: In this observational and descriptive study, 247 patients (56.2% females, mean age 62.0 years) had their arterial blood pressure (ABP) measured for ABI calculation. Two AOD (OMRON-HEM705CP) devices were used for simultaneous measurements of the ABP, first of the two arms and then of the arm with higher systolic ABP and a leg, first the left and then the right one. When leg ABP measurements were not possible, ABI determination was performed by using the standard Doppler Ultrasonic (DU) technique. Patients were designated to Group N (normal ABI: 0.91 to 1.30) or Group A (abnormal ABI: &lt;0.90 or &gt;1.30). Other indexes were also calculated: delta-BB (absolute difference in mmHg of systolic ABP between arms) and delta-ABI (absolute difference of ABI between legs) and the results were compared. RESULTS: In most patients (90.7%), it was possible to determine the ABI. Group N data allowed calculation of the 95th percentile reference values (RV) of delta-BB (0 to 8 mmHg) and delta-ABI (0 to 0.13). When compared to Group N, Group A had a significantly higher prevalence of high values greater than the RVs of delta-ABI (30 of 52 and 10 of 195, respectively; Odds Ratio = 25.23; p&lt;0.0001) and delta-BB (13 of 52 and 7 of 195, respectively; Odds Ratio = 8.95; p&lt;0.0001). CONCLUSION: In most patients, the ABI could be measured by AOD. Both indexes, delta-BB and delta-ABI greater than the RVs, were significantly more prevalent in patients with abnormal ABI values, and their usefulness as new markers of cardiovascular disease should be further appraised in epidemiological studies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Predictive value of tests</kwd>
        <kwd>brachial artery</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>peripheral vascular diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Assessing Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) by using automated oscillometric devices</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Takao Kawamura</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiocl&#237;nica Ara&#231;atuba, Ara&#231;atuba, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Assessing Ankle-Brachial Index is an essential procedure in clinical settings, but since its measurement by the gold standard Doppler Ultrasonic (DU) technique is impaired by technical difficulties, it is underperformed.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an automated oscillometric device (AOD) by performing Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) assessments and to suggest delta brachial-brachial (delta-BB) and delta-ABI as markers of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In this observational and descriptive study, 247 patients (56.2% females, mean age 62.0 years) had their arterial blood pressure (ABP) measured for ABI calculation. Two AOD (OMRON-HEM705CP) devices were used for simultaneous measurements of the ABP, first of the two arms and then of the arm with higher systolic ABP and a leg, first the left and then the right one. When leg ABP measurements were not possible, ABI determination was performed by using the standard Doppler Ultrasonic (DU) technique. Patients were designated to Group N (normal ABI: 0.91 to 1.30) or Group A (abnormal ABI: <underline>&lt;</underline>0.90 or &gt;1.30). Other indexes were also calculated: delta-BB (absolute difference in mmHg of systolic ABP between arms) and delta-ABI (absolute difference of ABI between legs) and the results were compared.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In most patients (90.7%), it was possible to determine the ABI. Group N data allowed calculation of the 95th percentile reference values (RV) of delta-BB (0 to 8 mmHg) and delta-ABI (0 to 0.13). When compared to Group N, Group A had a significantly higher prevalence of high values greater than the RVs of delta-ABI (30 of 52 and 10 of 195, respectively; Odds Ratio = 25.23; p&lt;0.0001) and delta-BB (13 of 52 and 7 of 195, respectively; Odds Ratio = 8.95; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In most patients, the ABI could be measured by AOD. Both indexes, delta-BB and delta-ABI greater than the RVs, were significantly more prevalent in patients with abnormal ABI values, and their usefulness as new markers of cardiovascular disease should be further appraised in epidemiological studies.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Predictive value of tests; brachial artery/physiopathology; blood pressure; peripheral vascular diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In medical literature, the importance of the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is well established, both in the diagnosis of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and in the prognosis of cardiovascular events and mortality<sup>1</sup>. In our country, the method was divulged thanks to the studies carried out by Makdisse<sup>2</sup>. Initially assessed by palpation of pulses in the lower limbs (LLs), as was used in a large study of cardiovascular risk<sup>3</sup>, ABI determination with Vascular Doppler (VD) was introduced in 1968 by Carter<sup>4</sup>, and since then, this had been considered the gold standard methodology. Its difficulty lies in the excessive time spent for its determination, in the arterial blood pressure (ABP) variability over time, and in the fact that it is operator-dependent<sup>5</sup>. In 1987, Adiseshiah et al<sup>6</sup> published the first study demonstrating the efficacy of automated oscillometric blood pressure devices (AOD) in the determination of ABI, a result not shared by Ramanathan et al<sup>7</sup> who found no significant correlation among measurements made with VD when compared to those made by the DINAMAP (Device for Indirect Noninvasive Automatic Mean Arterial Pressure). Recently, a group from Harvard demonstrated the applicability of AOD in determining ABI, and identified 88% sensitivity and 85% specificity for the diagnosis of PAD<sup>8</sup>. In this study, the authors used merely an AOD, which did not eliminate the systematic error of temporal arterial blood pressure variability.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was designed to assess the applicability of ABI determination with the use of automated oscillometric blood pressure devices. For this, we used two AOD devices with BP measurements performed simultaneously, both on the upper limbs (ULs), in order to determine the limb with the higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) value, such as the higher arm SBP measurement, and on the ankle on each side. Compared to previous methods, this presents the innovation of describing new indices derived from this method: delta-BB (absolute SBP difference in mmHg of the ULs) and delta-ABI (absolute ABI difference of the LLs) and discussing possible future use of these as prognostic markers of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABI determination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this descriptive and observational study, 247 consecutive outpatients from a cardiology clinic were included (56.3% of them females, with mean age 62.0&#177;17.0 years). Excluded were obese individuals (who require special cuffs), those with contraindications for ankle BP measurements (painful inflammatory processes, wounds, phlebitis, or extreme edema), and patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and frequent extra-systoles). Our sample size was approximately 20% greater than the population analyzed in a previous study<sup>8</sup>. Pressure was measured on all four limbs during routine clinical examinations with two AODs (OMRON HEM 705 CP) duly validated by the British Hypertension Society (BHS)<sup>9</sup> and the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)<sup>10</sup> as per the technique described below:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Description of the procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1) Patient is put in dorsal decubitus resting in a cool, calm environment (room temperature around 25&#186;C) for at least 5 minutes.</p>
      <p>2) Cuffs are then comfortably set in place, adjusted to the arms at the same distance above the cubital malleolus with the cuff directed towards the brachial artery trajectory on each side.</p>
      <p>3) Simultaneous BP determination in the ULs. After data was recorded and annotated, the arm with the higher systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) was selected in order to confront its result with the results of the LLs. When the SBP results of the LLs and ULs are identical, the right arm (RA) is chosen. If a difference equal to or greater than 10 mmHg is noted, a second measurement is made, and the latter data are adopted.</p>
      <p>4) Simultaneous BP determination on the arm with the higher SBP and on the ankle, first on the left and then on the right side, with the cuff directed towards the trajectory of the posterior tibial artery. If the BP cannot be recorded in this position, the cuff is directed towards the trajectory of the dorsal artery of the foot. If it again is not possible to record the BP in this position, the ABI is determined by the conventional method using VD.</p>
      <p>5) Calculation of ABI for each limb based on data obtained by using the formula: ABI = (SBPank / SBParm) [SBPank = SBP of the ankle; SBParm = SBP of the arm].</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Group composition and determination of reference values</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After ABI determination, patients were divided into Group N (normal ABI: 0.91 to 1.30) and Group A (altered ABI: <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.90 or &gt; 1.30); using the same databank, the following indices may also be determined:</p>
      <p>1) Delta-BB (Delta Brachial-Brachial: absolute difference of SBP in mmHg between the arms measured simultaneously).</p>
      <p>2) Delta-ABI (absolute difference of ABI between the ankles).</p>
      <p>3) PP (Pulse Pressure: difference between the SBP and PAD in mmHg of the arm with the higher SBP).</p>
      <p>Since these are new indices not yet described in medical literature, we proceeded to determine Reference Values (RV) both for delta-BB and for delta-ABI. Using Group N, we distributed the members over a normal frequency curve, determined the cut-off level at the point closest to the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile, and therefore, found the RV = 0 to 8 mmHg for delta-BB and RV = 0 to 0.13 for delta-ABI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of the parameters delta-BB and delta ABI in the groups with normal and altered ABI was performed by comparison of the 95% confidence intervals of the Odds Ratio (OR) Index of the respective groups. A comparison test of two proportions was applied to the results of the normal and altered ABI groups, with a 5% significance level. In the other quantitative variables, Student's t test was used for comparison of the means. SBP/ULs data from both groups of patients were compared by Variance Analysis (ANOVA) with subdivided groupings and a 5% significance level. SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software was used for statistical analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was possible to measure pressure levels with AOD in 224 out of the 247 patients (90.7%); only 23 (9.3%) cases required the use of VD for ABI determination, which proved to be normal in 195 (78.9%) and altered in 52 (21.1%) of them. In all patients in whom data could not be measured by AOD and who were referred to undergo VD, there was confirmation of altered ABI levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and demographic characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During clinical evaluation, we sought to detect the presence of classic cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking (the habit of smoking at least one cigarette a day) and arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and Type II diabetes (using diagnostic standards of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology <italic>[Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia]</italic> and the Brazilian Society of Diabetes <italic>[Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes]</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In comparison with the normal ABI group (Group N), the individuals of the altered ABI group (Group A) tended to be older and had higher rates of cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>). They also had significantly higher mean pulse pressures (PP) and a greater incidence of risk-related values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Curiously, in the normal ABI group, the incidence of higher SBP/ULs was twice as high in the right arm than in the left, a fact not noted in the group of altered ABI in which the incidence of this parameter was well balanced in both limbs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Results of ABI determination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of delta-BB results greater than the RVs was significantly higher in Group A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6-body2">Table 6</xref>) than in Group N (13 of 52 in Group A <italic>versus</italic> 7 of 195 in Group N; Odds Ratio: 8.95; 95% Confidence Interval: 3.08 to 26.79; p&lt;0.0001). Additionally, the presence of delta-ABI results greater than the RVs was significantly higher in Group A (Table 6) than in Group N (30 of 52 in Group A <italic>versus</italic> 10 of 195 in Group N; Odds Ratio: 25.23; 95% Confidence Interval: 10.15 to 64.31; p &lt;0.0001). In addition, the means of both delta-BB and delta-ABI values were significantly higher (p&lt;0.0001) in Group A (8.1 mmHg and 0.19, respectively) than in Group N (3.8 mmHg and 0.05, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-05-0322-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the 1990s, Michael Alderman et al. demonstrated an elevated cardiovascular risk in patients with pulse pressures (PP) over 63 mmHg<sup>11,12</sup>. In our study cases, we found a significantly higher prevalence (P&lt;0.0001) of PP above this limit in patients with PAD: 65.6% <italic>versus</italic> 34.4% and means of 73 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 58 mmHg, respectively, for Group N and Group A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in Group N, the limb with greatest prevalence for the higher SBP/ULs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>) was the right arm (RA = 61.0%, Equal = 9.7% and LA = 29.2%; RA: right arm; LA: left arm). However, the SBP mean for both ULs was practically the same in both arms in Group N (RA = 139 mmHg; LA = 138 mmHg; p=0.0614) and a little higher on the right side (RA = 152 mmHg; LA = 149 mmHg; p=0.0095) in Group A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABI determination in clinical practice can be performed by simultaneously using duly validated simple AODs, except when the SBP in the LLs is extremely low. In this minority of cases, it is necessary to use conventional methodology with VD. The practicality of this method has advantages such as saving time, facilitating performance of the test, and decreasing errors. Consequently, it affords greater access to ABI determination in patients with CV risk, resulting in better clinical assessments and cost/benefit ratios since the financial expenditure is very low. Contrary to what might be supposed, this method is not opposed to the traditional method with VD. By making ABI more accessible in daily clinical practice, a greater number of patients with established PAD may be diagnosed, and among those, approximately half will require conventional ABI determination with VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). Since it is practical, simple, and easy to perform, ABI with AOD can be repeated more often during clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rationale</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The limbs of the human body are symmetrical and mirror identical images; therefore, it would be expected that pressure levels found in one limb would be very similar to those of the other, except in cases of abnormalities such as arterial stenosis. One limb serves as the perfect and unique control of its opposed limb on the same individual, and in the absence of an anatomical abnormality, it would be expected that the difference between the two limbs in any measurable parameter evaluated would be near zero. The greater the distance from this value the greater the chance of an abnormality.</p>
      <p>The new parameters described above, delta-BB and delta-ABI, when situated outside of their reference values, also calculated here, have proved to be highly prevalent in individuals with PAD. Another interesting detail to be highlighted is that arterial stenosis in the upper limbs can be diagnosed when delta-BB is high. This is greatly significant since in this case, preventive and diagnostic steps should be taken and BP accompaniment should always be made on the limb with the higher levels of arterial pressure and not on its opposed limb, which could provide false impressions of normality. In individuals who always had similar BP levels in both upper limbs during routine clinical accompaniment and present sudden clinical symptoms of chest pain accompanied by an acutely modified delta-BB, the presumptive diagnosis of acute aorta dissection can lead to appropriate imaging tests. Future epidemiologic studies may determine the true importance of these new parameters in the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Curiously, it is noteworthy that the presence of higher SBPs in the ULs is more frequent in the right arm in the normal ABI group, a difference that is almost inexistent in the altered ABI group. As to the cause, could we assume that the first wave of cardiac systole directed towards the brachiocephalic trunk affords a greater pressure in the right arm, and this same wave would sequentially reach the root of the left subclavian artery with less impetus? Alternatively, is arterial blood pressure higher in the upper limb with greater strength and that is used more often? On the other hand, would arterial stenosis occur more frequently in the right arm than in the left?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Future perspectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As is true with every new procedure, determination of ABI with AOD should be further tested against a gold standard method in order to be duly validated. Perhaps the best solution is not to confront it with conventional methodology carried out with VD, considering the inevitable systematic errors cited previously and especially because both are indirect methods. In this situation, the parameter to be calculated should be the level of agreement (or disagreement) between the two methods (kappa "k" value.) The ideal situation would be to analyze it with imaging tests as happened in the past with the conventional technique.</p>
      <p>In the future, some ideas may be used to optimize ABI determination. Therefore, we might use four AOD measurements in the four limbs, especially in those cases of borderline ABI values (&lt; 1.0) associated with symptoms suggestive of intermittent claudication or that show trophic modifications consistent with ischemia or even a decrease or absence of pulses in the extremities of the LLs. In this situation, four AOD measurements of SBP carried out simultaneously in the four limbs immediately after an exercise stress test may increase the sensitivity of ABI determination. Another improvement may come from the companies that manufacture AODs, such as cuffs with mirrored images specific for right and left limbs and other more conically shaped cuffs appropriate for ankles and arms of obese patients. A further solution for the obese would be to use normal cuffs and measure BP in the forearms where the shape and bone structure resemble that of the ankles.</p>
      <p>The oscillometric method currently used in most cases of AOD provides great precision for mean BP determination, which is, ultimately the best parameter for quantifying flow. Therefore, the best strategy for an equally precise and accurate ABI in the future may be that one derived from mean BP values of the arms and ankles.</p>
      <p>In minimizing the systematic errors that exist in traditional ABI determination, the normal Reference Values may also undergo correction with a narrowing of their limits. At least the lower cut-off level may be elevated to 1.0, since the BP measured at the ankles will always tend to be higher than that of the arms. Together, the tibia and fibula bones form a shield that protects the arteries at the extremities of the LLs from constriction of the cuff. The same does not occur for the brachial artery that is accompanied by one single bone, the humerus, which alone does not have the same protective capacity, but rather, facilitates artery constriction. We believe that this is the primary reason for the fact that BP measured at the ankles is higher than that measured at the arms.</p>
      <p>Even though all these possibilities are welcome, we could not forget to point out that the main objective of this study is to present a simple, easy, and inexpensive method that can be used by any well-trained physician and provide extremely useful information in daily clinical practice. We will leave the other ideas as suggestions for those who are more knowledgeable and for Reference Centers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>I am grateful to Dra. M&#225;rcia Makdisse, Manager of the Cardiology Program of the <italic>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</italic> and Coordinator of the "Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil" Project of the Peripheral Artery Disease Committee <italic>[Comit&#234; de Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica &#150; Projeto "Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil"]</italic> for having taught me to perform ABI measurements; to my business partner, Dr. Marco Antonio Goiato, for lending me his intelligent ideas; to Prof. Dra. Maria L&#250;cia M. Sundefeld, Chief of the Statistics discipline at the School of Dentistry of Ara&#231;atuba / UNESP for her careful statistical analysis; and finally, to my brother-in-law, Roberto Nakandakare, for having initiated me in the use of Excel software.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
