<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Sy6BdrxGcCvrfRqnKmvMYRq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000413</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>F&#237;stula traum&#225;tica entre tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e veia braquiocef&#225;lica por arma de fogo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilarinho</surname>
            <given-names>Karlos Alexandre de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lindemberg Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e21</fpage>
      <lpage>e23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Descrevemos caso de paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, que sofreu ferimento por arma de fogo no t&#243;rax, transfixando o mediastino m&#233;dio. Apresentava-se est&#225;vel hemodinamicamente, contudo taquic&#225;rdico e taquipn&#233;ico. Ele foi submetido &#224; proped&#234;utica armada com radiograma de t&#243;rax, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax e arteriografia do arco a&#243;rtico. Evidenciou-se f&#237;stula traum&#225;tica do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico com a veia braquiocef&#225;lica. Realizou-se corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e hipotermia profunda com parada circulat&#243;ria total. O paciente evolui bem com alta no quinto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>F&#237;stula arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>tronco braquiocef&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>arma de fogo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> F&#237;stula traum&#225;tica entre tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e veia braquiocef&#225;lica por arma de fogo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pedro Paulo Martins de Oliveira; Orlando Petrucci; Karlos Alexandre de Souza Vilarinho; Lindemberg Mota Silveira; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Domingo Marcolino Braile</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Descrevemos caso de paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, que sofreu ferimento por arma de fogo no t&#243;rax, transfixando o mediastino m&#233;dio. Apresentava-se est&#225;vel hemodinamicamente, contudo taquic&#225;rdico e taquipn&#233;ico. Ele foi submetido &#224; proped&#234;utica armada com radiograma de t&#243;rax, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax e arteriografia do arco a&#243;rtico. Evidenciou-se f&#237;stula traum&#225;tica do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico com a veia braquiocef&#225;lica. Realizou-se corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e hipotermia profunda com parada circulat&#243;ria total. O paciente evolui bem com alta no quinto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> F&#237;stula arteriovenosa, tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, arma de fogo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A f&#237;stula arteriovenosa &#233; um tipo descrito de les&#227;o vascular traum&#225;tica causada por proj&#233;til de arma de fogo, sendo, na maioria dos casos, encontrada em vasos perif&#233;ricos. As f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas em vasos centrais t&#234;m alta letalidade, com poucos relatos na literatura de resultados satisfat&#243;rios do seu tratamento<sup>1,2</sup>. Na maioria dos casos descritos, o quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; tardio e se apresenta como descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, em intervalos vari&#225;veis entre o trauma e o diagn&#243;stico da f&#237;stula de alto d&#233;bito. Aqui, fazemos o relato de um caso de ferimento por proj&#233;til de arma de fogo, com quadro cl&#237;nico agudo e tratamento precoce da fistula entre o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e a veia braquiocef&#225;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, v&#237;tima de ferimento por proj&#233;til de arma de fogo em t&#243;rax, com orif&#237;cio de entrada no segundo espa&#231;o intercostal direito na linha hemiclavicular, estando alojado no n&#237;vel do quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo em mediastino m&#233;dio, na linha hemiclavicular, referendado a este servi&#231;o ap&#243;s seis horas do incidente. No atendimento inicial, recebeu infus&#227;o de cristal&#243;ides (2.000 ml).</p>
    <p>O paciente apresentava-se &#224; admiss&#227;o descorado, taquipn&#233;ico (FR 28), taquic&#225;rdico (FC 150 bpm), com press&#227;o arterial de 130 x 90 mmHg e sim&#233;trica nos membros superiores. N&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es em pulsos perif&#233;ricos nem presen&#231;a de sopros &#224; ausculta card&#237;aca. No radiograma de t&#243;rax, evidenciou-se alargamento do mediastino superior, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">fig.1</xref>). A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax mostrou imagem de hematoma em mediastino anterior, derrame pleural pequeno &#224; esquerda, sem sinais de les&#227;o em grandes vasos e aus&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico. Na endoscopia digestiva alta, n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es. Realizada ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, notou-se alto fluxo em mosaico pr&#243;ximo &#224; origem de tronco braquiocef&#225;lico. Na aortografia, observou-se f&#237;stula do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico para a veia braquiocef&#225;lica; a les&#227;o se encontrava na origem do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0e21-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0e21-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Optou-se por interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia. Ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, realizou-se dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral comum direita. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de esternotomia longitudinal total mediana, notou-se presen&#231;a de grande hematoma em mediastino anterior. Sob hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, efetuou-se canula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral comum e do &#225;trio direito com c&#226;nula de duplo est&#225;gio, durante a qual houve destamponamento de les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, sendo realizado controle digital desta. Iniciou-se circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com indu&#231;&#227;o de hipotermia profunda (20&#186; C), seguida de parada circulat&#243;ria total, o que permitiu a dissec&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es vasculares e suas corre&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Foi identificada les&#227;o na origem do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, abrangendo cerca de metade de sua circunfer&#234;ncia e les&#227;o complexa de veia braquiocef&#225;lica. Foi suturada a les&#227;o arterial com pontos separados de polipropileno 4.0 e ligadura da veia braquiocef&#225;lica. O tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria total foi de 7 minutos e o total de extracorp&#243;rea de 43 minutos.</p>
    <p>O paciente evoluiu bem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Ele permaneceu na unidade de terapia intensiva por 48 horas e recebeu alta hospitalar no quinto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sem intercorr&#234;ncias e totalmente assintom&#225;tico. Os pulsos e a mensura&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o arterial eram sim&#233;tricos nos membros superiores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A les&#227;o traum&#225;tica da aorta responde por pequena quantidade dos ferimentos por arma de fogo (5,3%)<sup>3</sup>, por&#233;m com alta taxa de mortalidade, com 73% dos pacientes chegando ao pronto-socorro com press&#227;o arterial detect&#225;vel e 78% necessitando de toracotomia de urg&#234;ncia<sup>1</sup>. As les&#245;es penetrantes de aorta representam menos de 1% de todas as les&#245;es de aorta<sup>1</sup>. Na literatura de l&#237;ngua inglesa pesquisada, consta apenas um caso descrito de f&#237;stula entre a aorta e a veia braquiocef&#225;lica secund&#225;ria a ferimento por proj&#233;til de arma de fogo, diagnosticado logo ap&#243;s o trauma<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Beall et al.<sup>4</sup>, em 1962, descreveram a apresenta&#231;&#227;o aguda de f&#237;stula entre a aorta e a veia braquiocef&#225;lica, com o diagn&#243;stico realizado por alargamento progressivo de mediastino em radiogramas de t&#243;rax seriados, associado com fr&#234;mito e sopro na regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica anterior e distens&#227;o venosa<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; controv&#233;rsias quando &#224; conduta inicial nesses casos. Ap&#243;s o trabalho prospectivo de Brickell em pacientes com trauma penetrante no t&#243;rax, no qual se descreveram maior mortalidade e tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o quando os pacientes eram submetidos &#224; reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica imediata, comparado com reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica tardia em sala cir&#250;rgica, sugeriu-se que a hipotens&#227;o leve poderia ter efeito protetor nesse tipo de paciente<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com trauma penetrante da aorta difere um pouco da popula&#231;&#227;o com trauma fechado da aorta. No primeiro grupo, os pacientes s&#227;o mais jovens e sem doen&#231;as concomitantes, e no segundo grupo, em geral, com um pouco mais de idade e algumas vezes com outras comorbidades. A incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es penetrantes da aorta vem aumentando em virtude dos altos &#237;ndices de viol&#234;ncia urbana. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico por via aberta ainda &#233; o tratamento considerado padr&#227;o<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Salientamos ainda a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico preciso e da localiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da les&#227;o arterial, o que propicia a elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica dirigida, diminuindo os tempos cir&#250;rgicos e aumentando as possibilidades de resultados satisfat&#243;rios. Ressaltamos tamb&#233;m a necessidade de parada circulat&#243;ria total na corre&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de les&#227;o, sem a qual o reparo cir&#250;rgico teria sido mais dif&#237;cil, acarretando maior uso de hemoderivados, por causa das grandes perdas sang&#252;&#237;neas, e maior risco de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e emb&#243;licas durante o reparo cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Algumas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o v&#225;lidas quanto &#224; conduta adotada, especialmente pela n&#227;o-utiliza&#231;&#227;o de procedimento endovascular. Em primeiro lugar, mesmo em centros de refer&#234;ncia, a disponibilidade de pr&#243;teses de tamanho adequado quanto ao calibre n&#227;o &#233; freq&#252;ente, pois trata-se de aortas saud&#225;veis e jovens com o calibre normal da aorta. A durabilidade dessas pr&#243;teses em longo prazo ainda &#233; desconhecida com o potencial de procedimentos secund&#225;rios no seguimento tardio<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em segundo, o local da f&#237;stula era desfavor&#225;vel e ficou comprovado no intra-operat&#243;rio que a les&#227;o da veia braquiocef&#225;lica e a do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico eram muito extensas para o tratamento endovascular.</p>
    <p>Demmers e cols.<sup>7</sup>, em uma s&#233;rie de 1993 a 2000, com um seguimento m&#233;dio de 55 &#177; 29 meses em pacientes com &#250;lcera de aorta com tratamento endovascular, mostraram que com 6 anos de seguimento apenas 51% dos pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Esses autores sugerem que o procedimento &#233; seguro em curto prazo, contudo o seguimento em longo prazo n&#227;o oferece seguran&#231;a quanto &#224; durabilidade. Apesar desses autores se referirem &#224; &#250;lcera de aorta, o seguimento &#233; relativo &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es dos <italic>stents</italic> auto-expans&#237;veis. Assim, esses resultados sugerem que pacientes com expectativa de vida pequena ou alto risco para a cirurgia devem ser submetidos ao tratamento endovascular nas les&#245;es penetrantes da aorta, e os pacientes jovens sem outras les&#245;es concomintantes, &#224; cirurgia convencional<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes sobreviventes com traumas penetrantes de aorta e veia braquiocef&#225;lica concomitantes ainda ser&#227;o incomuns, constituindo um grande desafio ao cirurgi&#227;o, em todas as fases de seu atendimento, do pr&#233;-hospitalar &#224; conduta cir&#250;rgica. No entanto, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, associados &#224; melhor sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, espera-se melhorar os &#237;ndices de sucesso no tratamento dessa ocorr&#234;ncia que tem mortalidade superior a 80%<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que o paciente teve o diagn&#243;stico preciso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da les&#227;o e que outras les&#245;es associadas foram descartadas, o que permitiu uma interven&#231;&#227;o direcionada com o prop&#243;sito de propiciar reparo seguro e eficiente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Orlando Petrucci </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Baptista Geraldi, 135, Bar&#227;o Geraldo </p>
        <p> 13085-020 - Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="orlandopetrucci@gmail.com">orlandopetrucci@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/06/07; revisado recebido em 26/08/07; aceito em 02/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Murray J, Corrwell E, Asensio J, et al. Mortality and prognostic factors in penetrating injuries of the aorta. J Trauma. 1996; 40: 761-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality and prognostic factors in penetrating injuries of the aorta</article-title>
          <source>J Trauma</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>761</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demetriades</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theodorou</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corrwell</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asensio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Roye GD, Zorn GL, McGiffin DC, Kirklin JW, Hamrick KM, Bessey PQ, et al. Acute repair of aorta-innominate vein fistulas. J Trauma. 1995; 39: 753-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute repair of aorta-innominate vein fistulas</article-title>
          <source>J Trauma</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>753</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roye</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zorn</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGiffin</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirklin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamrick</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bessey</surname>
              <given-names>PQ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Demetriades D. Penetrating injuries to the thoracic great vessels. J Card Surg. 1997; 12 (Suppl): 173-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Penetrating injuries to the thoracic great vessels</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demetriades</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Beall AC, Roof WR, De Bakey ME. Successful surgical management of through-through stab wounds of aortic arch. Ann Surg. 1962; 156: 823-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Successful surgical management of through-through stab wounds of aortic arch</article-title>
          <source>Ann Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1962</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>823</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roof</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bakey</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Martin RR, Genger VF, Allen MK, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 1105-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1105</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>331</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bickell</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wall Jr</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pepe</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genger</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Fang TD, Peterson DA, Kirilcuk NN, Dicker RA, Spain DA, Brundage SI. Endovascular management of a gunshot wound to the thoracic aorta. J Trauma. 2006; 60: 204-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Endovascular management of a gunshot wound to the thoracic aorta</article-title>
          <source>J Trauma</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirilcuk</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dicker</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spain</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brundage</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Demers P, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Kee ST, Chagonjian L, Dake MD. Stent-graft repair of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers in the descending thoracic aorta: mid term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 77: 81-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stent-graft repair of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers in the descending thoracic aorta: mid term results</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demers</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kee</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chagonjian</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dake</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Traumatic fistula between the brachiocephalic trunk and the brachiocephalic vein due to gunshot wound</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We describe the case of a 49-year old male patient who suffered a gunshot wound in the chest which transfixed the medial mediastinum. He was hemodynamically stable, but had tachycardia and tachypnea. He was submitted to integrated work-up with chest radiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, computerized chest tomography, and arteriography of the aortic arch. A traumatic fistula was evidenced between the brachiocephalic trunk and the brachiocephalic vein. Surgical repair was performed using extracorporeal circulation and deep hypothermia with total circulatory arrest. The patient progressed well and was discharged on the fifth day postoperatively.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arteriovenous fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>brachiocephalic trunk</kwd>
        <kwd>firearms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Traumatic fistula between the brachiocephalic trunk and the brachiocephalic vein due to gunshot wound</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pedro Paulo Martins de Oliveira; Orlando Petrucci; Karlos Alexandre de Souza Vilarinho; Lindemberg Mota Silveira; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Domingo Marcolino Braile</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>We describe the case of a 49-year old male patient who suffered a gunshot wound in the chest which transfixed the medial mediastinum. He was hemodynamically stable, but had tachycardia and tachypnea. He was submitted to integrated work-up with chest radiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, computerized chest tomography, and arteriography of the aortic arch. A traumatic fistula was evidenced between the brachiocephalic trunk and the brachiocephalic vein. Surgical repair was performed using extracorporeal circulation and deep hypothermia with total circulatory arrest. The patient progressed well and was discharged on the fifth day postoperatively.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words</bold><bold>: </bold>Arteriovenous fistula; brachiocephalic trunk; firearms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arteriovenous fistula is a well described type of traumatic vessel injury caused by a firearm projectile found in most cases in peripheral vessels. Arteriovenous fistulas in central vessels are highly lethal and there are few reports of satisfactory outcomes after treatment in the literature<sup>1,2</sup>. In most of the cases described, the clinical picture has a late onset and presents cardiac decompensation at variable intervals between the trauma and the diagnosis of high output fistula. Here we report the case of an individual who presented with a gunshot wound with an acute clinical picture and with a fistula between the brachiocephalic trunk and the brachiocephalic vein that had early treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 49-year old male patient was the victim of a firearm projectile wound in that the entrance orifice was in the second right intercostal space on the hemiclavicular line and the projectile lodged at the level of the fifth left intercostal space in the medial mediastinum, on the hemiclavicular line. He was referred to our department six hours after the incident. First care received was the administration of a cristalloyd infusion (2,000 ml). </p>
      <p>On admission, the patient presented with pallor, tachypnea (RF 28), tachycardia (HR 150 bpm), and arterial pressure of 130 x 90 mmHg, symmetric in superior limbs. He presented no alterations in peripheral pulses or murmurs on heart auscultation. The chest radiogram evidenced enlargement of the superior mediastinum with no other alterations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). Chest computerized tomography showed the image of a hematoma in the anterior mediastinum, small pleural effusion on the left, with no signs of lesions in large vessels and absence of pericardial effusion. No alterations were shown on upper digestive endoscopy. The transthoracic echocardiography showed intense mosaic-pattern flow close to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk. On aortography a fistula from the brachiocephalic trunk to the brachiocephalic vein was observed. The lesion was located in the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0e21-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0e21-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We decided to perform an urgent surgical procedure. After anesthetic induction and monitoring, the right common femoral artery was dissected. After complete median longitudinal sternectomy had been performed, we observed the presence of a large hematoma in the anterior mediastinum. Under systemic heparinization, the common femoral artery and the right atrium were cannulated with a double-stage cannula; during cannulation there was rebleeding of the aortic injury and the aorta was digitally controlled. The extracorporeal circulation was started with induction of deep hypothermia (20&#186; C), followed by complete circulatory arrest which allowed the dissection of vascular injuries and their repair.</p>
      <p>An injury in the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk, covering approximately half its circumference and a complex injury of the brachiocephalic vein were found. The arterial injury was sutured with separate polypropylene 4.0 stitches and the brachiocephalic vein was ligated. The total time of circulatory arrest was seven minutes and the total time of extracorporeal circulation was 43 minutes.</p>
      <p>The patient progressed well postoperatively. He remained in the intensive care unit for 48 hours and was discharged on the fifth day postoperatively; he recovered uneventfully and was totally asymptomatic. The pulses and the arterial pressure measurement were symmetric in the upper limbs. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Traumatic aortic injury accounts for a small number of firearm wounds (5.3%)<sup>3</sup>; however the mortality rate is high, and 73% of the patients arrive to the emergency room with detectable arterial pressure; 78% of them require urgent thoracotomy<sup>1</sup>. Penetrating injuries of the aorta account for less than 1% of all aortic injuries<sup>1</sup>. In the English language literature we researched, there is only one case described of fistula between the aorta and the brachiocephalic vein secondary to wound caused by a firearm projectile diagnosed soon after the trauma<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Beall et al.<sup>4</sup>, in 1962, was the first to describe the acute presentation of fistula between the aorta and the brachiocephalic vein, with diagnosis reached by the progressive enlargement of the mediastinum in serial chest radiograms, associated with fremitus and murmur in the anterior chest region, as well as venous distension<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The initial procedure for these cases is controversial. After Brickell's prospective study about patients with penetrating trauma of the chest, where higher mortality and longer hospital stay were described when patients underwent immediate volume replacement as compared with late volume replacement in the operation theater, it was suggested that mild hypotension might have a protective effect in this type of patients<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The population of patients with penetrating trauma of the aorta differs a little from the population with blunt trauma of the aorta. In the first group the patients are younger, without comorbid diseases, whereas in the second group patients are generally older and sometimes have comorbidities. The incidence of penetrating injuries of the aorta has been increasing by virtue of the high rates of urban violence. Surgical treatment by open route is still considered the standard treatment<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>We point out the importance of an accurate diagnosis and the location of the arterial injury preoperatively which allows the development of a targeted surgical strategy, thus reducing surgery time and increasing the possibilities of satisfactory outcomes. We highlight that complete circulation arrest is necessary in the repair of this type of injury. Without the circulatory arrest, surgical repair would have been more difficult, and more blood products would have been used because of the large volume of blood loss and the higher risk of ischemic and embolic injuries during surgical repair.</p>
      <p>Some observations are valid as regards the procedure adopted, especially since no endovascular procedure was used. Firstly, even in reference centers, prostheses of the appropriate size as regards caliber are not easily found because the aortas are healthy and young and have the normal caliber. The durability of these prostheses in the long term is still unknown in view of the potential secondary procedures in late follow-up<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Secondly, the site of the fistula was unfavorable and it was proven intraoperatively that injuries in the brachiocephalic vein and in the brachiocephalic trunk were too large for endovascular treatment.</p>
      <p>Demmers et al.<sup>7</sup>, in a series from 1993 to 2000, with an average follow-up of 55 &#177; 29 months of patients with ulcer of the aorta submitted to endovascular treatment, showed that in a 6-year follow-up period only 51% of the patients were free from reoperation. These authors suggest that the procedure is safe in the short term; however, the long term follow-up doesn't provide reliable data regarding the durability of the prostheses. Although these authors reported on ulcer of the aorta, follow-up is related with complications of self-expandable stents. Therefore, these results suggest that these patients with a low life expectancy or high risk for surgery should be submitted to endovascular treatment of aortic penetrating injuries, whereas young patients with no other concurrent injuries should be submitted to conventional surgery<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Patients who survive penetrating trauma of the aorta and concurrently of the brachiocephalic vein are still uncommon and constitute a challenge for surgeons in all phases of the care, from pre-hospital care to surgical procedures. However, with the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, associated with improved systematization of pre-hospital care, the success rates of the treatment of these occurrences that have a mortality rate above 80% are expected to improve<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the patient's injury was accurately diagnosed preoperatively and that other associated injuries have been ruled out, which allowed a targeted intervention with the purpose of providing safe and efficient repair.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this manuscript was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
