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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jDHGkDxWDcBzTdYZDgZWnxQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da variabilidade de peso na estabilidade metab&#243;lica dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Cear&#225;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Maria de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Clineu Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Bruno da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Integrada do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>293</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As altera&#231;&#245;es de peso ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco (TC) freq&#252;entemente ocorrem e aumentam os riscos de doen&#231;as secund&#225;rias. OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto da variabilidade do peso nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo documental realizado com 82 pacientes adultos submetidos a TC entre outubro de 1997 e dezembro de 2005 no Cear&#225;, sendo 83% do sexo masculino e a idade m&#233;dia de 45,06&#177;12,04 anos. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram o perfil biopatol&#243;gico, o peso e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) relacionadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;mico-metab&#243;licas. Os dados foram descritos usando freq&#252;&#234;ncias, medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, teste t de Student e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia global do IMC aumentou de 23,77&#177;3,68kg/m&#178; antes do TC, para 25,48&#177;3,92kg/m&#178; no primeiro ano e para 28,38&#177;4,97kg/m&#178; no quinto. Os pacientes com sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;) apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de glicose, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e triglic&#233;rides maiores que os pacientes com eutrofia/desnutri&#231;&#227;o (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;). CONCLUS&#195;O: Houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa entre o estado nutricional e a variabilidade de peso no perfil metab&#243;lico de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transplante card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Impacto da variabilidade de peso na estabilidade metab&#243;lica dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Cear&#225;</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Daniele Maria de Oliveira Carlos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Francisco Clineu Queiroz Fran&#231;a<sup>I,IV</sup>; Jo&#227;o David de Sousa Neto<sup>III</sup>; Carlos Antonio Bruno da Silva<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Fortaleza </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade Integrada do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold> FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As altera&#231;&#245;es de peso ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco (TC) freq&#252;entemente ocorrem e aumentam os riscos de doen&#231;as secund&#225;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar o impacto da variabilidade do peso nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo documental realizado com 82 pacientes adultos submetidos a TC entre outubro de 1997 e dezembro de 2005 no Cear&#225;, sendo 83% do sexo masculino e a idade m&#233;dia de 45,06&#177;12,04 anos. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram o perfil biopatol&#243;gico, o peso e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) relacionadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;mico-metab&#243;licas. Os dados foram descritos usando freq&#252;&#234;ncias, medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia global do IMC aumentou de 23,77&#177;3,68kg/m<sup>2</sup> antes do TC, para 25,48&#177;3,92kg/m<sup>2</sup> no primeiro ano e para 28,38&#177;4,97kg/m<sup>2</sup> no quinto. Os pacientes com sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de glicose, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e triglic&#233;rides maiores que os pacientes com eutrofia/desnutri&#231;&#227;o (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa entre o estado nutricional e a variabilidade de peso no perfil metab&#243;lico de pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Transplante card&#237;aco, obesidade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, metabolismo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) representa um dos mais revolucion&#225;rios avan&#231;os da medicina de nossa &#233;poca. Constitui modalidade de tratamento de escolha para os pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) grave, classes III ou IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), com sintomas incapacitantes, ou alto risco de morte dentro de um ano e sem possibilidade de outra alternativa de tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de TC encontra-se em expans&#227;o em todo o mundo, e tamb&#233;m no Brasil, onde os maiores centros transplantadores localizam-se nos Estados de S&#227;o Paulo e Cear&#225;. Os resultados do TC t&#234;m sido muito favor&#225;veis nos &#250;ltimos 15 anos, com sobrevida de 80%, 70% e 60% em um, cinco e dez anos, respectivamente<sup>1</sup>. Diversos fatores t&#234;m sido imputados como relevantes na sobrevida dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos, j&#225; estudados a causa de &#243;bito do doador, a idade, o sexo, etiologia da ICC, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas e a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ganho significativo de peso &#233; bastante descrito em pacientes submetidos a transplantes de &#243;rg&#227;os. O desenvolvimento ou a piora de sobrepeso e obesidade nesses pacientes tem sido demonstrado, o que em alguns tipos de transplante pode comprometer o sucesso terap&#234;utico<sup>3</sup>. Enquanto nos transplantados de pulm&#245;es o ganho de peso tem sido associado a uma maior sobrevida, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorre em transplantados card&#237;acos<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um ganho excessivo de peso tem sido relatado no seguimento do TC, afetando aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes<sup>5</sup>. Em m&#233;dia, tais pacientes ganham cerca de 10 kg no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento, aumentando os riscos de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as secund&#225;rias como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemias<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica caracterizada pelo excesso de gordura corporal, sendo o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)o marcador mais amplamente utilizado na sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Pacientes com obesidade (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) apresentam duas a cinco vezes maior mortalidade do que os pacientes com eutrofia (21-27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e sobrepeso (IMC 27-30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto da variabilidade de peso nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos no Cear&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva foi realizada em 91 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes adultos submetidos a TC entre outubro de 1997 e dezembro de 2005 no Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, no Cear&#225;. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados foram exclu&#237;dos nove pacientes por aus&#234;ncia de registro de peso e altura antes do TC, permanecendo 82 pacientes. O tempo total de observa&#231;&#227;o foi de 99 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram obtidos de registros dos prontu&#225;rios, sendo consideradas no estudo as vari&#225;veis de peso (kg), altura (m), sexo, idade e diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-transplante.</p>
    <p>Os tempos considerados de seguimento foram: imediatamente antes do TC, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 meses de cirurgia. Par&#226;metros laboratoriais como glicemia, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram considerados e comparados no mesmo per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do peso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado na an&#225;lise do peso corporal o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), calculado por meio da f&#243;rmula: peso (kg) &#247; [altura (m)]<sup>2 </sup>e os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de &#150; 1997 em: desnutri&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), normal ou eutrofia (18,5 a 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesidade (<underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes segundo diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-transplante</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao perfil da doen&#231;a de base do mioc&#225;rdio o grupo foi dividido em miocardiopatia dilatada (MCPD) idiop&#225;tica, isqu&#234;mica, chag&#225;sica e outras causas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram descritos usando t&#233;cnicas da estat&#237;stica descritiva, que envolvem medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, dispers&#227;o, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o, sendo expressas pela m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o e quartis (IMC).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise correlacional do IMC com o perfil metab&#243;lico, ambos globais, foi realizada pelo coeficiente de Pearson com o aux&#237;lio do software SPSS. O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas m&#233;dias do perfil metab&#243;lico dos dois grupos. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05 para todos os testes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos &#233;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa foi submetida e aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o em estudo e baseou-se na resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Conep) do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS), sendo resguardados o anonimato e a privacidade dos pesquisados. Processo n&#186; 186/04 aprovado na reuni&#227;o: 1/10/04 do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes &#150; Cear&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram estudados como um grupo &#250;nico, independente do sexo, perfazendo um total de 82 pacientes. Desses, 68 (83%) eram do sexo masculino e 14 (17%) do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de idade do grupo foi de 45,06&#177;12,04 anos, variando de 20 a 73 anos.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes segundo as etiologias determinantes da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi: miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em 36 (43,9%) pacientes, miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em 12 (14,63%), miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica em 13 (15,85%) e por outras causas em 21 (25,6%), distribu&#237;das em miocardiopatias causadas por doen&#231;a valvar 7 (8,5%), periparto 2 (2,43%), alco&#243;lica 8 (9,75%), cong&#234;nita 2 (2,43%), hipertensiva 1 (1,2%) e hipertr&#243;fica 1 (1,2%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estado nutricional pr&#233; o p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir da an&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es de IMC relacionadas ao tempo, observou-se que antes do TC os pacientes apresentavam-se: 3 (3,65%) desnutridos, 48 (58,53%) eutr&#243;ficos, 26 (31,7%) sobrepeso e 5 (2,5%) obesos. Os pacientes evolu&#237;ram ap&#243;s o transplante com ganho de peso, diminuindo o n&#250;mero de eutr&#243;ficos e aumentando o n&#250;mero de pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade nos per&#237;odos de 12 meses (47,05% eutr&#243;ficos, 38,23% sobrepeso e 14,5% obesos) e 60 meses (37,5% eutr&#243;ficos, 25% sobrepeso e 37,5% obesos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade de peso e IMC global no p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A variabilidade de peso foi analisada por meio da m&#233;dia de IMC, desvio padr&#227;o e quartis.</p>
    <p>Foi evidenciada no primeiro e terceiro meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no &#237;ndice de massa corporal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-TC, que foi seguida de um ganho progressivo at&#233; o final do seguimento de 60 meses p&#243;s-transplante, sendo corroborado pelos percentis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>IMC pr&#233;-TC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2 </sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> evolu&#237;ram com eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia apenas no primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-TC apresentando-se praticamente inalterada nos outros per&#237;odos, j&#225; o colesterol total e o LDL come&#231;aram a se elevar a partir do terceiro m&#234;s e os triglic&#233;rides a partir do sexto m&#234;s. O HDL manteve-se adequado em todo o seguimento, apresentando uma queda em seus n&#237;veis aos 60 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a10tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>IMC pr&#233;-TC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2 </sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentaram a glicemia elevada no primeiro m&#234;s, com 12 meses e aos 48 meses de transplante. O colesterol e os triglic&#233;rides apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o j&#225; a partir do primeiro m&#234;s e o LDL a partir dos seis meses de transplante. O HDL manteve-se adequado em todo o seguimento estudado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p>Os dois grupos de pacientes: IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> evolu&#237;ram com aumento de peso corporal, altera&#231;&#227;o de colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides no seguimento do TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e perfil metab&#243;lico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando-se as m&#233;dias globais do perfil metab&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab02">tab. 2</xref>) n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o do IMC com a glicose (RR = 0,214 e p = 0,581) e do IMC com o HDL (RR = 0,185 e p = 0,633). Encontrou-se correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e o colesterol total, mas n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (RR= 0,637 e p = 0,06). J&#225; entre o IMC e o LDL (RR = 0,810 e p = 0,008) e o IMC e os triglic&#233;rides (RR = 0,866 e p = 0,003) foram encontradas fortes correla&#231;&#245;es e ambas, estatisticamente significativas.</p>
    <p>Verificou-se que os pacientes com IMC pr&#233;-TC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a10tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#245;es </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que, como ocorre em outras casu&#237;sticas nacionais e internacionais<sup>3,7,8</sup>, a maioria dos pacientes &#233; do sexo masculino em mais de 70% dos casos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade do receptor, costuma predominar a faixa et&#225;ria entre 35 a 60 anos<sup>9</sup>. Nessa casu&#237;stica, 64 (78,04%) pacientes se encontravam nessa faixa e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 45,06 anos. Considerando as doen&#231;as que motivaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante, os dados encontrados correspondem &#224; experi&#234;ncia internacional<sup>9</sup>, observando-se predom&#237;nio das miocardiopatias dilatada idiop&#225;tica e isqu&#234;mica, e em nosso meio tamb&#233;m a chag&#225;sica<sup>2,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-transplante os pacientes apresentam uma tend&#234;ncia a perder peso. Na amostra em estudo essa tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi verificada (m&#233;dia de peso 62,72&#177;9,09 kg varia&#231;&#227;o de 46 a 97 kg), apesar do uso de elevadas doses de glicocortic&#243;ides, como parte da terapia imunossupressora, &#224; qual tem sido atribu&#237;da o ganho de peso nesses pacientes. A perda de peso manifestada nesse per&#237;odo poderia estar associada aos efeitos catab&#243;licos da cirurgia, perda de fluidos ou &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade tem sido associada a diversos fatores etiol&#243;gicos, incluindo fatores gen&#233;ticos, sedentarismo, desequil&#237;brios diet&#233;ticos, uso de medicamentos e desordens neuroend&#243;crinas<sup>5</sup>. T&#234;m-se investigado os seus efeitos na morbidade e mortalidade, sendo encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral associada com hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemias, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, resist&#234;ncia a insulina, diabete melito n&#227;o insulino-dependente, doen&#231;a da ves&#237;cula biliar, disfun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, doen&#231;as articulares e alguns tipos de c&#226;ncer<sup>3,8,11</sup>. Apesar das controv&#233;rsias em torno da rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e mortalidade, tem-se mostrado que a obesidade &#233; um fator de risco independente de mortalidade por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um ganho de peso excessivo resultando em obesidade tem sido observado ap&#243;s o transplante<sup>12</sup>, e isso ocorre j&#225; durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>13</sup>, como t&#234;m mostrado alguns estudos: em 158 pacientes pesquisados no Centro M&#233;dico Presbiteriano Columbia, o ganho de peso resultou numa m&#233;dia de 8 kg em seis meses e aproximadamente 10 kg em um ano ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>4</sup>. Em outro estudo, 47 pacientes acompanhados no Hospital Henry Ford apresentaram uma m&#233;dia de ganho de peso tamb&#233;m de 10 kg<sup>14</sup>. J&#225; na amostra estudada, houve um ganho de peso inferior, com m&#233;dia de 4,24 kg, nesse per&#237;odo. No entanto, os pacientes evolu&#237;ram no primeiro ano com sobrepeso (m&#233;dia de IMC 25,48&#177;3,92 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). As altera&#231;&#245;es ponderais continuaram ao longo dos anos e no quinto ano de transplante o sobrepeso foi maior (28,38&#177;4,97 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), apresentando-se quase lim&#237;trofe para obesidade.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; um s&#233;rio fator limitante no seguimento em longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a TC e a aterosclerose acelerada do enxerto permanece como a principal complica&#231;&#227;o tardia decorrente de sua elevada morbidade e mortalidade<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos receptores de transplante apresenta eleva&#231;&#227;o de colesterol e/ou triglic&#233;rides. A etiologia da dislipidemia &#233; multifatorial e parece tamb&#233;m exercer papel importante na aterosclerose do enxerto<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Kocher e cols.<sup>8</sup> avaliou o impacto do sobrepeso e da obesidade no TC, em 1999, em 612 pacientes e demonstrou que o grupo dos pacientes com sobrepeso e obesos (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) tende a ter n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-transplante, do que o grupo dos pacientes com baixo peso e eutr&#243;ficos (IMC &lt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), embora os dados n&#227;o sejam estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Rezende e cols.<sup>16</sup>, onde se determinou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em 231 pacientes n&#227;o-transplantados, verificou-se que com o aumento do IMC (sobrepeso IMC 25-29,99 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obesidade IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, dos triglic&#233;rides e redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL, mas o colesterol total e o LDL se mantiveram praticamente inalterados.</p>
    <p>Analisando a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do perfil metab&#243;lico da casu&#237;stica estudada, os pacientes com sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de glicemia e triglic&#233;rides maiores do que os pacientes com eutrofia/desnutri&#231;&#227;o (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); e diferentemente do estudo anterior<sup>16</sup>, apresentaram tamb&#233;m o colesterol total e o LDL mais elevados (p &lt; 0,05). Em ambos os grupos, os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides se elevaram no seguimento do TC, sendo o grupo com sobrepeso/obesidade marcado por uma altera&#231;&#227;o maior e mais precoce.</p>
    <p>O TC &#233; uma modalidade terap&#234;utica consagrada, no entanto resulta em altera&#231;&#227;o de peso j&#225; no primeiro ano<sup>4</sup>, o que foi verificado tamb&#233;m nessa casu&#237;stica. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o tem sido relacionada com o aumento de obesidade e de complica&#231;&#245;es a ela associadas, tais como: dislipidemias, hipertens&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, al&#233;m de infec&#231;&#245;es e neoplasias decorrentes da terapia imunossupressora de manuten&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante dos resultados demonstrados neste estudo, conclui-se que os pacientes com sobrepeso/obesidade est&#227;o mais propensos a apresentar n&#237;veis de glicose, colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides mais elevados que os pacientes com eutrofia/desnutri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Destaca-se, portanto, a necessidade de uma equipe multidisciplinar bem estruturada, incluindo m&#233;dicos, cirurgi&#245;es, nutricionistas, enfermeiros, psic&#243;logos, assistentes sociais, dentistas, fisioterapeutas, educadores f&#237;sicos e terapeutas ocupacionais nos centros transplantadores, para que se consiga um monitoramento cl&#237;nico e nutricional efetivo, oferecendo resultados cada vez mais satisfat&#243;rios em curto e tamb&#233;m em longo prazo e garantindo tamb&#233;m qualidade de vida a esses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando a natureza retrospectiva do estudo, a grande limita&#231;&#227;o consistiu da dificuldade de resgatar dados do pr&#233;-transplante e de todo o seguimento estudado, decorrente do lapso da implanta&#231;&#227;o de protocolos e rotinas cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento ambulatorial integrado. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes que pertenciam a outras unidades de sa&#250;de retornaram aos seus servi&#231;os de origem perdendo assim o seguimento no centro transplantador estudado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado de Daniele Maria de Oliveira Carlos pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Carlos Antonio Bruno da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Vilar, 2.865 - Dion&#237;sio Torres </p>
        <p> 60125-001 - Fortaleza, CE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carlosbruno@unifor.br">carlosbruno@unifor.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/10/2006; revisado recebido em 09/05/2007; aceito em 26/12/2007.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of weight variation on the metabolic stability of cardiac transplant patients in the state of Ceara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Weight alterations post cardiac transplant (CT) frequently occur and increase the risks of secondary diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at determining the impact of weight variability on serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions of cardiac transplant patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective documental study held with 82 patients submitted to CT between October, 1997 and December, 2005 in Cear&#225;, Brazil. 83% were male and the average age was 45.06&#177;12.04 years. The studied variables were: biopathology profile, the weight and the body mass index (BMI) related to the biochemical-metabolic alterations and to the survival. Data were described using frequencies, measures of central tendency, t-Student test and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The average global BMI increased from 23.77&#177;3.68kg/m&#178; before CT to 25.48&#177;3.92kg/m&#178; on the first year and to 28.38&#177;4.97kg/m&#178; on the fifth year. The patients with overweight/ obesity (IMC &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;) presented average glucose mean levels, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides higher than the patients with eutrophy/ malnutrition (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;). CONCLUSION: There was a significant direct relation between nutritional state and weight variability on the metabolic profile of cardiac transplant patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Impact of weight variation on the metabolic stability of cardiac transplant patients in the state of Ceara</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Daniele Maria de Oliveira Carlos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Francisco Clineu Queiroz Fran&#231;a<sup>I,IV</sup>; Jo&#227;o David de Sousa Neto<sup>III</sup>; Carlos Antonio Bruno da Silva<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Fortaleza</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade Integrada do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Weight changes frequently occur after cardiac transplantation (CT) and increase the risk of secondary diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the impact of weight variation on serum levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides of cardiac transplant patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective documentary study conducted with 82 adult patients undergoing CT between October 1997 and December 2005 in the State of Ceara, Brazil. A total of 83% of the patients were male and the mean age was 45.06&#177;12.04 years. The variables studied were biopathological profile, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in relation to biochemical and metabolic changes. Data were described using frequencies, measures of central tendency, Student's t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean overall BMI increased from 23.77&#177;3.68kg/m<sup>2</sup> prior to CT, to 25.48&#177;3.92kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the first year and to 28.38&#177;4.97kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the fifth. Overweight/obese patients (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) showed mean values of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides higher than those of normal-weight/underweight patients (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> There was a direct and significant correlation of nutritional status and weight variation with the metabolic profile of cardiac transplant patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart transplantation; obesity; body mass index; metabolism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac transplantation (CT) represents one of the most revolutionary medical advances of our time. It is the treatment of choice for patients with severe heart failure (HF), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV, with disabling symptoms, or high death risk within one year and with no possible alternative clinical or surgical treatment<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>CT has been increasingly more frequently performed worldwide and also in Brazil, where the major transplant centers are located in the States of Sao Paulo and Ceara. CT outcomes have been very favorable in the past 15 years, with survival rates of 80%, 70% and 60% in 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively<sup>1</sup>. Several factors have been considered relevant for the survival of cardiac transplant patients; among them, donor cause of death, age, gender, cause of CHF, previous cardiac surgery, reactivation of Chagas disease and the surgical technique used have already been studied<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Significant weight gain is frequently described in patients undergoing organ transplantation. The development or worsening of overweight and obesity has been demonstrated in these patients and may affect the therapeutic success of some types of transplants<sup>3</sup>. Whereas in lung transplant patients weight gain has been associated with longer survival, in cardiac transplant patients it has been the opposite<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Excessive weight gain has been reported in the follow-up of CT, affecting approximately 50% of the patients<sup>5</sup>. On average, these patients gain approximately 10 kg within the first year after the procedure, thus increasing the risk of development of secondary diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and dislipidemias<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess body fat, and body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used marker for its quantification<sup>5</sup>. Obese patients (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) present 2 to 5-fold higher mortality than normal-weight (21-27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and overweight (IMC 27-30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) patients<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the impact of weight variation on serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides of cardiac transplant patients in the State of Ceara, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis was made of 91 medical records of adult patients undergoing CT between October 1997 and December 2005 in <italic>Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</italic> in the State of Ceara, Brazil. For data analysis, nine patients were excluded because their weight and height records prior to CT were missing, so that 82 patients remained in the study. The total follow-up time was 99 months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were obtained from medical records, and weight (kg), height (m), gender, age and pretransplant diagnosis were the variables considered for this study. </p>
      <p>The follow-up time points considered were: immediately post CT, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after surgery. Laboratory parameters such as blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides were also considered and compared in the same period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Weight classification</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the analysis of body weight, we used body mass index (BMI), as calculated by the formula: weight (kg) &#184; [height (m)]<sup>2</sup>. The patients were then classified according to the World Health Organization &#150; 1997 as: underweight (&lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), normal-weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obese (<underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient distribution according to pretransplant diagnosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the profile of the underlying myocardial disease, the group was divided into idiopathic, ischemic, chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP), and other causes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were described using descriptive statistical techniques which involve measures of central tendency, dispersion, frequency and distribution, and were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and quartiles (BMI).</p>
      <p>Correlation analysis between BMI and metabolic profile, both global, was performed with Pearson's coefficient using the SPSS software. The Student's t test was used for comparison of two means of the metabolic profile of the two groups. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05 for all tests. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and was based on resolution 196/96 of the National Research Ethics Commission (<italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa</italic> - CONEP) of the National Health Council (CNS), preserving the anonymity and privacy of the participants. Process no. 186/04 approved in the meeting of the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</italic> &#150; Ceara, held on 10/01/04.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were studied as a single group regardless of gender, comprising a total of 82 individuals. Of these, 68 (83%) were males and 14 (17%) were females. The mean age of the group was 45.06&#177;12.04 years, ranging from 20 to 73 years.</p>
      <p>Patients were distributed according to the etiology of heart failure as follows: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 36 (43.9%) patients, ischemic cardiomyopathy in 12 (14.63%), chagasic cardiomyopathy in 13 (15.85%) and of other causes in 21 (25.6%) distributed in cardiomyopathies due to heart valve disease 7 (8.5%), peripartum 2 (2.43%), alcohol 8 (9.75%), congenital 2 (2.43%), hypertensive 1 (1.2%) and hypertrophic 1 (1.2%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pre and post-cardiac transplantation nutritional status</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the analysis of BMI changes related to time, we observed that prior to CT the patients were: underweight 3 (3.65%), normal-weight 48 (58.53%), overweight 26 (31.7%) and obese 5 (2.5%). After transplantation, the patients progressed with weight gain, thus the number of normal-weight patients decreased and that of overweight and obese patients increased in the period of 12 months (47.05% normal-weight, 38.23% overweight and 14.5% obese) and 60 months (37.5% normal-weight, 25% overweight and 37.5% obese).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Post-cardiac transplantation weight and overall BMI variation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Weight variation was analyzed using mean BMI, standard deviation and quartiles.</p>
      <p>A reduction in body mass index in relation to the pre-CT period was observed in the first and third postoperative months, followed by a progressive gain until the end of the 60-month post-transplantation follow-up, and this was corroborated by the percentiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI Pre-CT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> progressed with increase in blood glucose levels only in the first month post-CT; these levels remained unchanged in the other periods. Total cholesterol and LDL, in turn, started to increase as from the third month, and triglyceride as from the sixth month. HLD remained at adequate levels during all the follow-up period and dropped at the 60th month (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a10tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold><underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI Pre-CT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI presented increased blood glucose in the first month, 12th month and at 48th month post-transplantation. Cholesterol and triglycerides levels were already abnormal as from the first month and LDL as from the sixth month post-transplantation. HDL levels remained adequate during all the follow-up period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>The two groups of patients - &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI and <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>BMI progressed with increased body weight and abnormal levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides in the follow-up of CT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correlation between BMI and metabolic profile</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the overall means of the metabolic profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab02-body2">Table II</xref>), no correlation was found between BMI and glucose (RR = 0.214 and p = 0.581) and between BMI and HDL (RR = 0.185 and p = 0.633). A correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, but it was not statistically significant (RR= 0.637 and p = 0.06). A strong and statistically significant correlation was found between BMI and LDL (RR = 0.810 and p = 0.008) and between BMI and triglycerides (RR = 0.866 and p = 0.003).</p>
      <p>Patients with <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI pre-CT were demonstrated to have higher serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a10tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0293-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Like in other national and international case series<sup>3,7,8</sup>, the results of this study show that more than 70% of the patients are males. As regards receptor age, there is usually a predominance of the range between 35 and 60 years<sup>9</sup>. In this case series, 64 (78.04%) patients were within this age range and the mean age was 45.06 years. Considering the diseases that led to transplantation, our data are consistent with those of the international literature<sup>9</sup>, where a predominance of idiopathic and ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy is observed. In our setting, the chagasic etiology was also found<sup>2,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the first month post-transplantation the patients had a tendency to lose weight. In the study sample, this tendency was also verified (mean weight of 62.72 &#177; 9.09 kg, ranging from 46 to 97 kg), despite the use of high doses of glucorticoids as part of the immunosuppressive therapy to which the weight gain of these patients has been attributed. The weight loss that occurs in this period could be associated with the catabolic effects of surgery, fluid loss or decreased food ingestion in the immediate postoperative period<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obesity has been associated with several etiologic factors including genetic factors, sedentary lifestyle, unbalanced diet, use of medications and neuroendocrine disorders<sup>5</sup>. Its effects on morbidity and mortality have been investigated, and it has been usually found associated with hypertension, dislipidemias, coronary artery disease, insulin resistance, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, respiratory dysfunction, joint diseases and some malignancies in the general population<sup>3,8,11</sup>. Despite the controversies regarding the relationship between obesity and mortality, it has been demonstrated that obesity is an independent risk factor of mortality from coronary artery disease<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Excessive weight gain resulting in obesity has been observed after transplantation<sup>12</sup>. This already starts to occur as from the first year post procedure<sup>13</sup>, as has been demonstrated in some studies: in 158 patients studied in Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, the mean weight gain was 8 Kg in six months and approximately 10 Kg in one year after the procedure<sup>4</sup>. In another study, 47 patients followed up in Henry Ford Hospital also presented a mean weight gain of 10 kg<sup>14</sup>. In our study sample, in turn, the weight gain was lower, with a mean of 4.24 kg in this period. However, the patients progressed with overweight in the first year (mean BMI 25.48&#177; 3.92 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Weight changes continued to occur throughout the years and in the fifth year post-transplantation overweight was higher (28.38&#177; 4.97 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), thus almost borderline obesity.</p>
      <p>The development of coronary artery disease is a serious limiting factor in the long-term follow-up of CT patients, and accelerated graft atherosclerosis remains the main late complication due to its high morbidity and mortality<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most transplant recipients show increased cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The etiology of dislipidemia is multifactorial and also seems to play an important role in graft atherosclerosis<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1999, Kocher et al<sup>8</sup> studied 612 patients to evaluate the impact of overweight and obesity on CT and demonstrated that the group of overweight and obese patients (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) tends to have higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the pre and post-transplantation period than the group of patients with low and normal weight (IMC &lt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), although their results were not statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Rezende et al's study<sup>16</sup> determined the association of BMI and abdominal circumference with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in 231 non-transplant patients and verified that with the increase in BMI (overweight BMI 25-29.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obesity BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) there was an elevation in blood glucose and triglycerides and a reduction in HDL, but total cholesterol and LDL remained practically unchanged.</p>
      <p>When we analyzed the frequency of the metabolic profile of the case series studied, we verified that overweight/obese patients (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) had mean blood glucose and triglyceride levels higher than those of normal-weight/underweight patients (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and unlike in a previous study<sup>16</sup> they also presented higher total cholesterol and LDL levels (p &lt; 0.05). In both groups total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels increased during the follow-up of CT, and the overweight/obese group showed more significant and earlier changes.</p>
      <p>CT is a well-established therapeutic modality; however, it results in weight change already in the first year<sup>4</sup>, which was corroborated in this case series. This condition has been related to increased obesity and its complications such as dislipidemias, hypertension, renal dysfunction, infections, and neoplasias resulting from the maintenance immunosuppressive therapy<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In view of the results demonstrated in this study, we conclude that overweight/obese patients are more prone to present higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides than normal-weight/underweight patients.</p>
      <p>We therefore point out the need for a multidisciplinary and well-structured team comprising clinicians, surgeons, nutritionists, nurses, psychologists, social assistants, dentists, physical therapists, physical educators and occupation therapists in transplant centers in order to achieve an effective clinical and nutritional monitoring. Thus, increasingly more satisfactory results both in the short and in the long-term can be offered, and quality of life can also be ensured to these patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the retrospective design of this study, its major limitation was the difficulty to obtain pre-transplant and follow-up data because of the time gap between protocol, clinical and laboratory routine implementation and the performance of an integrated outpatient follow-up. Furthermore, patients who had been referred from other health units returned to those units, thus interrupting the follow-up in the transplant center.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daniele Maria de Oliveira Carlos, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
