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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d6SYNjZzzSKRJjYrcnLpKSB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade: valores normativos do flexiteste dos 5 aos 91 anos de idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>280</fpage>
      <lpage>287</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um instrumento de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e sua prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser baseada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. A flexibilidade &#233; um dos principais componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, est&#225; relacionada ao desempenho e &#224; sa&#250;de, e &#233; definida como a amplitude m&#225;xima passiva fisiol&#243;gica de um dado movimento articular. Considerando sua especificidade, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade deve contemplar diversos movimentos. Introduzido em 1980 e com a publica&#231;&#227;o de mapas redesenhados em 1986, o Flexiteste consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade em uma escala de 0 a 4. Pela soma dos resultados da mobilidade de cada um dos vinte movimentos articulares testados, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter um escore global denominado Flex&#237;ndice. OBJETIVO: Apresentar valores normativos atualizados do Flexiteste. M&#201;TODOS: Este trabalho baseia-se em dados de 4.711 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-atletas (2.943 homens e 1.768 mulheres) com idade entre 5 e 91 anos. Todos os dados foram colhidos por avaliadores experientes e cerca de 70% deles pelo pr&#243;prio autor do m&#233;todo. RESULTADOS: Considerando a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica e a heterocedasticidade dos dados, optou-se por trabalhar com tabela de percentis para faixas et&#225;rias separadas por g&#234;neros. O Flex&#237;ndice diminui com a idade, e os resultados femininos medianos s&#227;o superiores aos masculinos para a mesma idade desde a inf&#226;ncia, o que se acentua com o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico e, posteriormente, com o envelhecimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esses dados normativos contribuem para o melhor conhecimento do comportamento da flexibilidade com a idade e o g&#234;nero, e favorecer&#227;o os profissionais que avaliam a flexibilidade na sua pr&#225;tica profissional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Flexibilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>articula&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>atividade motora</kwd>
        <kwd>amplitude de movimento articular</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>valores normativos</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade: valores normativos do flexiteste dos 5 aos 91 anos de idade</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX), Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um instrumento de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e sua prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser baseada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. A flexibilidade &#233; um dos principais componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, est&#225; relacionada ao desempenho e &#224; sa&#250;de, e &#233; definida como a amplitude m&#225;xima passiva fisiol&#243;gica de um dado movimento articular. Considerando sua especificidade, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade deve contemplar diversos movimentos. Introduzido em 1980 e com a publica&#231;&#227;o de mapas redesenhados em 1986, o Flexiteste consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade em uma escala de 0 a 4. Pela soma dos resultados da mobilidade de cada um dos vinte movimentos articulares testados, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter um escore global denominado Flex&#237;ndice. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Apresentar valores normativos atualizados do Flexiteste. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Este trabalho baseia-se em dados de 4.711 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-atletas (2.943 homens e 1.768 mulheres) com idade entre 5 e 91 anos. Todos os dados foram colhidos por avaliadores experientes e cerca de 70% deles pelo pr&#243;prio autor do m&#233;todo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Considerando a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica e a heterocedasticidade dos dados, optou-se por trabalhar com tabela de percentis para faixas et&#225;rias separadas por g&#234;neros. O Flex&#237;ndice diminui com a idade, e os resultados femininos medianos s&#227;o superiores aos masculinos para a mesma idade desde a inf&#226;ncia, o que se acentua com o desenvolvimento f&#237;sico e, posteriormente, com o envelhecimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esses dados normativos contribuem para o melhor conhecimento do comportamento da flexibilidade com a idade e o g&#234;nero, e favorecer&#227;o os profissionais que avaliam a flexibilidade na sua pr&#225;tica profissional.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Flexibilidade, articula&#231;&#245;es, atividade motora, amplitude de movimento articular, exerc&#237;cio, valores normativos, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, avalia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; consenso entre os cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos de que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um dos principais instrumentos de promo&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de<sup>1</sup>. Enquanto &#233; comum que o cardiologista estimule e oriente a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, na grande maioria das vezes essa a&#231;&#227;o atividade limita-se aos exerc&#237;cios predominantemente aer&#243;bicos. Conforme &#233; enfatizado em recomenda&#231;&#245;es institucionais recentes<sup>2,3</sup>, em uma adequada prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, al&#233;m do componente aer&#243;bico e das atividades de fortalecimento muscular, h&#225; a necessidade da inclus&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade. A flexibilidade, uma das principais vari&#225;veis da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e ao desempenho, &#233; definida por Ara&#250;jo<sup>4</sup> como a amplitude m&#225;xima passiva fisiol&#243;gica de um dado movimento articular. A flexibilidade corporal varia em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, do g&#234;nero e do padr&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular<sup>5-12</sup>. A flexibilidade n&#227;o se apresenta de modo uniforme nas diversas articula&#231;&#245;es e nos movimentos corporais, sendo comum, em um dado indiv&#237;duo, que sua amplitude m&#225;xima seja boa para determinados movimentos e limitada para outros, representando o que se convencionou denominar especificidade da flexibilidade<sup>13</sup>. Em adendo, caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas parecem desempenhar um papel importante, especialmente nos casos de hipermobilidade<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente de outras vari&#225;veis da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, como a pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima e a for&#231;a muscular, n&#237;veis muito altos de flexibilidade nem sempre parecem estar associados a uma condi&#231;&#227;o de melhor desempenho f&#237;sico ou de sa&#250;de<sup>4</sup>. N&#227;o obstante essas considera&#231;&#245;es, exerc&#237;cios voltados para o aprimoramento da flexibilidade s&#227;o normalmente inclu&#237;dos em qualquer prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tanto para atletas como para indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e at&#233; mesmo para portadores de diversas doen&#231;as, e particularmente para indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos de idade, segundo as recentes recomenda&#231;&#245;es institucionais da <italic>American Heart Association e do American College of Sports Medicine<sup>2,3</sup></italic>, e podem resultar em melhora da qualidade de vida<sup>16</sup>. H&#225; consenso de que uma prescri&#231;&#227;o adequada e individualizada de um programa de exerc&#237;cios deve-se basear nos dados de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa, fidedigna e v&#225;lida. Com base nisso, parece apropriado nesse cen&#225;rio disponibilizar os m&#233;todos de medida da flexibilidade e os correspondentes crit&#233;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Ao final dos anos 1970, P&#225;vel e Ara&#250;jo<sup>17</sup> come&#231;aram a desenvolver um m&#233;todo de medida e avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade, denominado Flexiteste, baseado na an&#225;lise comparativa entre a mobilidade efetivamente obtida e aquela registrada em mapas padronizados de avalia&#231;&#227;o para vinte movimentos articulares. Posteriormente, redesenharam-se os mapas<sup>18</sup> e uma s&#233;rie de estudos foi realizada<sup>19-21</sup>, culminando com uma tese de doutorado<sup>22</sup> na qual um banco de dados preliminar com cerca de quinhentos casos foi apresentado. Contudo, foi somente em setembro de 2003, com a publica&#231;&#227;o de um livro espec&#237;fico sobre o Flexiteste nos Estados Unidos<sup>4</sup> e suas vers&#245;es em portugu&#234;s<sup>23</sup> e espanhol<sup>24</sup>, ambas em 2005, que se apresentaram formalmente os primeiros padr&#245;es normativos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas efetuadas pelo Flexiteste, considerando idade e g&#234;nero, com pouco mais de tr&#234;s mil casos. Com isso, tornou-se ainda mais vi&#225;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira do Flexiteste para avalia&#231;&#245;es da flexibilidade em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es. Por&#233;m, com o uso continuado do Flexiteste nesses &#250;ltimos anos, foi poss&#237;vel aprimorar ainda mais o banco de dados, ampliando n&#227;o somente o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, mas tamb&#233;m a faixa et&#225;ria considerada.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, temos observado um uso crescente do Flexiteste em nosso pa&#237;s. Por exemplo, a Aeron&#225;utica incorporou parte do m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica de seu pessoal, o que culminou com a proposi&#231;&#227;o de valores normativos espec&#237;ficos para essa for&#231;a militar. Isso tamb&#233;m se reflete na esfera cient&#237;fica, pois, al&#233;m da medicina do exerc&#237;cio<sup>25</sup>, outras &#225;reas da medicina, como a nefrologia<sup>26</sup>, a geriatria<sup>27</sup> e a fisiatria<sup>28</sup>, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m publicado artigos originais nos quais o Flexiteste foi empregado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade, o que tamb&#233;m acontece na &#225;rea de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente artigo &#233; apresentar uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados normativos do Flexiteste, publicados originalmente em 2003, para indiv&#237;duos entre 5 e 91 anos de idade, aprimorando o processo avaliativo com o uso do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre todos os dados de Flexiteste dispon&#237;veis ao autor, somente foram consideradas, para a montagem dos valores normativos, as medidas efetuadas por avaliadores experientes na t&#233;cnica, todos eles treinados diretamente pelo autor do m&#233;todo. Ap&#243;s cuidadosa sele&#231;&#227;o, obteve-se um total de 4.711 casos de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-atletas, sendo 2.943 homens e 1.768 mulheres, com idade entre 5 e 91 anos, para compor a amostra utilizada na montagem do banco de dados. Em cerca de 70% dos casos, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do Flexiteste foi feita pelo pr&#243;prio autor do estudo. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido feita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica espec&#237;fica, a grande maioria dos indiv&#237;duos era de origem primariamente caucasiana. Aproximadamente 85% dos indiv&#237;duos da amostra foram avaliados na Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (Clinimex), do Rio de Janeiro. Termos de consentimento foram obtidos, antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o do Flexiteste, dos indiv&#237;duos ou dos seus respons&#225;veis, quando menores de idade, conforme &#233; recomendado pela pr&#225;xis cient&#237;fica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Flexiteste</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sucintamente, o m&#233;todo consiste na medida e avalia&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade passiva m&#225;xima de vinte movimentos articulares corporais (36 se considerados bilateralmente), englobando as articula&#231;&#245;es do tornozelo, joelho, quadril, "tronco", punho, cotovelo e ombro. Oito movimentos s&#227;o feitos nos membros inferiores, tr&#234;s no tronco e os nove restantes nos membros superiores. A numera&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos &#233; feita em um sentido distal-proximal. Cada um dos movimentos &#233; medido em uma escala crescente e descont&#237;nua de n&#250;meros inteiros de 0 a 4, perfazendo um total de cinco valores poss&#237;veis (ver exemplo na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>). A medida &#233; feita pela execu&#231;&#227;o lenta do movimento at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o do ponto m&#225;ximo da amplitude e a posterior compara&#231;&#227;o entre os mapas de avalia&#231;&#227;o e a amplitude m&#225;xima obtida pelo avaliador no avaliado. Habitualmente, o ponto m&#225;ximo da amplitude de movimento &#233; detectado com facilidade pela grande resist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica &#224; continua&#231;&#227;o do movimento e/ou pelo relato de desconforto local pelo avaliado. O tempo habitual para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das vinte medidas &#233; de cerca de tr&#234;s minutos, para um avaliador experiente no m&#233;todo. Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada, mapas de avalia&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias para o treinamento de avaliadores s&#227;o disponibilizados em outra fonte<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Pela natureza da escala e pelo modo como foram propositadamente desenhados os mapas de avalia&#231;&#227;o, observa-se uma distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana para os dados, de forma que a tend&#234;ncia central &#233; o valor 2; os valores 1 e 3 s&#227;o menos freq&#252;entes, e os valores extremos, isto &#233;, 0 e 4 bastante raros. Dessa forma, muito embora a an&#225;lise do Flexiteste possa e deva ser feita para cada um dos movimentos e/ou das articula&#231;&#245;es, &#233; v&#225;lido somar os resultados obtidos nos vinte movimentos isolados e obter um &#237;ndice global de flexibilidade ou mobilidade articular, denominado Flex&#237;ndice<sup>4</sup>. Em adendo, com a natureza gaussiana das escalas de cada movimento e a global, &#233; poss&#237;vel estudar todo o espectro da mobilidade, j&#225; que os valores extremos m&#225;ximos - 0 e 80 pontos - nunca foram, na pr&#225;tica, obtidos. Dessa forma, n&#227;o houve os denominados efeitos-solo e/ou teto que tanto dificultam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de certos testes mais simples. V&#225;rios estudos de fidedignidade intra e interobservadores, feitos com fotos de modelos ou com medidas reais em indiv&#237;duos, mostraram coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse sistematicamente altos para as medidas do Flexiteste e, em particular, para o Flex&#237;ndice<sup>4,30-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram estratificados inicialmente por g&#234;nero &#150; masculino e feminino &#150; e depois por idade &#150; em um total de 22 diferentes faixas et&#225;rias &#150; para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos respectivos valores e curvas de percentis do Flex&#237;ndice. Para as an&#225;lises inferenciais, foram aplicados o teste-t para amostras dependentes e a correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson, e utilizou-se um n&#237;vel de probabilidade de 5% como crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab01">tabelas 1</xref> (masculino) e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="a08tab02">2</xref> (feminino) apresentam os valores do Flex&#237;ndice para 23 diferentes percentis, para cada uma das 22 faixas et&#225;rias, com os respectivos tamanhos amostrais. Os valores medianos tendem a ser sistematicamente maiores nas mulheres do que nos homens, mesmo nas idades mais jovens. Para melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o, uma s&#237;ntese desses dados &#233; apresentada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig03">3</xref>, que ilustram os principais percentis, respectivamente, para os g&#234;neros masculino e feminino, e permitem identificar uma redu&#231;&#227;o similar e progressiva, por&#233;m n&#227;o linear, com a idade.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a08tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fn id="a08tab02">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre a idade e as diferen&#231;as interquartis, que varia de 5 a 13 pontos nas amostras masculina e feminina para o Flex&#237;ndice, passando de um patamar ao redor de 10% do valor mediano na inf&#226;ncia para cerca de 40% a 50% nas faixas et&#225;rias mais idosas. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram de 0,69 e 0,59 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente, para os g&#234;neros masculino e feminino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig04">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Estatisticamente, os resultados do Flex&#237;ndice dos homens e das mulheres diferem a partir dos 10 anos de idade (p &lt; 0,05). Em termos pr&#225;ticos, as mulheres tendem a ser mais flex&#237;veis do que os homens desde os cinco anos de idade - cerca de 5% -, com a diferen&#231;a se acentuando ap&#243;s a puberdade - de 10% a 15% - e progressivamente na terceira d&#233;cada de vida -20%. Ap&#243;s os 60 anos, as diferen&#231;as tendem a ser ainda maiores nas mulheres, alcan&#231;ando entre 20% e 40% a mais do que o valor obtido para o Flex&#237;ndice para os homens, muito embora isso corresponda a apenas 4 a 10 pontos no resultado absoluto do somat&#243;rio dos escores medidos na mobilidade de cada um dos vinte movimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Criado e desenvolvido h&#225; mais de 25 anos, o Flexiteste tem sido amplamente aplicado no Brasil para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade. Inicialmente, por meio da realiza&#231;&#227;o de diversos cursos de extens&#227;o universit&#225;ria e da inclus&#227;o do t&#243;pico em v&#225;rias ementas de disciplinas de gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica pelo pa&#237;s afora, ampliou-se o conhecimento e o uso do Flexiteste. Posteriormente, com a publica&#231;&#227;o de diversas pesquisas cient&#237;ficas e de v&#225;rias defesas de disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o utilizando o Flexiteste, o m&#233;todo foi se tornando cada vez mais conhecido. Todavia, foi principalmente com a publica&#231;&#227;o do livro do Flexiteste pela <italic>Human Kinetics</italic>, e com as suas vers&#245;es posteriores em portugu&#234;s e espanhol, que o m&#233;todo ampliou substancialmente o n&#250;mero de profissionais que o conhecem e o aplicam em diversos pa&#237;ses do mundo. O livro original encontra-se dispon&#237;vel em mais de 160 bibliotecas universit&#225;rias dos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua inglesa, e tanto a vers&#227;o inglesa como a espanhola est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na <italic>National Library of Medicine</italic> de Bethesda.</p>
    <p>Conforme &#233; amplamente discutido em outra publica&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>, quando comparado aos demais m&#233;todos existentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade &#150; como o teste de sentar-e-alcan&#231;ar<sup>33</sup>, o flex&#244;metro de Leighton<sup>11</sup>, a goniometria<sup>34</sup> e o m&#233;todo de Beighton-H&#243;ran<sup>5</sup>, todos eles propostos entre os anos 1950 e 1970, o Flexiteste apresenta in&#250;meras vantagens (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08qd01">Quadro 1</xref>). Podem-se destacar os seguintes fatores: a) a possibilidade de an&#225;lise isolada e espec&#237;fica para vinte movimentos articulares, b) a possibilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de um escore global &#150; Flex&#237;ndice, c) a an&#225;lise dos componentes da variabilidade, d) a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos-solo e teto (limites m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo nunca foram encontrados na pr&#225;tica) e e) a disponibilidade de uma ampla base de dados normativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab01">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="a08tab02">2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08qd01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Propositadamente para a prepara&#231;&#227;o desses dados normativos, optou-se por excluir todos os indiv&#237;duos com atividade desportiva competitiva regular, independentemente da modalidade, j&#225; que os atletas tendem a apresentar n&#237;veis de flexibilidade distintos da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o de valores normativos pode ser feita de diferentes maneiras. Na esfera de exames laboratoriais, a tend&#234;ncia &#233; apresentar uma faixa de valores de refer&#234;ncia considerados estatisticamente normais, obtida, provavelmente, a partir da determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de m&#233;dia e de dois desvios padr&#227;o para mais ou para menos em uma amostra suficientemente grande de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Eventualmente, dependendo da natureza da vari&#225;vel, s&#227;o discriminados g&#234;neros e, mais raramente, grupos et&#225;rios, como crian&#231;as, mulheres pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa. Contudo, essa estrat&#233;gia apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, ela assume que as vari&#225;veis possuem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana (o que raramente acontece com a maioria dessas vari&#225;veis, como hemat&#243;crito, glicemia etc.), e, em segundo, n&#227;o permite, com seguran&#231;a, detectar o impacto de mudan&#231;as sutis que possam ocorrer na dita faixa de normalidade.</p>
    <p>Outra forma bastante comum de representar a rela&#231;&#227;o de uma determinada vari&#225;vel com a idade &#233; express&#225;-la em modelos de uma regress&#227;o simples (linear, exponencial, polinomial etc.) ou m&#250;ltipla (idealmente passo a passo) ou log&#237;stica. A quase totalidade desses modelos assume que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados apresenta homocedasticidade e gera, ao final, algum valor de erro da estimativa. Analisando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as 22 medidas de variabilidade interquartis (P<sub>75</sub>-P<sub>25</sub>) e as respectivas idades (valores m&#233;dios para as faixas et&#225;rias), obtivemos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o significativos para os dois g&#234;neros, o que indica claramente que a variabilidade da flexibilidade aumenta com a idade, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta do Flex&#237;ndice, contrariando, assim, a premissa b&#225;sica para o uso de modelos de regress&#227;o. Na realidade, quando existem raz&#245;es para suspeitar de heterocedasticidade ou de uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-param&#233;trica dos dados e quando o tamanho amostral &#233; suficientemente grande, a alternativa de an&#225;lise mais adequada &#233; provavelmente a defini&#231;&#227;o de curvas de percentis para o estabelecimento de valores normativos. Isso ocorre, normalmente, com as curvas de crescimento e desenvolvimento de altura e peso corporal. Levando em conta essas considera&#231;&#245;es, foi exatamente essa a op&#231;&#227;o que adotamos para a an&#225;lise do Flex&#237;ndice.</p>
    <p>Os dados dos valores normativos do Flex&#237;ndice, apresentados no presente artigo, favorecem significativamente uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o mais rica dos resultados obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade realizada pelo Flexiteste. Comparados aos dados disponibilizados em 2003, os dados do presente estudo representam um incremento de aproximadamente 50% no tamanho da amostra e uma amplia&#231;&#227;o e um maior desdobramento da faixa et&#225;ria. Em adendo, foi poss&#237;vel corrigir a maior parte das distor&#231;&#245;es amostrais, fazendo que, exceto no grupo 81+ feminino (com 27 casos), todas as faixas et&#225;rias dos dois g&#234;neros contenham pelo menos trinta casos, o que facilitou a determina&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes percentis.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto interessante &#233; que o valor do Flex&#237;ndice tende a variar mais com o passar dos anos, de modo que as diferen&#231;as interquartis tendem a crescer tanto nos homens como nas mulheres. Isso provavelmente ocorre, tal como acontece com outras vari&#225;veis do desempenho humano, pelas diferen&#231;as progressivamente maiores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica regular dos indiv&#237;duos quando chegam &#224; fase adulta e nos anos subseq&#252;entes. Estudos longitudinais futuros dever&#227;o contribuir para esclarecer se a perda da flexibilidade com o passar dos anos possui alguma rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de flexibilidade global observado na inf&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>No que refere &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica direta, mais recentemente o Flexiteste foi utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de mulheres adultas com prolapso mitral<sup>14</sup>. Nessas mulheres, observaram-se valores superiores em torno de 15% no Flex&#237;ndice, quando comparadas a mulheres adultas sem diagn&#243;stico de prolapso mitral, com 77% delas excedendo os n&#237;veis esperados para os percenti 75 das respectivas idades. Em adendo, nenhuma das 31 mulheres adultas com prolapso mitral possu&#237;a escores 0 ou 1 para extens&#227;o do cotovelo e para rota&#231;&#227;o lateral do ombro, estabelecendo crit&#233;rios objetivos para diferencia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, conclu&#237;mos que a nova estrat&#233;gia de desdobramento das faixas et&#225;rias, ano a ano para as crian&#231;asmais jovens e de cinco em cinco anos para os adultos at&#233; a terceira idade, permitir&#225; avaliar melhor as diferen&#231;as inerentes aos processos de crescimento e desenvolvimento e de envelhecimento sobre a flexibilidade, assim como os efeitos cr&#244;nicos do treinamento ou do destreinamento f&#237;sico. Em adendo, representar&#225; um instrumento &#250;til para o profissional que for adotar a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a inclus&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade dentro do escopo mais amplo da prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recebe direitos autorais sobre a venda de livros publicados no Brasil (Editora Manole), Estados Unidos (Human Kinetics) e Espanha (Paidotribo) e de <italic>softwares</italic> comerciais produzidos no Brasil (Micromed) que incluem ou versam sobre o Flexiteste.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana </p>
        <p> 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/10/2007; revisado recebido em 03/12/2007; aceito em 08/01/2008.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Flexibility assessment: normative values for flexitest from 5 to 91 years of age</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Physical exercise plays a role in health-promotion policies and its prescription should be scientifically based. Flexibility is one of the major components of health-related and performance-related physical fitness, and is defined as the maximum physiological passive range of motion of a given joint movement. According to its specificity, the assessment of flexibility should, ideally, incorporate multiple movements. Introduced in 1980 and with redesigned evaluation maps published in 1986, Flexitest consists of the assessment of mobility with the use of a scale from 0 to 4. By adding the individual results of the 20 joint movements assessed, it is possible to obtain a global score called Flexindex. OBJECTIVE: To present Flexitest updated normative values. METHODS: Data were obtained from 4711 non-athlete subjects (2943 men and 1768 women) with age ranging from 5 to 91 years, and were collected by experienced raters. Approximately 70% of the data were collected by the author of the method himself. RESULTS: Considering the data heteroscedasticity and non-parametric distribution, we chose to use age and gender-percentile tables. Flexindex decreases with age and the median results for females are higher than for males of the same age since childhood. This trend becomes stronger with physical development and, later, with the aging process. CONCLUSION: these normative data contribute to a better knowledge of the flexibility behavior with age and gender and will be useful for professionals who assess flexibility in their professional practice.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Flexibility</kwd>
        <kwd>joints</kwd>
        <kwd>motor activity</kwd>
        <kwd>range of motion articular</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Flexibility assessment: normative values for flexitest from 5 to 91 years of age</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX), Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Physical exercise plays a role in health-promotion policies and its prescription should be scientifically based. Flexibility is one of the major components of health-related and performance-related physical fitness, and is defined as the maximum physiological passive range of motion of a given joint movement. According to its specificity, the assessment of flexibility should, ideally, incorporate multiple movements. Introduced in 1980 and with redesigned evaluation maps published in 1986, Flexitest consists of the assessment of mobility with the use of a scale from 0 to 4. By adding the individual results of the 20 joint movements assessed, it is possible to obtain a global score called Flexindex.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To present Flexitest updated normative values.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Data were obtained from 4711 non-athlete subjects (2943 men and 1768 women) with age ranging from 5 to 91 years, and were collected by experienced raters. Approximately 70% of the data were collected by the author of the method himself.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Considering the data heteroscedasticity and non-parametric distribution, we chose to use age and gender-percentile tables. Flexindex decreases with age and the median results for females are higher than for males of the same age since childhood. This trend becomes stronger with physical development and, later, with the aging process.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>These normative data contribute to a better knowledge of the flexibility behavior with age and gender and will be useful for professionals who assess flexibility in their professional practice. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Flexibility; joints; motor activity; range of motion articular; exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a consensus among clinical cardiologists that physical exercise is one of the main tools to improve and maintain health<sup>1</sup>. Although cardiologists commonly encourage and recommend the practice of exercises, this activity is most often limited to predominantly aerobic exercises. As has been emphasized in recent institutional recommendations<sup>2,3</sup>, a well-prescribed exercise plan should include flexibility exercises, in addition to the aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities. Flexibility, one of the main health-related and performance-related variables of physical fitness, is defined by Ara&#250;jo<sup>4 </sup>as the maximum physiological passive range of motion of a given joint movement. Body flexibility varies with age, gender and a regular pattern of physical exercises<sup>5-12</sup>. Flexibility is not uniform in the different joints and body movements, and it is common that, in a given individual, their maximal range of motion is good for certain movements and limited for others, thus representing what has been conventionally called specificity of flexibility<sup>13</sup>. Additionally, genetic characteristics seem to play an important role, especially in the cases of hyperlaxity<sup>14,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Unlike other physical fitness-related variables such as maximal aerobic power and muscle strength, very high levels of flexibility do not always seem to be associated with a better physical performance or health condition<sup>4</sup>. Despite these considerations, exercises targeted at improving flexibility are usually included in any exercise plan, both for athletes and for individuals with a sedentary lifestyle and even for those with several diseases and particularly for individuals older than 65 years of age, according to recent institutional recommendations of the American Heart Association and of the American College of Sports Medicine<sup>2,3</sup>, and they may result in improved quality of life<sup>16</sup>. On the other hand, there is a consensus that a well-prescribed and customized exercise plan should be based on data from a judicious, reliable and valid evaluation. This being considered, it seems appropriate, in this setting, to provide methods of flexibility measurement and the respective criteria for evaluation. </p>
      <p>By the end of the 1970's, P&#225;vel and Ara&#250;jo<sup>17</sup> started to develop a method for the measurement and evaluation of flexibility-Flexitest-, which is based on the comparative analysis between the mobility actually obtained and that recorded in standardized evaluation maps for 20 joint movements. The maps were later redesigned<sup>18</sup> and a series of studies were conducted<sup>19-21</sup>, culminating in a doctoral thesis<sup>22</sup> in which a preliminary database with approximately 500 cases was presented. However, it was only in September 2003, with the publication of a specific book on Flexitest in the United States<sup>4</sup> and of its Portuguese<sup>23</sup> and Spanish<sup>24 </sup>versions, both in 2005, that the first normative patterns for the evaluation of the measurements taken with Flexitest considering age and gender, and including slightly more than 3000 cases, were formally presented. Thus, the routine use of Flexitest for flexibility assessment in different situations became even more feasible. However, with the continued use of Flexitest in the past years, the database could be further improved, not only with a larger number of individuals but also with a broader age range considered. </p>
      <p>In the past years, we have observed an increasing utilization of Flexitest in Brazil. For instance, the Air Force incorporated part of the method in the physical evaluation of their staff, which culminated in the proposition of specific normative values for this military force (REF). This also reflects in the scientific sphere, because in addition to Exercise Medicine<sup>25</sup>, other fields of Medicine, such as Nephrology<sup>26</sup>, Geriatrics<sup>27</sup>, and Physical Medicine<sup>28</sup> have also published original articles in which Flexitest was used for the assessment of flexibility; this also occurs in the field of Physical Education<sup>29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Within this context, the objective of this article is to present an update on the normative data regarding Flexitest, originally published in 2003 for individuals between five and 91 years of age, and which had its assessment process improved with the use of the method. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among all Flexitest data made available to the author, only the measurements taken by raters experienced in the technique, all of them trained directly by the author of the method, were considered to set the normative values. After careful selection, a total of 4711 non-athlete individuals, of whom 2943 were males and 1768 were females, with ages ranging from five to 91 years, were included to comprise the sample used to set up the database. In approximately 70% of the cases, Flexitest was administered by the study author himself. Although a specific ethnical evaluation had not been made, the great majority of individuals were primarily of Caucasian origin. Approximately 85% of the individuals of the sample were evaluated in the Exercise Medicine Clinic &#150; CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. As recommended in scientific practice, a written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal representatives, in the case of underage individuals, before Flexitest was administered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Flexitest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Briefly, the method consists of measuring and evaluating the maximum passive range of motion of 20 body joint movements (36 if considered bilaterally), including the ankles, knees, hips, "trunk", wrists, elbows and shoulders. Eight movements are performed in the lower limbs, three in the trunk and the remaining nine in the upper limbs. The movements are numbered in a distal-proximal direction. Each one of the movements is measured in a growing discontinuous scale of whole numbers from zero to four, thus comprising a total of five possible values (see example in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The measurement is taken with the movement being slowly performed until the point of maximum range of motion is reached; this measurement is further compared with the evaluation maps. In general, the point of maximum range of motion is easily detected because of the great mechanical resistance against the continuation of the movement and/or because of the local discomfort experienced by the individual being assessed. The usual time spent to take the 20 measurements is of approximately three minutes for a rater experienced in the method. A detailed description, evaluation maps and strategies for rater training are available in another reference<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0280-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Because of the nature of the scale and the way the evaluation maps were purposely designed, a Gaussian data distribution is observed, so that the central trend is two, the one and three values are less frequent, and the extreme values, that is, 0 and 4 are very uncommon. Thus, although the analysis of Flexitest can and should be performed for each movement and/or joint, it is valid to add the results obtained in the 20 individual movements to obtain a global index of flexibility or joint mobility called Flexindex<sup>4</sup>. Additionally, with the Gaussian nature of the scale for each movement and of the global scale, it is possible to study the entire mobility spectrum, since the extreme values &#150; 0 and 80 points &#150; have never been obtained in practice. Accordingly, the so-called ceiling and/or floor effects, which significantly impair the clinical utilization of certain simpler tests, did not occur. Several studies on intra and interobserver reliability conducted with pictures of models or with real measurements in individuals showed systematically high intraclass correlation coefficients for Flexitest measurements and, in particular, for Flexindex<sup>4,30-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The individuals were initially stratified by gender &#150; male and female &#150; and then by age &#150; in a total of 22 different ages or age ranges &#150; for determination of the respective values and percentile curves of Flexindex. For inferential analyses, the t-test for dependent samples and the Pearson product-moment correlation were used. The statistical significance level was set at 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Flexindex values for 23 different percentiles for each one of the 22 age ranges or ages with respective sample sizes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> &#150; males, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="en_a08tab02-body2">2</xref> &#150; females. Median values tend to be systematically higher in women than in men, even at younger ages. For better visualization, a summary of these data is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig03-body2">3</xref>, illustrating the main percentiles for the male and female genders, respectively, thus permitting the identification of a similar and progressive, but not linear, reduction with age. </p>
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      <p>There is a direct relationship between age and the interquartile differences, ranging from 5 to 13 points in the male and female samples for Flexindex, going from a plateau at approximately 10% of the median value in childhood to approximately 40 to 50% in the higher age ranges. The correlation coefficients were 0.69 and 0.59 (p &lt; 0.001) for the male and female genders, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      <p>Statistically, Flexindex results for men and women differ as of 10 years of age (p &lt; 0.05). In practical terms, women tend to be more flexible than men as of five years of age &#150; approximately 5%; this difference is intensified after puberty &#150; 10 to 15% - and even more in the third decade of life &#150; 20%. After 60 years of age, the differences tend to be even greater in women, reaching between 20 and 40% more than the value obtained for Flexindex in men, even though this corresponds to only 4 to 10 points in the absolute result of the sum of mobility scores measured for each of the 20 movements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Created and developed more than 25 years ago, Flexitest has been largely used in Brazil for the assessment of flexibility. Initially, by means of several university extensions and of the inclusion of the topic in several lists of disciplines of graduation and post graduation in Physical Education throughout the country, Flexitest became more widely known and used. Later, with the publication of several scientific studies and several postgraduate dissertation and theses defenses using Flexitest, the method became increasingly more widely known. Nonetheless, it was mainly with the publication of the Flexitest book by Human Kinetics and with its subsequent Portuguese and Spanish versions that the number of professionals knowing and using the method in several countries worldwide significantly increased. The original book is available in more than 160 university libraries of English-speaking countries, and both the English and Spanish versions are available in the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda. </p>
      <p>As thoroughly discussed in another publication<sup>4</sup>, when compared with other methods available for the assessment of flexibility, such as the sit-and-reach test<sup>33</sup>, Leighton flexometer<sup>11</sup>, goniometry<sup>34</sup> and the Beighton-H&#243;ran assessment<sup>5</sup> &#150; all of them proposed within the 1950's and 1970's, Flexitest offers innumerous advantages (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08box01-body2">Box 1</xref>). We can point out: a) the possibility of a specific and individual analysis for 20 joint movements, b) the possibility of obtaining a global score &#150; Flexindex, c) the analysis of variability components, d) absence of a ceiling and floor effect (in practice, no minimum and maximum limits were ever found), and e) availability of a large normative database (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="en_a08tab02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>In order to prepare these normative data, we purposely chose to exclude all individuals engaged in regular competitive sports activity regardless of modality, since athletes tend to present distinct flexibility levels as compared to those of the general population. Normative values can be expressed in different manners. In the setting of laboratory tests, the tendency is to present a range of reference values considered statistically normal, probably obtained from the determination of mean values plus or minus two standard deviations in an enough large sample of healthy individuals. Depending on the nature of the variable, genders are occasionally discriminated and, less frequently, age groups, such as children, premenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, this strategy has several limitations. First, it assumes that the variables have a Gaussian distribution (which hardly ever occurs with the majority of the variables, such as hematocrit, blood glucose, etc); and, second, it does not allow a reliable detection of the impact of subtle changes that may occur within a given normal range.</p>
      <p>Another quite common form of representing the relationship of a determined variable with age is to express it in simple (linear, exponential, polynomial, etc), multiple (ideally stepwise), or logistic regression models. Almost all these models assume that data distribution presents homoscedasticity and generates some estimate error value at the end. By analyzing the association between the 22 interquartile (P<sub>75</sub>-P<sub>25</sub>) variability measurements and respective ages (mean values for the age ranges), we obtained significant correlation coefficients for both genders, which clearly indicates that flexibility variability increases with age despite the absolute Flexindex reduction, thus going against the basic premise for the use of regression models. Actually, when there is reason to suspect heteroscedasticity or a non-parametric data distribution and, on the other hand, when the sample size is large enough, the most suitable analysis alternative is likely the definition of percentile curves to establish normative values. This usually occurs with growth and development charts for height and body weight. Taking these issues into consideration, this was precisely the choice we made to analyze Flexindex. </p>
      <p>Data regarding normative values of Flexindex presented in this article significantly contribute to a more detailed interpretation of results obtained in the flexibility assessment performed with Flexitest. In comparison with the data made available in 2003, data from the present study represent an increase by approximately 50% in the sample size, with wider and more subdivided age ranges. Additionally, the great majority of the sample distortions could be corrected, thus enabling all age ranges of both genders to include at least 30 cases, except for the female 81+ group (with 27 cases). Determination of the different percentiles was thus made easier.</p>
      <p>An interesting aspect is that there is a greater tendency of variation of Flexindex values over the years, so that the interquartile differences tend to increase both in males and females. Like for other variables of the human performance, this is probably due to the progressively greater differences in relation to the regular physical activity pattern of individuals when they reach adulthood and in subsequent years. Further longitudinal studies should contribute to explain whether the loss of flexibility over the years bears any relation to the degree of global flexibility observed in childhood. </p>
      <p>In terms of direct cardiologic application, Flexitest was more recently used in the assessment of adult women with mitral prolapse<sup>14</sup>, and approximately 15% higher values of Flexindex were observed when compared to adult women not diagnosed with mitral prolapse, with 77% of them exceeding the levels expected for the 75th percentiles of the respective ages. Additionally, none of the 31 adult women with mitral prolapse scored 0 or 1 for elbow extension and for lateral shoulder rotation, thus establishing objective criteria for differentiation. </p>
      <p>Finally, we conclude that this new strategy of age range subdivision, year by year for younger children and at five-year intervals for adults up to the third age, will allow a better assessment of the differences inherent to the growth and development and aging processes as regards flexibility, as well as the chronic effects of physical training or detraining. Additionally, it will represent a useful tool for professionals adopting the recommendation for the inclusion of flexibility exercises in the broader scope of exercise prescription.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Copyright is received on the sale of books published in Brazil (Editora Manole), in the United States (Human Kinetics) and Spain (Paidotribo), as well as on commercial softwares developed in Brazil (Micromed) which include or deal with Flexitest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
