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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Dyxh9YY9ySJQPsdYNLcdV6b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Dal Pian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chin</surname>
            <given-names>Chung Man</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faig-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Hor&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>261</fpage>
      <lpage>268</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma desordem caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes no tecido &#243;sseo. O alendronato s&#243;dico tem indica&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de doen&#231;as &#243;sseas, por causa de sua afinidade pela hidroxiapatita, inibindo as reabsor&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a a&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). M&#201;TODOS: Um defeito &#243;sseo foi criado no f&#234;mur esquerdo de 80 ratos. De acordo com o material utilizado no local, criaram-se quatro grupos: controle (C), amido (Am), alendronato 1 mol (A1) e alendronato 2 mol (A2). Ap&#243;s 7 e 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e histomorfom&#233;tricas e os dados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). RESULTADOS: Aos 7 dias, observou-se, na &#225;rea do defeito, tecido conjuntivo com hemorragia e inflama&#231;&#227;o em todos os grupos. Alguns apresentavam matriz oste&#243;ide. Os grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram, ainda, uma rede de fibrina. Aos 21 dias, as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas fechavam praticamente a extens&#227;o do defeito nos grupos C e Am. No grupo A1 de animais machos, observaram-se trab&#233;culas que se irradiavam do canal medular at&#233; a &#225;rea do defeito. Nos grupos A1 e A2, constatou-se apenas a presen&#231;a de tecido conjuntivo com m&#237;nima deposi&#231;&#227;o de oste&#243;ide. Um achado histol&#243;gico marcante foi a forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido &#243;sseo extracortical subperiosteal nos animais dos grupos A1 e A2. CONCLUS&#195;O: Concluiu-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o do alendronato s&#243;dico n&#227;o contribuiu para o reparo &#243;sseo nos ratos SHR, mas possivelmente tenha sido respons&#225;vel pelas forma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas extracorticais observadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Alendronato</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos endog&#226;micos SHR</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>regenera&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#244;nica Dal Pian Nobre<sup>I</sup>; Raquel Guedes Fernandes<sup>I,II</sup>; Chung Man Chin<sup>III</sup>; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba (FAPI) </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, Pindamonhangaba, Araraquara, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma desordem caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes no tecido &#243;sseo. O alendronato s&#243;dico tem indica&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de doen&#231;as &#243;sseas, por causa de sua afinidade pela hidroxiapatita, inibindo as reabsor&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a a&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um defeito &#243;sseo foi criado no f&#234;mur esquerdo de 80 ratos. De acordo com o material utilizado no local, criaram-se quatro grupos: controle (C), amido (Am), alendronato 1 mol (A1) e alendronato 2 mol (A2). Ap&#243;s 7 e 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e histomorfom&#233;tricas e os dados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Aos 7 dias, observou-se, na &#225;rea do defeito, tecido conjuntivo com hemorragia e inflama&#231;&#227;o em todos os grupos. Alguns apresentavam matriz oste&#243;ide. Os grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram, ainda, uma rede de fibrina. Aos 21 dias, as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas fechavam praticamente a extens&#227;o do defeito nos grupos C e Am. No grupo A1 de animais machos, observaram-se trab&#233;culas que se irradiavam do canal medular at&#233; a &#225;rea do defeito. Nos grupos A1 e A2, constatou-se apenas a presen&#231;a de tecido conjuntivo com m&#237;nima deposi&#231;&#227;o de oste&#243;ide. Um achado histol&#243;gico marcante foi a forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido &#243;sseo extracortical subperiosteal nos animais dos grupos A1 e A2. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Concluiu-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o do alendronato s&#243;dico n&#227;o contribuiu para o reparo &#243;sseo nos ratos SHR, mas possivelmente tenha sido respons&#225;vel pelas forma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas extracorticais observadas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Alendronato, ratos endog&#226;micos SHR, hipertens&#227;o, regenera&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) consiste numa desordem de grande preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, que pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas no tecido &#243;sseo dos indiv&#237;duos<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Est&#225; comprovada a rela&#231;&#227;o existente entre as altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do c&#225;lcio e a tend&#234;ncia &#224; perda &#243;ssea e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade mineral &#243;ssea nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. As principais altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do c&#225;lcio evidenciadas na HAS est&#227;o representadas pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis do paratorm&#244;nio s&#233;rico e do c&#225;lcio s&#233;rico ionizado, pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de c&#225;lcio &#243;sseo e pela hipercalci&#250;ria<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) t&#234;m sido empregados como modelo de estudo da hipertens&#227;o arterial, j&#225; que estes animais reproduzem a doen&#231;a com muita similaridade &#224;quela manifestada nos humanos, por apresentarem as mesmas anormalidades no metabolismo do c&#225;lcio<sup>2,5-6</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os SHR s&#227;o considerados animais osteop&#234;nicos, uma vez que apresentam alta taxa de remodela&#231;&#227;o do esqueleto, com predom&#237;nio da reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea sobre o processo de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos estudos demonstrarem que a HAS afeta o metabolismo do tecido &#243;sseo, pouco se conhece a respeito da influ&#234;ncia dessa doen&#231;a especificamente na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. Pereira e cols.<sup>8</sup> constataram que a forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em animais hipertensos foi maior que a observada em normotensos.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que se reconhecem as altera&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas presentes em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial, utilizou-se neste estudo o alendronato s&#243;dico como medicamento no local do defeito &#243;sseo, a fim de observar seus efeitos na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR.</p>
    <p>O alendronato s&#243;dico &#233; um medicamento do grupo dos bisfosfonatos, amplamente utilizado no tratamento de doen&#231;as caracterizadas pela reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea<sup>9-10</sup>. Entretanto, poucas s&#227;o as pesquisas referentes ao seu uso, local ou sist&#234;mico, estimulando a forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea<sup>11-14</sup>. A forma de administra&#231;&#227;o e a dosagem s&#227;o fatores importantes a serem elucidados, j&#225; que existem controv&#233;rsias a respeito do real mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o deste medicamento e da sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre o tecido &#243;sseo dos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos (Protocolo n&#186; 013/2006-PA/CEP).</p>
    <p>Um defeito &#243;sseo monocortical de 2,5 mm de di&#226;metro foi criado na regi&#227;o proximal da di&#225;fise do f&#234;mur esquerdo de oitenta ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (quarenta machos e quarenta f&#234;meas). Os animais apresentavam seis meses de idade e pesavam aproximadamente 300g.</p>
    <p>Foram criados quatro grupos experimentais de vinte animais: C (controle), Am (amido), A1 (alendronato 1mol) e A2 (alendronato 2mol). No grupo controle (C) os ratos foram submetidos apenas &#224; cirurgia, n&#227;o recebendo preenchimento do defeito. Os animais do grupo amido (Am), ap&#243;s o ato cir&#250;rgico, receberam apenas o amido, excipiente utilizado no experimento. Os animais do grupo (A1) receberam 1mol de alendronato s&#243;dico, associado ao amido, para o completo preenchimento do defeito &#243;sseo. Finalmente, o grupo (A2) teve o defeito cir&#250;rgico totalmente preenchido por 2mol de alendronato s&#243;dico, tamb&#233;m associado ao amido.</p>
    <p>Seguindo o protocolo desenvolvido por Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, foi realizada a administra&#231;&#227;o local de alendronato s&#243;dico na quantidade de 1mol (A1) e 2mol (A2) para o preenchimento dos defeitos &#243;sseos. As propor&#231;&#245;es dos materiais foram calculadas de acordo com o peso molecular (PM) do alendronato s&#243;dico, que equivale a 325g/mol. O c&#225;lculo das quantidades em peso foi realizada utilizando-se 0,01mol para mensurarmos quantias volum&#233;tricas apropriadas ao tamanho do defeito &#243;sseo, isto &#233;, utilizamos 3,25g no grupo experimental A1 e 6,5g no grupo experimental A2. Com esta quantidade de material, preenchemos 26% do defeito com alendronato s&#243;dico no grupo A1 e 52% no grupo A2, sendo o restante dos defeitos &#243;sseos preenchidos com 74% e 48% de amido, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O sacrif&#237;cio dos animais foi executado por meio de anestesia e decapita&#231;&#227;o em guilhotina, decorridos sete e 21 dias da data da cirurgia. Os f&#234;mures foram removidos, fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do a 10% e descalcificados em solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido f&#243;rmico a 20%, durante aproximadamente dez dias. Ap&#243;s o processamento histol&#243;gico, as l&#226;minas coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), foram ent&#227;o examinadas sob microscopia de luz e os aspectos histol&#243;gicos do osso neoformado foram avaliados em toda extens&#227;o do defeito. Foram observadas as caracter&#237;sticas das trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas, dos espa&#231;os medulares e da remodela&#231;&#227;o do tecido. A morfologia das c&#233;lulas &#243;sseas e do peri&#243;steo tamb&#233;m foi analisada e descrita.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise histomorfom&#233;trica, foram selecionados seis cortes de cada esp&#233;cime e as l&#226;minas foram fotografadas no centro do defeito com um aumento original de cem vezes. As imagens digitalizadas foram transferidas para um microcomputador e submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise histom&#233;trica da neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, atrav&#233;s do programa de an&#225;lise de imagens Image-J (Vers&#227;o 1,32 para <italic>Windows; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</italic>, USA). Um ret&#237;culo com cem pontos de intersec&#231;&#227;o eq&#252;idistantes (&#225;rea total de 3000 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) foi posicionado sobre a imagem e os pontos que se sobrepunham ao tecido &#243;sseo neoformado foram contados. Os valores encontrados foram transformados em m&#233;dias porcentuais de neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva e &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia a tr&#234;s fatores (ANOVA), utilizando como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia a margem de erro de 5%. Os tr&#234;s fatores analisados foram: o tratamento realizado em cada grupo experimental (C, Am, A1 e A2), o sexo dos animais (macho e f&#234;mea) e o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o (sete e 21 dias). Quando encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, foi aplicado o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Tukey (5%). Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e a confec&#231;&#227;o do gr&#225;fico, utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> Statistica 6.0 e Excel 2003.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos sete dias, encontrava-se em todos os grupos experimentais um tecido conjuntivo frouxo, com focos de hemorragia e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio ocupando a &#225;rea do defeito &#243;sseo. Nesse mesmo per&#237;odo, alguns esp&#233;cimes dos grupos controle (C) e amido (Am), apresentavam focos de tecido oste&#243;ide em meio ao tecido conjuntivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1a</xref>). Todos os esp&#233;cimes referentes aos grupos alendronato 1mol (A1) e alendronato 2mol (A2) apresentavam uma rede de fibrina no tecido conjuntivo do defeito &#243;sseo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1b</xref>). Alguns esp&#233;cimes dos grupos tratados com alendronato s&#243;dico tamb&#233;m apresentavam degenera&#231;&#227;o hidr&#243;pica no tecido conjuntivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1b</xref>). Nesta fase, n&#227;o se observava o peri&#243;steo organizado recobrindo a &#225;rea do defeito &#243;sseo.</p>
    <fig id="fig1a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig1b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Uma caracter&#237;stica histol&#243;gica observada aos sete dias nos grupos A1 e A2, em particular neste &#250;ltimo, foi a presen&#231;a de pequenas forma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas extracorticais subperiosteais na regi&#227;o oposta ao defeito &#243;sseo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">figs. 2a-b</xref>). O tecido &#243;sseo extracortical subperiosteal neoformado apresentava caracter&#237;sticas de tecido &#243;sseo imaturo, com trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas delgadas, que se anastomosavam e limitavam amplos espa&#231;os medulares contendo tecido conjuntivo frouxo. Essa forma&#231;&#227;o se mostrava mais evidente nas f&#234;meas quando comparada aos animais machos. O tecido neoformado continha oste&#243;citos volumosos em grande quantidade, que se encontravam abrigados em amplas lacunas. O peri&#243;steo e o tecido muscular recobriam o tecido &#243;sseo neoformado.</p>
    <fig id="fig2a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Aos 21 dias, constatava-se o fechamento do defeito em toda a sua extens&#227;o, com a presen&#231;a de um tecido &#243;sseo neoformado que se continuava com o tecido cortical adjacente ao defeito nos grupos C e Am (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a">fig. 3a</xref>). O tecido se mostrava formado por osso lamelar com lacunas contendo oste&#243;citos menos volumosos e achatados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a">fig. 4a</xref>). Os osteoblastos de formato achatado margeavam as trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas. Em alguns casos, j&#225; se evidenciava a presen&#231;a de linhas reversas basof&#237;licas, sugerindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea.</p>
    <fig id="fig3a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig3b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig4a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e04.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig4b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O peri&#243;steo se mostrava bem organizado nos animais dos grupos C e Am. Este se constitu&#237;a por uma camada superficial de tecido conjuntivo fibroso e uma camada profunda formada por osteoblastos achatados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a">fig. 4a</xref>).</p>
    <p>Nos animais machos do grupo A1, aos 21 dias, observava-se a presen&#231;a de trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas imaturas, interpostas por tecido conjuntivo frouxo, que se irradiavam do interior do canal medular at&#233; a &#225;rea do defeito, por&#233;m sem fech&#225;-lo por completo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b">figs. 3b</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b">4b</xref>). Este achado n&#227;o foi observado nas f&#234;meas, que apresentavam na &#225;rea do defeito apenas tecido conjuntivo denso, com deposi&#231;&#227;o de feixes de fibras col&#225;genas e, em alguns casos, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de matriz oste&#243;ide. Nos animais dos grupos A2, n&#227;o se observava neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea com o fechamento do defeito &#243;sseo no per&#237;odo de 21 dias.</p>
    <p>As forma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas extracorticais subperiosteais observadas na regi&#227;o oposta ao defeito &#243;sseo estavam presentes em todos os grupos tratados com A1 e A2 aos 21 dias e mostravam-se mais expressivas nas f&#234;meas quando comparado aos animais machos. O tecido encontrava-se recoberto pelo peri&#243;steo e tecido muscular. Continha oste&#243;citos em grande quantidade, que se encontravam abrigados em lacunas de menores propor&#231;&#245;es quando comparado aos grupos de sete dias. Os espa&#231;os medulares contendo tecido conjuntivo frouxo e vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos tamb&#233;m se mostravam reduzidos. O osso apresentava maior matura&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a">figs. 5a-b</xref>), com caracter&#237;sticas evidentes de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, devido &#224; presen&#231;a das linhas reversas basof&#237;licas.</p>
    <fig id="fig5a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e05.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig5b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises histomorfom&#233;trica e estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O resultado da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva est&#225; representado por um gr&#225;fico de colunas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05fig06">figura 6</xref>. O gr&#225;fico refere-se &#224;s m&#233;dias percentuais e desvio-padr&#227;o dos dados da neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos diferentes grupos experimentais (C, Am, A1 e A2), aos sete e 21 dias, nos SHR machos e f&#234;meas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ANOVA demonstrou que o efeito intera&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos dos animais (p=0,34) e entre sexo e per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o (p=0,06) n&#227;o foi significante. O teste de Tukey (5%) foi realizado e a forma&#231;&#227;o dos grupos homog&#234;neos est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstraram que, aos sete dias, o grupo C de animais machos apresentou maior forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. Aos 21 dias, os animais dos grupos C e Am exibiram maior forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. O grupo A1, de animais machos, foi o &#250;nico que demonstrou forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea na &#225;rea do defeito aos 21 dias, com resultado mais pr&#243;ximo aos grupos C e Am. O restante dos animais tratados com alendronato aos 21 dias mostrou menor neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea na &#225;rea do defeito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica consiste em uma doen&#231;a relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas importantes, que pode originar principalmente a diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade mineral &#243;ssea<sup>1,4,15-17</sup>. Alguns autores sugerem que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre as altera&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio e a tend&#234;ncia &#224; perda &#243;ssea nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, avaliou-se a a&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico na repara&#231;&#227;o de defeitos &#243;sseos no f&#234;mur de SHR, de ambos os sexos e aos sete e 21 dias. Observou-se que os SHR mostraram repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea mais retardada quando comparada ao estudo de Pereira e cols.<sup>8</sup> realizado em ratos SHR e ao estudo de Fernandes<sup>12</sup> em ratos normotensos WKY. Os resultados deste trabalho confirmam dados da literatura sobre a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas nos animais hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados em ratos tipo SHR demonstram que, com o passar do tempo, a hipercalci&#250;ria e a ativa&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria das gl&#226;ndulas paratire&#243;ides levam a um menor crescimento do tecido &#243;sseo e a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa mineral &#243;ssea total<sup>1,5</sup>, culminando em desordens &#243;sseas. Na HAS, os baixos n&#237;veis de &#237;ons c&#225;lcio no soro, principalmente devido &#224; presen&#231;a de hipercalci&#250;ria, podem estimular um aumento compensat&#243;rio na produ&#231;&#227;o do PTH. Este &#233; o principal horm&#244;nio relacionado com o controle do n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de c&#225;lcio no organismo, desta forma, n&#237;veis elevados de PTH tendem a contribuir para o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, pois estimulam a atividade osteocl&#225;stica e mobilizam o c&#225;lcio presente no esqueleto, podendo levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade mineral &#243;ssea<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica deste estudo mostrou resultados que diferiram daquele encontrado por Pereira e cols.<sup>8</sup>. O autor observou que aos sete dias, os SHR apresentavam a forma&#231;&#227;o de trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas na maioria dos esp&#233;cimes estudados. Neste estudo, no per&#237;odo de sete dias, a maioria dos grupos ainda apresentava um tecido conjuntivo frouxo com focos de hemorragia na &#225;rea do defeito &#243;sseo, sugerindo que a fase de substitui&#231;&#227;o do co&#225;gulo por tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o havia se completado. Alguns esp&#233;cimes dos grupos C e Am apresentavam focos de tecido oste&#243;ide em meio ao tecido conjuntivo, caracterizando uma forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea imatura na primeira semana do experimento.</p>
    <p>Alguns autores relatam caracter&#237;sticas &#243;sseas distintas entre os animais tipo SHR machos e f&#234;meas. Os estudos mostram que os animais f&#234;meas apresentam peso corp&#243;reo, comprimento e volume &#243;sseos reduzidos<sup>15</sup> e taxas de reabsor&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas mais elevadas<sup>7</sup>. No entanto, Pereira e cols.<sup>8</sup> observaram que o processo de reparo &#243;sseo nos ratos normotensos e hipertensos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. Neste estudo n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea entre os sexos dos animais, somente quando se avaliou a intera&#231;&#227;o do sexo com todos os outros fatores estudados.</p>
    <p>O alendronato s&#243;dico foi utilizado como medicamento no defeito &#243;sseo, com o objetivo de biodisponibilizar a mol&#233;cula no local e observar seus efeitos na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea dos SHR.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo molecular pelos quais os bisfosfonatos inibem a reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea n&#227;o &#233; completamente entendido. Sabe-se que est&#225; relacionado com a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos osteoclastos nas lacunas de reabsor&#231;&#227;o, afetando o metabolismo intracelular e induzindo &#224; apoptose dessas c&#233;lulas. Atrav&#233;s de uma a&#231;&#227;o indireta, os bisfosfonatos tamb&#233;m atuam estimulando os osteoblastos a produzirem mediadores qu&#237;micos que inibem o recrutamento dos osteoclastos. Tudo isso contribui para um aumento da densidade mineral &#243;ssea<sup>21-22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, tem-se estudado o uso do alendronato s&#243;dico com o objetivo de inibir a reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea decorrente de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e melhorar a repara&#231;&#227;o tecidual<sup>23-26</sup>, com destaque para a repara&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#243;sseo<sup>11-14</sup>. No contexto da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, n&#227;o existem relatos alusivos aos efeitos do alendronato s&#243;dico sobre o tecido &#243;sseo e poucos s&#227;o os estudos que empregam localmente o medicamento para avaliar os processos de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea.</p>
    <p>Jaime e cols.<sup>13</sup> demonstraram que o medicamento n&#227;o contribuiu para a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, quando administrado localmente no defeito &#243;sseo da calv&#225;ria de ratas ovarectomizadas. Fernandes<sup>12</sup> estudando a a&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico, da hidroxiapatita e da associa&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos no reparo &#243;sseo de f&#234;mures de ratos, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observou a a&#231;&#227;o positiva do alendronato s&#243;dico.</p>
    <p>Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram que os animais dos grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram menor neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea quando comparados &#224;queles dos grupos C e Am, independente do sexo ou per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Dados semelhantes foram obtidos por Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, que mostrou a influ&#234;ncia do alendronato s&#243;dico retardando o processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea na &#225;rea do defeito &#243;sseo.</p>
    <p>Os estudos realizados <italic>in vitro</italic> demonstram a a&#231;&#227;o anab&#243;lica do alendronato estimulando a neoforma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea<sup>27-28</sup>. Giuliani e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram que o alendronato s&#243;dico estimulou a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas osteobl&#225;sticas da medula &#243;ssea de ratos, quando administrado em baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es e inibiu o processo em concentra&#231;&#245;es maiores. Im e cols.<sup>28</sup> demonstraram que o emprego do alendronato sobre a cultura de c&#233;lulas osteobl&#225;sticas, estimulou a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10<sup>-8</sup>mol.</p>
    <p>As pesquisas t&#234;m demonstrado que os bisfosfonatos apresentam uma a&#231;&#227;o bif&#225;sica, estimulando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido oste&#243;ide nas concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas e inibindo esses processos nas maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es<sup>27-28</sup>. As concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas do medicamento parecem influenciar a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas, prejudicando suas fun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas<sup>29</sup> e provocando morte celular.</p>
    <p>Possivelmente, a concentra&#231;&#227;o molar empregada neste trabalho possa ter afetado a viabilidade celular, ocasionando degenera&#231;&#227;o hidr&#243;pica do tecido conjuntivo, e, por isso, ter causado uma a&#231;&#227;o tecidual citot&#243;xica que interferiu na repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos grupos A1 e A2. Contudo, a an&#225;lise histomorfol&#243;gica apresentou um achado interessante, que foi a forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido &#243;sseo extracortical subperiosteal, em todos os grupos tratados com alendronato 1mol e 2mol. Este fato foi mais evidente nos SHR f&#234;meas do grupo A2, aos 21 dias do experimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5a">fig. 5a-b</xref>).</p>
    <p>Essa caracter&#237;stica tamb&#233;m foi evidenciada por Fernandes<sup>12</sup> em ratos normotensos, em todos os grupos tratados com alendronato s&#243;dico. O autor sugere que este fen&#244;meno possa ter sido desencadeado pela penetra&#231;&#227;o do medicamento sob o peri&#243;steo, no momento da inser&#231;&#227;o do material. A partir deste estudo, acredita-se que o alendronato s&#243;dico possa ter sido incorporado ao tecido &#243;sseo, uma vez que houve a inser&#231;&#227;o do medicamento no interior do canal medular no momento da cirurgia. De tal modo, uma vez depositado no osso, o alendronato pode ter sido liberado aos poucos do tecido &#243;sseo e estimulado as c&#233;lulas osteobl&#225;sticas quiescentes presentes no peri&#243;steo. Essa forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea n&#227;o ocorreu de forma t&#227;o evidente na &#225;rea do defeito &#243;sseo, provavelmente devido &#224; desorganiza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do peri&#243;steo no momento do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>O alendronato s&#243;dico &#233; um medicamento rapidamente reabsorvido quando n&#227;o se deposita no tecido &#243;sseo. No entanto, quando incorporado aos cristais de hidroxiapatita, &#233; liberado lentamente com o passar do tempo<sup>9-10</sup>. Isso poderia estimular as c&#233;lulas mesenquimais indiferenciadas e as c&#233;lulas do end&#243;steo e peri&#243;steo a produzirem tecido &#243;sseo.</p>
    <p>Com base nessa teoria, tamb&#233;m se pretende justificar o padr&#227;o de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea encontrado no grupo A1, de ratos machos ao final dos 21 dias. Nesses animais, a forma&#231;&#227;o das trab&#233;culas &#243;sseas se projetava a partir da medula &#243;ssea &#224; regi&#227;o do defeito. Tal neoforma&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada atrav&#233;s do est&#237;mulo das c&#233;lulas mesenquimais indiferenciadas e das c&#233;lulas osteobl&#225;sticas do end&#243;steo pela a&#231;&#227;o do alendronato s&#243;dico que foi incorporado ao tecido &#243;sseo. Acredita-se que mol&#233;culas de alendronato possam ter sido liberadas lentamente, em concentra&#231;&#245;es vi&#225;veis sem causar danos ao tecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, conclui-se que a aplica&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico n&#227;o contribuiu para a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR, entretanto o medicamento possivelmente contribuiu para a forma&#231;&#227;o do tecido &#243;sseo extracortical subperiosteal encontrado.</p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstraram que a repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea entre os grupos experimentais foi maior no per&#237;odo de 21 dias quando comparada ao per&#237;odo de sete dias. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea entre os animais machos e f&#234;meas.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos resultados estat&#237;sticos terem demonstrado que a aplica&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico n&#227;o contribuiu para o processo de repara&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea nos SHR, acredita-se que varia&#231;&#245;es na metodologia, como novas formas de administra&#231;&#227;o e diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es molares, podem gerar resultados positivos, principalmente devido ao achado histol&#243;gico da neoforma&#231;&#227;o extracortical subperiosteal encontrado exclusivamente nos grupos tratados com alendronato. Portanto, acredita-se que h&#225; a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados para elucidar a a&#231;&#227;o local do alendronato s&#243;dico no processo de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, bem como avaliar sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre o tecido &#243;sseo na presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de M&#244;nica Dal Pian Nobre pela Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> M&#244;nica Dal Pian Nobre </p>
        <p> Avenida L&#250;cio Costa, 17600/103, Recreio dos Bandeirantes </p>
        <p> 22795-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="modalpian@gmail.com">modalpian@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/07/2007; revisado recebido em 01/10/2007; aceito em 14/11/2007.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>28. Im GI, Qureshi SA, Kenny J, Rubash HE, Shanbhag AS. Osteoblast proliferation and maturation by bisphosphonates. Biomaterials. 2004; 25 (18): 4105-15.</mixed-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Local action of sodium alendronate in bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The arterial hypertension is a disorder characterized by relevant alterations in the bone tissue. The sodium alendronate is indicated in the treatment of bone diseases, because of its affinity with the hydroxyapatite, inhibiting the bone reabsorptions. OBJECTIVE: To analyze local action of the sodium alendronate in the bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). METHODS: A bone defect was created in the left femur of 80 rat. In agreement with the material used at the place, four groups were created: control (C), starch (St), alendronate 1 mol (A1) and alendronate 2 mol (A2). After 7 and 21 days, the animals were sacrificed. Histomorfometrical and histological analyses were accomplished and the data were submitted the variance analysis (ANOVA) and test of Tukey (5%). RESULTS: At 7 days, in the area of the defect, conjunctive tissue with hemorrhage and inflammation in all of the groups was observed. Some presented osteoid matrix. The groups A1 and A2 presented, further, a fibrin net. At 21 days, the bone trabeculae practically closed the extension of the defect in the groups C and St. In the group A1 of male animals, trabeculae were observed that irradiated from the medullary canal to the area of the defect. In the groups A1 and A2, only presence of conjunctive fabric with low osteoid deposit was observed. An outstanding histological discovery was the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue in animals of the groups A1 and A2. CONCLUSION: The administration of sodium alendronate did not contribute to bone repair in SHR rat, but possibly has been responsible for the extracortical bone formation observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Alendronate</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>inbred SHR</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>bone regeneration</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Local action of sodium alendronate in bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#244;nica Dal Pian Nobre<sup>I</sup>; Raquel Guedes Fernandes<sup>I,II</sup>; Chung Man Chin<sup>III</sup>; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP)</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba (FAPI)</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, Pindamonhangaba, Araraquara, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The arterial hypertension is a disorder characterized by relevant alterations in the bone tissue. The sodium alendronate is indicated in the treatment of bone diseases, because of its affinity with the hydroxyapatite, inhibiting the bone reabsorptions.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze local action of the sodium alendronate in the bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A bone defect was created in the left femur of 80 rat. In agreement with the material used at the place, four groups were created: control (C), starch (St), alendronate 1 mol (A1) and alendronate 2 mol (A2). After 7 and 21 days, the animals were sacrificed. Histomorfometrical and histological analyses were accomplished and the data were submitted the variance analysis (ANOVA) and test of Tukey (5%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At 7 days, in the area of the defect, conjunctive tissue with hemorrhage and inflammation in all of the groups was observed. Some presented osteoid matrix. The groups A1 and A2 presented, further, a fibrin net. At 21 days, the bone trabeculae practically closed the extension of the defect in the groups C and St. In the group A1 of male animals, trabeculae were observed that irradiated from the medullary canal to the area of the defect. In the groups A1 and A2, only presence of conjunctive fabric with low osteoid deposit was observed. An outstanding histological discovery was the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue in animals of the groups A1 and A2.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The administration of sodium alendronate did not contribute to bone repair in SHR rat, but possibly has been responsible for the extracortical bone formation observed. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Alendronate; rats, inbred SHR; hypertension; bone regeneration.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The systemic arterial hypertension consists of a disorder of great prevalence in the world population, that can cause metabolic alterations in the bone tissue of the indiv&#237;duals<sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The existent relationship between the alterations of the calcium metabolism and the tendency to bone loss and decrease of bone mineral density in hypertensive individuals is proven. The main alterations of calcium metabolism evidenced in the systemic arterial hypertension are represented by elevation of parathormone serum and ionized calcium levels, by the decrease of bone calcium content and by hypercalciuria<sup>1-4</sup>. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) have been used as study model of the arterial hypertension, as these animals reproduce the disease with a lot of similarity to manifested in humans, as they present the same abnormalities in the calcium metabolism<sup>2,5,6</sup>. Besides, the SHR rat are considered bone defficient animals, as they present high rate of skeleton remodeling, with prevalence of the bone reabsorption over the process of new bone formation<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of studies demonstrating that the systemic arterial hypertension affects the metabolism of the bone tissue, little is known regarding the influence of this disease specifically in the bone repair. Pereira at al<sup>8</sup> verified that the bone formation in hypertensive animals was larger than observed in normotensive animals. </p>
      <p>As bone alterations are recognized in individuals with arterial hypertension, in this study the sodium alendronate was used as medication in the place of the bone defect, in order to observe their effects in the bone repair in SHR rat.</p>
      <p>The sodium alendronate is a medication of the bisphosphonates group, largely used in the treatment of diseases characterized by bone reabsorption<sup>9,10</sup>. However, little are the researches regarding its use, local or systemic, stimulating the bone formation<sup>11-14</sup>. The form of administration and the dosage are important factors to be elucidated, since controversies exist regarding the real mechanism of action of this medication and of its action on the bone tissue of hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of <italic>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</italic> (protocol n&#186; 013/2006-PA/CEP).</p>
      <p>A monocortical bone defect of 2,5 diameter mm was created in the area proximal of the tibial shaft of the left femur of 80 SHR rat (40 males and 40 females). The animals were six months of age and they weighed 300 g approximately. </p>
      <p>Four experimental groups of 20 animals were created: C (control), St (starch), A1 (alendronate 1 mol) and A2 (alendronate 2 mol). In the control group (C), the rat were submitted to surgery only, not receiving filling of the defect. The animals of the starch (St group), after surgery, only received the starch, excipient used in the experiment. The animals of group A1 received 1 mol of sodium alendronate, associated to the starch, for the complete filling of the bone defect. Finally, the group A2 had the surgical defect totally filled out by 2 mol of sodium alendronate, also associated to the starch.</p>
      <p>Following the protocol developed by Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, in 2005, the local administration of sodium alendronate was accomplished in the amount of 1 mol (A1) and 2 mol (A2) for the filling of the bone defects. The proportions of the materials were calculated in agreement with the molecular weight of the sodium alendronate, that is equal to 325 g/mol. The calculation of the amounts in weight was accomplished using 0,01 mol to measure the appropriate volumetric amounts to the size of the bone defect, that is, 3,25 g were used in the experimental group A1 and 6,5 g in the experimental group A2. With this amount of material, 26% of the defect were filled out with sodium alendronate in the group A1 and 52% in the group A2. The remaining of the bone defects were filled out with 74% and 48% of starch, respectively. </p>
      <p>The animals were sacrificed through anesthesia and decapitation by guillotine, 7 and 21 days after surgery. The femurs were removed, preserved in formaldehyde solution to 10% and decalcified in solution of formic acid to 20%, during approximately 10 days. After the histological processing, blades stained with hematoxilin and eosin (HE) were examined under light microscopy and the histological aspects of the newly formed bone were appraised in the whole extension of the defect. The characteristics of the bone trabeculae, medullary spaces and remodelation of the tissue were observed. The morphology of the bone cells and periosteo was also analyzed and described. </p>
      <p>For the histomorfometrical analysis, six cuts of each specimen were selected and the blades were photographed in the center of the defect, with original increase of 100 times. The digitalized images were transferred to a microcomputer and submitted the histometrical analysis of the newly formed bone, through the program of image nalysis Image-J (version 1.32 for Windows; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States). A ret&#237;cule (small net) with 100 points of equidistant intersection (total area of 3.000 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>) was positioned over the image and the points that were placed upon the newly formed bone tissue were counted. The results were transformed in percentual averages of bone new formation and submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and the variance analysis to three factors (ANOVA), using as significance level the margin of error of 5%. The three analyzed factors were: the treatment accomplished in each experimental group (C, St, A1 and A2), the gender of the animals (male and female) and the observation period (7 and 21 days). When statistically significant differences were found, the test of multiple comparison of Tukey was applied (5%). For the accomplishment of statistical analysis and making of the graph, the softwares Statistica 6.0 and Excel 2003 were used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At 7 days, in all experimental groups a slack conjunctive tissue, with hemorrhage focuses and infiltrated inflammatory occupying the area of the bone defect were found. In this same period, some specimens of the groups C and St presented focuses of osteoid tissue amid the conjunctive tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1a</xref>). All of the specimens regarding the groups A1 and A2 presented a fibrin net in the conjunctive tissue of the bone defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1b</xref>). Some specimens of the groups treated with sodium alendronate also presented hydropic degeneration in the conjunctive tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1b</xref>). In this phase, the organized periosteo covering again the area of the bone defect was not observed.</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A histological characteristic observed at 7 days in the groups A1 and A2, specially in the latter, was the presence of small extracortical subperiosteal bone formations in the region opposite to the bone defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">figs. 2a-b</xref>). The extracortical subperiosteal newly formed bone tissue presented characteristics of immature bone tissue, with thin bone trabeculae, joined by anastomosis and limited wide medullary spaces containing slack conjunctive tissue. This formation was more evident in the females when compared to the male animals. The newly formed tissue contained bulky osteocytes in great quantity, that were sheltered in wide gaps. The periosteo and the muscular tissue covered again the newly formed bone tissue. </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At 21 days, the closing of the defect was verified in continuation to the cortical tissue adjacent to the defect in the groups C and St (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">fig. 3a</xref>). The tissue appeared to be formed by lamellar bone with gaps containing less bulky and flat osteocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a-body2">fig. 4a</xref>). The osteoblasts of flat format bordered the bone trabeculae. In some cases, already the presence of basophilic reverse lines was evidenced, suggesting the occurrence of bone remodelation. </p>
      <fig id="fig3a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig4a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig4b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The periosteo appeared to be very organized in animals of the groups C and St. This was constituted by a superficial layer of fibrous conjunctive tissue and a deep layer formed by flat osteoblasts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4a-body2">fig. 4a</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the male animals of the group A1, at 21 days, presence of immature bone trabeculae was observed, interposed by slack conjunctive tissue, that irradiated from the interior of the medullary canal to the area of the defect, however without closing it entirely (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b-body2">figs. 3b</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4b-body2">4b</xref>). This finding was not observed in the females, that presented, in the area of the defect, only dense conjunctive tissue, with deposit of collagen fiber bunches and, in some cases, deposit of osteoid matrix. In the animals of the group A2, no new bone formation with the closing of the bone defect in the period of 21 days was observed.</p>
      <p>The extracortical subperiosteal bone formation observed in the area opposite to the bone defect were present in the groups A1 and A2 at 21 days and they were more expressive in the females comparad to the males. The tissue, covered by periosteo and muscular tissue, contained osteocytes in great quantity, that were sheltered in gaps of smaller proportions, compared to the groups of 7 days. The medullary spaces containing slack conjunctive tissue and blood vessels were also reduced. The bone presented greater maturation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">figs. 5a-b</xref>), with evident characteristics of bone remodelation, by the presence of basophilic reverse lines.</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Histomorfometrical and statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The result of the descriptive statistical analysis is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05fig06-body2">illustration 6</xref>, through graph of columns. The graph refers to the percentual averages and the standard deviation-pattern of the newly formed bone data in the different experimental groups (C, St, A1 and A2), at 7 and 21 days, in male and female SHR rat. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05fig06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The ANOVA variance analysis demonstrated that the effect interaction among the gender of the animals (p = 0,34) and between gender and observation period (p = 0,06) was not significant. The test of Tukey (5%) was accomplished and the formation of the homogeneous groups is represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0261-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The results demonstrated that, at 7 days, the group C of male animals presented larger bone formation. At 21 days, the animals of the groups C and St exhibited larger bone formation. The group A1 of male animals was the only that demonstrated bone formation in the area of the defect at 21 days, with result closer to the groups C and St. The remaining of the animals treated with alendronate at 21 days demonstrated smaller new bone formation in the area of the defect. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The systemic arterial hypertension consists of a disease related to important bone alterations, that can cause mainly the decrease of the bone mineral density<sup>1,4,15-17</sup>. Some authors suggest the existence of positive relationship between the alterations of the factors of regulation of the calcium and the tendency to the bone loss in hypertensive individuals<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the local action of sodium alendronate was evaluated in the repair of bone defects in the femur of SHR rat of both gender, at 7 and 21 days. It was observed that the SHR rat demonstrated more retarded bone repair when compared to study by Pereira et al<sup>8</sup>, accomplished in SHR rat, and to the study of Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, accomplished in normotensive rat of the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) lineage. The results of this study confirm data of the literature regarding presence of bone alterations in hypertensive animals. </p>
      <p>Studies accomplished in SHR rat demonstrate that, in the course of time, the hypercalciuria and the secondary activation of the parathyroid glands lead to smaller growth of the bone tissue and the decrease of total bone mineral mass<sup>1,5</sup>, culminating in bone disorders. In the systemic arterial hypertension, the low levels of calcium ions in the serum, mainly due to the hypercalciuria, can stimulate the compensatory increase in the production of PTH, the main hormone related to the control of the plasmatic level of calcium in the organism. In this way, high levels of PTH tend to contribute to the process of bone remodeling, as they stimulate the osteoclastic activity and mobilize the calcium in the skeleton, and could lead to the decrease of the bone mineral density<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The histological analysis of this study presented results that differed of those found by Pereira at al<sup>8</sup>. Those authors observed that, at 7 days, the SHR rat presented formation of bone trabeculae in most of the studied specimens. In this study, in the period of 7 days, most of the groups still presented slack conjunctive tissue with hemorrhage focuses in the area of the bone defect, suggesting that the phase of substitution of the clot for granulation tissue was not completed. Some specimens of the groups C and St presented focuses of osteoid tissue amid the conjunctive tissue, characterizing immature bone formation in the first week of the experiment. </p>
      <p>At 21 days, the groups C and St presented closing of practically the whole extension of the bone defect in most of the specimens, with the presence of a newly formed bone tissue in continuation to the adjacent cortical tissue. In these specimens, the presence of mature bone trabeculae was observed disposed amid slack conjunctive tissue. It was also verified that the bone trabeculae, joined by anastomosis, were surrounded by flat osteoblastos, similar to the one was noticed by Pereira at al<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some authors report different bone characteristics between the SHR male and female rat. The studies demonstrate that the female present corporal weight, length and reduced bone volume<sup>15</sup>, and higher rate of bone reabsorption<sup>7</sup>. However, Pereira at al<sup>8</sup> observed that the process of bone repair in normotensive and hypertensive rat did not present differences among the gender. In this study, no statistical difference was observed in the bone repair among the gender of the animals, except when the interaction of the gender was evaluated with all the other studied factors. </p>
      <p>The sodium alendronate was used as medication in the bone defect, with the objective of making available the molecule in the place and to observe their effects in the bone repair of SHR.</p>
      <p>The molecular mechanism by which the biphosphonate inhibits the bone reabsorption is not completely understood. It is known that it is related to the inhibition of the osteoclasts in the reabsorption gaps, affecting the intracellular metabolism and inducing apoptosis of those cells. Through an indirect action, the biphosphonates also act stimulating the osteoblasts to produce chemical mediators that inhibit the recruitment of the osteoclasts. All this contributes to the increase of the bone mineral density<sup>21-22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last ten years, there have been studies regarding the use of sodium alendronate with the objective to inhibit the bone reabsorption due to surgical procedures and to improve tissue repair<sup>23-26</sup>, mainly for repair of the bone tissue<sup>11-14</sup>. Within the context of the systemic arterial hypertension, allusive reports do not exist to the effects of sodium alendronate in the bone fabric and few are the studies that use the medication locally to evaluate the processes of bone repair.</p>
      <p>Jaime at al<sup>13</sup> demonstrated that the medication did not contribute to the bone repair, when administered locally in the bone defect of the calvaria of female, ovaryectomized rat. Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, studying the local action of sodium alendronate, of hydroxyapatite and association of these medication in the bone repair of femurs of rat, also did not observe the positive action of the sodium alendronate. </p>
      <p>In this study, it was observed that the group treated with alendronate 2 mol presented lesser bone formation at the end of 21 days, when compared to the group treated with alendronate 1 mol, with significant difference in the SHR male rat. This data can be explained by the fact of sodium alendronate causing cytotoxic effects when administered in higher concentrations<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Besides, the results of this research demonstrate that the animals of the groups A1 and A2 presented smaller bone new formation when compared to those of the groups C and St, independently of gender or observation period. Similar data were obtained by Fernandes<sup>12</sup>, that demonstrated the influence of sodium alendronate delaying the process of bone repair in the area of the bone defect. </p>
      <p>Studies accomplished in vitro demonstrate the anabolic action of alendronate, stimulating the bone new formation<sup>27-28</sup>. Giuliani at al<sup>27</sup> observed that the sodium alendronate stimulated the formation of osteoblastic cells in the bone marrow of rat, when administered in low concentrations, and inhibited the process in higher concentrations. Im at al<sup>28</sup> demonstrated that the use of alendronate in the culture of osteoblastic cells stimulated the cellular proliferation in the concentration of 10-8 mol.</p>
      <p>The researches have demonstrated that the biphosphonates cause bi-phase action, stimulating the cellular proliferation and the formation of osteoid tissue in the lower concentrations and inhibiting these processes in the higher concentration<sup>27-28</sup>. The higher concentrations of the medication seem to influence the viability of the cells, impairing their metabolic functions<sup>29</sup> and provoking cellular death.</p>
      <p>It is possible that the molar concentration used in this study has affected the cellular viability, causing hydropic degeneration of the conjunctive tissue, and, for this, it might have caused cytotoxic tissue action that interfered in the bone repair in the groups A1 and A2. At 7 days the presence of conjunctive tissue with infiltrated inflammatory, frequently associated to a fibrin net in the area of the defect of the groups A1 and A2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1b</xref>) was evident. However, the histomorfological analysis presented an interesting discovery, which was the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue, in all of the groups treated with alendronate 1 mol and 2 mol. This fact was more evident in the female SHR of the group A2, at 21 days of the experiment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5a-b</xref>). </p>
      <p>The extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue was on the opposite side to the bone defect and it presented characteristics of remodeled mature tissue, with increased medullary spaces in relation to the adjacent cortical bone and with a great number of gaps occupied by bulky osteocytes.</p>
      <p>This characteristic was also evidenced by Fernandes<sup>12</sup> in normotensive rat, in all of the groups treated with sodium alendronate. The author suggests that this phenomenon might have been brought on by the penetration of the medication under the periosteo, at the moment of insertion of the material. Starting from this study, it is believed that the sodium alendronate might have been incorporated to the bone fabric, as there was the insertion of the medication inside the medullary canal at time of the surgery. In this way, once deposited in the bone, the alendronate might have been liberated little by little from the bone tissue and stimulated the quiescent osteoblastic cells in the periosteo. This bone formation did not happen in such an evident way in the area of the bone defect, probably due to the disorganization of the periosteo cells at time of the surgical procedure. </p>
      <p>The sodium alendronate is a quickly reabsorbed medication when it is not deposited in the bone tissue. However, when incorporated to the hydroxyapatite crystals, it is liberated slowly over the time<sup>9,10</sup>. This could stimulate the mesenchymal stem cells and the cells of the endosteo and periosteo to produce bone tissue. </p>
      <p>Based on this theory, it is also intended to justify the pattern of bone formation found in the group A1, of male rat, at the end of 21 days. In these animals, the formation of the bone trabeculae projected starting from the bone marrow to the area of the defect. Such new formation can be explained by the stimulation of the mesenchymal stem cells and of the osteoblastic cells of the endosteo by the action of sodium alendronate incorporated to the bone fabric. It is believed that alendronate molecules might have been liberated slowly, in viable concentrations, not causing damages to the tissue. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In agreement with the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the local application of sodium alendronate did not contribute to the bone repair in the SHR; however, the medication possibly contributed to the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue. </p>
      <p>The results demonstrated that the bone repair among the experimental groups was larger in the period of 21 days when compared to the period of 7 days. There was no difference in the process of bone repair among the male and female animals. </p>
      <p>In spite of the statistical results having demonstrated that the local application of the sodium alendronate did not contribute to the process of bone repair in SHR rat, it is believed that variations in the methodology, as new forms of administration and different molar concentrations, can generate positive results, mainly due to the histological finding of the extracortical subperiosteal new formation found exclusively in the groups treated with alendronate. It is believed, therefore, that there is need of more profound studies to elucidate the local action of sodium alendronate in the process of bone formation, as well as to evaluate its action on the bone tissue in the presence of arterial hypertension. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by M&#244;nica Dal Pian Nobre, from <italic>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</italic> (UNESP).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
