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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ycjFL4Z9fwMjkWFQkHWHWft</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Massa ventricular e crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertrofia: avalia&#231;&#227;o de um novo escore</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mazzaro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;ber do Lago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>William da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manoel dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>249</fpage>
      <lpage>253</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; um importante e independente fator de risco cardiovascular. Inexistem, no Brasil, estudos desenhados para testar a efic&#225;cia do eletrocardiograma (ECG) no diagn&#243;stico desse grave processo patol&#243;gico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar um novo escore eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para diagn&#243;stico de HVE pelo ECG: soma da maior amplitude da onda S com a maior da onda R no plano horizontal, multiplicando-se o resultado pela dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS [(S+R) X QRS)] e comparando-o com os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados os ecocardiogramas e ECG de 1.204 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial. Avaliou-se o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) pelo ecocardiograma, firmando-se o diagn&#243;stico de HVE quando &gt; 96 g/m&#178; para mulheres e &gt; 116 g/m&#178; para homens. No ECG analisaram-se quatro crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de HVE, al&#233;m do novo escore a ser testado. RESULTADOS: Todos os &#237;ndices estudados tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a massa calculada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Por&#233;m, o novo escore foi o que apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,564). Os outros crit&#233;rios apresentaram as seguintes correla&#231;&#245;es: Romhilt-Estes (r = 0,464); Sokolow-Lyon (r = 0,419); Cornell voltagem (r = 0,377); Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,444). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia do &#237;ndice testado, utilizou-se o ponto de corte de 2,80 mm.s. Com esse valor foram obtidas as seguintes cifras para sensibilidade e especificidade: 35,2% e 88,7%, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Todos os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE apresentaram baixa sensibilidade. O novo escore foi o que apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMVE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros avaliados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Massa ventricular e crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertrofia: avalia&#231;&#227;o de um novo escore</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cl&#233;ber do Lago Mazzaro; Francisco de Assis Costa; Maria Teresa Nogueira Bombig; Br&#225;ulio Luna Filho; &#194;ngelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho; William da Costa; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca; Rui Manoel dos Santos P&#243;voa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; um importante e independente fator de risco cardiovascular. Inexistem, no Brasil, estudos desenhados para testar a efic&#225;cia do eletrocardiograma (ECG) no diagn&#243;stico desse grave processo patol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar um novo escore eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para diagn&#243;stico de HVE pelo ECG: soma da maior amplitude da onda S com a maior da onda R no plano horizontal, multiplicando-se o resultado pela dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS [(S+R) X QRS)] e comparando-o com os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados os ecocardiogramas e ECG de 1.204 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial. Avaliou-se o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) pelo ecocardiograma, firmando-se o diagn&#243;stico de HVE quando <underline>&gt;</underline> 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens. No ECG analisaram-se quatro crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de HVE, al&#233;m do novo escore a ser testado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Todos os &#237;ndices estudados tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a massa calculada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Por&#233;m, o novo escore foi o que apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,564). Os outros crit&#233;rios apresentaram as seguintes correla&#231;&#245;es: Romhilt-Estes (r = 0,464); Sokolow-Lyon (r = 0,419); Cornell voltagem (r = 0,377); Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,444). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia do &#237;ndice testado, utilizou-se o ponto de corte de 2,80 mm.s. Com esse valor foram obtidas as seguintes cifras para sensibilidade e especificidade: 35,2% e 88,7%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Todos os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE apresentaram baixa sensibilidade. O novo escore foi o que apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMVE em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros avaliados. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A HVE representa um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, independentemente da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), uma de suas principais causas<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os diversos m&#233;todos proped&#234;uticos para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, o menos dispendioso, o mais amplamente difundido e de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; o ECG, que apresenta alta especificidade, por&#233;m baixa sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica. Entretanto, apesar dessa limita&#231;&#227;o, continua sendo um exame complementar largamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e tamb&#233;m em v&#225;rios estudos populacionais, tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o quanto na an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o do processo hipertr&#243;fico<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o ECG apresenta excelente reprodutibilidade, sendo muito &#250;til no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos estudos em HAS e valvopatias, diversos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE foram surgindo, com sensibilidades e especificidades vari&#225;veis, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Esses crit&#233;rios, alguns de aplicabilidade mais simples, outros mais complexos, foram sendo empregados e correlacionados com m&#233;todos de melhor acur&#225;cia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda, como a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e, sobretudo, o ecocardiograma<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A variabilidade de resultados nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, no entanto, est&#225; relacionada com aspectos demogr&#225;ficos, como sexo, ra&#231;a, idade e patologia card&#237;aca envolvida. N&#227;o h&#225; registro de nenhum estudo, em nosso meio, que tenha avaliado a efic&#225;cia do ECG no diagn&#243;stico da HVE, o que &#233; um dado relevante, j&#225; que se trata de popula&#231;&#227;o muito miscigenada que deve possuir caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica no que se refere &#224; sensibilidade e especificidade dos v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar um novo escore eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, numa amostra composta por pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento ambulatorial, e compar&#225;-lo com alguns dos crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos do ECG para diagn&#243;stico de HVE, tendo o IMVE como padr&#227;o-ouro de cotejamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1998 a dezembro de 2003, avaliaram-se, no Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), tra&#231;ados de ECG de 1.204 pacientes sob tratamento ambulatorial de HAS. Todos foram abordados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>7</sup>, ou seja, no m&#237;nimo duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial por consulta em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes, diagnosticando-se HAS quando as m&#233;dias das medidas eram iguais ou superiores a 140 mmHg para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 90 mmHg para press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Foram os seguintes os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: neoplasias, pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a valvar, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aguda ou cr&#244;nica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a de Chagas, bloqueio de ramo direito ou esquerdo, s&#237;ndromes de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou qualquer outra condi&#231;&#227;o que potencialmente pudesse distorcer a geometria do VE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se ECG de repouso com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e obtiveram-se as doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, velocidade de registro de 25 mm/s, calibra&#231;&#227;o padronizada para 1,0 mV/cm, aparelho Dixtal EP3, Brasil. O tra&#231;ado foi decodificado, e, para an&#225;lise das diversas vari&#225;veis, utilizou-se lupa com escala em mm em sua face de contato com o tra&#231;ado, o que permitiu maior precis&#227;o na an&#225;lise. Quantificaram-se, pelo mesmo observador, o eixo e a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, a amplitude da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D<sub>1</sub>, aV<sub>L</sub>, V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, a amplitude da onda S em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> e V<sub>3</sub>, bem como a maior amplitude das ondas R e S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano horizontal. Foram avaliados, em separado, cinco crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de HVE: 1) escore de pontos de Romhilt-Estes &#150; maior amplitude de R ou S <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm no plano horizontal ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm no plano frontal ou padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> em V5 ou V6 (se em uso de digital, vale apenas um ponto) ou crescimento do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo &#237;ndice de Morris (tr&#234;s pontos); eixo el&#233;trico de &#194;QRS acima de menos 30 graus (dois pontos); dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> ou tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> (um ponto). Por esse escore HVE, &#233; diagnosticada quando a soma &#233; <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 pontos<sup>8</sup>;2) Sokolow-Lyon voltagem (SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mm)<sup>9</sup>;3. Cornell voltagem (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 mm para homens)<sup>10</sup>;4) Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub> X dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS; para mulheres, adicionar 8 mm, <underline>&gt;</underline> 2440 mm.ms)<sup>11</sup>; 5) escore de Per&#250;gia &#150; HVE &#233; diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes achados: crit&#233;rio de Cornell, considerando o limite para mulheres <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm e para homens <underline>&gt;</underline> 24 mm, escore de Romhilt-Estes e padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic><sup>12</sup>. O novo escore aqui proposto leva em conta a maior amplitude das ondas R ou S no plano horizontal (em mm), multiplicando-se o valor encontrado pela medida do QRS (em segundos), onde o complexo for mais largo, normalmente em V<sub>2</sub> e V<sub>3</sub>. A an&#225;lise de reprodutibilidade foi feita a partir de 100 tra&#231;ados retirados aleatoriamente para an&#225;lise da amplitude das ondas R e S e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados no Servi&#231;o de Ecodopplecardiografia da Unifesp-EPM, em aparelho ATL 1500 (USA), com transdutores de 2,0 e 3,5 MHz. O paciente era posto em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e as imagens obtidas a partir da regi&#227;o paraesternal esquerda entre o quarto ou quinto espa&#231;os intercostais, procedendo-se aos cortes habituais para completo estudo aos modos M e bidimensional, simultaneamente ao registro do ECG. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn, as seguintes medidas foram efetuadas: tamanho do VE em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE no final da di&#225;stole, volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais, porcentual de encurtamento diast&#243;lico e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo do cubo. A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: massa do VE = 0,8 X {1,04 [(SIVD + DDVE + PPVED)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6 g<sup>13</sup>, onde SIVD &#233; o septo interventricular em di&#225;stole, DDVE &#233; o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE e PPVED &#233; a parede posterior do VE em di&#225;stole. A massa do VE foi indexada para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para ajuste das diferen&#231;as do tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es do tamanho do paciente. A superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: SC = (P &#150; 60) X 0,01 + H, onde SC &#233; a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, em m<sup>2</sup>, P &#233; o peso, em kg, e H &#233; a altura, em metros<sup>14</sup>. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m). O diagn&#243;stico de HVE foi firmado quando o IMVE foi <underline>&gt;</underline> 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, em porcentagem. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson para fazer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMVE e os diversos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados. Utilizou-se a curva ROC para valida&#231;&#227;o do novo escore aqui proposto, estabelecendo-se o ponto de corte que apresentasse sensibilidade e especificidade melhores. O estudo da reprodutibilidade foi feito por tr&#234;s observadores que interpretaram os exames de ECG de forma independente. Para an&#225;lise das diversas vari&#225;veis do ECG, empregou-se o teste de Kappa<sup>16</sup>. Este teste &#233; um &#237;ndice de mensura&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;vel nominal ou categ&#243;rica, que corrige a concord&#226;ncia observada para aquela esperada apenas por uma quest&#227;o de probabilidade. Admite-se que valores acima de 0,75 sejam considerados excelentes, abaixo de 0,40 como de pobre concord&#226;ncia, e entre 0,40 e 0,75 como de boa concord&#226;ncia. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, foram considerados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e p &lt; 0,01.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 1.204 pacientes estudados, 617 eram do sexo masculino (51,2%) e 587 do sexo feminino (48,8%), com idade m&#233;dia de 57,4 &#177; 4,7 anos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre os v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados e o IMVE. Nela, v&#234;-se que o novo escore &#233; o que mant&#233;m o melhor desempenho.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab02">tabela 2</xref> demonstra a mesma correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos avaliados e o IMVE, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e separando-se os pacientes em dois grupos: n&#227;o-obesos (IMC &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), isto &#233;, 852 pacientes (70,7 %), e obesos (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), grupo representado por 352 pacientes (29,3% da amostra). Como j&#225; se previa, nos obesos a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os crit&#233;rios do ECG com o IMVE decai de um modo geral<sup>17</sup>. Por&#233;m, outra vez, o novo escore &#233; o que apresenta a melhor <italic>performance</italic>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>J&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> observam-se os valores da sensibilidade e da especificidade do novo escore, que foi obtido pela curva ROC, e arbitrariamente utilizou-se o valor de 2,8 mm.s como ponto de corte para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab04">tabela 4</xref>, s&#227;o listadas as cifras referentes &#224; sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia dos cinco crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados, assim como do novo escore aqui proposto, com base na amostra avaliada, composta por 1.204 pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reprodutibilidade, o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os tr&#234;s observadores variou de 0,82 a 0,98, n&#250;meros considerados excelentes. A primeira cifra corresponde &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e a &#250;ltima &#224; amplitude das ondas R e S.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, utilizou-se o ecocardiograma como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE. N&#227;o restam d&#250;vidas de que esse exame de imagem representa um grande avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias patologias card&#237;acas, incluindo a HVE. No entanto, o seu custo &#233; bastante superior ao do ECG, al&#233;m de ser menos reprodut&#237;vel, j&#225; que &#233; muito dependente do observador, fato que restringe sua participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, estudos que utilizaram como padr&#227;o-ouro de HVE a pe&#231;a obtida em necropsia<sup>8,18</sup> apresentam maiores distor&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que, dependendo do tempo e das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente antes da ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito, o vi&#233;s pode ser relevante. </p>
    <p>Assim, em virtude do baixo custo e da excelente reprodutibilidade, o ECG continua tendo import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico da HVE, raz&#227;o pela qual tem sido amplamente empregado em estudos cl&#237;nicos que envolvem HAS e HVE<sup>3,19,20</sup>. Este mesmo motivo justifica e encoraja a pesquisa de novos m&#233;todos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos capazes de aumentar sua sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p>Em 1967, Romhilt e Estes<sup>8</sup> estudaram noventa cora&#231;&#245;es hipertrofiados e sessenta cora&#231;&#245;es normais. As pe&#231;as foram obtidas em necropsias e os tra&#231;ados de ECG realizados pelo menos tr&#234;s meses antes do &#243;bito. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do estudo original foram de 57,8% e 96,7%, respectivamente. Na amostra aqui estudada, o valor da especificidade &#233; semelhante, por&#233;m a sensibilidade &#233; muito inferior (15,3%), sendo a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson com o IMVE de 0,464.</p>
    <p>A publica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem<sup>9</sup> data de 1949, e este ainda &#233; muito utilizado na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, dada a sua simplicidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o. No trabalho original, os autores estudaram duzentos pacientes com alguma afec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca capaz de provocar estresse ao VE. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados foram de 32% e 96%, respectivamente, cabendo a ressalva de que se tratava de uma amostra selecionada. Na popula&#231;&#227;o aqui estudada, a especificidade manteve-se muito elevada (96,8%), apesar de a sensibilidade decair para 13,4%.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem<sup>10 </sup>apresentou sensibilidade de 22,2% e especificidade de 96,8%. Os resultados foram similares para a especificidade, contudo, novamente, no que se refere &#224; sensibilidade a diferen&#231;a foi expressiva (42% vs. 22,2%). Al&#233;m disso, a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para o mesmo crit&#233;rio foi de 0,377, bem inferior &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o do novo escore, de 0,564.</p>
    <p>J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio de Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>, a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi superior (r = 0,444), sugerindo que os m&#233;todos que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m a dura&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como o novo escore, podem ser mais fidedignos.</p>
    <p>Schillaci e cols.<sup>12</sup>, em 1994, ao utilizarem o escore de Per&#250;gia para diagn&#243;stico de HVE no estudo de PIUMA, encontraram sensibilidade de 26% e especificidade de 90%. Quando se testou esse mesmo escore na amostra aqui estudada, foram observadas sensibilidade de 38,6% e especificidade de 89,6%. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel efetuar a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre o escore de Per&#250;gia e o IMVE, tendo em vista tratar-se o escore de uma vari&#225;vel qualitativa.</p>
    <p>Vale a pena salientar que a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre todos os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos pesquisados com o IMVE perdeu for&#231;a, como j&#225; se previa, no grupo dos pacientes obesos<sup>17</sup>. Contudo, tamb&#233;m neste grupo o novo escore aqui apresentado revela o melhor desempenho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG &#233; um exame complementar seguro, acess&#237;vel, de baixo custo e de excelente reprodutibilidade. Por isso, a constante busca de novos crit&#233;rios capazes de elevar sua sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE deve ser estimulada e encorajada. O novo &#237;ndice aqui proposto, cujo ponto de corte para diagn&#243;stico de HVE foi arbitrariamente fixado em 2,8 mm.s, &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica e foi o que apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMVE, quando comparado a alguns dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos, al&#233;m de ter apresentado, tamb&#233;m, a menor atenua&#231;&#227;o no grupo de pacientes obesos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Cleber do Lago Mazzaro, pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Francisco de Assis Costa </p>
        <p> Avenida Fernandes Lima, km 5, s/n, Farol </p>
        <p> 57055-000 - Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="facosta@cardiol.br">facosta@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/08/07; revisado recebido em 16/10/07; aceito em 16/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular mass and electrocardiographic criteria of hypertrophy: evaluation of new score</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important and independent cardiovascular risk factor. There is a scarcity of studies in Brazil designed to test the efficacy of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in the diagnosis of this important pathological process. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new electrocardiographic score for the diagnosis of LVH by ECG: the sum of the highest amplitude of the S wave and the highest amplitude of the R wave on the horizontal plane, multiplied by the result of the QRS duration [(S+R) X QRS)] and comparing it with the classic electrocardiographic criteria. METHODS: The echocardiograms and ECG of 1,204 hypertensive patients receiving outpatient care were evaluated. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by the echocardiogram, with a diagnosis of LVH when the LVMI was &gt; 96 g/m&#178; for women and &gt; 116 g/m&#178; for men. Four classic criteria of LVH were analyzed at the ECG, in addition to the new score to be tested. RESULTS: In general, the studied ECG-LVH criteria showed significant statistical correlation to the echocardiographic LVMI. The (R+S) X QRS index, using 2.80 mm.s as the cutoff value, provided test accuracy regarding sensibility and specificity of 35.2% and 88.71%, respectively, representing the best correlation to LVMI (r=0.564) when compared to the other indexes: Romhilt-Estes (r=0.464); Sokolow-Lyon (r=0.419); Cornell voltage (r=0.377); Cornell product r=0.444). CONCLUSION: All the electrocardiographic criteria used for the assessment of the LV mass presented low sensitivity. The new score presented the best correlation with LVMI when compared to the other indexes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tit-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Ventricular mass and electrocardiographic criteria of hypertrophy: evaluation of new score</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cl&#233;ber do Lago Mazzaro; Francisco de Assis Costa; Maria Teresa Nogueira Bombig Manzoli; Br&#225;ulio Luna Filho; &#194;ngelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho; William da Costa; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca; Rui Manoel dos Santos P&#243;voa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important and independent cardiovascular risk factor. There is a scarcity of studies in Brazil designed to test the efficacy of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in the diagnosis of this important pathological process. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate a new electrocardiographic score for the diagnosis of LVH by ECG: the sum of the highest amplitude of the S wave and the highest amplitude of the R wave on the horizontal plane, multiplied by the result of the QRS duration [(S+R) X QRS)] and comparing it with the classic electrocardiographic criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The echocardiograms and ECG of 1,204 hypertensive patients receiving outpatient care were evaluated. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by the echocardiogram, with a diagnosis of LVH when the LVMI was <underline>&gt;</underline> 96 g/m2 for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men. Four classic criteria of LVH were analyzed at the ECG, in addition to the new score to be tested.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In general, the studied ECG-LVH criteria showed significant statistical correlation to the echocardiographic LVMI. The (R+S) X QRS index, using 2.80 mm.s as the cutoff value, provided test accuracy regarding sensibility and specificity of 35.2% and 88.71%, respectively, representing the best correlation to LVMI (r=0.564) when compared to the other indexes: Romhilt-Estes (r=0.464); Sokolow-Lyon (r=0.419); Cornell voltage (r=0.377); Cornell product r=0.444).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> All the electrocardiographic criteria used for the assessment of the LV mass presented low sensitivity. The new score presented the best correlation with LVMI when compared to the other indexes.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertrophy, left ventricular; electrocardiography; echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents an important cardiovascular risk factor, independent from the systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), one of its main causes<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the several propedeutic methods for the diagnosis of LVH, the least expensive, most broadly disseminated and easier to interpret method is the electrocardiogram (ECG), which presents high specificity, although it has low diagnosis sensitivity. However, in spite of this limitation, it remains a broadly used complementary test in medical practice as well as in population studies, in the prevention as well as in the analysis of regression of the hypertrophic process<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the ECG presents excellent reproducibility, being very useful in the clinical follow-up of the patients. The development of studies in SAH and valvulopathies has given rise to several electrocardiographic criteria for the detection of LVH, with variable sensitivities and specificities, depending on the studied population. These criteria, some with simpler applicability, others with a more complex one, have been used and correlated with methods of better accuracy in the assessment of the left ventricular mass (LVM), such as magnetic resonance and especially, the echocardiogram<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the variability of the results in the studied populations is related to demographic aspects, such as gender, race, age and associated heart pathology. There is no record of such a study, in our country, that has evaluated the efficacy of the ECG in the diagnosis of LVH, which is relevant information, considering that our population has a high rate of miscegenation and must have its own characteristics of electrocardiographic presentation and response, regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the several criteria used to detect LVH. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate a new electrocardiographic score for the detection of LVH in the Brazilian population, in a sample consisting of hypertensive individuals being followed on an outpatient basis and compare it with some of the classical ECG criteria used for the diagnosis of LVH, using the LVMI as the gold standard for the analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ECG tracings of 1,204 patients with SAH being followed on an outpatient basis were assessed at the Service of Hypertensive Cardiology of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM) from March 1998 to December 2003. All of the ECG tracings were assessed according to the recommendations of the Iv Brazilian Directives of Arterial Hypertension<sup>7</sup>, i.e., at least two blood pressure measurements per medical visit on at least two different occasions, with SAH being diagnosed when the means of the measurements were <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg for the systolic pressure and 90 mmHg for the diastolic pressure. The exclusion criteria included: neoplasias, patients with valvular disease, acute coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, Chagas' disease, blockage of the right or left branch, ventricular preexcitation syndrome or any other condition that could potentially disturb the LV geometry. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A resting ECG was carried out with the patient in the supine position and the 12-derivation ECG was obtained with a register velocity of 25 mm/s, calibration standardized at 1.0 mV/cm in a Dixtal EP3 equipment, Brazil. The tracing was decodified and a magnifying glass with a mm scale was used to analyze the several variables, which allowed a more precise analysis. The same observer quantified the axis and the duration of the QRS complex, the amplitude of the R wave at the D<sub>1</sub>, aV<sub>L</sub>, V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6 </sub>derivations, amplitude of the S wave at V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>3</sub>, as well as the higher amplitude of the R and S waves at the horizontal derivations. Five electrocardiographic criteria of LVH were separately assessed: 1) Romhilt-Estes point score system &#150; higher R amplitude or S <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm on the horizontal plane or <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm on the frontal plane or strain pattern in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (when using digital, the score is only one point), or left atrial growth by the Morris index (three points); electrical axis (&#194;QRS) above less than 30&#186; (two points); QRS duration <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 ms in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> or left ventricular activation time <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 ms in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (one point). Using this score, the LVH is diagnosed when the sum of the points is <underline>&gt;</underline> 5<sup>8</sup>; 2) Sokolow-Lyon voltage (SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mm)<sup>9</sup>; 3) Cornell's voltage (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 mm for men)<sup>10</sup>; 4) Cornell's duration (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub> X QRS duration; for women add 8 mm, <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,440 mm.ms)<sup>11</sup>; 5) Perugia score &#150; LVH is diagnosed by the presence of one or more of the following findings: Cornell's criterion, considering the limit for women <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm and <underline>&gt;</underline> 24 mm for men, Romhilt-Estes score and the strain pattern<sup>12</sup>. The new score proposed here takes into account the higher amplitude of the R or S waves on the horizontal plane (in mm), multiplying the value obtained by the QRS measurement (in seconds) where the complex is broader, usually in V<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>3</sub>. The analysis of reproducibility was carried out based on 100 tracings randomly withdrawn for the analysis of the amplitude of the R and S waves and QRS duration. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transthoracic Echocardiogram </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The assessments were carried out at the Service of Doppler Echocardiography of UNIFESP-EPM in an ATL 1500 equipment (USA), using a 2.0 and a 3.5 MHz transducers. The patients was placed on the left lateral decubitus position and the images were obtained from the left parasternal region between the fourth or fifth intercostal spaces and the usual views were obtained for the complete M-mode and two-dimensional study, simultaneously with the ECG register. According to the recommendations of the Penn Convention, the following measurements were performed: size of the LV in systole and diastole, thickness of the interventricular septum and of the posterior wall of the LV at the end of the diastole, final diastolic and systolic volumes, diastolic shortening percentage and ejection fraction by the cube method. The left ventricular mass was calculated by the formula: LV mass = 0.8 X {1.04 [(IVSD + LVDD + PLVWD)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0.6 g<sup>13</sup>, where IVSD is the interventricular septum in diastole, LVDD is the final left ventricular diastolic diameter and PLVWD is the posterior LV wall in diastole. The LV mass was indexed for body surface area to adjust the differences of the heart size to the variations in patient size. Body surface area was calculated by the formula: BSA = (W &#150; 60) X 0.01 + H, where BSA is the body surface area in m<sup>2</sup>, W is the weight in kilograms and H is height in meters<sup>14</sup>. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square height (in meters). The diagnosis of LVH was attained when the LVMI was <underline>&gt;</underline> 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to associate LVMI and the several electrocardiographic criteria that were analyzed. The ROC curve was used to validate the new score proposed here and a cutoff that presented better sensitivity and specificity was established. The reproducibility study was carried out by three observers that interpreted the ECG assessments independently. The Kappa test was used to analyze the several ECG variables<sup>16</sup>. This test is a measurement index for nominal or categorical variables that corrects the observed concordance for the expected one, only due to a matter of probability. Values &gt; 0.75 are considered to be excellent; those below 0.40 show poor concordance and those between 0.40 and 0.75 show good concordance. In order to verify the statistical significance, 95% confidence intervals and p &lt; 0.01 were considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1,204 patients studied, 617 were males (51.2%) and 587 were females (48.8%), with a mean age of 57.4 &#177; 4.7 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows Pearson's correlation among the several assessed electrocardiographic criteria and LVMI. The table shows that the new score is the one that maintains the best performance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the same Pearson's correlation among the assessed electrocardiographic criteria and the LVMI in the general population, separating the patients in two groups: non-obese (BMI &lt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), or 852 patients (70.7%) and obese patients (BMI &gt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), a group represented by 352 patients (29.3% of the sample). As expected, among the obese patients the correlation between the ECG criteria and the LVMI decrease in general<sup>17</sup>. However, the new score is once more the one that presents the best performance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the sensitivity and specificity values of the new score, which was obtained from the ROC curve and the cutoff of 2.8 mm.s was arbitrarily used for the diagnosis of LVH. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a04tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the values of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the five electrocardiographic criteria assessed, as well as of the new score proposed here, based on the assessed sample that consisted of 1,204 hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a04tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0249-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding reproducibility, the level of concordance among the three observers varied from 0.82 to 0.98, considered to be an excellent level of concordance. The first value corresponds to duration of the QRS complex and the last to the amplitude of the R and S waves.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out using the echocardiogram as the gold standard for the diagnosis of LVH. It is unquestionable that this imaging procedure represents a great advancement in the diagnosis of several heart pathologies, including LVH. However, its cost is quite higher than that of the ECG, as well as being less reproducible, as it depends very much on the observer, a fact that restricts its use in epidemiological studies. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, studies that used the anatomical specimen obtained during the necropsy as the gold standard of LVH<sup>8,18</sup> presented higher distortions, as depending on the time and clinical condition of the patient before death, there can be a relevant bias. </p>
      <p>Thus, considering its low cost and excellent reproducibility, the ECG is still important for the diagnosis of LVH, which is why it has been broadly used in clinical studies that involve SAH and LVH<sup>3,19,20</sup>. The same reason justifies and encourages the research of new electrocardiographic methods capable of increasing its diagnostic sensitivity. </p>
      <p>In 1967, Romhilt and Estes<sup>8</sup> studied 90 hypertrophied hearts and 60 normal hearts. The specimens were obtained during necropsies and the ECG tracings had been performed at least 3 months before death. The sensitivity and the specificity of the original study were 57.8% and 96.7%, respectively. In the present sample, the specificity value is similar; however, the sensitivity value is much lower (15.3%), with Pearson's correlation with the LVMI being 0.464.</p>
      <p>The publication of the Sokolow-Lyon voltage criterion<sup>9</sup> dates from 1949 and is still very often used in clinical practice, given its easy applicability. In the original study, the authors studied 200 patients with some heart disorder capable of causing LV stress. The sensitivity and specificity values observed were 32% and 96%, respectively; it is important to note that it was a selected sample. In the present population, the specificity was very high (96.8%), although the sensitivity decreased to 13.4%. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the Cornell voltage criterion<sup>10</sup> presented a sensitivity of 22.2% and specificity of 96.8%. The results were similar regarding the specificity; however, the difference was significant regarding the sensitivity (42% <italic>vs</italic>. 22.2%). Additionally, Pearson's correlation for the same criterion was 0.377, much lower than that of the new score, of 0.564.</p>
      <p>Regarding the Cornell duration criterion<sup>11</sup>, Pearson's correlation was higher (r=0.444), suggesting that the methods that also take into account the duration of the ventricular depolarization, such as the new score, can be more reliable.</p>
      <p>Schillaci et al<sup>12</sup>, in 1994, using the Perugia score for the diagnosis of LVH in the PIUMA study, found a sensitivity of 26% and a specificity of 90%. When testing this same score in the present sample, a sensitivity of 38.6% and a specificity of 89.6% were observed. It was not possible to carry out Pearson's correlation between the Perugia score and the LVMI, considering that it was the score of a qualitative variable.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that Pearson's correlation among all the electrocardiographic criteria assessed with the LVMI lost its strength, as expected, in the group of obese patients<sup>17</sup>. However, the new score presented here also showed a better performance in this group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ECG is a safe, accessible, low-cost complementary test with an excellent reproducibility. Thus, the search for new criteria capable of increasing its diagnostic sensitivity in the detection of LVH must be stimulated and encouraged. The new score proposed here, of which cutoff for the diagnosis of LVH was arbitrarily set at 2.8 mm.s, is easily applicable in clinical practice and presented the best correlation with the LVMI, when compared to some classic electrocardiographic criteria, as well as presenting the best attenuation in the group of obese patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the Master's Degree dissertation submitted by Cleber do Lago Mazzaro, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
