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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dppmqz4SKzFrR6VZLQg3mKt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica muito tardia de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Romerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borba</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knopp</surname>
            <given-names>Francine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cleiton Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>243</fpage>
      <lpage>248</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em longo per&#237;odo, de pacientes submetidos a reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica s&#227;o escassas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo &#233; descrever a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a implante de stent prim&#225;rio. M&#201;TODOS: Entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2003, foi estudada uma coorte n&#227;o concorrente fixa de 202 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade = 61,2 &#177; 7,7 anos; 74,7% homens e 25,3% mulheres) submetidos a implante de stent prim&#225;rio. Foi realizado seguimento cl&#237;nico de todos os pacientes e avaliada a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Foram constru&#237;das curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para os eventos &#243;bito, &#243;bitos/IAM, &#243;bitos/IAM/AVE e cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM). RESULTADOS: Em 91,5% dos pacientes o procedimento foi bem-sucedido. Na fase hospitalar, a mortalidade foi de 3,4%; o reinfarto, de 0,9%; o AVE, de 1,8%; e a RM de urg&#234;ncia, de 1,4%. O seguimento cl&#237;nico variou de 29 a 100 meses (m&#233;dia = 58,7 &#177; 19,7 meses). A estimativa da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito foi de 93,6%; a da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito/IAM, de 89,6%; a da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito/IAM/AVE, de 87,1%; e a da sobrevida livre de ECVM, de 71,3%. CONCLUS&#195;O: O implante de stent prim&#225;rio apresentou excelentes resultados na fase hospitalar. O seguimento cl&#237;nico muito tardio demonstrou que esses bons resultados iniciais foram mantidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica muito tardia de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Jo&#227;o Bosco Oliveira; Carlos Romerio Ferro; Carla Gon&#231;alves Rosa; Luciano Araujo Borba; Francine Knopp; Gustavo Porto Oliveira; Cleiton Ramos Silva; Leopoldo Soares Piegas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em longo per&#237;odo, de pacientes submetidos a reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica s&#227;o escassas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; descrever a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2003, foi estudada uma coorte n&#227;o concorrente fixa de 202 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade = 61,2 &#177; 7,7 anos; 74,7% homens e 25,3% mulheres) submetidos a implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio. Foi realizado seguimento cl&#237;nico de todos os pacientes e avaliada a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Foram constru&#237;das curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para os eventos &#243;bito, &#243;bitos/IAM, &#243;bitos/IAM/AVE e cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em 91,5% dos pacientes o procedimento foi bem-sucedido. Na fase hospitalar, a mortalidade foi de 3,4%; o reinfarto, de 0,9%; o AVE, de 1,8%; e a RM de urg&#234;ncia, de 1,4%. O seguimento cl&#237;nico variou de 29 a 100 meses (m&#233;dia = 58,7 &#177; 19,7 meses). A estimativa da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito foi de 93,6%; a da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito/IAM, de 89,6%; a da sobrevida livre de &#243;bito/IAM/AVE, de 87,1%; e a da sobrevida livre de ECVM, de 71,3%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio apresentou excelentes resultados na fase hospitalar. O seguimento cl&#237;nico muito tardio demonstrou que esses bons resultados iniciais foram mantidos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, angioplastia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos, 7.200.000 pessoas t&#234;m infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). Novos ataques card&#237;acos ocorrem em 700 mil pacientes e ataques recorrentes em 500 mil, anualmente. A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; o principal diagn&#243;stico de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em 879 mil pacientes por ano, e se considerarmos tamb&#233;m como diagn&#243;stico secund&#225;rio, esse n&#250;mero se eleva para 1.555.000. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) resulta em uma a cada cinco mortes nos Estados Unidos, sendo a causa principal ou contribuinte de 653 mil &#243;bitos. Estima-se que a DAC cause 330 mil mortes por ano fora dos hospitais ou no setor de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A oclus&#227;o total de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica, determinada pela presen&#231;a de trombo oclusivo subjacente a uma placa ateroscler&#243;tica, &#233; o substrato fisiopatol&#243;gico, na maioria das vezes, das SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCACST)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo normal da art&#233;ria infartada obstru&#237;da, por meio da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou de fibrinol&#237;ticos, &#233; determinante na evolu&#231;&#227;o tanto precoce como tardia dos pacientes com SCACST<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Resultados da compara&#231;&#227;o entre ICP com implante de <italic>stent</italic> e fibrinol&#237;ticos no tratamento do IAM demonstram que pacientes tratados com <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio evoluem com menores taxas de mortalidade, reinfarto e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) hemorr&#225;gico<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de tr&#234;s ou mais anos de pacientes submetidos a reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica s&#227;o escassas, este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo de pacientes com SCACST submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2003, foi estudada uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de 202 pacientes n&#227;o selecionados (m&#233;dia de idade = 61,2 &#177; 7,7 anos; 74,7% de homens e 25,3% mulheres) submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>Avaliou-se o perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, a localiza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do IAM (anterior, inferior, lateral ou outros), os retardos dor-hospital, chegada ao hospital-eletrocardiografia e tempo porta-bal&#227;o, a primeira glicemia hospitalar e o intervalo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e reperfus&#227;o (definido pelo intervalo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica).</p>
    <p>A ICP foi realizada de acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o, e o procedimento era considerado bem-sucedido quando ocorressem os seguintes crit&#233;rios: les&#227;o residual <underline>&lt;</underline> 20%, fluxo TIMI 3 e aus&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es ou trombos.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia das seguintes complica&#231;&#245;es: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), reinfarto (novo supradesnivelamento do ST ou nova eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina fosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB), insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio de urg&#234;ncia (RM), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (definida por aumento de 25% da creatinina basal ou qualquer aumento maior que 0,5 mg/dl), arritmias ventriculares malignas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada), sangramento maior (redu&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina de 5 g/dl ou mais ou sangramento intracraniano), sangramento menor (queda da hemoglobina entre 3 g/dl e 5 g/dl, hemat&#250;ria macrosc&#243;pica, hematemese &gt; 120 ml), Killip III/IV, bloqueio atrioventricular total, angina p&#243;s-IAM e AVE.</p>
    <p>Seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio foi realizado com o objetivo de descrever a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (&#243;bito, AVE, IAM, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica), por meio de contato telef&#244;nico, question&#225;rios ou contato com os m&#233;dicos assistentes dos pacientes. A partir das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia dos pacientes, foram constru&#237;dos os estimadores de Kaplan-Meier para os eventos &#243;bito, &#243;bito/IAM, &#243;bito/IAM/AVE e &#243;bitos/IAM/AVE/ICP/RM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A eletrocardiografia de admiss&#227;o revelou IAM de regi&#227;o inferior em 49% dos pacientes, anterior em 38%, lateral em 8%, e de outras regi&#245;es em 5%. Estavam na classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip III 2,9% dos pacientes e na IV, 2%. O valor da primeira glicemia foi de 168 &#177; 77 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>O retardo m&#233;dio entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a chegada ao hospital foi de 184 &#177; 158 minutos, o tempo porta-eletrocardiografia foi de 7,5 &#177; 6,4 minutos, o tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi de 105 &#177; 66 minutos, e o tempo sintoma-reperfus&#227;o foi de 289 &#177; 172,5 minutos.</p>
    <p>A ICP foi bem-sucedida em 91,5% dos pacientes. Na fase hospitalar, a mortalidade foi de 3,4%, o reinfarto foi de 0,9%, o AVE foi de 1,8%, e a RM de urg&#234;ncia foi de 1,4%. Quanto ao n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, 54% dos pacientes eram uniarteriais e 46%, bi ou tri-arteriais. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> demonstra as taxas de ocorr&#234;ncia das demais complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares avaliadas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia de todos os pacientes foi obtida com sucesso. O seguimento cl&#237;nico variou de 29 a 100 meses, sendo o tempo m&#233;dio de 58,7 &#177; 19,7 meses.</p>
    <p>No seguimento cl&#237;nico, houve necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 24,2% dos pacientes, sendo 14,8% por ICP e 9,4% por RM.</p>
    <p>As taxas cumulativas de eventos cl&#237;nicos foram as seguintes: &#243;bito de 6,4% (94 meses), &#243;bito/IAM de 10,4% (90 meses), &#243;bito/IAM/AVE de 12,9% (88 meses), e eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) de 28,7% (73 meses).</p>
    <p>As curvas de Kaplan-Meier da probabilidade de &#243;bito, &#243;bito/IAM, &#243;bito/IAM/AVE e ECVM est&#227;o demonstradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02fig01">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02fig02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02fig04">4</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, &#233; descrita a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e tardia de 202 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic>. A partir das curvas de Kaplan-Meier de &#243;bito, &#243;bito/IAM, &#243;bito/IAM/AVE e ECVM, nota-se a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, resultados tardios de pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria, na maioria das vezes, referem-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de 12 a 24 meses<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo <italic>Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications</italic> (CADILLAC) revelou que um subgrupo de 428 pacientes com supradesnivelamento do ST ou novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo que foram randomizados para estrat&#233;gia de ICP prim&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, sem administra&#231;&#227;o de abciximab, apresentou, no final do primeiro ano, taxas de mortalidade de 3,6%, AVE de 0,7%, reinfarto de 2%, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (RLA) de 10,4%, e ECVM de 14,1%<sup>8</sup></p>
    <p>Lemos e cols.<sup>9</sup> demonstraram, na an&#225;lise do registro de 183 pacientes tratados com implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional prim&#225;rio, que a sobrevida livre de ECVM aos 300 dias foi de 83%.</p>
    <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia tardia da art&#233;ria, que no momento da cinecoronariografia do IAM se encontrava obstru&#237;da (TIMI 0 ou 1) e foi aberta com implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio, determina a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no final do primeiro ano, conforme demonstrado no estudo de Halkin e cols.<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, aos 360 dias, os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram reoclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada pelo IAM tiveram mortalidade de 0,8%, reinfarto de 0,4%, AVE de 0%, RLA de 9,8%, e ECVM de 11%<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o da ICP prim&#225;ria com e sem <italic>stent</italic>, em nove estudos com seguimento cl&#237;nico de quatro a doze meses, revelou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade ou reinfarto<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao final de um ano, pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic> t&#234;m na necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio o maior determinante das taxas de ECVM, mais especificamente na RLA, por causa da reestenose<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O seguimento angiogr&#225;fico tardio de pacientes submetidos a implante de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais revelou que o pico da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal ocorre entre seis e doze meses, e que em alguns casos pode at&#233; regredir depois desse per&#237;odo<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 360 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o, a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECVM em pacientes submetidos a <italic>stents</italic> convencionais &#233;, na maioria das vezes, relacionada a progress&#227;o ou instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ou de outros territ&#243;rios vasculares<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida de pacientes submetidos a implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio ao final de um ano varia de 96,4% a 99,2%<sup>9,10</sup>. Por sua vez, Brodie e cols.<sup>12</sup> demonstraram que a sobrevida, em sete anos, de pacientes tamb&#233;m submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria se relaciona com o tempo porta-bal&#227;o e variou de 78,4% a 87,8%. Every e cols.<sup>13</sup> demonstraram que pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria com cateter bal&#227;o (ATC) tiveram sobrevida de 86% em tr&#234;s anos. Zijlstra e cols.<sup>14</sup> demonstraram que a sobrevida em cinco anos de pacientes tratados por ATC prim&#225;ria foi de 87%.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Brodie e cols.<sup>12</sup>, o prolongado tempo porta-bal&#227;o (<underline>&gt;</underline> 2 horas vs &lt; 2 horas) esteve associado a maior mortalidade tardia em pacientes de alto risco e naqueles com retardo dor-hospital <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 horas, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo nos pacientes de baixo risco e naqueles com tempo dor-hospital &gt; 3 horas. Pacientes de alto risco foram definidos como aqueles com classe Killip III/IV, com &gt; 70 anos de idade ou com infarto de regi&#227;o anterior.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise de 2.087 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria com bal&#227;o (77%) ou com <italic>stent</italic> (33%) revelou que ap&#243;s cinco anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o o uso do <italic>stent</italic> foi correlacionado a menor mortalidade (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 0,6 [0,42-0,85])<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que a superposi&#231;&#227;o entre as taxas de mortalidade, reinfarto e RM de urg&#234;ncia na fase hospitalar deste estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s de outras publica&#231;&#245;es sobre ICP prim&#225;ria<sup>16,17 </sup>decorra, entre outros, da semelhan&#231;a do perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, dos intervalos dor-hospital e porta-bal&#227;o, do sucesso do procedimento, e da terapia farmacol&#243;gica adjunta.</p>
    <p>Nessa fase, a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes depende muito de fatores relacionados &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, como, por exemplo, retardo da porta-bal&#227;o, antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, uso de <italic>stents</italic>, treinamento da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista, etc<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que a diferen&#231;a entre a mortalidade tardia deste estudo e de outros estudos da literatura m&#233;dica seja explicada, em parte, por eventuais varia&#231;&#245;es na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria dos pacientes, visto que existe uniformidade entre os estudos nos resultados hospitalares<sup>9,10,12,14</sup>. A maior taxa de reestenose com ATC prim&#225;ria quando comparada ao <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio implica diferen&#231;as na RLA e no objetivo composto ECVM<sup>4</sup>, geralmente at&#233; o final do primeiro ano, por&#233;m n&#227;o pode ser responsabilizada por mortalidade, AVE e ECVM a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a queda mais acentuada da curva de Kaplan-Meier de ECVM no primeiro ano, o que n&#227;o ocorre com as curvas de mortalidade, &#243;bito ou IAM e AVE, &#233; explicada pela reestenose nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>Fatores que influenciam a mortalidade tanto precoce como tardia dos pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria s&#227;o o &#237;ndice de salvamento do mioc&#225;rdio, o remodelamento ventricular e a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, que dependem do tempo e da qualidade da abertura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e da sua pat&#234;ncia tardia<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (coronariana e sist&#234;mica) e poss&#237;veis instabiliza&#231;&#245;es da placa do ateroma em diversos territ&#243;rios vasculares s&#227;o importantes fatores determinantes de mortalidade e ECVM a longo prazo<sup>20</sup>. O implante do <italic>stent</italic> na les&#227;o culpada do IAM n&#227;o tem impacto direto nesses fatores.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, s&#227;o de fundamental import&#226;ncia o tratamento cl&#237;nico e as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para a manuten&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo dos bons resultados hospitalares e ditos tardios (12-24 meses) da ICP prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo as principais: ter sido realizado em centro &#250;nico, o fato de as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar terem sido obtidas por meio de consulta aos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes, a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, e o tamanho da amostra avaliada.</p>
    <p>Estudos adicionais, preferencialmente multic&#234;ntricos e com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirma&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O implante de <italic>stent</italic> prim&#225;rio apresentou excelentes resultados na fase hospitalar. O seguimento cl&#237;nico muito tardio demonstrou que esses bons resultados iniciais foram mantidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos a todos os profissionais dos setores de pronto-socorro cardiol&#243;gico, hemodin&#226;mica e cardiologia invasiva, unidade coronariana e de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dico de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o pela colabora&#231;&#227;o direta ou indireta na realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Ab&#237;lio Soares, 625/64 A - Para&#237;so </p>
        <p> 04005-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="doliveira@hcor.com.br">doliveira@hcor.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dinaldo@cardiol.br">dinaldo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 13/09/07; revisado recebido em 18/10/07; aceito em 01/11/07.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Very late clinical progression of patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Information on the clinical progression, in the long term, of patients submitted to mechanical reperfusion is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the long-term clinical progression of patients submitted to primary stenting. METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 2003 we studied a non-concurring cohort with a fixed population of 202 patients (mean age = 61.2 &#177; 7.7 years; 74.7% males and 25.3% females) submitted to primary stenting. All the patients were followed up clinically and we assessed the occurrence of deaths, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization (MR). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were built for the following events: death, deaths/AMI, deaths/AMI/CVA and major cardiovascular events (MCE). RESULTS: In 91.5% of the patients the procedure was successful. During hospital stay, mortality was 3.4%; reinfarction was 0.9%; CVA was 1.8%; and urgent MR was 1.4%. Clinical follow-up varied from 29 to 100 months (mean = 58.7 &#177; 19.7 months). Death-free survival was estimated at 93.6%; death/AMI-free survival at 89.6%; death-AMI/CVA-free survival at 87.1%; and MCE-free survival at 71.3% CONCLUSION: Primary stenting presented excellent results during hospital stay. Very late clinical follow-up demonstrated that these good initial results have held up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Very late clinical progression of patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary angioplasty</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Jo&#227;o Bosco Oliveira; Carlos Romerio Ferro; Carla Gon&#231;alves Rosa; Luciano Araujo Borba; Francine Knopp; Gustavo Porto Oliveira; Cleiton Ramos Silva; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Information on the clinical progression, in the long term, of patients submitted to mechanical reperfusion is scarce.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective of this study is to describe the long-term clinical progression of patients submitted to primary stenting.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 1998 and December 2003 we studied a non-concurring cohort with a fixed population of 202 patients (mean age = 61.2 &#177; 7.7 years; 74.7% males and 25.3% females) submitted to primary stenting. All the patients were followed up clinically and we assessed the occurrence of deaths, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization (MR). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were built for the following events: death, deaths/AMI, deaths/AMI/CVA and major cardiovascular events (MCE).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In 91.5% of the patients the procedure was successful. During hospital stay, mortality was 3.4%; reinfarction was 0.9%; CVA was 1.8%; and urgent MR was 1.4%. Clinical follow-up varied from 29 to 100 months (mean = 58.7 &#177; 19.7 months). Death-free survival was estimated at 93.6%; death/AMI-free survival at 89.6%; death-AMI/CVA-free survival at 87.1%; and MCE-free survival at 71.3%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Primary stenting presented excellent results during hospital stay. Very late clinical follow-up demonstrated that these good initial results have held up.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction; clinical evaluation; angioplasty.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the United States 7,200,000 people have acute myocardial infarction (AMI). New heart attacks occur in 700,000 patients and another 500,000 suffer recurring attacks every year. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the primary diagnosis for 879,000 patients who are hospitalized every year, and this number rises to 1,555,000 if we consider secondary diagnosis. Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes one out of every five deaths in the United States and is the primary or contributing cause of 653,000 deaths. CAD is estimated to cause 330,000 deaths per year outside hospitals or in emergency rooms<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery due to the presence of an occlusive thrombus underlying an atherosclerotic plaque is mostly the physiopathological substrate of ACS with ST-segment elevation (STEMI)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The restoration of the normal flow of the obstructed infarct-related artery by means of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolytic drugs is a determinant of the early and late progression of patients with STEMI<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Results of a comparison between PCI with stenting and fibrinolytic drugs in the treatment of AMI demonstrate that patients treated with primary stenting progress with lower rates of mortality, reinfarction and hemorrhagic cerebral vascular accidents (CVA)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because the information on the clinical progression over three or more years of patients submitted to mechanical reperfusion is scarce, this study was conducted to assess the long-term clinical progression of patients with STEMI submitted to primary angioplasty with stenting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period from January 1998 through December 2003 we studied a consecutive series with 202 nonselected patients (mean age = 61.2 &#177; 7.7 years; 74.7% male and 25.3% female) submitted to primary angioplasty with stenting.</p>
      <p>We evaluated the clinical profile of patients, the location of the previous AMI on electrocardiogram (anterior, inferior, lateral or other), delays in pain-to-hospital, in presentation to hospital-electrocardiography and in door-to-balloon time, first glycemia in hospital and the interval between the onset of symptoms and reperfusion (defined by the interval between the onset of symptoms and mechanical reperfusion).</p>
      <p>PCI was performed according to the standard technique and the procedure was considered successful when the following criteria were met: residual injury <underline>&lt;</underline> 20%, TIMI 3 flow and absence of dissections or thrombi.</p>
      <p>As regards progression during hospital stay we obtained information on the occurrence of the following complications: congestive heart failure (CHF), reinfarction (new ST-segment elevation or new elevation of creatine phosphokinase MB-fraction), acute mitral insufficiency, urgent surgical myocardial revascularization (MR), atrial fibrillation, acute renal failure (defined as a 25% increase in baseline creatinine or any increase greater than 0.5 mg/dl), malignant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia), major bleeding (reduction of hemoglobin by 5 g/dl or greater or intracranial bleeding), minor bleeding (reduction of hemoglobin between 3 g/dl and 5 g/dl, macroscopic hematuria, hematemesis &gt; 120 ml), Killip III/IV, complete atrioventricular block, post-AMI angina and CVA.</p>
      <p>Late clinical follow-up was conducted with the objective of describing the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (death, CVA, AMI, new percutaneous or surgical revascularization) by means of telephone contact, questionnaires or contact with the physicians who assisted the patients. Based on the information about the late progression of patients the Kaplan-Meier estimators were built for the following events: death, death/AMI, death/AMI/CVA and death/AMI/CVA/PCI/MR. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of patients are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Electrocardiography on admission revealed inferior AMI in 49% of the patients, anterior in 38%, lateral in 8%, and AMI in other regions in 5% of the patients; 2.9% of the patients were classified as Killip III and 2% were classified as Killip IV. The value of the first glycemia was 168 &#177; 77 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>The average delay between the onset of symptoms and the arrival at hospital was 184 &#177; 158 minutes; the door-to-electrocardiography time was 7.5 &#177; 6.4 minutes; the door-to-balloon time was 105 &#177; 66 minutes, and the symptom-to-reperfusion time was 289 &#177; 172.5 minutes. </p>
      <p>PCI was successful in 91.5% of the patients. During hospital stay, mortality rate was 3.4%; reinfarction rate was 0.9%; CVA rate was 1.8%, and urgent MR rate was 1.4%. As for the number of vessels affected 54% of the patients had uniarterial lesions and 46% had biarterial and triarterial lesions. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the rates of occurrence of other hospital-related complications assessed. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The late clinical progression of all the patients was successfully obtained. The clinical follow-up varied from 29 to 100 months, and the mean follow-up period was 58.7 &#177; 19.7 months. </p>
      <p>In the clinical follow-up, myocardial revascularization was required in 24.2% of the patients; PCI was employed in 14.8% and MR was employed in 9.4%.</p>
      <p>Cumulative rates of clinical events were the following: death &#150; 6.4% (94 months), death/AMI &#150; 10.4% (90 months), death/AMI/CVA &#150; 12.9% (88 months), and major cardiovascular events (MCE) 28.7% (73 months).</p>
      <p>Kaplan-Meier curves for the probabilities of death, death/AMI, death/AMI/CVA and MCE are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a02fig01-body2">figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a02fig02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a02fig03-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a02fig04-body2">4</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a02fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a02fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a02fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a02fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0243-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we describe the progression during hospital stay and in late follow-up of 202 patients submitted to primary angioplasty with stenting. The Kaplan-Meier curves of death, death/AMI, death/AMI/CVA and MCE, evidence the good clinical progression of these patients in the long term. </p>
      <p>In the literature, late results of patients submitted to primary PCI refer mostly to the clinical progression within 12 to 24 months<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this context, the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) study revealed that a subgroup of 428 patients with ST-elevation or a new left bundle branch block that were randomized for primary PCI with stenting with no administration of abciximab had, at the end of the first year, a mortality rate of 3.6%; CVA rate of 0.7%; reinfarction rate of 2%; new revascularization of the target lesion (RTL) rate of 10.4%; and MCE of 14.1%<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p> In the analysis of the records of 183 patients treated with primary conventional stenting, Lemos et al<sup>9</sup> demonstrated that the 300-day MCE-free survival rate was 83%.</p>
      <p>The maintenance of the late patency of the artery that at the time of AMI coronary angiography was obstructed (TIMI 0 or 1) and was held open with primary stenting determines the good clinical progression at the end of the first year as demonstrated on the study by Halkin et al<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, at 360 days, patients who didn't present reocclusion of the AMI-related artery had a mortality rate of 0.8%; reinfarction rate of 0.4%; CVA rate of 0%; RTL rate of 9.8%; and MCE rate of 11%<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Comparison between primary PCI with stenting and without stenting in nine studies with a four to twelve-month clinical follow-up revealed that there were no differences in the mortality and reinfarction rates<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>By the end of one year, the higher determinant of MCE rates, more specifically in the RTL for patients submitted to primary PCI with stenting, was the need for a second myocardial revascularization procedure due to reestenosis<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Late follow-up on angiography of patients submitted to conventional stenting revealed that the peak of neointimal proliferation takes place between six and twelve months and in some cases may regress after this period<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>After 360 days of progression, the occurrence of MCE in patients submitted to conventional stenting is mostly related to progression or destabilization of atherosclerotic disease in coronary arteries or other vascular sites<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The survival of patients submitted to primary stenting at the end of one year varies from 96.4% to 99.2%<sup>9,10</sup>. In their turn, Brodie et al<sup>12</sup> demonstrated that the survival rate in seven years of patients also submitted to primary PCI is related to the door-to-balloon time and varied from 78.4% to 87.8%. Every et al<sup>13</sup> demonstrated that patients submitted to primary PCI with balloon catheter (PTCA) had a survival rate of 86% in three years. Zijlstra et al<sup>14</sup> demonstrated that the five-year survival rate for patients treated with primary PTCA was 87%.</p>
      <p>In the study by Brodie et al<sup>12</sup>, the prolonged door-to-balloon time (<underline>&gt;</underline> 2 hours <italic>vs</italic> &lt; 2 hours) was associated with a higher late mortality in high-risk patients and in those with pain-to-hospital delay <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 hours; however, this was not the case for low-risk patients and for those with pain-to-hospital time &gt; 3 hours. High-risk patients were defined as those classified as Killip III/IV, above 70 years of age or with anterior wall infarction. </p>
      <p>The analysis of 2,087 patients submitted to primary balloon angioplasty (77%) or stenting (33%) revealed that after five years of progression the use of stenting correlated with lower mortality rates (odds ratio [OR] = 0.6 [0.42-0.85])<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is possible that the overlapping of mortality, reinfarction and urgent MR rates during hospital stay in this study, as compared with other published material about primary PCI<sup>16,17</sup>, results, among other factors, from the similar clinical profile of the patients, from the pain-to-hospital and door-to-balloon times, from the success of the procedure and from the adjunct pharmacotherapy.</p>
      <p>In this phase, the progression of patients depends greatly on factors relating to primary PCI such as, for example, the door-to-balloon delay, platelet antiaggregation therapy, stenting, training of the interventionists of the cardiology team, etc<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is possible that the difference between the late mortality of this study and others in medical literature may be partly explained by occasional variations in the secondary prevention of patients, since there is consistency among studies as regards results for the hospitalizations phase<sup>9,10,12,14</sup>. The highest rate of restenosis with primary PTCA as compared with primary stenting, implies differences in RTL and in the compounded MCE<sup>4</sup> objective, typically by the end of the first year, but cannot be blamed for the long term mortality, CVA and MCE. </p>
      <p>In this study, a sharper drop in the Kaplan-Meier curve for MCE, but not in the mortality, death, AMI and CVA curves in the first year can be explained by restenosis in this period.</p>
      <p>Factors that influence early and late mortality alike of those patients submitted to primary PCI are the myocardial salvage rate, ventricular remodeling and electrical stabilization which depend on the time and quality of the lumen of the coronary artery and its late patency<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Progression of atherosclerotic disease (coronary and systemic) and potential destabilization of the atheromatous plaque is several vascular sites are major determinants of long-term mortality and MCE<sup>20</sup>. Stenting in the AMI-related lesion does not impact these factors. </p>
      <p>In this context, clinical treatment and secondary prevention measures are essential to maintain the good outcomes obtained during hospitalization in the long term and the so-called late outcomes (12-24 months) of primary PCI.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations, of which the following stand out: it was conducted in a single center; the information about progression during hospital stay was obtained from the patients' records; there was no information about the medication used in secondary prevention. Another limitation is also the size of the sample studied. </p>
      <p>Additional studies, preferably multicenter ones with a larger number of patients are required to confirm these results. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Primary stenting presented excellent results during hospital stay. Very late clinical follow-up demonstrated that these good initial results persisted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We are deeply thankful to all the practitioners of the cardiology emergency room, hemodynamics and invasive cardiology, the medical record departments, and the coronary unit of our institution for their direct or indirect cooperation in this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
