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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZkX5DstVDfrTZQFYvSwWh6D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Emprego do suporte cardiopulmonar com bomba centr&#237;fuga e oxigenador de membrana em cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Moreira Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corso</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faber</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>237</fpage>
      <lpage>242</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana &#233; um m&#233;todo de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos, pulmonares ou ambos, consagrado em centros internacionais. OBJETIVOS: Descrever diversos aspectos relacionados ao suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana em um servi&#231;o de cirurgia cardiovascular nacional e determinar seus resultados imediatos e tardios. M&#201;TODOS: Entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2007, 10 pacientes foram submetidos a suporte circulat&#243;rio e/ou respirat&#243;rio em candidatos ou submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica, com idade mediana de 58,5 dias (40% de neonatos) e peso mediano de 3,9 kg. O suporte foi mantido com a inten&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o e desmame, de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos di&#225;rios. O suporte foi descontinuado nos pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante, com incapacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o e com sobrevida limitada, de acordo com julgamento multidisciplinar. RESULTADOS: O suporte circulat&#243;rio foi utilizado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de opera&#231;&#245;es corretivas ou paliativas em 80% e no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio no restante. Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave irresponsiva (40%), fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica na sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (20%) e parada card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (20%) foram as indica&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia em suporte circulat&#243;rio foi de 58 &#177; 37 horas. O suporte foi retirado com sucesso em 50% e 30% obtiveram alta hospitalar. A sobrevida atuarial foi de 40%, 30% e 20% aos 30 dias, 3 meses e 24 meses, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana foi um m&#233;todo eficaz e &#250;til na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e pulmonares graves no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com oxigenador de membrana</kwd>
        <kwd>procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Emprego do suporte cardiopulmonar com bomba centr&#237;fuga e oxigenador de membrana em cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando A. Atik; Rodrigo Santos de Castro; Fabiana Moreira Passos Succi; Maria Regina Barros; Cristina Afiune; Guilherme de Menezes Succi; Ricardo B. Corso; Cristiano N. Faber; Jorge Y. Afiune; Luiz Fernando Caneo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana &#233; um m&#233;todo de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos, pulmonares ou ambos, consagrado em centros internacionais. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Descrever diversos aspectos relacionados ao suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana em um servi&#231;o de cirurgia cardiovascular nacional e determinar seus resultados imediatos e tardios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2007, 10 pacientes foram submetidos a suporte circulat&#243;rio e/ou respirat&#243;rio em candidatos ou submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica, com idade mediana de 58,5 dias (40% de neonatos) e peso mediano de 3,9 kg. O suporte foi mantido com a inten&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o e desmame, de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos di&#225;rios. O suporte foi descontinuado nos pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante, com incapacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o e com sobrevida limitada, de acordo com julgamento multidisciplinar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O suporte circulat&#243;rio foi utilizado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de opera&#231;&#245;es corretivas ou paliativas em 80% e no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio no restante. Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave irresponsiva (40%), fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica na sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (20%) e parada card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (20%) foram as indica&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia em suporte circulat&#243;rio foi de 58 &#177; 37 horas. O suporte foi retirado com sucesso em 50% e 30% obtiveram alta hospitalar. A sobrevida atuarial foi de 40%, 30% e 20% aos 30 dias, 3 meses e 24 meses, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana foi um m&#233;todo eficaz e &#250;til na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e pulmonares graves no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com oxigenador de membrana, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos cardiovasculares, cirurgia tor&#225;cica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O suporte cardiopulmonar com o uso de bomba centr&#237;fuga ou de rolete acoplada a um oxigenador &#233; conhecido como ECMO (<italic>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</italic>). Suas principais indica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o o suporte respirat&#243;rio, principalmente na s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria, e o suporte cardiopulmonar no choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-cardiotomia, na parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e como ponte para um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria prolongado ou transplante card&#237;aco e/ou pulmonar.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo no contexto de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular, insere-se na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e na pronta corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos graves refrat&#225;rios a medidas convencionais. O momento ideal de indica&#231;&#227;o da ECMO varia de acordo com o centro, sendo decidido individualmente. Diferentes estudos<sup>1</sup> sugerem esse fator como um dos respons&#225;veis por resultados adversos associados &#224; assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, necessitando de abordagem padronizada.</p>
    <p>A grande experi&#234;ncia adquirida e os progressos crescentes dessa &#225;rea em centros internacionais<sup>1-6</sup> nortearam o desenvolvimento desse m&#233;todo em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivos descrever diversos aspectos relacionados ao implante de ECMO pedi&#225;trica em um servi&#231;o de cirurgia cardiovascular nacional, que se caracteriza pelo atendimento integrado de adultos e crian&#231;as, e determinar seus resultados imediatos e tardios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre outubro de 2005 e janeiro de 2007, 11 pacientes foram submetidos a ECMO como modo de suporte circulat&#243;rio e/ou respirat&#243;rio em pacientes candidatos ou submetidos a cirurgia cardiovascular. Desse total, 10 pacientes eram portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, constituindo a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. O sexo masculino predominou em 6 (60%) pacientes, a idade mediana foi de 58,5 dias (3 dias a 8,3 anos), e 4 (40%) pacientes encontravam-se no per&#237;odo neonatal. O peso mediano foi de 3,9 kg, variando entre 2,7 kg e 22 kg.</p>
    <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos anat&#244;micos dos pacientes est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a01tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Nota-se que 3 (30%) pacientes apresentavam fisiologia univentricular.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a01tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0237-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados perioperat&#243;rios foram colhidos retrospectivamente dos prontu&#225;rios e o seguimento foi realizado por meio de consultas cl&#237;nicas peri&#243;dicas acompanhadas de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Este trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o requereu o termo de consentimento esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica de implante e condu&#231;&#227;o da ECMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o dos materiais do circuito, dos modos de introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas e do protocolo de condu&#231;&#227;o da ECMO pode ser encontrada em publica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas<sup>7,8</sup>. Em resumo, o circuito &#233; baseado em uma bomba centr&#237;fuga (Bio-Pump BP-80, Medtronic BioMedicus, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, Estados Unidos) em conjunto com um oxigenador (Jostra Quadrox, Maquet Cardiopulmonary AG, Hirrlinger, Alemanha). A introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas foi preferencialmente central, na aorta ascendente e no &#225;trio direito em 8 pacientes (80%). Os outros 2 pacientes foram submetidos a implante de ECMO atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita e da veia jugular interna sem abertura do t&#243;rax em um deles, e da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita e de ambos os &#225;trios no outro.</p>
    <p>Heparina foi administrada previamente ao implante das c&#226;nulas e de forma cont&#237;nua quando o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado atingia 250 segundos, a fim de mant&#234;-lo entre 150 e 200 segundos. Todos os pacientes foram mantidos sedados, sob ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica orotraqueal e com o esterno aberto, sendo uma membrana de silicone suturada nos bordos da ferida operat&#243;ria. O suporte cardiopulmonar foi mantido com a inten&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o e desmame, de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos di&#225;rios. A indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante foi considerada nos casos em que a recupera&#231;&#227;o era improv&#225;vel, excluindo les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica grave e infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ativa. O suporte foi descontinuado em pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante, com incapacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o e de sobrevida limitada, de acordo com julgamento multidisciplinar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas por meio de freq&#252;&#234;ncias e porcentagens e as cont&#237;nuas, por meio de m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. Medianas foram utilizadas para amostras com distribui&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea. A sobrevida atuarial foi obtida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, utilizando o programa estat&#237;stico JMP 5.0 for SAS Institute (Cary, North Carolina, Estados Unidos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os motivos pelos quais houve necessidade de ECMO nesses 10 pacientes foram variados. O implante ocorreu no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de opera&#231;&#245;es corretivas ou paliativas em 8 pacientes (80%), e no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio nos 2 restantes, em um dos quais nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o foi realizada. Tratava-se de paciente com s&#237;ndrome de Williams com hipoplasia significativa da aorta ascendente e vasos da base, impossibilitando qualquer tipo de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>A ECMO foi indicada em decorr&#234;ncia de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave irresponsiva a medidas habituais no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em 4 (40%) pacientes, de s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-cardiotomia na sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em 2 (20%) pacientes, de falha da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em 2 (20%) pacientes, e de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria grave em um paciente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares e hip&#243;xia importante com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de tetralogia de Fallot com agenesia de valva pulmonar, como forma de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Um dos pacientes que apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi submetido a per&#237;odo tempor&#225;rio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea convencional, na tentativa de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, antes do implante de ECMO. O implante foi executado mais freq&#252;entemente no centro cir&#250;rgico (50%) e na unidade de terapia intensiva (40%). O paciente restante apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico e a ECMO foi implantada na sala de hemodin&#226;mica. O intervalo mediano de tempo entre o evento desencadeador da indica&#231;&#227;o e o in&#237;cio da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria foi de 20 minutos (0 a 180 minutos). Todos os pacientes apresentavam hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual grave, com lactato s&#233;rico m&#233;dio de 12,4 &#177; 4,4 mmol/l.</p>
    <p>Durante a condu&#231;&#227;o da ECMO, o fluxo arterial m&#225;ximo foi de 147 &#177; 37 ml/kg/min, levando &#224; normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados de perfus&#227;o tecidual nas pr&#243;ximas quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante em todos os pacientes. O sangramento foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente. Foi necess&#225;ria a revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia em 8 (80%) pacientes, sendo uma vez em 5, duas vezes em 2 e tr&#234;s vezes em um paciente. As causas de sangramento estiveram relacionadas a coagulopatia em todos os pacientes, tendo sido associado a fratura esternal em 2 e a sangramento da aorta ao redor da c&#226;nula arterial em um paciente. A quantidade m&#233;dia transfundida de concentrado de hem&#225;ceas foi de 450 &#177; 269 ml/kg, de plasma fresco congelado foi de 135 &#177; 91 ml/kg, de concentrado de plaquetas foi de 236 &#177; 150 ml/kg, e de crioprecipitado foi de 12 &#177; 9,7 ml/kg.</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia em ECMO foi de 58 &#177; 37 horas. O suporte cardiopulmonar foi retirado com sucesso em 5 (50%) pacientes e 3 (30%) obtiveram alta hospitalar. As causas de morte estiveram relacionadas a choque cardiog&#234;nico e disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas em todos, agravadas por hemorragia alveolar em um paciente e por coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada em outro. Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ocorreu em 6 pacientes, sepse em 3 e s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria em 2. Nenhum paciente foi colocado em lista para transplante pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submetidos a ECMO mantiveram o t&#243;rax aberto pelo per&#237;odo total de suporte, al&#233;m de um tempo adicional para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e controle de eventual sangramento. O t&#243;rax foi fechado na unidade de terapia intensiva em todos os casos. Apesar de o tempo mediano de t&#243;rax aberto ter sido de cinco dias (varia&#231;&#227;o de 12 horas a 26 dias), n&#227;o ocorreu nenhum caso de mediastinite. Os tempos medianos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva e de total p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram, respectivamente, de 8,5 dias, 15 dias e 26,5 dias.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida atuarial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) foi de 40%, 30% e 20% aos 30 dias, 3 meses e 24 meses, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 11 &#177; 9 meses, 2 dos 3 sobreviventes encontram-se em bom estado geral, em classe funcional I. O ecocardiograma de controle revelou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, sem defeitos residuais. Um &#250;nico paciente faleceu dois meses ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene, em decorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0237-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana vem sendo utilizado com alguns resultados satisfat&#243;rios em grandes centros mundiais h&#225; anos<sup>1-6</sup>. Em nosso meio, seu desenvolvimento e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica s&#227;o limitados, estando restritos a poucos centros de alta complexidade<sup>8</sup>. De qualquer forma, a ECMO no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular &#233; um m&#233;todo eficaz no controle de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas<sup>9 </sup>ou respirat&#243;rias graves<sup>10</sup>, possibilitando recupera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>11</sup> ou ponte para transplante em casos selecionados<sup>12-14</sup>. A maior experi&#234;ncia mundial com o m&#233;todo ocorre em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Todavia, o uso de ECMO em pacientes adultos tem aplicabilidade importante, tanto na insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria grave como na assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, com inten&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o, ponte para outro dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria prolongada ou ponte para transplante. O uso de ECMO em pacientes adultos no Primeiro Mundo s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; maior pela ampla disponibilidade de ventr&#237;culos artificiais, cuja experi&#234;ncia brasileira se restringe a casos isolados.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, o uso de ECMO restringiu-se a uma popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente pedi&#225;trica, sendo 40% neonatos e 30% com fisiologia univentricular. Adotando um protocolo de condu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que seguiu normas internacionais<sup>7,8</sup>, 50% dos pacientes tiveram a ECMO retirada com sucesso e 30% obtiveram alta hospitalar. A sobrevida tardia corroborou a efic&#225;cia do m&#233;todo nos sobreviventes.</p>
    <p>Esses dados s&#227;o concordantes com os de um registro internacional<sup>15</sup>, cujos centros cadastrados enviam seus resultados voluntariamente. Entretanto, a casu&#237;stica deste estudo n&#227;o permite corroborar a superioridade da ECMO quando a indica&#231;&#227;o for puramente respirat&#243;ria, como acontece em outros estudos<sup>16</sup>. Os dados mais recentes do registro internacional de desmame e alta hospitalar foram 42% e 37% ap&#243;s cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica e 77% e 55% para causas respirat&#243;rias. Todavia, os resultados da ECMO variam de acordo com o centro, refletindo v&#225;rios tipos de indica&#231;&#227;o e fatores adversos relacionados ao paciente. Alsoufi e cols.<sup>17</sup> identificaram os seguintes fatores de risco de mortalidade: idade, peso, tipo de assist&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia, fisiologia univentricular, reexplora&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es, sepse, e insufici&#234;ncia tanto renal como respirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Conforme pode ser observado neste trabalho, as indica&#231;&#245;es de ECMO podem ser variadas. A indica&#231;&#227;o principal foi instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o, caracteristicamente, manifesta-se por hipoperfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, usualmente corroborada por ecocardiografia, apesar de reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, suporte inotr&#243;pico e manejo ventilat&#243;rio<sup>6</sup>. A inabilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o do problema e a pronta ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas terap&#234;uticas levam a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de colapso cardiocirculat&#243;rio e parada card&#237;aca. Esta &#250;ltima foi a segunda maior indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO em nossa experi&#234;ncia, assim como a fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica na sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Del Nido<sup>18</sup> definiu os crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria como institui&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, falta de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 20 minutos do in&#237;cio da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para ECMO, tais como sepse, les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica grave e insufici&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. Tecnicamente, a institui&#231;&#227;o de ECMO durante a parada card&#237;aca &#233; mais complicada, pois necessita pronta prepara&#231;&#227;o do circuito, treinamento constante de pessoal multiprofissional e coordena&#231;&#227;o da equipe para o implante &#224; beira do leito. A introdu&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas pode ser central, necessitando de abertura do t&#243;rax, ou perif&#233;rica, atrav&#233;s de vasos cervicais ou femorais. Apesar da necessidade de organiza&#231;&#227;o log&#237;stica, o uso de ECMO durante a parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria deve ser incentivado<sup>19-21</sup>, pois &#233; uma forma eficaz de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e o resultado da mesma &#233; semelhante ao da ECMO por demais causas<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conceito de indica&#231;&#227;o eletiva ou semi-eletiva da ECMO vem ganhando popularidade. Na realidade, propor a ado&#231;&#227;o universal dessa pr&#225;tica segue crit&#233;rios intuitivos, a fim de possibilitar a reversibilidade do choque circulat&#243;rio. Certamente, o insucesso da ECMO &#233; diretamente proporcional &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os<sup>1,4</sup>. Quanto maior o tempo de assist&#234;ncia, maiores ser&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que invariavelmente ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis na microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Esses fatores estimularam alguns grupos a utilizar a ECMO rotineiramente ap&#243;s cirurgias neonatais complexas, como o primeiro est&#225;gio de Norwood<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es da ECMO est&#227;o relacionadas, principalmente, &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o do sangue a superf&#237;cies n&#227;o-endoteliais, especialmente o oxigenador de membrana. Ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata inflamat&#243;ria e da coagula&#231;&#227;o, hem&#243;lise e gera&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos, todos contribuindo para les&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. O uso de oxigenadores de membrana com melhor perfil<sup>24</sup> e de circuitos revestidos de heparina pode minimizar essas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A complica&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente, como demonstrado neste trabalho, &#233; o sangramento causado normalmente por altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o e pela manuten&#231;&#227;o do t&#243;rax aberto, expondo grande &#225;rea cruenta aos efeitos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Extremamente importante &#233; manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 150 e 200 segundos, a contagem de plaquetas acima de 100 mil e os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio acima de 100 mg/dl. O uso de hemocomponentes &#233; importante, a fim de garantir o transporte de oxig&#234;nio adequado aos tecidos com hemat&#243;crito acima de 35% e de repor o consumo de fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o. A revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de hemostasia deve ser realizada assim que haja grande volume de sangramento agudo, persist&#234;ncia de sangramento por v&#225;rias horas seguidas ou sinais de tamponamento card&#237;aco. O limiar para indica&#231;&#227;o nesta experi&#234;ncia &#233; baixo, sendo a revis&#227;o realizada &#224; beira do leito da terapia intensiva em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es renais usualmente n&#227;o constituem problema. A recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normalmente ocorre com a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o tecidual, mantendo press&#227;o de pulso adequada. Caso haja disfun&#231;&#227;o renal persistente, um hemofiltro pode ser adicionado ao circuito para remover fluidos e corrigir dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos e &#225;cido-b&#225;sicos. Como qualquer paciente grave, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da nutri&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Da mesma forma, a constante vigil&#226;ncia e o uso liberal de antibi&#243;ticos s&#227;o importantes no tratamento das infec&#231;&#245;es, que podem levar, com facilidade, a quadros s&#233;pticos<sup>25</sup>. A grande propens&#227;o a esses problemas pode ser explicada pela imunossupress&#227;o causada pela pr&#243;pria assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, pela grande invas&#227;o com o uso de cateteres e c&#226;nulas, pela presen&#231;a de t&#243;rax aberto, pela ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada e pela transloca&#231;&#227;o bacteriana.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha sido avaliado especificamente neste trabalho, o custo da ECMO &#233; elevado, incluindo uso de material e atendimento ao paciente. Apesar de a ECMO ser inclu&#237;da nos c&#243;digos de procedimento dos conv&#234;nios m&#233;dicos e do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), o valor pago por esses provedores de sa&#250;de &#233; insuficiente. Entretanto, a ECMO provou ser um m&#233;todo eficaz, permitindo a sobrevida de alguns pacientes que n&#227;o teriam outra op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel de tratamento. Acreditamos que o custo do tratamento n&#227;o deva ser um argumento negativo do m&#233;todo, privando eventuais pacientes da real possibilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o ou de ponte para transplante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O suporte cardiopulmonar com oxigenador de membrana mostrou ser um m&#233;todo eficaz e &#250;til na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e pulmonares graves no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular. A forma&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe multiprofissional experiente e entrosada &#233; fundamental na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de complica&#231;&#245;es que possam abreviar a sobrevida. Nesse contexto, &#233; extremamente importante acumular experi&#234;ncias em diversos centros na forma de um banco de dados nacional, a fim de determinar diretrizes de conduta. No futuro, revis&#245;es peri&#243;dicas desses dados poder&#227;o racionalizar os recursos em centros de refer&#234;ncia que se dediquem &#224; alta complexidade de atendimento cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores mostram-se agradecidos aos seguintes profissionais que viabilizaram a organiza&#231;&#227;o de um programa de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica: perfusionistas Henrique Marangone N. Sampaio, Denise Lopes Costa, Mateus de Souza Santos e Karina Pereira Michelette; equipe de enfermagem, chefiada por Gladis Aparecida de Faria; e equipe de fisioterapia, chefiada por Aida Turquetto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando A. Atik </p>
        <p> Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque s/n </p>
        <p> Brasilia, DF - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atikf@mac.com">atikf@mac.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/03/07; revisado recebido em 23/10/07; aceito em 05/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of centrifugal pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as cardiopulmonary support in pediatric cardiovascular surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a well-documented resuscitation method in patients with severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory impairment. OBJECTIVE: To describe several aspects related to the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a pediatric heart center and determine its immediate and late outcomes. METHODS: Between October 2005 and January 2007, 10 patients who were submitted to pediatric cardiac surgery underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implant. Median age was 58.5 days (40% neonates) and median body weight was 3.9 kg. Circulatory assistance was initiated aiming at the recovery and the weaning protocols followed daily clinical and echocardiographic criteria. Support was discontinued when transplant was contraindicated, when the patient was unable to recover or when survival was considered to be limited by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was employed after corrective or palliative heart surgery in 80% and preoperatively in the remaining ones. It was most often indicated for irresponsive hemodynamic instability (40%), post-cardiotomy shock (20%) and post-cardiac arrest (20%). The mean duration on support was 58 &#177; 37 hours. Weaning was successfully in 50% of the cases and 30% were discharged home. Actuarial survival was 40%, 30% and 20% at 30 days, 3 months and 24 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective and useful tool for the resuscitation of patients presenting severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory failure in the perioperative period of pediatric cardiovascular surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tit-body2"/>Use of centrifugal pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as cardiopulmonary cupport in pediatric cardiovascular surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando A. Atik; Rodrigo Santos de Castro; Fabiana Moreira Passos Succi; Maria Regina Barros; Cristina Afiune; Guilherme de Menezes Succi; Ricardo B. Corso; Cristiano N. Faber; Jorge Y. Afiune; Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a well-documented resuscitation method in patients with severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory impairment.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To describe several aspects related to the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a pediatric heart center and determine its immediate and late outcomes.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between October 2005 and January 2007, 10 patients who were submitted to pediatric cardiac surgery underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implant. Median age was 58.5 days (40% neonates) and median body weight was 3.9 kg. Circulatory assistance was initiated aiming at the recovery and the weaning protocols followed daily clinical and echocardiographic criteria. Support was discontinued when transplant was contraindicated, when the patient was unable to recover or when survival was considered to be limited by a multidisciplinary team.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was employed after corrective or palliative heart surgery in 80% and preoperatively in the remaining ones. It was most often indicated for irresponsive hemodynamic instability (40%), post-cardiotomy shock (20%) and post-cardiac arrest (20%). The mean duration on support was 58 &#177; 37 hours. Weaning was successfully in 50% of the cases and 30% were discharged home. Actuarial survival was 40%, 30% and 20% at 30 days, 3 months and 24 months, respectively. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective and useful tool for the resuscitation of patients presenting severe hemodynamic and/or respiratory failure in the perioperative period of pediatric cardiovascular surgery. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; Thoracic Surgery </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary support with a centrifugal or peristaltic pump coupled to an oxygenator is known as ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation). Its main indications are respiratory support, especially in respiratory distress syndrome and cardiopulmonary support in post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock, cardiorespiratory arrest and as a bridge to a prolonged circulatory assistance device or heart and/or lung transplant. </p>
      <p>The use of this device in the context of patients submitted to cardiovascular surgery is related to the early identification and prompt correction of severe hemodynamic disorders that are refractory to conventional measures. The ideal moment for the ECMO indication varies according to the center, being decided on an individual basis. Different studies<sup>1</sup> have implicated this factor, among others, as being responsible for adverse results associated to circulatory assistance, requiring a standardized approach. </p>
      <p>The large experience acquired as well as the increasing progress in this area in international centers<sup>1-6</sup> has directed the development of this method in our country. </p>
      <p>The objectives of this study were to describe several aspects related to the implant of pediatric ECMO in a national Service of Cardiovascular Surgery characterized by the integrated assistance to adults and children and determine its immediate and late outcomes. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between October 2005 and January 2007, 11 patients were submitted to the ECMO as a mode of circulatory and/or respiratory support in patients that were candidate or submitted to cardiovascular surgery. Of these, 10 patients had congenital cardiopathies, which constitute our study sample. The male sex was predominant in 6 patients (60%) and median age was 58.5 days (3 days to 8.3 years). Four patients (40%) were neonates. Median weight was 3.9 kg, ranging from 2.7 and 22 kg. </p>
      <p>The patients' anatomical diagnoses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a01tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Three of the patients (30%) had univentricular physiology.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a01tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0237-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The perioperative data were collected retrospectively from the patients' files and the follow-up was carried out through regular clinical consultations followed by echocardiographic assessment. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of our institution, which did not require the informed consent form. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ECMO implantation and procedure technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The description of the circuit materials, cannula introduction techniques and the protocol of the ECMO procedure can be found in specific literature publications<sup>7,8</sup>. In summary, the circuit is based on a centrifugal pump (Bio-Pump BP-80, Medtronic BioMedicus, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) together with an oxygenator (Jostra Quadrox, Maquet Cardiopulmonary AG, Hirrlinger, Germany). The cannula introduction was preferentially central, in the ascending aorta and the right atrium, in 8 patients (80%). The 2 remaining patients were submitted to the ECMO transplant through the right carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, without the need for open-chest procedures in one and right carotid artery and both atriums in the other. </p>
      <p>Heparin was administrated before the cannula implant and continuously when the activated coagulation time (ACT) reached 250 seconds, in order to keep ACT between 150 and 200 sec. All patients were kept sedated, under orotracheal mechanical ventilation and with an open sternum, with a silicon membrane sutured around the borders of the surgical wound. Cardiopulmonary support was maintained with the aim of recovery and weaning according to the daily echocardiographic and clinical criteria. The indication for transplant was considered in cases when recovery was unlikely, excluding severe neurological injury and active systemic infection. The support was discontinued in patients with no indication for transplant, in those unable to recover and patients with limited survival according to the multidisciplinary team's decision.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The categorical variables were expressed by frequencies and percentages and the continuous variables by means and standard deviations. Medians were used for samples with heterogeneous distribution. The actuarial survival was obtained through the Kaplan Meier method, using the statistical software JMP 5.0 for SAS Institute, Cary, NC. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ten patients needed the ECMO due to varied reasons. The implant was performed in the postoperative period of corrective or palliative surgeries in 8 patients (80%) and during the preoperative period in the remaining 2 patients, with one of the latter not undergoing any intervention. This was a patient with Williams syndrome and important hypoplasia of the ascending aorta, which prevented any type of surgical correction. </p>
      <p>The ECMO was indicated due to severe hemodynamic instability that did not respond to the routine measures in postoperative period in 4 (40%) patients, post-cardiotomy syndrome at the extracorporeal circulation outlet in 2 (20%) patients, failure of cardiac resuscitation after cardiorespiratory arrest in 2 (20%) patients, severe respiratory failure in one patient in the postoperative period after the surgical correction of total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins and important hypoxia with hemodynamic instability in the postoperative period after the surgical correction of the Tetralogy of Fallot with agenesis of the pulmonary valve, as a means of clinical stabilization. One of the patients that presented cardiorespiratory arrest was submitted to a temporary period of conventional extracorporeal circulation in an attempt to recover the cardiac function, before the ECMO implant.</p>
      <p>The implant was carried out more frequently at the surgical center (50%) and at the Intensive Care Unit (40%). The remaining patient presented cardiorespiratory arrest while undergoing a diagnostic cardiac catheterization and the ECMO was implanted at the hemodynamic room. The median time interval between the onset of the event that triggered the indication and the start of the circulatory assistance was 20 minutes (0 to 180 min), with all the patients presenting severe tissue hypoperfusion and a mean serum lactate level of 12.4 mmol/l &#177; 4.4.</p>
      <p>During the ECMO procedure, the maximum arterial flow was 147 ml/kg/min &#177; 37, leading to the normalization of the tissue perfusion data within four hours after the implant in all patients. Bleeding was the most common complication. Eight (80%) patients needed a surgical review of hemostasis, being necessary once in 5 patients, twice in 2 and three times in 1 patient. The causes of bleeding were related to coagulopathy in all patients, associated to sternum fracture in two and aorta bleeding around the arterial cannula in one. The mean amount of transfused red blood cell concentrate was 450 ml/kg &#177; 269, frozen fresh plasma was 135 ml/kg &#177; 91, platelet concentrate was 236 ml/kg &#177; 150 and cryoprecipitate was 12 ml/kg &#177; 9.7. </p>
      <p>The mean time of the ECMO duration was 58 hours &#177; 37. Cardiopulmonary support was successfully withdrawn in 5 (50%) patients and 3 (30%) were discharged from the hospital. The causes of death were related to cardiogenic shock and multiple-organ and system dysfunction in all patients, aggravated by alveolar hemorrhage in one and disseminated intravascular coagulation in another. Six patients presented acute renal failure, three presented sepsis and two presented respiratory distress syndrome. None of the patients was placed in a transplant list due to the presence of multiple-organ dysfunction. </p>
      <p>All patients submitted to the ECMO remained with the chest open for the entire period of support, as well as an additional period for hemodynamic stabilization and bleeding control. The surgical chest wound was closed at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in all cases. There were no cases of mediastinitis, although the median time of open chest was 5 days (range: 12 hours to 26 days). The median time of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and total postoperative period were 8.5 days, 15 days and 26.5 days, respectively.</p>
      <p>The actuarial survival (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>) was 40%, 30% and 20% at 30 days, 3 months and 24 months, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 11 &#177; 9 months, two of the three survivors present good general state, at functional class I. The control echocardiogram showed intact ventricular function, with no residual defects. Only one patient died 2 months after the Jatene operation due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-04-0237-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary support with membrane oxygenator has been used with some satisfactory results in large world centers for years<sup>1-6</sup>. In our country, its development and clinical application are limited, being restricted to a few high-complexity centers<sup>8</sup>. Nevertheless, the use of the ECMO in the perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery is an effective method to control severe hemodynamic<sup>9</sup> or respiratory<sup>10</sup> alterations, allowing the recovery of target-organs<sup>11</sup> or as bridge for transplant in selected cases<sup>12-14</sup>. The largest world experience with the method occurs in pediatric patients with respiratory failure. However, the use of the ECMO in adult patients has a significant applicability, in severe respiratory failure as well as in short-term circulatory assistance, aiming at recovery, as a bridge for another prolonged circulatory assistance device or as bridge to transplant. The use of the ECMO in adult patients in developed countries is not larger only due to the broad availability of artificial ventricles, of which the Brazilian experience is restricted to isolated cases. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the use of the ECMO was restricted to a predominantly pediatric population, with 40% of them being neonates and 30% having univentricular physiology. By adopting a clinical procedure protocol that followed international directives<sup>7,8</sup>, 50% of the patients had the ECMO successfully withdrawn and 30% were discharged from the hospital. Late survival corroborated the method efficacy in the survivors. </p>
      <p>These data are in agreement with the international reported data<sup>15</sup>, which includes registered centers that send their data voluntarily. However, our sample does not allow us to corroborate the advantage of the ECMO when the indication is purely respiratory, according to other studies<sup>16</sup>. The most recent data of the international data registry, on weaning and hospital discharge, respectively, were 42% and 37% after pediatric cardiovascular surgery and 77% and 55% for respiratory causes. Nonetheless, the ECMO results vary according to the center, reflecting several types of indication and adverse factors related to the patient. Alsoufi et al<sup>17</sup> identified age, weight, type and duration of assistance, univentricular physiology, re-exploration, number of complications, sepsis, renal and respiratory failure as mortality risk factors</p>
      <p>As seen in the present study, the indications for the ECMO can be varied. The main indication was severe hemodynamic instability in the postoperative period. This situation typically manifests as systemic hypoperfusion and severe ventricular dysfunction, usually corroborated by the echocardiography, despite volemic replacement, inotropic support and ventilatory management<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The failure to identify the problem and to promptly establish therapeutic measures leads to a situation of cardiocirculatory collapse and cardiac arrest. The latter was second more frequent indication for the ECMO in our experience, as well as myocardial failure at the extracorporeal circulation outlet. Del Nido<sup>18</sup> defined the criteria for the indication of the ECMO post-cardiorespiratory arrest as rapid implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, recovery failure after 20 minutes of the resuscitation onset and absence of contra-indications for the ECMO such as sepsis, severe neurological injury and multiple-organ failure. Technically, the implementation of the ECMO during cardiac arrest is more complicated, as it requires a previous circuit preparation, constant multiprofessional staff training and team coordination to perform the implant at the bedside. The introduction of the cannulae can be central, which requires the opening of the chest, or peripheral, through cervical or femoral vessels. Despite the need for logistic organization, the use of the ECMO during a cardiorespiratory arrest must be encouraged<sup>19-21</sup>, as it is an effective form of resuscitation and the result is similar to the use of the ECMO due to other causes<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The concept of elective or semi-elective indication of the ECMO has become increasingly popular. In fact, the proposal of the extensive use of this practice follows intuitive criteria, in order to allow the reversibility of the circulatory shock. Certainly, ECMO failure is directly proportional to the duration of the multiple-organ failure<sup>1,4</sup>. The longer the duration of the circulatory assistance, the higher the complications, considering that invariably, irreversible microcirculation alterations occur. </p>
      <p>These factors encouraged some groups to use the ECMO routinely after complex neonatal surgeries such as the first stage of Norwood<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ECMO complications are mainly related to the exposure of blood to non-endothelial surfaces, especially the membrane oxygenator. The inflammatory cascade activation occurs, followed by coagulation activation, hemolysis and thromboembolytic phenomena are generated, all contributing to multiple-organ injury. The use of membrane oxygenators with a better profile<sup>24</sup> and heparin-coated circuits can minimize these complications. </p>
      <p>The most frequent complication, as shown in the present study, is bleeding, normally caused by coagulation alterations and the fact that the chest is kept open, exposing a large surgical area to the effects of anticoagulation. </p>
      <p>It is extremely important to maintain the activated coagulation time between 150 and 200 seconds, platelet count &gt; 100,000 and fibrinogen levels &gt; 100 mg/dl. The use of hemocomponents is important in order to warrant adequate oxygen transport to the tissues with hematocrit &gt; 35% and to replace coagulation factors. The surgical review of hemostasis must be carried out as soon as there is a large volume of acute bleeding, persistence of bleeding for several hours or signs of cardiac tamponade. The indication threshold in our experience is low, with the review being carried out at the bedside in the ICU, for all patients.</p>
      <p>Renal complications are usually not a problem. Renal function recovery normally occurs with the normalization of tissue perfusion, maintaining an adequate pulse pressure. In case of persistent renal dysfunction, a hemofilter can be added to the circuit to remove fluids and correct electrolyte and acid-base disorders. </p>
      <p>As with any severely-ill patient, nutrition optimization is essential for recovery. Similarly, constant care and the liberal use of antibiotics are important in the treatment of infections that can easily lead to sepsis<sup>25</sup>. The high susceptibility to these problems can be explained by the immunosuppression caused by the circulatory assistance, highly invasive procedures with the use of catheters and cannulae, presence of an open chest, prolonged mechanical ventilation and bacterial translocation. </p>
      <p>Although the cost of the ECMO was not specifically assessed in the present study, it is known to be elevated, including the material used and patient care. Although the ECMO is included in the list of procedures covered by health insurance companies and the public health system, the amount paid by these healthcare providers is insufficient. However, the ECMO showed to be an effective method, allowing the survival of some patients who, otherwise, would not have another viable treatment option. We believe that the cost of treatment cannot be used as a negative factor in relation to the method, depriving some patients from having a real possibility of recovery or a bridge to transplant. </p>
      <p>We conclude that cardiopulmonary support with membrane oxygenation is an effective and useful method of resuscitation in severe cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders in the perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery. The presence of an experienced and supportive multiprofessional team is essential for the early identification of complications that can abbreviate survival. In this context, it is extremely important to accumulate experience from several centers in the form of a national database in order to determine procedure guidelines. In the future, regular reviews of these data can rationalize the resources in reference centers dedicated to the high complexity of cardiovascular treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank the following professionals who made possible the organization of a mechanical circulatory assistance program. To the clinical perfusionists: Henrique Marangone N. Sampaio, Denise Lopes Costa, Mateus de Souza Santos and Karina Pereira Michelette; to the nursing staff led by Gladis Aparecida de Faria and to the physical therapy team led by Aida Turquetto.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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