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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LTbsdkW7JcMDNFD89Jzj6LB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com valvopatia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica acompanhados em hospital p&#250;blico do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruczan</surname>
            <given-names>Dany David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rom&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Braz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morales</surname>
            <given-names>Fidel Ernesto Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia do Rio de Janeiro Aloysio de Castro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>217</fpage>
      <lpage>223</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) na valvopatia de etiologia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, examinando poss&#237;veis fatores preditivos da presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, de s&#233;rie de casos obtidos em popula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-definida. Foram avaliados 1.412 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca por qualquer etiologia. Destes, foram encontrados e estudados 294 casos com valvopatia prim&#225;ria de etiologias reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, com idade &gt; 40 anos, submetidos a coronariografia. RESULTADOS: Os valvopatas reum&#225;ticos apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC (4%) que os n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos (33,61%) (p &lt; 0,0001). O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica evidenciou que idade, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabete melito e dislipidemia estavam significativamente relacionados &#224; DAC, e que a etiologia reum&#225;tica n&#227;o era determinante da doen&#231;a. Tabagismo e sexo revelaram-se de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na DAC, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. No grupo total, o modelo de an&#225;lise Log linear demonstrou que, independentemente da etiologia, sexo, idade &gt; 55 anos, HAS, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, diabete e dislipidemia se relacionavam diretamente com a DAC, sendo as tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas as vari&#225;veis de maior peso para a doen&#231;a. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de DAC &#233; baixa entre valvopatas reum&#225;ticos e mais alta entre n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos; a etiologia reum&#225;tica n&#227;o parece exercer efeito protetor sobre a preval&#234;ncia de DAC; e as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, HAS, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, dislipidemia e diabete melito foram identificadas como fortemente associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC. &#201; poss&#237;vel definir crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria nas trocas valvares, podendo-se evitar a indica&#231;&#227;o rotineira a partir dos 40 anos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com valvopatia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica acompanhados em hospital p&#250;blico do Rio de Janeiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dany David Kruczan; Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva; Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a Pereira; V&#237;tor Andr&#233; Rom&#227;o; Wilson Braz Correa Filho; Fidel Ernesto Castro Morales</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia do Rio de Janeiro Aloysio de Castro/IECAC &#150; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) na valvopatia de etiologia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, examinando poss&#237;veis fatores preditivos da presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo transversal, de s&#233;rie de casos obtidos em popula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-definida. Foram avaliados 1.412 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca por qualquer etiologia. Destes, foram encontrados e estudados 294 casos com valvopatia prim&#225;ria de etiologias reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos, submetidos a coronariografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Os valvopatas reum&#225;ticos apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC (4%) que os n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos (33,61%) (p &lt; 0,0001). O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica evidenciou que idade, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabete melito e dislipidemia estavam significativamente relacionados &#224; DAC, e que a etiologia reum&#225;tica n&#227;o era determinante da doen&#231;a. Tabagismo e sexo revelaram-se de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na DAC, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. No grupo total, o modelo de an&#225;lise Log linear demonstrou que, independentemente da etiologia, sexo, idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos, HAS, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, diabete e dislipidemia se relacionavam diretamente com a DAC, sendo as tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas as vari&#225;veis de maior peso para a doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A preval&#234;ncia de DAC &#233; baixa entre valvopatas reum&#225;ticos e mais alta entre n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos; a etiologia reum&#225;tica n&#227;o parece exercer efeito protetor sobre a preval&#234;ncia de DAC; e as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, HAS, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, dislipidemia e diabete melito foram identificadas como fortemente associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC. &#201; poss&#237;vel definir crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria nas trocas valvares, podendo-se evitar a indica&#231;&#227;o rotineira a partir dos 40 anos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Arteriosclerose coronariana/epidemiologia, cardiopatia reum&#225;tica/diagn&#243;stico, doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas/diagn&#243;stico, angiografia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A coronariografia tem sido indicada como procedimento de rotina na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de pacientes com valvopatias que preenchem os seguintes crit&#233;rios: homens com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 anos, mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 anos e com fatores de risco cardiovascular, e mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa<sup>1,2</sup>. A conduta tem como justificativa o diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas, especialmente as assintom&#225;ticas, e a preval&#234;ncia acentuada de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nesses pacientes. O diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana associada indicaria revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no momento da troca valvar, independentemente da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sintomas. Em nosso meio, a coronariografia tem sido indicada quase que obrigatoriamente a partir dos 40 anos. No entanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica observa-se baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana entre valvopatas, principalmente os de etiologia reum&#225;tica. Vale notar que, embora a etiologia n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica das valvopatias seja freq&#252;entemente encontrada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a etiologia reum&#225;tica ainda supera consideravelmente a primeira<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo, desenvolvido em raz&#227;o dessas observa&#231;&#245;es e com restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; racionalidade adotada para as indica&#231;&#245;es, muitas vezes at&#233; indiscriminadas, de um m&#233;todo caro, invasivo e n&#227;o isento de morbidade, teve como objetivos: avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com les&#245;es orovalvares de etiologia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos, encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de troca valvar em hospital p&#250;blico especializado em Cardiologia do Rio de Janeiro; e identificar poss&#237;veis fatores preditivos da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nesses pacientes, visando examinar a influ&#234;ncia da etiologia reum&#225;tica na doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com base em observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas nos &#250;ltimos vinte e cinco anos de atividades em hospital p&#250;blico do Rio de Janeiro. Durante esse per&#237;odo, adquiriu-se vasta experi&#234;ncia no atendimento de pacientes orovalvares, em particular adultos com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos, de n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico baixo, muitos com hist&#243;rico de surtos agudos de febre reum&#225;tica, encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de troca valvar, todos com coronariografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em estudo transversal de s&#233;rie de casos realizado em popula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-definida entre 1999 e 2005, foram avaliados 1.412 pacientes encaminhados com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca por qualquer etiologia. Entre esses, foram encontrados e selecionados para a pesquisa 294 pacientes com les&#245;es prim&#225;rias das valvas card&#237;acas, sendo 175 de etiologia reum&#225;tica e 119 de etiologia n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos, previamente avaliados com coronariografia. Todos os pacientes preenchiam crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para os diagn&#243;sticos de estenose, insufici&#234;ncia ou dupla les&#227;o das valvas a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral, respaldados em anamnese e em exame cl&#237;nico<sup>5</sup>. A ecocardiografia foi utilizada para definir os crit&#233;rios de etiologias reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para defini&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia valvar reum&#225;tica foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) na valva mitral, espessamento das bordas livres dos folhetos com ou sem fus&#227;o comissural e do aparelho subvalvar com redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade e fixa&#231;&#227;o do folheto posterior; e 2) na valva a&#243;rtica, espessamento das c&#250;spides, da borda para a base. Para a cardiopatia valvar n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de doen&#231;a degenerativa: 1) na valva mitral, espessamento dos folhetos com mobilidade preservada em borda livre; 2) na valva a&#243;rtica, degenera&#231;&#227;o fibroc&#225;lcica caracterizada por calcifica&#231;&#227;o, que se iniciava na base das c&#250;spides e se dirigia para a borda das mesmas; e 3) na valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de apenas dois folhetos com espessamento das c&#250;spides.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi avaliada por crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos de les&#245;es obstrutivas <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% para o tronco (TC) da coron&#225;ria esquerda e <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% nas seguintes art&#233;rias: descendente anterior (DA), coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e circunflexa (CX). Para as art&#233;rias marginais (MG) e diagonais (DG) ou mesmo um ramo intermedi&#225;rio de import&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica (<italic>diagonalis</italic> &#150; DI) foram considerados como crit&#233;rios les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e art&#233;rias com di&#226;metro maior que 3 mm. Embora apenas as les&#245;es graves, de natureza anatomicamente cir&#250;rgica, tenham sido consideradas neste trabalho, as les&#245;es leves e moderadas foram classificadas para fins de registro, tamb&#233;m por crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos. Foram caracterizadas como les&#245;es leves aquelas com obstru&#231;&#245;es &lt; 50% da luz do vaso e como les&#245;es moderadas as que apresentavam obstru&#231;&#245;es da luz do vaso entre 50% e 70%<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, sendo considerados normais os pacientes com IMC &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;; com sobrepeso, pacientes com IMC entre 25 kg/m&#178; e 30 kg/m&#178;; e obesos, pacientes com IMC &gt; 30 kg/m&#178;), dor tor&#225;cica (t&#237;pica, at&#237;pica e aus&#234;ncia de dor), dispn&#233;ia, tabagismo e carga tab&#225;gica (n&#250;mero de anos que o paciente fumou um ma&#231;o por dia), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS, considerada press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hist&#243;ria familiar e diagn&#243;sticos relacionados a essa doen&#231;a, diabete melito (considerado quando a glicemia de jejum apresentasse valores <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl) e dislipidemia (considerada quando o n&#237;vel de colesterol total era <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl e/ou o de triglicer&#237;deos era <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados: o teste do qui-quadrado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, sendo p considerado significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05; o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para estimar a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis selecionadas sobre o desfecho, ou seja, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; e o modelo Log linear para analisar rela&#231;&#245;es de interdepend&#234;ncia de primeira, segunda e terceira ordens entre as vari&#225;veis. O programa estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o sistema R, vers&#227;o 2.3. Um banco de dados (Access) foi criado com as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos exames complementares dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ), em 5/10/2005.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>1) An&#225;lise dos grupos com cardiopatia valvar reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica</italic>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> compara as vari&#225;veis dos grupos com cardiopatia valvar reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram: sexo (predominantemente feminino no grupo de reum&#225;ticos e masculino no grupo de n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos); idade (maior entre os n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos); dor tor&#225;cica tipicamente anginosa (mais freq&#252;ente no grupo de n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos); aus&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica (maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia no grupo de reum&#225;tico); HAS, diabete melito, dislipidemias e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (mais freq&#252;entes no grupo de n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos). Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis: IMC (normal, sobrepeso e obesidade); dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica; dispn&#233;ia; hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; tabagismo e ex-tabagismo. Esses dois grupos, portanto, apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas heterog&#234;neas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>2) Rela&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com as demais vari&#225;veis</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Para examinar a influ&#234;ncia da etiologia da valvopatia na determina&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foi realizada an&#225;lise utilizando-se o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, em que a doen&#231;a era considerada a vari&#225;vel dependente e as demais tomadas eram consideradas determinantes. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das nesta an&#225;lise foram: sexo, idade, IMC (sobrepeso e obesidade), dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete melito, dislipidemia, tabagismo, e etiologia reum&#225;tica. Considerando a mediana de 54 anos, o corte para a idade foi: &lt; 55 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos. A etiologia reum&#225;tica n&#227;o demonstrou ser uma vari&#225;vel determinante na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, permitindo proceder &#224; an&#225;lises envolvendo os 294 pacientes valvopatas, independentemente da etiologia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>). Dada sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, as vari&#225;veis tabagismo e sexo foram mantidas no modelo, apesar de n&#227;o apresentarem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. As que se relacionaram significativamente com a doen&#231;a no modelo final da an&#225;lise foram: idade, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete melito e dislipidemia, como mostrado na express&#227;o final do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica:</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Logito (DAC) = -5,07 + 0,78 sexo + 0,04 idade + 2,05 dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica + 0,91 hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica + 2,04 diabete + 1,64 dislipidemia + 0,57 tabagismo, onde:</p>
    <p>Logito (DAC) = Ln {Pr(DAC = 1)/Pr (DAC = 0)}.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>3) Rela&#231;&#245;es de interdepend&#234;ncia entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e as demais vari&#225;veis</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Para sustentar os resultados obtidos na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi utilizado tamb&#233;m o modelo Log linear, que examinou rela&#231;&#245;es de interdepend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis. Trata-se de um modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada, que se caracteriza por tratar todas as vari&#225;veis com o mesmo n&#237;vel de import&#226;ncia, e n&#227;o como de desfecho e explicativas. As vari&#225;veis que isoladamente se mostraram significativas no modelo foram: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sexo, idade, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete melito e dislipidemia. Na rela&#231;&#227;o de interdepend&#234;ncia (intera&#231;&#227;o) de segunda ordem, foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com sexo masculino, idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete e dislipidemia; associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos e dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica; idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos e HAS; dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e diabete; HAS e diabete; diabete e dislipidemia. Na rela&#231;&#227;o de interdepend&#234;ncia de terceira ordem, foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e diabete, com HAS e diabete e, ainda, com diabete e dislipidemia. Assim, as vari&#225;veis que mais fortemente se associaram &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram: dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, diabete melito e dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <italic>4) Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o com e sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> encontram-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o segundo a presen&#231;a e a aus&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os achados s&#227;o resumidos como se segue.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos, o porcentual de preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a foi maior que na faixa et&#225;ria &lt; 55 anos. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a foi maior no sexo masculino que no sexo feminino. No grupo com presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a, foram observados porcentuais significativamente maiores nas seguintes vari&#225;veis: dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete, dislipidemia, estenose a&#243;rtica, e &#237;ndice de carga tab&#225;gica. No grupo com aus&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a foram observados porcentuais significativamente maiores nas vari&#225;veis aus&#234;ncia de dor e estenose mitral. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224;s seguintes vari&#225;veis: sobrepeso e obesidade, hist&#243;ria familiar, dor at&#237;pica, tabagismo e ex-tabagismo (embora porcentualmente maior no grupo com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana que no grupo sem a doen&#231;a).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foi examinada a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana de etiologia reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o-reum&#225;tica em pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos. Em sua forma grave, a doen&#231;a foi considerada n&#227;o apenas quando havia les&#227;o de tronco e les&#245;es trivasculares, que afetavam simultaneamente as principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, mas tamb&#233;m les&#245;es uni e bivasculares e les&#245;es graves, que afetavam ramos secund&#225;rios de import&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica. Os crit&#233;rios deste estudo parecem bastante abrangentes, levando-se em conta que a maioria dos estudos revisados considera les&#227;o grave do tronco quando <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, e les&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (CD, CX e DA) quando &gt; 70%<sup>8,9</sup>. Para alguns autores<sup>10</sup>, a condi&#231;&#227;o ideal para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; aquela em que os pacientes exibem les&#245;es proximais de pelo menos 70% nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais com boas por&#231;&#245;es distais.</p>
    <p>Segundo os achados deste estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar clinicamente pacientes orovalvares com menor probabilidade de apresentar doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; com base nisso, os autores sugerem que o estudo coronariogr&#225;fico n&#227;o seja indicado indiscriminadamente para todos os pacientes, mas para aqueles que apresentem evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas claras e fatores preditivos da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; etiologia, observou-se baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana grave entre os pacientes reum&#225;ticos<sup>11</sup>, ponderando-se inicialmente que essa etiologia poderia conferir algum grau de prote&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose coronariana, como notado por outros investigadores<sup>12</sup>. A impress&#227;o se baseava no fato de que, como de modo geral esses pacientes se submetem a profilaxia de febre reum&#225;tica com o uso de antibi&#243;tico intramuscular a cada 21 dias durante muitos anos, isso poderia ter efeito protetor antibacteriano e antiinflamat&#243;rio na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose coronariana. Entretanto, os achados deste estudo n&#227;o corroboraram a id&#233;ia. Uma revis&#227;o das hist&#243;rias cl&#237;nicas demonstrou que a maioria dos pacientes nunca fez profilaxia para febre reum&#225;tica, o que parece fazer sentido, pois se de fato isso tivesse ocorrido de modo adequado certamente suas valvas card&#237;acas n&#227;o chegariam a um estado tal de destrui&#231;&#227;o como comumente encontrado. Os dados apontaram para uma explica&#231;&#227;o alternativa: a de que a baixa preval&#234;ncia poderia decorrer das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>13,14</sup>. Em um grupo predominantemente feminino e jovem e, portanto, com menos co-morbidades, &#233; razo&#225;vel que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a seja menor que em outro predominantemente masculino com idade mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi muito superior no grupo de n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos, que se caracterizava por predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino e idade mais avan&#231;ada<sup>15,16</sup>, ao contr&#225;rio do observado no grupo de reum&#225;ticos. Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diferiram significativamente entre esses dois grupos (dor tor&#225;cica tipicamente anginosa e fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete e dislipidemia)<sup>17,18</sup>, mais encontradas no grupo de n&#227;o-reum&#225;ticos, sendo a estenose a&#243;rtica por degenera&#231;&#227;o fibroc&#225;lcica o diagn&#243;stico mais freq&#252;ente nesse grupo<sup>19,20</sup> e a estenose mitral mais freq&#252;ente no grupo de reum&#225;ticos<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos que caracterizaram os pacientes do grupo com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>): idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos, sexo masculino, dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, HAS, diabete, dislipidemia, carga tab&#225;gica e presen&#231;a de dois ou mais fatores de risco, sendo estenose a&#243;rtica o diagn&#243;stico mais associado &#224; doen&#231;a. O diagn&#243;stico menos associado &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi a estenose mitral. Dados semelhantes foram descritos em outros estudos<sup>9,21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos observados nos registros do banco de dados utilizado neste estudo merecem ser notados. Poucos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estavam na faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 e 60 anos, mas apresentavam cl&#237;nica que sugeria a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. Assim, &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel que n&#227;o fossem notados em uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Abaixo dos 60 anos, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a foi de apenas 1,7%, ou seja, onde existe maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com valvopatia reum&#225;tica ela &#233; quase inexistente, o que pode questionar a validade de se submeter essa popula&#231;&#227;o a coronariografia de modo indiscriminado. Independentemente da etiologia, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a foi de 6,95% entre os pacientes com idade &lt; 60 anos, aumentando para 31,8% entre aqueles com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos, o que &#233; natural, uma vez que, com o avan&#231;o da idade, aumentam as co-morbidades. Em uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e presen&#231;a de um, dois, tr&#234;s, quatro e cinco fatores de risco, respectivamente, observa-se que os pacientes apresentando dois ou mais fatores de risco concentraram-se predominantemente no grupo com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, enquanto no grupo sem a doen&#231;a foram observados maiores porcentuais de pacientes com apenas um ou sem fatores de risco. Assim, o estudo hemodin&#226;mico poderia ser evitado nos pacientes sem angor t&#237;pico e sem fatores de risco cardiovascular associados. Com respeito &#224;s les&#245;es coronarianas, tamb&#233;m valem algumas considera&#231;&#245;es. De acordo com os registros deste estudo, entre 187 pacientes abaixo de 60 anos apenas 1 (0,53%) apresentava les&#227;o do tronco e 2 (1,06%) apresentavam les&#227;o trivascular grave. Abaixo dessa idade, foram encontrados apenas 3 pacientes anat&#244;mica e verdadeiramente cir&#250;rgicos, apresentando angor t&#237;pico e associa&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais fatores de risco, e, portanto, seguramente n&#227;o passariam despercebidos por uma boa estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, a indica&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de rotina tem n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C<sup>4</sup>, o que significa que essa &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia baseada apenas na opini&#227;o de especialistas, em estudo de casos ou em medida tomada como precau&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havendo outro fundamento mais bem estabelecido. Por exemplo, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica grave n&#227;o apresentando sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou fatores de risco que sabidamente aumentam a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana poderiam ter a coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria evitada com seguran&#231;a, de acordo com alguns pesquisadores<sup>23</sup>. Outros<sup>24</sup> correlacionam baixa preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e valvopatia, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que a coronariografia &#233; desnecess&#225;ria nesses pacientes, exceto na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco ou achados cl&#237;nicos como angina e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A nosso ver, a indica&#231;&#227;o rotineira de coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria baseada apenas no crit&#233;rio de idade precisa ser repensada. A coronariografia diagn&#243;stica, embora sendo m&#233;todo com baixa mortalidade, apresenta &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es que varia desde menos de 1% at&#233; pr&#243;ximo de 5%. Entretanto, quando tais complica&#231;&#245;es existem, podem ter efeito adverso bastante significativo. Entre outras complica&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es cerebrais por microembolias gasosas e s&#243;lidas, que pode acarretar comprometimento cognitivo dos pacientes, particularmente os predispostos<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando analisada a partir de banco de dados que expressam a realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, apresenta &#237;ndices de mortalidade acima de 3,5% nos Estados Unidos<sup>26,27</sup>. No Brasil, esses &#237;ndices est&#227;o acima de 5%. No Rio de Janeiro, a letalidade hospitalar na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica varia de 4,8%, entre homens com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica, a 14% entre mulheres com angina<sup>28</sup>. Nas cirurgias conjuntas, os &#237;ndices chegam a ser cinco vezes maiores que na cirurgia valvar isolada<sup>29</sup>. Em estudo comparando pacientes previamente revascularizados com aqueles que n&#227;o se submeteram ao procedimento, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos<sup>30</sup>. Os autores n&#227;o consideram vantagem submeter pacientes candidatos a cirurgia vascular de grande porte, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a cirurgia card&#237;aca e mesmo a angioplastia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. A nosso ver, a mesma considera&#231;&#227;o se aplica &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes valvopatas com baixa probabilidade de apresentar a doen&#231;a, especialmente porque o estudo hemodin&#226;mico carrega risco adicional, muitas vezes com maior probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es que a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a. Entretanto, considera-se razo&#225;vel a indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no momento da troca valvar quando essa indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita para os pacientes que apresentam evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de isquemia, que se traduzem pela presen&#231;a de angina de peito associada aos fatores preditivos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Outro aspecto importante &#233; que a indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o associada a troca valvar com freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; de car&#225;ter "profil&#225;tico", uma vez que, em geral, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; aleatoriamente explorada e casualmente encontrada. Em muitos casos, a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica se faz pelo fato de uma determinada les&#227;o ter sido descoberta na coronariografia. Uma vez que a indica&#231;&#227;o por causa da les&#227;o seja feita, aproveita-se para revascularizar o paciente.</p>
    <p>A abordagem deste estudo baseia-se no fato de n&#227;o existirem evid&#234;ncias robustas de que tal conduta beneficia o paciente. Ao contr&#225;rio, o que se observa &#233; que o manuseio da troca valvar associado ao procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aumenta de modo significativo a mortalidade a curto e m&#233;dio prazos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Dany David Kruczan pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Dany David Kruczan  </p>
        <p> Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 195/1106 </p>
        <p> Copacabana - 22020-002 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dkruczan@cardiol.br">dkruczan@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="kruczan@centroin.com.br">kruczan@centroin.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/5/07; Revisado recebido em 1/8/07; Aceito em 8/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary artery disease in patients with rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease treated at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in valvular heart disease of rheumatic (RVHD) and non-rheumatic (NVHD) etiology, assessing possible predictive factors for the presence of CAD. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a series of cases obtained from a pre-defined population, wherein 1,412 patients referred for heart surgery of any etiology were evaluated. Of these, 294 primary heart disease patients aged &gt;40 submitted to cinecoronary arteriography (CA) were identified and studied. RESULTS: patients with RVHD presented lower prevalence of CAD (4%) when compared to NVHD (33.61%), p&lt;0.0001. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, typical angina-like chest pain (TACP), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes and dyslipidemia were significantly related to CAD, and that the rheumatic etiology was not a disease determinant. Smoking and gender were clinically important in CAD, although not statistically significant. In the whole group, the Log-linear analysis showed that, regardless of the etiology, gender, age &gt;55, SAH, TACP, diabetes and dyslipidemia were all related directly to CAD, with the latter three being the most important variables for the disease. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of CAD among RVHD patients is low, whereas it is high among NVHD patients; the rheumatic etiology does not seem to have any beneficial effects on the prevalence of CAD; gender, age, SAH, TACP, dyslipidemia and diabetes were identified as being strongly associated with the presence of CAD. It is possible to define the criteria that indicate the need for pre-surgical CA in heart valve replacements, so that the standard indication after the age of 40 years can be avoided.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary artery disease in patients with rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease treated at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dany David Kruczan; Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva; Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a Pereira; V&#237;tor Andr&#233; Rom&#227;o; Wilson Braz Correa Filho; Fidel Ernesto Castro Morales</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia do Rio de Janeiro Aloysio de Castro/IECAC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>to estimate the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in valvular heart disease of rheumatic (RVHD) and non-rheumatic (NVHD) etiology, assessing possible predictive factors for the presence of CAD.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This is a cross-sectional study of a series of cases obtained from a pre-defined population, wherein 1,412 patients referred for heart surgery of any etiology were evaluated. Of these, 294 primary heart disease patients aged <underline>&gt;</underline>40 submitted to cinecoronary arteriography (CA) were identified and studied.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>patients with RVHD presented lower prevalence of CAD (4%) when compared to NVHD (33.61%), p&lt;0.0001. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, typical angina-like chest pain (TACP), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes and dyslipidemia were significantly related to CAD, and that the rheumatic etiology was not a disease determinant. Smoking and gender were clinically important in CAD, although not statistically significant. In the whole group, the Log-linear analysis showed that, regardless of the etiology, gender, age <underline>&gt;</underline>55, SAH, TACP, diabetes and dyslipidemia were all related directly to CAD, with the latter three being the most important variables for the disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>the prevalence of CAD among RVHD patients is low, whereas it is high among NVHD patients; the rheumatic etiology does not seem to have any beneficial effects on the prevalence of CAD; gender, age, SAH, TACP, dyslipidemia and diabetes were identified as being strongly associated with the presence of CAD. It is possible to define the criteria that indicate the need for pre-surgical CA in heart valve replacements, so that the standard indication after the age of 40 years can be avoided. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):197-203)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary arteriosclerosis / epidemiology; rheumatic heart disease / diagnosis; heart valve diseases / diagnosis; coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary angiography has been indicated as a routine procedure in the preoperative assessment of patients with valvular heart disease that meet the following criteria: males aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 years, pre-menopausal females aged <underline>&gt;</underline>35 years with cardiovascular risk factors and post-menopausal females<sup>1,2</sup>. The procedure is justified by the diagnosis of coronary obstructions, especially the asymptomatic ones and the significant prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in these patients. The diagnosis of associated coronary obstruction would indicate myocardial revascularization during the valve replacement, regardless of the clinical presentation and the presence or absence of symptoms. In our country, the coronary angiography has been indicated almost exclusively for patients <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years. However, in clinical practice, we have observed a low prevalence of CAD among patients with valvulopathies, especially those with rheumatic etiology. It is noteworthy that although the non-rheumatic etiology of the valvulopathies is often found in our population, the rheumatic etiology still considerably outnumbers the first<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study was developed considering these observations and in view of the restrictions regarding the rationale adopted for the very often indiscriminate indications of a costly, invasive and non-morbidity-free method. Our objectives were: to assess the prevalence of CAD in patients with orovalvular injuries with rheumatic and non-rheumatic etiology aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years, referred to evaluation of surgical indication for valve replacement in a public hospital specialized in cardiology in the city of Rio de Janeiro and identify possible predictive factors of the presence of CAD in these patients, aiming at assessing the influence of the rheumatic etiology on the disease.</p>
      <p>The present study was carried out based on clinical observations during the last 25 years of activities in a public hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. During this period, a broad experience was acquired on the treatment of patients with orovalvular injuries, especially adults aged <underline>&gt;</underline>40 years, of low socioeconomic level, many of them with a history of acute episodes of rheumatic fever, referred to evaluation of surgical indication for valve replacement. All patients underwent coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a transversal case series study carried out in a pre-defined population between the years 1999 and 2005, a total of 1,412 patients were evaluated, after being referred with heart surgery indication due to any etiology. Of these, 294 patients with primary heart valve lesions were identified and selected for the study, with 175 presenting a rheumatic etiology and 119 a non-rheumatic etiology, aged <underline>&gt;</underline>40 years, previously evaluated through coronary angiography. All patients met the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of stenosis, heart failure or double lesion of the aortic and/or mitral valves, supported by anamnesis and clinical assessment<sup>5</sup>. The echocardiogram was used to define the criteria of rheumatic and non-rheumatic etiology<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>To define the rheumatic valvular cardiopathy, the following criteria were considered: 1) in the mitral valve: thickening of the free border of the leaflets with or without commissure fusion and of the subvalvular apparatus with reduced mobility and posterior leaflet fixation, and 2) in the aortic valve: cusp thickening, from the border to the base. For the non-rheumatic valvular cardiopathy, the following degenerative disease criteria were considered: 1) in the mitral valve: leaflet thickening with preserved mobility in the free border; 2) in the aortic valve: fibrocalcific degeneration, characterized by calcification that started on the cusp bases and went towards their borders, and 3) in the bicuspid aortic valve: visualization of only two leaflets with cusp thickening.</p>
      <p>The CAD was assessed by angiographic criteria of obstructive lesions <underline>&gt;</underline>50% for the left coronary trunk (LCT) and <underline>&gt;</underline>70% in the following arteries: anterior descending (AD), right coronary artery (RCA) and circumflex artery (CxA). For the marginal (MG) and diagonal (DG) arteries, or even an intermediate branch of anatomic importance (diagonalis &#150; DI) the criteria considered were lesions <underline>&gt;</underline>70% and arteries with a diameter &gt; 3mm. Although only the severe lesions, of anatomically surgical nature, were considered in the present study, the mild and moderate lesions were classified for recording purposes, also by angiographic criteria. Mild lesions were classified as the obstructions &lt;50% of the vessel lumen and moderate lesions were classified as those presenting obstruction between 50% and &lt;70% of the vessel lumen<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The studied variables were: age, sex, body mass index (BMI - patients with BMI &lt; 25kg/m&#178; were considered normal; those with BMI between 25 and 30kg/m&#178; were overweight and those with BMI &gt;30kg/m&#178; were considered obese), cheat pain (typical, atypical and no pain), dyspnea, smoking and tobacco smoke load (number of years during which the patient smoked 1 pack a day), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), considered systolic arterial pressure <underline>&gt;</underline>140mmHg or diastolic arterial pressure <underline>&gt;</underline>90mmHg or use of anti-hypertensive medication, CAD, family history and diagnoses related to this disease, diabetes mellitus (considered when fasting glycemia was <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dl and dyslipidemia (considered when total cholesterol was <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl and/or triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline>150 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>At the statistical analysis the Chi-square test was used for the comparison of proportions and the Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used for the analysis of the continuous variables, with p value being considered significant when <underline>&lt;</underline>0.05. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the influence of the selected variables on the outcome, i.e., the presence of coronary artery disease and the Log-linear model was used to analyze the interdependence relations of the first, second and third-degrees among the variables. The R System statistical program, version 2.3, was used for the statistical analyses. A database (Access) was created with the patients' clinical information and results of the complementary tests.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, on 10/05/2005.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>1. Analysis of the groups with rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular cardiopathy.</italic>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t1-body2">Table 1</xref> compares the variables of the groups with rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular cardiopathy. The ones that presented statistical difference were: sex (predominantly female in the rheumatic group and predominantly male in the non-rheumatic group); age, older among the non-rheumatic patients; typically anginal chest pain (more frequent in the non-rheumatic group); absence of chest pain (higher frequency in the rheumatic group); SAH, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and presence of coronary artery disease (more frequent in the non-rheumatic group). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the variables: BMI (normal, overweight and obese); atypical chest pain; dyspnea; family history of coronary artery disease; being a smoker and being an ex-smoker. Thus, these two groups presented heterogeneous clinical characteristics.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>2. Correlation of coronary artery disease with the other variables.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>To assess whether the valvulopathy etiology had any influence determining the presence of CAD, a logistic regression model analysis was carried out in which the disease was considered the dependent variable and the others were considered determinants. The variables included in this analysis were: sex, age, BMI (overweight and obesity), typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking and having a rheumatic etiology. Considering the median of 54 years, the cutoff for age was &lt;55 and <underline>&gt;</underline>55 years. The rheumatic etiology showed it was not a determinant variable in CAD, which allowed us to proceed with the analysis involving the 294 patients with valvulopathies, regardless of the etiology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). Considering its clinical importance in coronary artery disease, the variables smoking and sex were maintained in the model, although they did not present statistical significance. Those variables that significantly correlated with the disease at the final model analysis were: age, typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, as shown in (a)</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>(a) Final expression of the logistic regression model:</p>
      <p>Logit (CAD) = -5.07 + 0.78 sex + 0.04 age + 2.05 typical chest pain + 0.91 SAH+2.04 diabetes +1.64 Dyslipidemia + 0.57 smoking; where:</p>
      <p>
        <italic>Logit (CAD) = Ln{ Pr(CAD = 1) / Pr (CAD = 0) }</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>3. Interdependence Relations between coronary artery disease and the other variables</italic>
      </p>
      <p>To support the results obtained at the logistic regression, the Log linear model was also used, which assessed the interdependence relations among the variables. It is a model of multivariate analysis, characterized by treating all variables with the same level of importance and not as outcome and explicative variables. The variables that showed to be significant in the model, when isolated, were: coronary artery disease, sex, age, typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. At the interdependence relation (interaction) of the second-degree, an association was observed between coronary artery disease and male sex, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 years, typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes and dyslipidemia as well as an association between age <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 years and typical chest pain; age <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 years and SAH; typical chest pain and diabetes; SAH and diabetes; diabetes and dyslipidemia. At the interdependence relation of the third-degree, an association of coronary artery disease with typical chest pain and diabetes was observed, as well as an association between SAH and diabetes and of diabetes with dyslipidemia. In summary, the variables most strongly associated to coronary artery disease were typical chest pain, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <italic>4. Clinical characteristics of the population with and without coronary artery disease</italic>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the population according to the presence and absence of CAD. The findings are summarized as follows:</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0217-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>At the age range <underline>&gt;</underline>55 years, o percentage of the disease prevalence was higher than in the age range &lt;55 years. The frequency of the disease was higher in the male than in the female sex. In the group with presence of the disease, significantly higher percentages were observed in the following variables: typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes, dyslipidemia, aortic stenosis and tobacco smoke load. In the group with absence of the disease, significantly higher percentages were observed for the variables: absence of pain and mitral stenosis. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the following variables: overweight and obesity, family history, atypical pain, smoker and ex-smoker (although with a higher percentage in the group with coronary artery disease than in the group without the disease).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study analyzes the prevalence of CAD of rheumatic and non- rheumatic etiology in patients <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years. In its severe form, the disease was considered not only when there was a trunk lesion as well as three-vessel lesions that affected simultaneously the main coronary arteries, but also the one-vessel and two-vessel lesions and the severe lesions that affected secondary branches of anatomical importance. Our criteria seem to be quite comprehensive, considering that most of the revised studies consider a trunk lesion to be severe when it is <underline>&gt;</underline>50%, and the coronary artery lesions (CD, CX and DA) when they are &gt;70%<sup>8,9</sup>. For some authors<sup>10</sup>, the ideal condition for the surgical indication of myocardial revascularization is that in which the patients exhibit proximal lesions of at least 70% in the main coronary arteries with good distal portions.</p>
      <p>Our findings show that it is possible to clinically identify orovalvular patients with a lower probability of presenting CAD and based on that, we suggest that the coronary angiography should not be indicated indiscriminately for all patients, but for those presenting clear clinical evidence and predictive factors of the disease.</p>
      <p>Regarding the etiology, we observed a low prevalence of severe CAD among the rheumatic patients<sup>11</sup>; it was initially thought that this etiology could confer some degree of protection against the development of coronary atherosclerosis, as observed by other investigators<sup>12</sup>. This was based on the fact that, in general, these patients receive the prophylaxis for rheumatic fever with the use of intramuscular antibiotics every 21 days for many years and this could have a protective antibacterial and antiinflammatory effect on the genesis of coronary atherosclerosis. However, our findings do not corroborate the idea. A review of the clinical history showed that most of the patients had never received prophylaxis for rheumatic fever, which seems to make sense, as if this had really been adequately performed, certainly their cardiac valves would not have reached such state of damage as commonly found in these patients.</p>
      <p>The data showed an alternative explanation: that the low prevalence could be due to the demographic and clinical characteristics of this population<sup>13,14</sup>. In a group with predominantly young individuals of the female sex, and thus, with fewer comorbidities, it is reasonable to assume that the prevalence of the disease is lower than in another group, with predominantly older individuals of the male sex.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of coronary artery disease was much higher in the non-rheumatic group, which was characterized by the predominance of the male sex and older age<sup>15,16</sup>, in opposition to what was observed in the rheumatic group. Other clinical characteristics significantly differed between these two groups: typically anginal chest pain and risk factors such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia<sup>17,18</sup>, more often found in the non-rheumatic group, with aortic stenosis due to fibrocalcific degeneration the most frequent diagnosis in this group<sup>19,20</sup> and mitral stenosis the most frequent one in the rheumatic group<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical aspects that characterized the patients from the CAD group were (as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t3-body2">Table 3</xref>): age <underline>&gt;</underline>55 years, male sex, typical chest pain, SAH, diabetes, dyslipidemia, tobacco smoke load and the presence of two or more risk factors, with aortic stenosis being the diagnosis most often associated to the disease. Mitral stenosis was the least frequently associated diagnosis to CAD, similar to what has been described in other studies<sup>9,21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some aspects observed in our database data are noteworthy. Few patients with CAD were in the 40 to 60-year age range, but they presented clinical signs that suggested the presence of the disease. Thus, few of them would have been missed at a clinical stratification. Below the age range of 60 years, the prevalence of the disease was only 1.7%, i.e., it is almost non-existent within the range where most of the patients with rheumatic valvulopathy are concentrated, leading us to question the validity of indiscriminately perform coronary angiographies in this population. Regardless of the etiology, the prevalence of the disease was 6.95% among the patients aged &lt; 60 years, increasing to 31.8% among those aged <underline>&gt;</underline>60 years, which is expected, as the comorbidities increase with age. In a comparative analysis between the absence of risk factors with the presence of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 risk factors, respectively, we observed that patients who presented 2 or more risk factors were predominantly concentrated in the group with coronary artery disease, whereas in the group without CAD, higher percentages of patients with only one or no risk factors were observed.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we considered that the hemodynamic study could be dispensed with in patients without typical angina and no associated risk factors. Regarding the coronary lesions, some considerations should also be made. According to our data, of 187 patients younger than 60 years, only 1 (0.53%) presented a trunk lesion and only 2 (1.06%) presented severe three-vessel lesions, that is, only three anatomical and truly surgical patients were identified below this age range. They presented typical angina and the association of 2 or more risk factors, and therefore, surely they would not be missed by a good clinical stratification.</p>
      <p>In literature, the indication of routine preoperative catheterism has a level of evidence C<sup>4</sup>, which means that this evidence is based solely on the experts' opinion, on case studies or on the measure taken as a precaution, with no other well-established basis. For instance, patients with severe aortic failure who do not present symptoms of myocardial ischemia or risk factors, which are known to increase the prevalence of coronary artery disease, could safely dispense with the preoperative coronary angiography, according to some researchers<sup>23</sup>. Others<sup>24</sup> correlate the low prevalence of the disease and the valvulopathy, pointing out to the fact that the coronary angiography is unnecessary in these patients, except in the presence of risk factors or clinical findings such as angina and previous myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our opinion, the routine indication of preoperative coronary angiography based solely on the age criterion must be reconsidered. Although the diagnostic coronary angiography is a low-mortality method, it has an incidence of complications that vary from less than 1% to close to 5%. However, when such complications occur, they can have a quite significant adverse effect. Among other complications, it is important to mention the occurrence of brain injuries due to gaseous and solid microembolisms that can result in the cognitive impairment of patients, particularly the predisposed ones<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The myocardial revascularization surgery, when analyzed from a database that expresses the reality of clinical practice, shows mortality rates &gt;3.5% in the United States<sup>26,27</sup>. In Brazil, these rates are &gt; 5%. In Rio de Janeiro, the hospital lethality at the myocardial revascularization surgery varies from 4.8%, among men with a diagnosis of chronic ischemic disease, up to 14% among women with angina<sup>28</sup>. In combined surgeries, these rates can be 5-fold higher than in the isolated valvular surgery<sup>29</sup>. In a study comparing previously revascularized patients with those who were not submitted to the procedure, no significant difference was observed during the evolution of the two groups<sup>30</sup>. The authors did not consider an advantage to submit patients who were candidates to major valvular surgery, with coronary artery disease, to cardiac surgery and even to preoperative angioplasty. In our opinion, the same consideration applies to the investigation of coronary artery disease in patients with valvulopathies with low probability to present the disease, especially considering that the hemodynamic study brings an additional risk, many times with a higher likelihood of complications than those caused by the disease itself. However, we consider it reasonable to indicate the myocardial revascularization at the moment of the valve replacement, when this indication is made for the patients who present clinical evidence of ischemia, translated as the presence of chest angina associated to the predictive factors of coronary artery disease. Another aspect that we consider important is that the indication of revascularization associated to valve replacement is very often of "prophylactic" nature, considering that, in general, the coronary artery disease is randomly explored and casually found. In many cases, the surgical indication is made because a certain lesion was disclosed at the coronary angiography. Once the indication is made due to the presence of the lesion, the surgical procedure is seen as an opportunity to revascularize the patient.</p>
      <p>Our approach in the present study is based on the fact that there is no solid evidence that such management benefits the patients. In contrast, what is observed is that the valve replacement associated to the myocardial revascularization procedure significantly increases short- and mid-term mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Dany David Kruczan, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Dany David Kruczan</p>
          <p> Av. Nsa.Sra.Copacabana, 195/1106 - Copacabana</p>
          <p> 22020-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="dkruczan@cardiol.br">dkruczan@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="kruczan@centroin.com.br">kruczan@centroin.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 13, 2007; manuscript revised received on August 1, 2007; accepted on October 8, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
