<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xkKKd4KZd4QPCfqwqGGCf4K</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste ergom&#233;trico precoce ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: compara&#231;&#227;o com ecocardiograma, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e arteriografia coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Adan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Correia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Servantes</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Japy Angelini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>195</fpage>
      <lpage>200</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O teste ergom&#233;trico precoce ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, realizado antes da alta hospitalar, &#233; &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e do tratamento. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os achados do teste ergom&#233;trico precoce p&#243;s-infarto aos resultados do ecocardiograma, da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pelo sistema holter (24 horas) e da cinecoronariografia. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliaram-se 60 casos (51,42 &#177; 9,34 anos), 46 do sexo masculino (77%). O teste ergom&#233;trico foi m&#225;ximo sintoma limitante, realizado pelo protocolo de Naughton, entre o sexto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e a alta hospitalar, realizado em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma, eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e cinecoronariografia. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (a=5%). RESULTADOS: O desempenho do teste ergom&#233;trico na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial foi reduzido (sensibilidade, 42%; especificidade, 69%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quando se comparou a presen&#231;a de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e ocorr&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 60% no ecocardiograma (p = 0,56), bem como com a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es multiarteriais, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o anormal no ecocardiograma (p = 0,36). CONCLUS&#195;O: Durante o teste, a presen&#231;a de isquemia se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no ecocardiograma e &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias multiarteriais, o que representou um indicador de elevado risco coron&#225;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiografia ambulatorial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico precoce ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: compara&#231;&#227;o com ecocardiograma, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e arteriografia coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Wagner Aparecido Leite; Manoel Adan Gil; Valter Correia Lima; Br&#225;ulio Luna Filho; Denise Maria Servantes; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> O teste ergom&#233;trico precoce ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, realizado antes da alta hospitalar, &#233; &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e do tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os achados do teste ergom&#233;trico precoce p&#243;s-infarto aos resultados do ecocardiograma, da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pelo sistema holter (24 horas) e da cinecoronariografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Avaliaram-se 60 casos (51,42 &#177; 9,34 anos), 46 do sexo masculino (77%). O teste ergom&#233;trico foi m&#225;ximo sintoma limitante, realizado pelo protocolo de Naughton, entre o sexto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e a alta hospitalar, realizado em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma, eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e cinecoronariografia. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (a=5%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> O desempenho do teste ergom&#233;trico na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial foi reduzido (sensibilidade, 42%; especificidade, 69%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quando se comparou a presen&#231;a de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e ocorr&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 60% no ecocardiograma (p = 0,56), bem como com a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es multiarteriais, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o anormal no ecocardiograma (p = 0,36). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Durante o teste, a presen&#231;a de isquemia se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no ecocardiograma e &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias multiarteriais, o que representou um indicador de elevado risco coron&#225;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria, teste de esfor&#231;o, ecocardiografia, angiografia, eletrocardiografia ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) precoce ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), realizado antes da alta hospitalar, &#233; &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico. No TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM, a depress&#227;o de segmento ST, a angina do peito, a resposta anormal de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bia est&#227;o relacionadas a mau progn&#243;stico<sup>1-6</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e a prescri&#231;&#227;o de atividades laborativas, recreativas e da reabilita&#231;&#227;o<sup>7,8</sup>. O TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM &#233; procedimento seguro, com mortalidade de 0,03% a 0,12%<sup>9,10</sup>, morbidade de 0,09%<sup>9</sup> e incid&#234;ncia de trombose subaguda do <italic>stent</italic> de 0,02%<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os achados do TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM aos resultados do ecocardiograma (ECO), da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pelo sistema <italic>holter</italic> (24 horas) (ECGD) e da cinecoronariografia (CCG).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi prospectivo e transversal, e incluiu uma s&#233;rie de pacientes consecutivos da Unidade Coron&#225;ria do Hospital S&#227;o Paulo. Dos 278 pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, avaliaram-se 60 casos (51,42 &#177; 9,34 anos), 46 do sexo masculino (77%). O organograma para exclus&#227;o dos casos vem registrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAM foi confirmado pela presen&#231;a de dois ou mais crit&#233;rios: 1. precordialgia ou dor retroesternal, constritiva ou em queima&#231;&#227;o, com ou sem irradia&#231;&#227;o para membros superiores, pesco&#231;o e dorso, com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;30 minutos e sem al&#237;vio vasodilatador; 2. supradesnivelamento do segmento ST &gt;1 mV, em <underline>&gt;</underline>2 deriva&#231;&#245;es; 3. eleva&#231;&#227;o de CK-MB e CPK, duas vezes os valores normais. Inclu&#237;ram-se pacientes abaixo de 70 anos, em classe funcional I (New York Heart Association), sem angina p&#243;s-IAM, arritmias ventriculares complexas e instabilidade eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Foram exclu&#237;dos os portadores de dor tor&#225;cica nos tr&#234;s dias precedentes, hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-controlada, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, trombo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dificuldade de deambula&#231;&#227;o e afec&#231;&#245;es incapacitantes para realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE, al&#233;m daqueles que se recusaram a participar do estudo.</p>
    <p>O ECG revelou 38 IAM Q (63%), 22 sem Q (37%), em face inferior (55%), septal (25%), anterior (17%) e lateral (3%).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes faziam uso de aspirina (93%), betabloqueadores (83%), nitratos (76%), inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o (60%) e antagonistas de c&#225;lcio (15%). Foram submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase 35 pacientes (58%).</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a TE, ECO, ECGD e CCG antes da alta hospitalar, em vig&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o em uso.</p>
    <p>O TE foi m&#225;ximo sintoma limitante, realizado pelo protocolo de Naughton e cols.<sup>12</sup>, entre o sexto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e a alta hospitalar. Utilizaram-se a esteira rolante Trackmaster TM (Pensacola, Fl&#243;rida<italic>)</italic> e o sistema Apex 2000 TEB (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com treze deriva&#231;&#245;es (doze cl&#225;ssicas e CM5). Consideraram-se significativos os desn&#237;veis de ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,10 mV (horizontal, descendente) ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,20 mV (ascendente) e isqu&#234;micos os TE com desn&#237;vel significativo de ST, invers&#227;o de onda U e angina. Consideraram-se anormais os TE com segmento ST anormal, invers&#227;o de onda U, angina, arritmias ventriculares II-IV (<italic>Lown</italic>) e respostas anormais de PAS (PAS pico &lt; 110 mmHg, acr&#233;scimo de PAS &lt; 30 mmHg)<sup>8</sup>. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima predita foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Karvonen e cols.<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ECO foi realizado em cortes paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (quatro e duas c&#226;maras), em aparelho Ultramark 4 CV (Bothell, WA), com transdutor de 3 megahertz. Calculou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo do cubo (valores de refer&#234;ncia: de 0,60 a 0,80)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ECGD foi registrada em deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 e CM, por equipamento Dynamis 2000 &#150; Cardios Sistemas (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e analisador DMI Cardios &#150; modelo Cardiology 4300 (Cardios Sistemas, SP, Brasil).</p>
    <p>A CCG foi feita pela t&#233;cnica de Sones, nas posi&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda, obl&#237;qua anterior direita e perfil esquerdo. Consideraram-se significativas obstru&#231;&#245;es &gt;70% da luz arterial<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizaram-se: 1. teste exato de Fisher para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares no TE e na ECGD; 2. teste de Cochran para a concord&#226;ncia entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es efetuadas por TE, ECO, ECGD, CCG; 3. teste t-Student para m&#233;dias do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis CCG, ECO, TE anormal, TE isqu&#234;mico e ECGD; 4. teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e/ou teste de Fisher para rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis e os grupos estabelecidos, considerando-se cr&#237;ticos os valores do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> <underline>&lt;</underline>12 minutos; 5. teste de Kruskal-Wallis e de Anova, para compara&#231;&#227;o do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> segundo as les&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (a = 5%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os TE foram realizados sem acidentes 10,85 &#177; 3,46 dias ap&#243;s IAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). O segmento ST foi normal (19 casos, 31%), ascendente (21 casos, 35%), horizontal (16 casos, 27%) e descendente (4 casos, 7%), sendo considerado isqu&#234;mico em 21 pacientes (35%): 4 ascendentes, 13 horizontais e 4 descendentes. N&#227;o houve invers&#245;es de onda U. Extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares isoladas ocorreram em 5 TE (8%). Arritmias ventriculares foram registradas em 6 casos (10%): graus II (4 casos), III (1 caso) e IV-A (1 caso) de <italic>Lown.</italic> Angina do peito ocorreu em 5 pacientes. Em 20 casos, o incremento de PAS foi &lt; 30 mmHg, e em 3 casos o pico de PAS foi &lt; 110 mmHg.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma registrou aumentos de &#225;trio esquerdo em 6 pacientes (10%) e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 9 (15%). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em 23 casos (38%) e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 16 (27%). A motilidade regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi anormal em 56 pacientes (93%): hipocinesia (21 casos, 35%), acinesia (11 casos, 18%) e hipocinesia associada a acinesia (24 casos, 40%). N&#227;o se detectaram valvopatias, pericardiopatias e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica evidenciou, em todos os casos, ritmo sinusal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). N&#227;o se registrou angina. Arritmias supraventriculares ocorreram em 58 pacientes (96%): extra-s&#237;stoles isoladas em 58 (96%), pareadas em 12 (20%) e taquicardia parox&#237;stica em 9 (15%). Arritmias ventriculares foram registradas em 52 pacientes (87%): isoladas (52 casos, 87%), pareadas (15 casos, 25%) e em salvas (11 casos, 18%). N&#227;o houve taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No estudo hemodin&#226;mico, registraram-se les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas uniarteriais em 27 pacientes (45%) e multiarteriais em 24 pacientes (40%): 1. tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, 1 caso (discreta); 2. art&#233;ria descendente anterior, 32 casos (53%), cr&#237;ticas em 25 casos (78%); 3. art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita em 28 pacientes (47%), cr&#237;ticas em 20 casos (71%); 4. art&#233;ria circunflexa em 23 pacientes (38%), cr&#237;ticas em 16 casos (70%).</p>
    <p>O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi normal em 30 casos (50%), apresentando defici&#234;ncia leve (15 casos, 25%), moderada (12 casos, 20%) e grave (2 casos, 3%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rela&#231;&#245;es entre os resultados dos procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados obtidos durante os procedimentos TE, ECGD e CCG est&#225; registrada nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares no TE e na ECGD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>); essas arritmias ocorreram de forma independente (p = 0,65). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares na ECGD de pacientes com extra-sistolia ventricular presente e ausente no TE (1.298 &#177; 80, mediana = 262 vs. 88 &#177; 325, mediana = 6, p = 0,23).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre: 1. n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares na ECGD e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,04); 2. n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares na ECGD e incremento de PAS (r = -0,16); 3. fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e incremento de PAS (r = 0,10).</p>
    <p>O desempenho do TE na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial foi reduzido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quando se comparou a presen&#231;a de isquemia no TE com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de m&#250;ltiplos vasos na CCG, arritmias ventriculares complexas na ECGD e ocorr&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 60% no ECO (p = 0,56), bem como com a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es multiarteriais na CCG, arritmias ventriculares complexas na ECGD e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o anormal no ECO (p = 0,36) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>O tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> foi 16,1 &#177; 4,7 minutos, variando de 6 a 21 minutos, e superior a 12 minutos em 45 pacientes (75%) e <underline>&gt;</underline>15 minutos em 37 casos (62%). O tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> foi comparado &#224;s vari&#225;veis: 1. CCG, para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas; 2. ECO, para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior ou superior a 60%; 3. TE anormal, para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de anormalidade; 4. TE isqu&#234;mico, para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de isquemia; e 5. ECGD, para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares complexas. Apenas as diferen&#231;as para TE anormal (p = 0,07) e isqu&#234;mico (p = 0,08) mostraram tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>). Valores do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> iguais ou maiores de 12 ou 15 minutos n&#227;o apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias graves na CCG, de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 60% no ECO, de segmento ST isqu&#234;mico no TE; no entanto, foram significativos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de TE anormais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM realizado antes da alta hospitalar &#233; recomenda&#231;&#227;o: 1. classe I, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico, prescri&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e avalia&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica; 2. classe IIb, para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, ap&#243;s CCG, em casos de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias n&#227;o-avali&#225;veis; 3. classe IIb, em pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG capazes de interferir na an&#225;lise do segmento ST; 4. classe III, em casos com co-morbidades que limitam a sobrevida ou a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito do protocolo sintoma limitante, nossos dados mostraram freq&#252;&#234;ncia pico de 116 &#177; 20 bpm, correspondente a 66,9 &#177; 11,2% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia m&#225;xima predita, obedecendo &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas<sup>16</sup>. Esses valores foram superiores aos obtidos na ECGD. O TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM pode ser realizado com protocolo de Bruce em tr&#234;s dias de admiss&#227;o, apresentando pouca incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. Em TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM sintoma limitante, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pico atingida foi de 116 &#177; 1 bpm (72,2 &#177; 0,8% da m&#225;xima predita)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A PAS mostrou, em m&#233;dia, incremento de 114 &#177; 18 mmHg a 149 &#177; 30 mmHg. Em 33% dos casos o incremento foi anormal. Este fato tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular isqu&#234;mica, ao descondicionamento f&#237;sico, ao uso de betabloqueadores e &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es de barorreceptores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O duplo produto proporciona uma estimativa do consumo de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7</sup>. Valores de refer&#234;ncia correspondem a n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 25.000 bpm.mmHg<sup>8,18</sup>. Nossos pacientes atingiram n&#237;veis de 17.335 &#177; 4.654 bpm.mmHg, provavelmente em raz&#227;o de fatores que influenciaram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial, especialmente o uso de betabloqueadores<sup>11</sup>. A despeito das altera&#231;&#245;es de contratilidade regional, os pacientes apresentavam, em geral, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, com redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em 38%, da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 27% e preval&#234;ncia de ventriculografia alterada, em grau moderado e grave, em 23%. O uso do m&#233;todo planar para o c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o traria mais fidelidade a esses resultados.</p>
    <p>O desempenho do TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM na detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial mostrou sensibilidade e especificidade de, respectivamente, 58% e 82% para as altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST e 40% e 83% para a ocorr&#234;ncia de angina durante TE<sup>9</sup>. Nossos resultados s&#227;o semelhantes, mostrando baixo desempenho do TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM, com acur&#225;cia de 58%. Esses resultados foram favorecidos pelo uso de f&#225;rmacos, pelo protocolo de teste e pela ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM de parede anterior. Demonstrou-se grande redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do TE em pacientes com ondas Q patol&#243;gicas de V1 a V4<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas no TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM tem sido relacionada &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>20,21</sup>. Pacientes com arritmias ventriculares t&#234;m alta preval&#234;ncia de estenose em art&#233;rias culpadas, isquemia periinfarto e isquemia em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios arteriais<sup>21</sup>. Neste estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares foi maior na ECGD. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias no TE e na ECGD. O grau de extra-sistolia ventricular na ECGD n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o incremento de PAS. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o tamanho da amostra tenha interferido nesses resultados.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve, no entanto, diferen&#231;as significativas entre os procedimentos, considerando-se o TE com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, o ECO com redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, a ECGD com arritmias ventriculares complexas e a CCG com les&#245;es multiarteriais. Esses procedimentos apresentaram os mesmos significados na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos alterados.</p>
    <p>A incapacidade de atingir carga de 5 MET durante o TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM est&#225; relacionada a mau progn&#243;stico<sup>7</sup>. Pacientes capazes de atingir de 5 a 6 MET apresentaram mortalidade de 1% a 2% no primeiro ano<sup>1</sup>. A capacidade funcional &#233; um forte preditor de &#243;bito e reinfarto, independentemente da terap&#234;utica empregada; o valor progn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o de ST &#233; mais evidente em pacientes submetidos a tratamentos fibrinol&#237;ticos<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> permite estimar a capacidade aer&#243;bia,<sup>7</sup> sendo considerado preditor de eventos coron&#225;rios ap&#243;s o infarto<sup>2,5,6,7,22</sup>. A incapacidade de completar 6 minutos de exerc&#237;cio foi preditivo de mortalidade<sup>5</sup>. Neste estudo, utilizou-se o protocolo de Naughton, no qual a carga de 5 MET corresponderia a tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> de 12 minutos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no tempo de <italic>endurance</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia no TE, &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida no ECO, &#224; arritmia ventricular complexa na ECGD e &#224;s les&#245;es multiarteriais. Pacientes com TE isqu&#234;mico ou anormal apresentaram tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o-significativa a valores menores do tempo de <italic>endurance</italic>. A an&#225;lise desses resultados foi prejudicada pelo tamanho da amostra.</p>
    <p>Em geral, nossos resultados foram influenciados pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes, que criaram um vi&#233;s de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, ao selecionar pacientes de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, progn&#243;stico eventualmente favor&#225;vel e em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o. Arritmias ventriculares repetitivas e altera&#231;&#245;es de ST s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes em pacientes sem terapia medicamentosa. A supress&#227;o do uso de medicamentos &#233; bem tolerada logo ap&#243;s o IAM, no entanto existe um risco que deve ser levado em conta para crit&#233;rio de interrup&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes incapazes de realizar TE precoce p&#243;s-IAM apresentaram maior mortalidade na metan&#225;lise de Froelicher e cols.<sup>1</sup>, na era pr&#233;-trombol&#237;tica<sup>1</sup>, e nos estudos GISSI-2, TIMI-2 e nos achados de Arnold e cols.<sup>4</sup>, na era trombol&#237;tica <sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es: as conclus&#245;es s&#227;o v&#225;lidas em casos de IAM n&#227;o-complicado e a an&#225;lise dos resultados foi prejudicada pelo tamanho da amostra.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico precoce p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio apresentou reduzido valor na detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de isquemia durante o teste se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares na ECGD, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no ECO e &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias multiarteriais, o que representou um indicador de elevado risco coron&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Wagner Aparecido Leite pela Escola Paulista de Medicina &#150; Unifesp.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho  </p>
        <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo- EPM </p>
        <p> Rua Tapejara, l09 &#150; Jd. Bonfiflioli </p>
        <p> 05594-050 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="japyaof@cardiol.br">japyaof@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="japyoliveira@uol.com.br">japyoliveira@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/04/07; Revisado recebido em 25/07/07; Aceito em 16/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Froelicher VF,    Perdue S, Pewen W, Risch M. Application of meta-analysis using an electronic    spread sheet for exercise testing in patients after myocardial infarction. Am    J Med. 1987; 83:1045-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Application of meta-analysis using an electronic spread sheet for exercise testing in patients after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1045</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perdue</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pewen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Risch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Shaw LJ, Peterson    ED, Keslerm K, Hasselblad V, Califf RM. A meta-analysis of predischarge risk    stratification after acute myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic,    myocardial perfusion, and ventricular function imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1996;    78: 1327-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A meta-analysis of predischarge risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic, myocardial perfusion, and ventricular function imaging</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1327</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keslerm</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasselblad</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Califf</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chaitman BR,    McMhon RP, Terrin M, Younis LT, Shaw LJ, Weiner DA, et al. Impact of treatment    strategy on predischarge exercise test he Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction    (TIMI) II Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71 (2): 131-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of treatment strategy on predischarge exercise test he Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II Trial</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMhon</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terrin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Younis</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiner</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Arnold AE, Simoons    ML, Detry JM, von Essen R, Van der Werf, Deckers JW, et al. Prediction of mortality    following hospital predischarge after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction:    is there a need for coronary angiographic? Eur Heart J. 1993; 14: 306-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of mortality following hospital predischarge after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: is there a need for coronary angiographic?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>306</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simoons</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Detry</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Essen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Werf</surname>
              <given-names>Deckers JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Villella A,    Maggioni AP, Villella M, Giordano A, Turazza FM, Santoro E, et al. Prognostic    significance of maximal exercise testing after myocardial infarction treated    with thrombolitic agents: the GISSI-2 data-base. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio    della Sopravivenza Nell'Infarto. Lancet. 1995; 346: 523-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of maximal exercise testing after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolitic agents: the GISSI-2 data-base. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravivenza Nell'Infarto</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villella</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villella</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giordano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turazza</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Villella M,    Villella A, Santoro L, Santoro E, Franzosi MG, Maggioni AP, et al. Duke Treadmill    Score, Veterans Administration Medical Center Score, GISSI-2 Investigators Ergometric    Score systems after myocardial infarction: prognostic performance of the Duke    Treadmill Score, Veterans Administration Medical Center Score, and of a novel    score system, GISSI-2 Index, in a cohort of survivors of acute myocardial infarction.    Am Heart J. 2003; 145: 475-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Duke Treadmill Score, Veterans Administration Medical Center Score, GISSI-2 Investigators Ergometric Score systems after myocardial infarction: prognostic performance of the Duke Treadmill Score, Veterans Administration Medical Center Score, and of a novel score system, GISSI-2 Index, in a cohort of survivors of acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>475</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villella</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villella</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franzosi</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Fletcher GF,    Balady, GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards    for testing and training: a statement for professionals from the American Heart    Association. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1694-1740.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1694</fpage>
          <lpage>1740</lpage>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>GJ</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amsterdam</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Balady GJ, Fletcher    BJ, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Krauss RM, Oberman A, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation    programs. AHA Scientific statement. Circulation. 1994; 90: 1602-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac rehabilitation programs: AHA Scientific statement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1602</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartley</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krauss</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oberman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Detrano R, Forelicher    VF. Exercise testing use and limitations. Progr Cardiovasc Dis. 1988; 23: 173-204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise testing use and limitations</article-title>
          <source>Progr Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Detrano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Karha J, Gibson    CM, Murphy SA, Dibattiste PM, Cannon CP, TIMI Study Group. Safety of stress    testing during the evolution of unstable angina pectoris or non-ST-elevation    myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94: 1537-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Safety of stress testing during the evolution of unstable angina pectoris or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1537</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karha</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dibattiste</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Goto Y, Sumida    H, Ueshima K, Adachi H, Nohara R, Itoh H. Safety and implementation of exercise    testing and training after coronary stenting in patients with acute myocardial    infarction. Circ J. 2002; 66: 930-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Safety and implementation of exercise testing and training after coronary stenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>930</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumida</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueshima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adachi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nohara</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itoh</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Naughton J,    Balke B, Nagle F. Refinements on method of evaluation and physical conditioning    before and after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1964; 14: 387-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Refinements on method of evaluation and physical conditioning before and after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naughton</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagle</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Karvonen JJ,    Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on the heart rate, a longitudinal    study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957; 35: 307-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effects of training on the heart rate, a longitudinal study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn</source>
          <date>
            <year>1957</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karvonen</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kentala</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mustala</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Henry WL, DeMaria    A, Gramiak R, King DL, Kisslo JA, Popp RL, et al. Report of the American Society    of Echocardiography Committee on Nomenclature and Standards in Two-dimensional    Echocardiography. Circulation. 1980; 62 (2): 212-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Report of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Nomenclature and Standards in Two-dimensional Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gramiak</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popp</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Sones FM Jr,    Shivey EK, Proudfit RW, Westcott RN. Cinecoronary arteriography abstract. Circulation.    1959; 20: 773.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cinecoronary arteriography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1959</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>773</fpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sones</surname>
              <given-names>FM Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shivey</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proudfit</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westcott</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Gibbons RJ,    Balady GJ, Beasley JW, Bricker WF. ACC/AHA: Guidelines for exercise testing.    J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 260-311.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA: Guidelines for exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>311</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beasley</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bricker</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Senaratne MP;    Smith G; Gulamhusein SS Feasibility and safety of early exercise testing using    the Bruce protocol after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;    35: 1212-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>J Am Coll</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1212</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Senaratne</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Franklin BA.    Normal cardiorrespiratory responses to acute aerobic exercise. In: ACSM'S resource    manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription/American College    of Sports Medicine. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>ACSM'S resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription/American College of Sports Medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Castellanet    M, Greenberg P, Ellestad MH. Comparison of ST segment changes on exercise testing    with angiographic findings in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Am    J Cardiol. 1978; 42: 29-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of ST segment changes on exercise testing with angiographic findings in patients with prior myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castellanet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellestad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Valeur N, Clemmensen    P, Saunam&#228;ki K, Grande P, DANAMI-2 investigators. The prognostic value    of pre-discharge exercise testing after myocardial infarction treated with either    primary PCI or fibrinolysis: a DANAMI-2 sub-study. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26 (2):    119-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prognostic value of pre-discharge exercise testing after myocardial infarction treated with either primary PCI or fibrinolysis: a DANAMI-2 sub-study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valeur</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clemmensen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saunam&#228;ki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grande</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Elhendy A,    Sozzi FB; van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Geleijnse ML, Roelandt JR Relation among exercise-induced    ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and viability late after acute    myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 723-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation among exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias: myocardial ischemia.and viability late after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am. J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>723</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elhendy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sozzi</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Domburg</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geleijnse</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roelandt</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Awad-Elkarim    AA, Bagger JP,Albers CJ,Skinner JS,Adams PC, Hall RJ. A prospective study of    long term prognosis in young myocardial infarction survivors: the prognostic    value of angiography and exercise testing. Heart. 2003; 89: 843-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A prospective study of long term prognosis in young myocardial infarction survivors: the prognostic value of angiography and exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>843</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Awad-Elkarim</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagger</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albers</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skinner</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Bigi R, Verzoni    A, Cortigiani L, De Chiara B, Desideri A, Fiorentini C. Effect of pharmacological    wash-out in patients undergoing exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction.    Int J Cardiol. 2004; 97: 277-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of pharmacological wash-out in patients undergoing exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bigi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verzoni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cortigiani</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Chiara</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desideri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorentini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Exercise testing early after myocardial infarction: comparison with echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary arteriography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Predischarge exercise testing early after myocardial infarction is useful for risk stratification, exercise prescription, and assessment of prognosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the findings of exercise testing early after myocardial infarction with those of echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring (24-hour Holter monitoring) and coronary angiography. METHODS: We evaluated 60 cases (mean age of 51.42 &#177; 9.34 years), of which 46 were males (77%). The symptom-limited maximal exercise test according to the Naughton protocol12 was performed between the sixth day of hospitalization and hospital discharge, with the patients on medication. During hospitalization, the patients underwent echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary angiography. The significance level was set at 0.05 (a = 5%). RESULTS: Exercise testing had a poor performance in the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease (sensitivity, 42%; specificity, 69%). No significant differences were found when the presence of ischemia on exercise test was compared with multivessel coronary disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, and the finding of an ejection fraction lower than 60% on echocardiography (p = 0.56), as well as with the presence of multivessel lesions, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring and abnormal ejection fraction on echocardiography (p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: The presence of ischemia during exercise testing was associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, with reduced ejection fraction on echocardiography, as well as with the presence of multivessel coronary lesions, which constitutes an indicator of a high coronary risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary arterosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography,ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise testing early after myocardial infarction: comparison with echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary arteriography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Wagner Aparecido Leite; Manoel Adam Gil; Valter Correia Lima; Br&#225;ulio Luna Filho; Denise Maria Servantes; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Predischarge exercise testing early after myocardial infarction is useful for risk stratification, exercise prescription, and assessment of prognosis and treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective of this study was to compare the findings of exercise testing early after myocardial infarction with those of echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring (24-hour Holter monitoring) and coronary angiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>We evaluated 60 cases (mean age of 51.42 &#177; 9.34 years), of which 46 were males (77%). The symptom-limited maximal exercise test according to the Naughton protocol12 was performed between the sixth day of hospitalization and hospital discharge, with the patients on medication. During hospitalization, the patients underwent echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary angiography. The significance level was set at 0.05 (a = 5%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Exercise testing had a poor performance in the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease (sensitivity, 42%; specificity, 69%). No significant differences were found when the presence of ischemia on exercise test was compared with multivessel coronary disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, and the finding of an ejection fraction lower than 60% on echocardiography (p = 0.56), as well as with the presence of multivessel lesions, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring and abnormal ejection fraction on echocardiography (p = 0.36).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The presence of ischemia during exercise testing was associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, with reduced ejection fraction on echocardiography, as well as with the presence of multivessel coronary lesions, which constitutes an indicator of a high coronary risk. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):176-181)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary arterosclerosis; exercise test; echocardiography; angiography; electrocardiography, ambulatory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Predischarge exercise testing (ET) early after myocardial infarction (MI) is useful for risk stratification and assessment of prognosis. In ET early after MI, ST-segment depression, angina pectoris, abnormal systolic blood pressure (SBP) response and reduced aerobic capacity are related to adverse outcomes<sup>1-6</sup>. Functional assessment enables treatment evaluation and prescription of work, recreation and rehabilitation activities<sup>7,8</sup>. ET early after myocardial infarction is a safe procedure, with a mortality rate of 0.03% to 0.12%<sup>9,10</sup>, morbidity of 0.09%<sup>9</sup>, and incidence of subacute stent thrombosis of 0.02%<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to compare the findings of ET early after MI with those of echocardiography (ECHO), electrocardiographic monitoring (24-hour Holter monitoring) (ECGM), and coronary angiography (CAG).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This prospective cross-sectional study included a series of consecutive patients of the Coronary Unit of <italic>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo</italic>. Of the 278 patients admitted with a diagnosis of MI, 60 were evaluated (mean age of 51.42 &#177; 9.34 years); 46 were males (77%). The organization chart for exclusion of cases is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Diagnosis of MI was confirmed by the presence of two or more of the following criteria: 1) Chest or retrosternal pain, whether constricting or burning; radiating to the upper limbs, neck and back or not, lasting &gt; 30 minutes; and not relieved by vasodilators; 2) ST-segment elevation &gt; 1 mV in <underline>&gt;</underline>2 leads; 3) Increased CK-MB and CPK levels, two times the normal values. Patients aged less than 70 years, in New York Heart Association functional class I, with no post-MI angina, complex ventricular arrhythmias or electrocardiographic instability were included. Patients with chest pain in the three preceding days, uncontrolled hypertension, previous revascularization, left ventricular thrombus, walking difficulty, disabling disorders for the performance of ETe and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded.</p>
      <p>ECG showed 38 Q-wave MI (63%), 22 non-Q-wave MI (37%), in inferior wall (55%), septal (25%), and lateral wall (3%).</p>
      <p>The patients were receiving aspirin (93%), beta blockers (83%), nitrates (76%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (60%) and calcium antagonists (15%). Thirty five patients underwent streptokinase thrombolysis (58%).</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Escola Paulista de Medicina</italic>. A written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>The patients underwent ET, ECHO, ECGM and CAG prior to hospital discharge, on their usual medications.</p>
      <p>The symptom-limited maximal exercise test according to the Naughton et al<sup>12</sup> was performed between the sixth day of hospitalization and hospital discharge. The TRACKMASTER TM treadmill (Pensacola, Florida) and the APEX 2000 TEB System (Sao Paulo, Brazil) with 13 leads (12 conventional leads plus CM5) were used. ST-segment alterations <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.10mV (horizontal, depression) or <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.20mV (elevation) were considered significant, and ET with significant ST-segment alteration, U-wave inversion and angina were considered ischemic. ET with abnormal ST-segment, U-wave inversion, angina, grade II-IV ventricular arrhythmias (Lown), and abnormal SBP responses (SBP peak &lt; 110 mmHg, SBP increment &lt; 30 mmHg)<sup>8</sup> were considered abnormal. The predicted maximum heart rate was calculated using the Karvonen e cols.<sup>13</sup> formula.</p>
      <p>ECHO was performed using parasternal (long and short axes) and apical (four and two-chamber) views, with an Ultramark 4 CV (Bothell, WA) equipment with a 3-MHz transducer. Ejection fraction was calculated using the cube method (reference values: 0.60 to 0.80)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>ECGM was recorded in the V1 and CM leads, using a Dynamis 2000 &#150; <italic>Cardios Sistemas</italic> (Sao Paulo, Brazil) equipment and a DMI Cardios model Cardiology 4300 (<italic>Cardios Sistemas</italic>, SP, Brazil) analyzer.</p>
      <p>CAG was performed using the Sones technique in the left anterior oblique, right anterior oblique and left lateral views. Obstructions &gt; 70% of the arterial lumen were considered significant<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following tests were used for the statistical analysis: 1) Fisher's exact test for the relationship between the ability to detect ventricular arrythmias on ETe and on ECGM; 2) Cochran test for the concordance between the assessments carried out by ETe, ECHO, ECGM and CAG; 3) Student's t test for the mean endurance time in relation to the CAG, ECHO, abnormal ETe, ischemic ETe and ECGM variables; 4) Pearson's chi square test or Fisher's test for the relationship between the variables and the groups established, considering critical endurance time values those <underline>&lt;</underline>12; 5) Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA for comparison of endurance time according to the angiographic lesions. Significance level was set at 0.05 (a = 5%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise Testing</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ETs were performed uneventfully 10.85 &#177; 3.46 days after MI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref>). The ST-segment was normal in 19 cases (31%), upsloping in 21 cases (35%), horizontal in 16 cases (27%), downsloping in 4 cases (7%), and was considered ischemic in 21 patients (35%): 4 upsloping, 13 horizontal and 4 downsloping. No U-wave inversion was observed. Isolated supraventricular extrasystoles were found in five ETe (8%). Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in six cases (10%): Lown grade II (4 cases), grade III (one case), and grade IV-A (one case). Angina pectoris was present in five patients. In 20 cases, the SBP increment was &lt; 30 mmHg, and in three cases SBP peak was &lt; 110 mmHg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography recorded enlarged left atrium in six patients (10%) and enlarged left ventricle in nine (15%). Reduced fractional shortening was observed in 23 cases (38%), and reduced ejection fraction in 16 cases (27%). Left ventricular segmental motion was abnormal in 56 patients (93%) with hypokinesia in 21 cases (35%), akinesia in 11 cases (18%) and hypokinesia associated with akinesia in 24 cases (40%). Heart valve disease, pericardial diseases and pulmonary hypertension were not detected.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic Monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Electrocardiographic monitoring showed sinus rhythm in all cases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref>). Angina was not recorded. Supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in 58 patients (96%): isolated extrasystoles in 58 (96%), paired extrasystoles in 12 (20%), paroxysmal tachycardia in 9 (15%). Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in 52 patients (87%): isolated (52 cases, 87%), paired (15 cases, 25%), and in clusters (11 cases, 18%). No sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation occurred.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic Study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the hemodynamic study, critical one-vessel lesions were recorded in 27 patients (45%), and multivessel lesions in 24 patients (40%): 1) Left main coronary artery, 1 case (mild); 2) Anterior descending artery, 32 cases (53%), critical in 25 cases (78%); 3) Right coronary artery in 28 patients (47%), critical in 20 cases (71%); 4) Circumflex artery in 23 patients (38%), critical in 16 cases (70%).</p>
      <p>The left ventricle was normal in 30 cases (50%), showed a mild dysfunction in 15 cases (25%), was moderate in 12 cases (20%), and severe in two cases (3%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Relationships between the results of the procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship between the results obtained in ET, ECGM and CAG are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t2-body2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t4-body2">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t5-body2">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t6-body2">6</xref>. No relationship was observed between the presence of ventricular arrhythmias on ET and on ECGM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t2-body2">Table 2</xref>); the occurrence of both was independent (p = 0.65%). No difference was found in the number of ventricular extrasystoles on the ECGM of patients with or without ventricular extrasystoles on ET (1298 &#177; 80, median = 262 vs. 88 &#177; 325, median = 6, p = 0.23).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0195-00007-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant associations were found between: 1) The number of ventricular extrasystoles on ECGM and ejection fraction (r = 0.04); 2) The number of ventricular extrasystoles on ECGM and SBP increment (r = -0.16); 3) Ejection fraction and SBP increment (r = 0.10).</p>
      <p>ET had a poor performance in the detection of multivessel coronary disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>No significant differences were observed when the presence of ischemia on ET was compared with multivessel coronary disease on CAG, complex ventricular arrhythmias on ECGM, and the occurrence of ejection fraction lower than 60% on ECHO (p = 0.56), as well as with the presence of multivessel lesions on CAG, complex ventricular arrhythmias on ECGM and abnormal ejection fraction on ECHO (p = 0.36) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The endurance time was 16.1 &#177; 4.7 minutes, ranging from 6 to 21 minutes. It was higher than 12 minutes in 45 patients (75%) and <underline>&gt;</underline>15 minutes in 37 cases (62%), and was compared to the following variables: 1) CAG, as to the presence or absence of critical lesions; 2) ECHO, as to an ejection fraction lower than or higher than 60%; 3) Abnormal ET, as to the presence or absence of abnormalities; 4) Ischemic ET, as to the presence or absence of ischemia; 5) ECGM, as to the presence or absence of complex ventricular arrhythmias. Only the differences for abnormal and ischemic ET (p = 0.07 and p = 0.08, respectively) showed a trend to significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t5-body2">Table 5</xref>). Endurance time values equal to or higher than 12 or 15 minutes bore no relation to the occurrence of severe coronary lesions on CAG, of ejection fraction lower than 60% on ECHO, and of ischemic ST-segment on ET. However, they were significant in relation to the occurrence of abnormal ET (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t6-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Predischarge ET early after MI is recommended in the following situations: 1) Class I, for prognostic assessment, physical activity prescription and evaluation of therapy; 2) Class IIb, for detection of myocardial ischemia after CAG, in cases in which the coronary lesions cannot be evaluated; 3) Class IIb, in patients with ECG changes that can interfere with the analysis of the ST-segment; 4) Class III, in cases with comorbidities that limit life expectancy or myocardial revascularization<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the symptom-limited protocol, our findings showed a maximum heart rate of 116 &#177; 20 bpm, corresponding to 66.9 &#177; 11.2% of the predicted maximum rate, thus complying with the established guidelines<sup>16</sup>. These values were higher than those obtained on ECGM. ET early after MI may be performed using the Bruce protocol within three days of hospital admission with a low incidence of complications. In symptom-limited ET early after MI the maximum heart rate reached was 116 &#177;1bpm (72.2 &#177; 0.8% of the predicted maximum)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>SBP showed, on average, an increment from 114 &#177; 18mmHg to 149 &#177; 30mmHg. This increment was abnormal in 33% of the cases. This has been attributed to ischemic ventricular dysfunction, physical deconditioning, and use of beta-blockers, as well as to left ventricular baroceptor alterations<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The double product provides an estimate of myocardial oxygen consumption<sup>7</sup>. Reference values correspond to levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 25000bpm.mmHg<sup>8,18</sup>. Our patients reached 17335 &#177; 4654bpm.mmHg, probably due to factors that influenced the heart rate and blood pressure, especially the use of beta-blockers<sup>11</sup>. In general, despite the regional contractility alterations, the patients had, preserved ventricular function, with reduction of fractional shortening by 38%, of ejection fraction by 27%, and of the prevalence of abnormal ventriculography of moderate and severe degrees by 23%. The use of the planar method for the calculation of ejection fraction would have provided more reliable results.</p>
      <p>The ability of ET early after MI in the detection of multivessel coronary disease showed a sensitivity and specificity of 58% and 82%, respectively, for ST-segment alterations, and 40% and 83% for the occurrence of angina during ET<sup>9</sup>. Our findings are similar, showing a poor performance of ET early after MI, with an accuracy of 58%. These results were facilitated by the use of drugs, by the test protocol, and by the occurrence of MI in the anterior wall. A significant reduction of ET sensitivity was demonstrated in patients with pathological Q waves from V1 to V4<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias on ET early after MI has been related to myocardial ischemia and ventricular dysfunction<sup>20,21</sup>. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias have a high prevalence of infarct-related artery stenosis, peri-infarction ischemia and ischemia in multivessel distribution<sup>21</sup>. In this study, ventricular arrhythmias were more frequently observed on ECGM. There was no relation between the occurrence of arrhythmias on ET and on ECGM. The degree of ventricular extrasystoles on ECGM did not show any correlation with ejection fraction and SBP increment. The sample size may have interfered with these results.</p>
      <p>However, no significant differences were found between the procedures, considering ET with myocardial ischemia, ECHO with reduced ejection fraction, ECGM with complex arrhythmias, and CAG with multivessel lesions. These procedures had the same value in the identification of cases presenting with alterations.</p>
      <p>Inability to reach a 5-MET workload during ET early after MI is related to adverse outcomes<sup>7</sup>. Patients able to reach 5 to 6 METs had a mortality of 1 to 2% in the first year<sup>1</sup>. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of death and reinfarction, irrespective of treatment strategy; the prognostic value of ST-segment depression is more evident in fibrinolysis-treated patients<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Endurance time enables the estimation of the aerobic capacity<sup>7</sup> and is considered predictive of post-infarction coronary events<sup>2,5,6,7,22</sup>. Inability to complete six minutes of exercise was predictive of mortality<sup>5</sup>. In this study, we used the Naughton protocol, in which the 5-MET workload would correspond to a 12-minute endurance time. No significant differences were found in endurance time in relation to the presence of ischemia on ET, reduced ejection fraction on ECHO, complex ventricular arrhythmia on ECGM and multivessel lesions. Patients with ischemic or abnormal ET showed a non-significant trend to lower values of endurance time. The analysis of these results was affected by the sample size.</p>
      <p>In general, our results were influenced by the inclusion criteria, which led to an interpretation bias because patients with a favorable clinical outcome, occasionally favorable prognosis and receiving medication were selected. Repetitive ventricular arrhythmias and ST-segment changes are more frequent in patients off pharmacological therapy. Drug discontinuation is well tolerated soon after MI; however, there is a risk that must be taken into account as a criterion of drug discontinuation<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients unable to undergo ET early after MI had a higher mortality in Froelicher et al<sup>1</sup> meta-analysis (1987), in the pre-thrombolytic era<sup>1</sup>, and in GISSI-2 and TIMI-2 trials, as well as in Arnold et al<sup>4</sup> findings (1993), in the thrombolytic era<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The limitations of the present study were: 1) The conclusions are valid in cases of non-complicated MI; 2) Sample size.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, exercise testing early after myocardial infarction showed a low value in the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease. However, the presence of ischemia during the test was associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on ECGM, with reduced ejection fraction on ECHO, and with the presence of multivessel coronary lesions, which constitutes an indicator of a high coronary risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wagner Aparecido Leite, from Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho</p>
          <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - EPM</p>
          <p> Rua Tapejara, l09 &#150; Jd. Bonfiflioli</p>
          <p> 05594-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="japyaof@cardiol.br">japyaof@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="japyoliveira@uol.com.br">japyoliveira@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 26, 2007; revised manuscript received July 25, 2007; accepted October 16, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
