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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9k4zsS5NtxLhdfLWTdmKqdx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso de suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia, no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miotto</surname>
            <given-names>Heberth C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Eug&#234;nio M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Faria Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Clinica M&#233;dica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>194</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O sucesso no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia depende de muitos fatores que podem ser resumidos como: aluno, instrutores e curso. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular. M&#201;TODOS: Analisaram-se dados referentes aos cursos de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS) no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. De acordo com o subs&#237;dio financeiro, foram divididos em: grupo 1 - subs&#237;dio integral; grupo 2 - subs&#237;dio de 50%; e grupo 3 - sem subs&#237;dio. Quanto ao local do curso, foram divididos em: local A - curso em cidade com &gt; 1 milh&#227;o de habitantes; e local B - curso em cidade com &lt; 1 milh&#227;o de habitantes. Compararam-se a aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e te&#243;rica e a m&#233;dia te&#243;rica. RESULTADOS: Participaram do ACLS 819 alunos: 199 (24%) no grupo 1, 122 (15%) no 2 e 498 (61%) no 3. A aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e te&#243;rica e a m&#233;dia na prova te&#243;rica foram maiores no grupo 3 que nos demais grupos (p&lt;0,05). Quatrocentos e oitenta e dois fizeram o curso no local A (59%) e 337 (41%) no local B. A aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p = 0,33), entretanto a aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi maior no local A (73% vs. 65% - p = 0,021 - OR = 1,44 e IC: 1,05 - 1,97). A m&#233;dia te&#243;rica foi maior no local A (87,1 &#177; 10,4 e 86 &#177; 11, respectivamente p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: O subs&#237;dio financeiro e o local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso influenciaram na aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP)</kwd>
        <kwd>educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada</kwd>
        <kwd>parada card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>emerg&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>suporte vital card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso de suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia, no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Heberth C. Miotto<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Eug&#234;nio M. A. Goulart<sup>I, II</sup>; Carlos Faria Santos Amaral<sup>I, II</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V. Moreira<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Clinica M&#233;dica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> O sucesso no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia depende de muitos fatores que podem ser resumidos como: aluno, instrutores e curso. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Analisaram-se dados referentes aos cursos de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS) no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. De acordo com o subs&#237;dio financeiro, foram divididos em: grupo 1 &#150; subs&#237;dio integral; grupo 2 &#150; subs&#237;dio de 50%; e grupo 3 &#150; sem subs&#237;dio. Quanto ao local do curso, foram divididos em: local A &#150; curso em cidade com &gt; 1 milh&#227;o de habitantes; e local B &#150; curso em cidade com &lt; 1 milh&#227;o de habitantes. Compararam-se a aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e te&#243;rica e a m&#233;dia te&#243;rica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Participaram do ACLS 819 alunos: 199 (24%) no grupo 1, 122 (15%) no 2 e 498 (61%) no 3. A aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica e te&#243;rica e a m&#233;dia na prova te&#243;rica foram maiores no grupo 3 que nos demais grupos (p&lt;0,05). Quatrocentos e oitenta e dois fizeram o curso no local A (59%) e 337 (41%) no local B. A aprova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p = 0,33), entretanto a aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi maior no local A (73% vs. 65% - p = 0,021 &#150; OR = 1,44 e IC: 1,05 &#150; 1,97). A m&#233;dia te&#243;rica foi maior no local A (87,1 &#177; 10,4 e 86 &#177; 11, respectivamente p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O subs&#237;dio financeiro e o local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso influenciaram na aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, parada card&#237;aca, educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, emerg&#234;ncias, suporte vital card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os cursos de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (Advanced Cardiac Life Support &#150; ACLS) s&#227;o destinados ao ensino da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. O treinamento em emerg&#234;ncia est&#225; associado com a melhora da sobrevida na parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria pr&#233;-hospitalar e hospitalar, por&#233;m a reten&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e da habilidade psicomotora para realiza&#231;&#227;o da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar ainda continua sendo problema<sup>2-8</sup>. O sucesso no aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular depende de v&#225;rios fatores, que podem ser resumidos em tr&#234;s: aluno, instrutor e curso.</p>
    <p>O prop&#243;sito do presente estudo &#233; analisar retrospectivamente a influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro integral ou parcial e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso no aprendizado imediato dos cursos de Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Selecionamos cursos regulares do ACLS entre dezembro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Participaram dos cursos m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras que procuraram o treinamento espontaneamente ou por exig&#234;ncia de alguma institui&#231;&#227;o, e no &#250;ltimo caso algum grau de subs&#237;dio foi fornecido.</p>
    <p>Os cursos foram classificados conforme subs&#237;dio financeiro e local da sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com o subs&#237;dio financeiro, foram assim organizados: grupo 1 (100% pago por alguma institui&#231;&#227;o), grupo 2 (50% pago por alguma institui&#231;&#227;o) e grupo 3 (integralmente pago pelo aluno). Quanto ao local, determinou-se a seguinte classifica&#231;&#227;o: local A (centro urbano maior com mais de um milh&#227;o de habitantes) e local B (centro urbano menor com menos de um milh&#227;o de habitantes). A defini&#231;&#227;o populacional dos centros urbanos foi obtida do &#250;ltimo censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE).</p>
    <p>Todos os cursos tinham metodologia e formato id&#234;nticos, segundo o manual do instrutor do ACLS (American Heart Association &#150; AHA) e foram administrados pela mesma equipe de instrutores, todos credenciados pela AHA, ap&#243;s curso de instrutor, e com recertifica&#231;&#227;o a cada dois anos<sup>1</sup>. Os alunos receberam o material ("ACLS &#150; Manual para provedores de sa&#250;de") com trinta dias de anteced&#234;ncia e foram orientados por carta para estudar o manual previamente.</p>
    <p>Todos os manequins utilizados nos cursos atendiam &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da AHA e permitiam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, procedimentos invasivos como intuba&#231;&#227;o e simula&#231;&#227;o de ritmos card&#237;acos (Ambu<sup>&#174;</sup>). Os cen&#225;rios e as simula&#231;&#245;es nas aulas pr&#225;ticas e nas avalia&#231;&#245;es seguiram exemplos de cen&#225;rios constantes do manual do aluno e do instrutor<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a certifica&#231;&#227;o, todos os alunos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica ao final do curso, de acordo com modelo proposto pelo manual do instrutor do ACLS<sup>1</sup>. O teste te&#243;rico consistia em prova de m&#250;ltipla escolha com trinta e tr&#234;s quest&#245;es, elaboradas para os cursos do ACLS pela AHA, e era considerado aprovado quem obtivesse 84% ou mais de acertos. A prova pr&#225;tica avaliava o correto atendimento da parada card&#237;aca, segundo algoritmo AHA, e era considerado aprovado o aluno que realizasse um atendimento de uma parada card&#237;aca conforme os algoritmos da AHA e n&#227;o cometesse nenhuma falta considerada grave, como falha em reconhecimento do ritmo, n&#227;o-acionamento do Servi&#231;o M&#233;dico de Emerg&#234;ncia (SME) e indica&#231;&#227;o incorreta de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). O aluno que cometesse alguma falha grave recebia uma segunda chance e era novamente avaliado em outro cen&#225;rio de parada card&#237;aca. Se novamente ocorresse algum erro considerado grave, ent&#227;o o aluno era considerado reprovado.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparamos a aprova&#231;&#227;o nas avalia&#231;&#245;es te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica e a m&#233;dia na avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica nos locais A e B e nos grupos com subs&#237;dio financeiro 1, 2 e 3.</p>
    <p>Todos os dados foram extra&#237;dos do banco de dados do centro de treinamento em emerg&#234;ncias da Sociedade Mineira de Terapia Intensiva, a qual &#233; credenciado pela AHA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#201;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O escore te&#243;rico e a aprova&#231;&#227;o nas avalia&#231;&#245;es te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas foram comparados retrospectivamente nos grupos local A e local B e grupos 1, 2 e 3, segundo dados constantes em banco de dados.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, os dados foram analisados por meio de t&#233;cnicas de estat&#237;stica descritiva, em que vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram transformadas em vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias, para maior clareza de an&#225;lise; depois esses dados foram agrupados sinteticamente em tabela. Posteriormente, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo Teste de T de Student, ANOVA, e, quando necess&#225;rio, pelo teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Kruskall-Wallis. Utilizou-se p&lt;0,05 para todas as vari&#225;veis como crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, 819 alunos foram treinados em emerg&#234;ncia pelo curso do ACLS. Desse total, 437 eram do sexo masculino (53,4%) e 382 do sexo feminino (46,6%). Conforme o subs&#237;dio, os alunos estavam assim distribu&#237;dos: grupo 1 &#150; 199 alunos (24,3%), grupo 2 &#150; 122 (14,9%) e grupo 3 &#150; 498 (60,8%). No grupo 1 havia pequena predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino (60,3%), fato n&#227;o observado nos demais grupos, e sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>O grupo 3 apresentou maior aprova&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica, seguido do 1 e finalmente do 2 (p &lt; 0,05). A aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo 3 que nos demais grupos, e o grupo 1 apresentou o menor &#237;ndice de aprova&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia do escore na avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi maior no grupo 3 que nos demais grupos, e o grupo 2 apresentou melhor escore que o grupo 1 (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com o local do curso, do total de alunos inscritos, 482 (59%) realizaram o curso no local A (centro urbano com mais de um milh&#227;o de habitantes) e 337 (41%) no local B (centro urbano menor B) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A aprova&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica foi semelhante para os locais A e B (p = 0,33), entretanto a aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi maior no local A que no B (73% vs. 65% - p = 0,021 &#150; OR = 1,44 e IC: 1,05 &#150; 1,97). A m&#233;dia na avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi de 87,1 &#177; 10,4 para o local A e 86 &#177; 11 para o local B, resultando em diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desempenho dos participantes foi influenciado por v&#225;rios fatores relacionados ao curso, como aluno, instrutor e o pr&#243;prio curso<sup>7,9,10</sup>. O aluno motivado apresentou melhor aproveitamento te&#243;rico e pr&#225;tico, no entanto o subs&#237;dio financeiro, muitas vezes associado &#224; obrigatoriedade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso do ACLS, p&#244;de ser interpretado como fator negativo para a aprendizagem (menor motiva&#231;&#227;o). Os dados apresentados demonstraram que os alunos subsidiados (100% ou 50%) apresentaram pior aproveitamento do que aqueles que n&#227;o tinham nenhum subs&#237;dio, o que resultou em menor aprova&#231;&#227;o e menor escore m&#233;dio na avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica. Tais dados sugerem que a procura espont&#226;nea &#233; derivada de maior interesse e motiva&#231;&#227;o para o aprendizado da emerg&#234;ncia e, conseq&#252;entemente, melhor desempenho nas avalia&#231;&#245;es te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica. Quanto ao local de trabalho e &#224; resid&#234;ncia do aluno, quando o curso ocorreu em cidade menor, com menos de um milh&#227;o de habitantes (local B), o desempenho na avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi pior, caracterizando possivelmente menor conhecimento te&#243;rico ou menor engajamento para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso. Tamb&#233;m pode significar menor estudo pr&#233;vio do material te&#243;rico ou menor experi&#234;ncia no atendimento das emerg&#234;ncias. O fato de, na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica, n&#227;o ter havidodiferen&#231;a significativa pode caracterizar capacidade de aprendizado do aluno ou metodologia did&#225;tica adequada do curso (fator relacionado a este), mas tamb&#233;m pode estar relacionado com o instrutor.</p>
    <p>Existem outros fatores envolvidos no bom aproveitamento do treinamento, mas a localiza&#231;&#227;o do curso e o subs&#237;dio financeiro, o que depende do aluno, t&#234;m participa&#231;&#227;o na aprova&#231;&#227;o e provavelmente na reten&#231;&#227;o dos conhecimentos te&#243;rico e pr&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia do subs&#237;dio financeiro e do local da realiza&#231;&#227;o do curso do ACLS na aprova&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e pr&#225;tica e na m&#233;dia da avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi bem reconhecida. Portanto, devem ser desenvolvidas estrat&#233;gias para solucionar ou amenizar o problema.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Heberth C. Miotto, Eug&#234;nio M. Goulart e Carlos F. S. Amaral pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Heberth C. Miotto </p>
        <p> Rua Paracatu, 1555/1202 &#150; Santo Agostinho </p>
        <p> 30180-091 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hcmiotto@cardiol.br">hcmiotto@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hcmiotto@terra.com.br">hcmiotto@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/08/07; Revisado recebido em 15/10/07; Aceito em 31/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of financial subsidy and venue on advanced cardiac life support courses, in the learning of cardiovascular emergency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The success in learning of emergency depends on many factors that can be summarized as: student, instructors and course. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of financial subsidy and venue of course in learning cardiovascular emergency. METHODS: Data were analyzed regarding the courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the period from December 2005 to December 2006. In agreement with the financial subsidy, they were divided in: group 1 - integral subsidy; group 2 - subsidy of 50%; and group 3 - without subsidy. As for the venue of the course, they were divided in: locality A - study in city with&gt; 1 million inhabitants; and locality B - study in city with &lt;1 million inhabitants. The practical and theoretical approval and the theoretical average were compared. RESULTS: 819 students participated in ACLS: 199 (24%) in group 1, 122 (15%) in 2 and 498 (61%) in 3. The practical and theoretical approval and the average in the theoretical exam were greater in group 3 than in other groups (p &lt;0.05). Four hundred and eighty two (482) took the course in venue A (59%) and 337 (41%) in venue B. The practical approval was similar for both groups (p = 0.33), however the theoretical approval was greater in venue A (73% vs. 65% - p = 0.021 - OR = 1.44 and IC: 1.05 - 1.97). The theoretical average was greater in venue A (87.1 &#177; 10.4 and 86 &#177; 11, respectively p &lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The financial subsidy and venue of the course had influence in the theoretical and practical approval.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>education</kwd>
        <kwd>medical</kwd>
        <kwd>continuing</kwd>
        <kwd>heart arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>health education</kwd>
        <kwd>emergency</kwd>
        <kwd>advanced cardiac life support - (ACLS)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Influence of financial subsidy and venue on advanced cardiac life support courses, in the learning of cardiovascular emergency</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Heberth C. Miotto<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Eug&#234;nio M. A. Goulart<sup>I, II</sup>; Carlos Faria Santos Amaral<sup>I, II</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V. Moreira<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Internal Medicine Postgraduate Program, Medical School,Federal University of Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The success in learning of emergency depends on many factors that can be summarized as: student, instructors and course.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the influence of financial subsidy and venue of course in learning cardiovascular emergency.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Data were analyzed regarding the courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the period from December 2005 to December 2006. In agreement with the financial subsidy, they were divided in: group 1 - integral subsidy; group 2 - subsidy of 50%; and group 3 - without subsidy. As for the venue of the course, they were divided in: locality A - study in city with&gt; 1 million inhabitants; and locality B - study in city with &lt;1 million inhabitants. The practical and theoretical approval and the theoretical average were compared.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>819 students participated in ACL: 199 (24%) in group 1, 122 (15%) in 2 and 498 (61%) in 3. The practical and theoretical approval and the average in the theoretical exam were greater in group 3 than in other groups (p &lt;0.05). Four hundred and eighty two (482) took the course in venue A (59%) and 337 (41%) in venue B. The practical approval was similar for both groups (p = 0.33), however the theoretical approval was greater in venue A (73% vs. 65% - p = 0.021 - OR = 1.44 and IC: 1.05 - 1.97). The theoretical average was greater in venue A (87.1 &#177; 10.4 and 86 &#177; 11, respectively p &lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The financial subsidy and venue of the course had influence in the theoretical and practical approval. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):172-175)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; education, medical, continuing; heart arrest; health education; emergency; advanced cardiac life support - (ACLS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support - (ACLS) are destined for teaching of cardiovascular emergency<sup>1</sup>. The training in emergency is associated with the improvement of survival in the pre-hospital and hospital cardio-respiratory arrest, however the retention of knowledge and the pschycomotor ability for accomplishment of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation still remains a problema<sup>2-8</sup>. The success in learning of cardiovascular emergency depends on several factors, that can be summarized in three: student, instructor and course.</p>
      <p>The purpose of the present study is to analyze, in retrospect, the influence of integral or partial financial subsidy and venue of course in the immediate learning of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We selected regular ACLS courses between December 2005 and December 2006. Participants in the course were physicians and nurses who sought the training spontaneously or for demand of some institution, and for the latter,some degree of subsidy was supplied.</p>
      <p>The courses were classified according to financial aid and venue. In agreement with the financial subsidy, they were organized: group 1 (100% paid for by some institution), group 2 (50% paid for by some institution) and group 3 (integrally paid for by the student). As for the venue, the following classification was determined: venue A (larger urban center with more than a million inhabitants) and venue B (smaller urban center with less than a million inhabitants). The population definition of the urban centers was obtained from the last census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).</p>
      <p>All courses had identical methodology and format, according to the ACLS (American Heart Association - AHA) instructor's manual and they were administered by the same team of instructors, all accredited by AHA, after instructor's course, and with two-yearly re-certification<sup>1</sup>. The students received the material ("ACLS - Manual for providers of health") with thirty days of antecedence and they were previously instructed by letter to study the manual.</p>
      <p>All the mannequins used in the courses complied to the recommendations of AHA and they allowed defibrillation, invasive procedures as intubation and simulation of heart rhythms (Ambu<sup>&#174;</sup>). The scenario and simulations in the practical classes and in the evaluations followed examples of scenario in the student's and instrutor's manual<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the certification, all students were submitted to the theoretical and practical evaluation at the end of the course, in agreement with model proposed by the instructor's of ACLS<sup>1</sup> manual. The theoretical test consisted of multiple choice questionnaire with thirty three subjects, elaborated for the courses of ACLS by AHA, and who obtained 84% or more of correct answers was approved. The practical exam evaluated the correct assistance to the cardiac arrest, per AHA algorithm, and the student that accomplished an assistance to a cardiac arrest according to the AHA algorithms and did not make any serious mistake , such as lack of recognition of the rhythm, no call for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and incorrect indication of defibrillation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. 1</xref>). was approved.The student that committed some serious mistakes was given a second chance and was evaluated again in another cardiac arrest scenario. If again some serious mistake was made, then the student was reproved.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We compared the approval in the theoretical and practical evaluations and the average in the theoretical evaluation in venue A and B and in the groups with financial subsidy 1, 2 and 3.</p>
      <p>All the data were extracted of the database of the training center in emergencies of the Minas Society of Intensive Therapy, which is accredited by AHA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Federal University of Minas Gerais.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The theoretical score and the approval in the evaluations theoretical-practical were compared in retrospect at the groups venue A and venue B and groups 1, 2 and 3, according to available data in database.</p>
      <p>Initially, the data were analyzed through techniques of descriptive statistics, in which continuous variables were transformed in binary variables, for greater analysis clarity; then these data were contained synthetically in table. Later, the continuous variables were analyzed by the Test of T of Student, ANOVA, and, when necessary, by the non-parametric test of Kruskall-Wallis. As criteria of statistical significance P was used &lt;0.05 for all the variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period of December 2005 to December 2006, 819 students were trained in emergency by the ACLS course. From this total, 437 were male (53.4%) and 382 female (46.6%). According to the subsidy, the students were distributed like this: group 1 - 199 students (24.3%), group 2 - 122 (14.9%) and group 3 - 498 (60.8%). In group 1 there was small male predominance (60.3%), fact not observed in other groups, and without statistical significance.</p>
      <p>The group 3 presented greater approval in the practical evaluation, followed by 1 and finally by 2 (p &lt;0.05). The theoretical approval was also greater in group 3 than in other groups, and the group 1 presented the lesser approval index. The average of the score in the theoretical evaluation was greater in group 3 than in other groups and group 2 presented better score than group 1 (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06t2-body2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In agreement with the venue of the course, the total of enrolled students, 482 (59%) finished the course in venue A (urban center with more than a million inhabitants) and 337 (41%) in venue B (smaller urban center (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06t3-body2">tab.3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0191-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The approval in the practical evaluation was similar for venues A and B (p = 0.33), however the theoretical approval was greater in venue A than in B (73% vs. 65% - p = 0.021 - OR = 1.44 and IC: 1.05 - 1.97). The average in the theoretical evaluation was of 87.1 &#177; 10.4 for venue A and 86 &#177; 11 for venue B, resulting in significant statistical difference (p &lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The participants' performance was influenced by several factors related to the course, as student, instructor and the course itself<sup>7,9,10</sup>. The motivated student presented better theoretical and practical performance, however the financial subsidy, many times associated to the compulsory nature of the accomplishment of the ACLS course, could be interpreted as negative factor for the learning (lesser motivation). The data presented demonstrated that the subsidized students (100% or 50%) presented worse performance than those that did not have any subsidy, what resulted in lesser approval and lesser medium score in the theoretical evaluation. Such data suggest that the spontaneous search is derived of greater interest and motivation for the learning of emergency and, consequently, better performance in the theoretical and practical evaluations. As for the work place and the student's residence, when the course took place in smaller city, with less than a million inhabitants (place B), the performance in the theoretical evaluation was worse, characterizing possibly lesser theoretical knowledge or lesser commitment for the accomplishment of the course. It can also mean lesser previous study of the theoretical material or lesser experience in attendance of emergencies. The fact of, in the practical evaluation, not to have had significant difference can characterize learning capacity of the students or appropriate didactic methodology of the course (factor related to this), but it can also be related to the instructor.</p>
      <p>There are other factors involved in the benefit of the training, but the venue of course and the financial subsidy, what depends on the student, have participation in the approval and probably in the retention of the theoretical and practical knowledge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The influence of financial subsidy and venue of ACLS course in theoretical and practical approval and in average of theoretical evaluation was well recognized. Therefore, strategies should be developed to solve or to ease the problem.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Heberth C. Miotto, Eug&#234;nio M. Goulart e Carlos F. S. Amaral, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Heberth C. Miotto</p>
          <p> Rua Paracatu , 1555/1202 - Santo Agostinho</p>
          <p> 30180-091 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="hcmiotto@cardiol.br">hcmiotto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="hcmiotto@terra.com.br">hcmiotto@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 04, 2007; revised manuscript received October 15, 2007; accepted October 31, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
