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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GCpSm9vhy7TrkXBfLQ9FhVM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da t&#233;cnica de takeuchi usada para o tratamento da origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lenzi</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Weirich</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Solarewicz</surname>
            <given-names>Leo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Wanderley Saviollo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sallum</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyague</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Itiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos casos de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar operados com a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi, analisando o resultado cir&#250;rgico imediato e tardio e a morbidade destes pacientes. OBJETIVO: Relato uma s&#233;rie de casos de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar operados com a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi. M&#233;todos: Realizou-se a an&#225;lise com coleta de dados dos prontu&#225;rios de doze pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2003. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 5,9 &#177; 1,7 meses. A cl&#237;nica preponderante foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente nos lactentes. O eletrocardiograma inicial em dez casos mostrou onda Q em DI e aVL e sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No ecocardiograma, observaram-se padr&#227;o de miocardiopatia dilatada em seis pacientes e insufici&#234;ncia mitral. A idade m&#233;dia da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi de 31,8 &#177; 14,3 meses. A mortalidade cir&#250;rgica imediata foi de 16% (dois pacientes) por disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No acompanhamento ambulatorial, houve a melhora da sintomatologia e das altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma, retorno da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e melhora da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Durante o acompanhamento, tr&#234;s casos evolu&#237;ram com estenose supravalvar pulmonar. CONCLUS&#195;O: A suspeita cl&#237;nica dessa cardiopatia deve ser feita em todo lactente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com o emprego da t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi se mostra eficaz, com baixo &#237;ndice de mortalidade. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; um retorno &#224; normalidade da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a melhora da insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Coronariopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da t&#233;cnica de takeuchi usada para o tratamento da origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andrea Weirich Lenzi; Leo Solarewicz; Wanderley Saviollo Ferreira; F&#225;bio Sallum; Nelson Itiro Miyague</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Infantil Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos casos de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar operados com a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi, analisando o resultado cir&#250;rgico imediato e tardio e a morbidade destes pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Relato uma s&#233;rie de casos de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar operados com a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#233;todos: </bold> Realizou-se a an&#225;lise com coleta de dados dos prontu&#225;rios de doze pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2003. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 5,9 &#177; 1,7 meses. A cl&#237;nica preponderante foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente nos lactentes. O eletrocardiograma inicial em dez casos mostrou onda Q em DI e aVL e sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No ecocardiograma, observaram-se padr&#227;o de miocardiopatia dilatada em seis pacientes e insufici&#234;ncia mitral. A idade m&#233;dia da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi de 31,8 &#177; 14,3 meses. A mortalidade cir&#250;rgica imediata foi de 16% (dois pacientes) por disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No acompanhamento ambulatorial, houve a melhora da sintomatologia e das altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma, retorno da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e melhora da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Durante o acompanhamento, tr&#234;s casos evolu&#237;ram com estenose supravalvar pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A suspeita cl&#237;nica dessa cardiopatia deve ser feita em todo lactente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com o emprego da t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi se mostra eficaz, com baixo &#237;ndice de mortalidade. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; um retorno &#224; normalidade da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a melhora da insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Coronariopatia, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, cardiomiopatias, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (OACE) &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita rara, em que a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda origina-se do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou de um de seus ramos. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia estimada &#233; de 0,2% dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita<sup>1,2</sup> . Aproximadamente 80% a 90% dos pacientes morrem no primeiro ano de vida quando n&#227;o tratados. A morbidade tamb&#233;m &#233; elevada e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente. Isso ocorre por causa da cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica provocada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A sobreviv&#234;ncia do lactente deve-se ao desenvolvimento de colaterais entre a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e a esquerda, o que ameniza a isquemia<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da doen&#231;a &#233; estritamente cir&#250;rgico e consiste na manuten&#231;&#227;o de um sistema vi&#225;vel de duas coron&#225;rias. Atualmente, &#233; feito pela t&#233;cnica de reimplante da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda na aorta ou pela cria&#231;&#227;o de um t&#250;nel intrapulmonar (t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi<sup>3</sup>).</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; relatar uma s&#233;rie de casos operados com a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi e analisar o perfil cl&#237;nico e o resultado cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Material e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra estudada &#233; de doze pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi, atendidos no Hospital Infantil Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2003.</p>
    <p>Analisaram-se retrospectivamente vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas, radiogr&#225;ficas (t&#243;rax), eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de cateterismo card&#237;aco. A insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi classificada em leve, moderada e grave, por meio da an&#225;lise do jato regurgitante mitral pelo color Doppler. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, com emprego da t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi, pela mesma equipe m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Os dados ser&#227;o apresentados com a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o, e mediana com os valores lim&#237;trofes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica Cir&#250;rgica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia nesse servi&#231;o &#233; realizada por meio de toracotomia mediana transesternal, com coloca&#231;&#227;o do paciente em circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com hipotermia. A t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi consiste na cria&#231;&#227;o de um janela aortopulmonar e de um t&#250;nel intrapulmonar, conectando o &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda &#224; aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Para esse intento, inicialmente o cirurgi&#227;o realiza uma incis&#227;o transversa na parede anterior da art&#233;ria pulmonar em forma de ling&#252;eta, a fim de expor seu interior, e, com isso, localiza o &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Em seguida, o cirurgi&#227;o cria uma pequena janela aortopulmonar por meio de duas incis&#245;es longitudinais, uma na aorta &#224; esquerda e outra na base da ling&#252;eta da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Assim pode-se fazer a anastomose laterolateral entre esses dois orif&#237;cios. A seguir, a ling&#252;eta obtida da parede da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; suturada em forma de t&#250;nel ao redor do orif&#237;cio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, por chuleio cont&#237;nuo. O orif&#237;cio resultante na parede anterior da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; reconstitu&#237;do pela coloca&#231;&#227;o de um remendo de PTF ou por peric&#225;rdio em chuleio cont&#237;nuo. Com a sa&#237;da do paciente da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, o cirurgi&#227;o observa o enchimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda pela aorta e a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos doze pacientes analisados, seis casos eram do sexo feminino. A idade m&#233;dia da primeira consulta foi de 5,9 &#177; 1,7 meses (de 2 meses a 24 meses) e na &#233;poca do estudo a mediana da idade foi de 57 meses (de 17 a 167 meses). O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento ambulatorial foi de 37,6 &#177; 14,4 meses, com mediana de 57,5 meses.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, oito (66%) pacientes foram referidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e quatro (33%) com sintomas de irritabilidade ou dispn&#233;ia ou recusa alimentar. Cinco (41%) pacientes diagnosticados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva faziam uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o, sendo as mais freq&#252;entes: furosemida, captopril e digoxina. Dez (83%) apresentavam sopro de insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Todos mostravam cardiomegalia &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax, com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico m&#233;dio de 0,6 &#177; 0,06, e congest&#227;o pulmonar. Os achados mais freq&#252;entes no eletrocardiograma de repouso est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. O ecocardiograma confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de origem an&#244;mala da coron&#225;ria esquerda em dez pacientes (83%). A insufici&#234;ncia mitral presente nos doze pacientes foi considerada leve em cinco (42%), moderada em seis (54%) e grave em um (4%). Em seis pacientes, o padr&#227;o era de miocardiopatia dilatada, com encurtamento porcentual igual ou inferior a 20% em cinco casos e todos com dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior aos valores normais para idade. Tr&#234;s (25%) pacientes tinham anomalias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas associadas &#150; persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> - e o terceiro paciente apresentava<italic>sling</italic> da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Oito pacientes foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco, para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, estudo da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana e an&#225;lise das anomalias associadas.</p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia de corre&#231;&#227;o foi de 31,8 &#177; 14,3 meses. Utilizou-se a t&#233;cnica modificada, com emprego de PTFE para constru&#231;&#227;o do t&#250;nel intrapulmonar em dois pacientes (casos 5 e 12 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Em um paciente (caso 7), realizou-se conjuntamente a plastia da valva mitral (plicatura da comissura posterior) em raz&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave. Todas as anomalias cong&#234;nitas associadas foram corrigidas concomitantemente.</p>
    <p>A origem da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar foi visualizada durante o ato cir&#250;rgico. Em seis (50%) casos, a art&#233;riaoriginava-se do seio da Valsalva esquerdo, do seio direito em dois casos e do seio posterior em quatro.</p>
    <p>Ocorreram dois &#243;bitos (16%) na cirurgia (casos 1 e 4).</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 14,4 &#177; 2,8 dias. As intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas que prolongaram a estada na unidade foram: quadros infecciosos (quatro pacientes), paralisia diafragm&#225;tica (dois pacientes), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (dois casos), cor&#233;ia (dois casos) e s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito (um caso)</p>
    <p>Seis pacientes encontram-se em acompanhamento no servi&#231;o e um com m&#233;dico cardiologista na cidade de origem. Um paciente foi a &#243;bito (caso 9) no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, por causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (pneumonia).</p>
    <p>Os exames de controle mostraram melhora. A radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciou o retorno da &#225;rea card&#237;aca ao normal e a aus&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o de congest&#227;o pulmonar em todos os pacientes. O eletrocardiograma apresentou melhora significativa das altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas encontradas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em todos os pacientes avaliados, o ecocardiograma constatou retorno da normalidade da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Houve regress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral na maioria dos casos.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes desenvolveram estenose supravalvar pulmonar (casos 2, 8 e 11 relacionados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>), os quais foram diagnosticados pelo ecocardiograma Doppler. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi necess&#225;ria em dois pacientes (casos 8 e 11), com gradientes sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo supravalvar pulmonar de 72 mmHg e 127 mmHg. Ap&#243;s a plastia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, esses pacientes permaneceram com gradiente sist&#243;lico residual de 40 e 27 mmHg, respectivamente. O terceiro caso de estenose supravalvar pulmonar encontra-se em acompanhamento e seu gradiente sist&#243;lico n&#227;o apresentou aumento nos &#250;ltimos meses, n&#227;o necessitando de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar &#233; uma anomalia rara e causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em lactentes. Foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1886 por patologista, com a publica&#231;&#227;o de dois casos de OACE<sup>1</sup>. Em 1933, foi publicado como s&#237;ndrome de Bland-White-Garland<sup>2,3</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, existem v&#225;rias descri&#231;&#245;es dessa cardiopatia que enfatizam as t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e suas evolu&#231;&#245;es. A nossa s&#233;rie com corre&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi &#233; uma das maiores na literatura pesquisada<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A OACE apresenta-se, na maioria dos casos, como anomalia isolada, mas pode estar associada em 2% a 21% a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, sendo as mais comuns: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular<sup>4-7</sup>. Em nosso estudo, apenas tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (PCA, CIA <italic>ostium secundum</italic> e <italic>sling</italic> da art&#233;ria pulmonar).</p>
    <p>A origem da coron&#225;ria esquerda foi predominante do seio esquerdo, concordante com a literatura<sup>8-10</sup>. Trabalhos mostram que, al&#233;m dos seios de Valsalva, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria pode originar-se dos ramos pulmonares<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nessa s&#233;rie deve-se fundamentalmente ao n&#250;mero prevalente de lactentes, faixa et&#225;ria em que essa manifesta&#231;&#227;o &#233; a mais freq&#252;ente. Esse quadro cl&#237;nico pode ser evidenciado em outros trabalhos, como os de Vouh&#233; e cols.<sup>8</sup> (em que 45% casos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca eram de lactentes abaixo de 7 meses), Bunton e cols.<sup>5</sup> (em que 62% casos eram lactentes com m&#233;dia de 3 meses de idade) e Laks e cols.<sup>12</sup> (com 42% casos abaixo dos 6 meses).</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma tem grande import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico dessa cardiopatia, em que a presen&#231;a da onda Q nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 e aVL levanta a sua suspeita diagn&#243;stica. Amaral e cols.<sup>13</sup> acharam a onda Q em aVL em 91% dos pacientes, Bunton e cols.<sup>5</sup> em 95% casos e Isomatsu e cols<sup>14</sup> em 82%. Em nosso trabalho, esse achado foi constatado em 83% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>O exame eletivo para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; atualmente o ecocardiograma, mas, em nossa amostra, oito pacientes foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco por necessidade de confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, investiga&#231;&#245;es das les&#245;es associadas, verifica&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi<sup>3</sup> &#233; empregada em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como a origem da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do seio Valsava anterior ou esquerdo, ou se o paciente &#233; mais velho em raz&#227;o do desenvolvimento de colaterais ao redor dos seios, o que dificulta a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria. Em nosso servi&#231;o, a t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi tem sido utilizada com req&#252;&#234;ncia pela familiaridade do cirurgi&#227;o com esse procedimento.</p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade nesta s&#233;rie foi de 16%, semelhante a outros centros, onde variou de 0% a 27%<sup>4,6,7,15,16</sup>. As complica&#231;&#245;es tardias descritas s&#227;o: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, obstru&#231;&#227;o do t&#250;nel e estenose supravalvar pulmonar. Em nosso estudo, tr&#234;s pacientes evolu&#237;ram com estenose supravalvar, e dois necessitaram de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Esta complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a mais freq&#252;ente e sua incid&#234;ncia varia de 18% a 60%<sup>3,4,,5,10,13</sup>. A necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica gira em torno de 12% a 42%.</p>
    <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, realizada em um dos nossos casos, n&#227;o &#233; recomendada de rotina no ato cir&#250;rgico principal, pois pode aumentar o risco cir&#250;rgico. Al&#233;m disso, com a corre&#231;&#227;o da OACE h&#225; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e do tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por melhora da isquemia, conseq&#252;entemente ocorre a regress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar deve ser suspeitada em lactentes com cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e seu diagn&#243;stico pode ser realizado por m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos, como o ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Takeuchi &#233; uma cirurgia com bom resultado imediato. A mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato decorre geralmente da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da miocardiopatia dilatada. No acompanhamento evolutivo desses pacientes, h&#225; melhora da sintomatologia, dos sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no eletrocardiograma e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no ecocardiograma. A insufici&#234;ncia mitral ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica regride em raz&#227;o da melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria a plastia mitral. A morbidade tardia do paciente depende do desenvolvimento da estenose supravalvar pulmonar. Esta complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o t&#227;o rara acaba sujeitando o paciente a uma nova reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para alivio da obstru&#231;&#227;o, comprometendo sua qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Andrea Weirich Lenzi  </p>
        <p> Rua Vicente Machado, 690 apt.08 - Batel </p>
        <p> 80420-011, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="andreawlenzi@yahoo.com.br">andreawlenzi@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/02/07; Revisado recebido em 09/08/07; Aceito em 16/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stiles</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindesmith</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Michielon G,    DiCarlo D, Toscano A, Di Donato RM. Anomalous coronary artery origin from the    pulmonary artery: correlation between surgical timing and left ventricular function    recovery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 76: 581-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous coronary artery origin from the pulmonary artery: correlation between surgical timing and left ventricular function recovery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>581</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Michielon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DiCarlo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toscano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Donato</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the takeuchi procedure for the treatment of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Evaluation of a case series of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery corrected with the Takeuchi procedure, analyzing their immediate and late surgical outcomes as well as the related morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To report a case series of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery corrected with the Takeuchi procedure. METHODS: The analysis was based on data collected from the medical records of 12 patients undergoing surgical correction between 1981 and 2003. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 5.9 &#177; 1.7 months. The predominant manifestation was heart failure, especially in the infants. The baseline electrocardiogram showed a Q wave in DI and aVL and signs of myocardial ischemia in ten cases. Echocardiogram with a pattern of dilated cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation was found in six patients. The mean age at surgical correction was 31.8 &#177; 14.3 months. The immediate surgical mortality was 16% (two patients), from cardiac dysfunction. In the outpatient follow-up we observed that the symptoms, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, cardiac function and mitral regurgitation improved. Three cases progressed with supravalvar pulmonary stenosis during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This heart disease should be suspected in every infant presenting with heart failure. Surgical correction with the Takeuchi procedure has proven efficient, with a low mortality rate. Cardiac function returns to normal and mitral regurgitation improves after surgical correction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the takeuchi procedure for the treatment of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andrea Weirich Lenzi; Leo Solarewicz; Wanderley Saviollo Ferreira; F&#225;bio Sallum; Nelson Itiro Miyague</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Infantil Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Evaluation of a case series of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery corrected with the Takeuchi procedure, analyzing their immediate and late surgical outcomes as well as the related morbidity.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To report a case series of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery corrected with the Takeuchi procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The analysis was based on data collected from the medical records of 12 patients undergoing surgical correction between 1981 and 2003.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean age of the patients was 5.9 &#177; 1.7 months. The predominant manifestation was heart failure, especially in the infants. The baseline electrocardiogram showed a Q wave in DI and aVL and signs of myocardial ischemia in ten cases. Echocardiogram with a pattern of dilated cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation was found in six patients. The mean age at surgical correction was 31.8 &#177; 14.3 months. The immediate surgical mortality was 16% (two patients), from cardiac dysfunction. In the outpatient follow-up we observed that the symptoms, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, cardiac function and mitral regurgitation improved. Three cases progressed with supravalvar pulmonary stenosis during follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This heart disease should be suspected in every infant presenting with heart failure. Surgical correction with the Takeuchi procedure has proven efficient, with a low mortality rate. Cardiac function returns to normal and mitral regurgitation improves after surgical correction. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):167-171)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary disease; cardiac output, low; heart defects, congenital; cardiomyopathies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (ALCA) is a rare congenital anomaly in which the left coronary artery originates from the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. The estimated frequency is of 0.2% patients with congenital heart disease<sup>1,2</sup>. Approximately 80 to 90% of the patients die in their first year of life if left untreated. Morbidity is also high, and heart failure is the most frequent complication. This results from the ischemic cardiomyopathy induced by a reduction in myocardial perfusion. Infants survive thanks to the development of collaterals between the right and left coronary arteries, which reduces the ischemia<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The treatment of this condition is strictly surgical and consists of maintaining a viable two-coronary system, which is currently achieved using the technique of left coronary artery reimplantation into the aorta, or the creation of an intrapulmonary tunnel (Takeuchi procedure<sup>3</sup>).</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to report a series of cases operated using the Takeuchi procedure, and to analyze the clinical profile of the patients as well as the surgical outcomes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample studied is comprised of 12 patients seen at <italic>Hospital Infantil Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</italic> between 1981 and 2003, who underwent surgical correction using the Takeuchi procedure.</p>
      <p>Clinical, surgical, radiographic (chest), electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization variables were analyzed. Mitral regurgitation was classified as mild, moderate and severe using color-Doppler analysis of the mitral regurgitant jet. All patients underwent surgical correction using the Takeuchi procedure performed by the same medical team.</p>
      <p>Data are expressed as means and standard deviation, and medians with limit values.</p>
      <p>Surgical Technique</p>
      <p>In this service, the surgery is performed via a median sternotomy with the patient undergoing extracorporeal circulation with hypothermia. The Takeuchi procedure consists of the creation of an aortopulmonary window and of an intrapulmonary tunnel connecting the ostium of the left coronary artery to the aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_06f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). For this purpose, the surgeon initially performs a transverse flap-shaped incision in the anterior wall of the pulmonary artery, thus exposing its interior, which enables the ostium of the left coronary artery to be located. Next, the surgeon creates a small aortopulmonary window through two longitudinal incisions, one in the aorta to the left, and the other in the basis of the pulmonary artery flap. Thus, a side-to-side anastomosis between these two orifices can be performed. Then, the flap obtained from the wall of the pulmonary artery is sutured to form a tunnel around the orifice of the coronary artery, using a running whipstitch suture. The resulting orifice in the anterior wall of the pulmonary artery is repaired with the placement of a PTF or pericardial patch using a running whipstitch suture. As the patient is weaned from the extracorporeal circulation, the surgeon checks the left coronary artery filling by the aorta and the need for reintervention.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_06f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 12 patients analyzed, six were females. The mean age at the baseline visit was 5.9 &#177; 1.7 months (2 months to 24 months), and by the time the study was carried out the median age was 57 months (17 to 167 months). The mean outpatient follow-up period was 37.6 &#177; 14.4 months, with a median of 57.5 months.</p>
      <p>In the preoperative assessment, eight (66%) patients were referred for heart failure, and four (33%), for symptoms of irritability, dyspnea or refusal to eat. Five (41%) patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure were receiving medication regularly, and the most frequently used drugs were furosemide, captopril and digoxin. Ten (83%) patients presented a heart murmur suggestive of mitral regurgitation. All had cardiomegaly on chest radiography, with a mean cardiothoracic ratio of 0.6 &#177; 0.06, and pulmonary congestion. The most frequent findings on resting electrocardiogram are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery was confirmed by echocardiography in 10 patients (83%). Mitral regurgitation found in the 12 patients was graded as mild in five of them (42%), as moderate in six (54%), and as severe in one (4%). Six patients had a pattern of dilated cardiomyopathy, with a fractional shortening equal to or lower than 20% in five cases, and all had a left ventricular diastolic diameter higher than the normal values for the age. Three (25%) patients had associated congenital heart diseases: one with patent ductus arteriosus, another with patent ductus arteriosus plus ostium secundum atrial septal defect, and the third with pulmonary artery sling.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Eight patients underwent cardiac catheterization for diagnostic confirmation, study of the coronary collateral circulation, and analysis of associated anomalies.</p>
      <p>Mean age at correction was 31.8 &#177; 14.3 months. The modified technique was chosen, using PTFE for the construction of an intrapulmonary tunnel in two patients (cases 5 and 12 - <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). In one patient (case 7), mitral valve repair (posterior commissure plication) was also performed due to severe mitral regurgitation. All associated congenital anomalies were concomitantly corrected.</p>
      <p>The origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery was visualized during surgery. In six cases (50%), the left coronary artery originated from the left Valsalva sinus; in two cases from the right sinus; and in four cases from the posterior sinus.</p>
      <p>Two intraoperative deaths (16%) occurred (cases 1 and 4).</p>
      <p>The mean intensive care unit stay was 14.4 &#177; 2.8 days. The clinical events that extended this stay were: infection (4 patients), diaphragmatic palsy (2 patients), myocardial ischemia (2 cases), chorea (2 cases), and low cardiac output syndrome (1 case).</p>
      <p>Six patients are being followed up in our service and one by the cardiologist in the city from which he had been referred. One patient died (case 9) in the late postoperative period, from non-cardiac death (pneumonia).</p>
      <p>The control test results showed improvement. On chest radiography, the cardiac silhouette returned to normal and there were no signs of pulmonary congestion in all patients. A significant improvement of the preoperative ischemic alterations was observed on the electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram showed return of the cardiac function to normal and patency of the left coronary artery in all patients assessed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Mitral regurgitation was resolved in most cases.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Three patients developed supravalvar pulmonary stenosis (cases 2, 8 and 11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>), as diagnosed on Doppler echocardiogram. Surgical correction was necessary in two cases (8 and 11), with supravalvar pulmonary peak systolic gradients of 72 mmHg and 127 mmHg. After pulmonary arterioplasty, these patients maintained a residual systolic gradient of 40 and 27 mmHg, respectively. The third case of supravalvar pulmonary stenosis is being followed up; the respective systolic gradient did not increase in the past few months, and no surgical intervention was required.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0185-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is an uncommon anomaly and cause of heart failure in infants. It was first described in 1886 by a pathologist, in a publication of two cases of ALCA<sup>1</sup>. In 1993, it was published under the name of Bland-White-Garland Syndrome<sup>2,3</sup>. Since then, several descriptions of this heart disease have been found, focusing on the surgical techniques and their outcomes. Our case series with correction using the Takeuchi procedure is one of the largest in the literature reviewed<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>ALCA is found as an isolated anomaly in most of the cases, but in 2 to 21% it may be associated with other cardiac malformations, mainly atrial septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, and ventricular septal defect<sup>4-7</sup>. In our study, only three patients presented other cardiac malformations (PDA, <italic>ostium secundum</italic> ASD, and pulmonary artery sling).</p>
      <p>The origin of the left coronary was predominantly from the left sinus, thus corroborating the literature<sup>8-10</sup>. Studies show that, in addition to Valsalva sinuses, the coronary artery may also originate from the pulmonary branches<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The predominance of patients with heart failure in this series results mainly from the prevalence of infants, which is the age range where this manifestation is more common. This presentation was also found in other studies such as Vouh&#233; et al<sup>8</sup>, in which 45% of the cases with heart failure were infants under 7 months of age; in Bunton et al<sup>5</sup> study, in which 62% were infants with a mean age of 3 months; and Laks et al<sup>12</sup> with 42% of the cases under 6 months of age.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram is of key importance in the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery, where the presence of a Q wave in the D1 and aVL leads suggests the diagnostic hypothesis of this heart disease. Amaral et al<sup>13</sup> found a Q wave in aVL in 91% of the patients; Bunton et al<sup>5</sup> in 95% of the cases; and Isomatsu et al<sup>14</sup> in 82%. In the present study, this rate was 83% of the patients.</p>
      <p>Currently, the elective test for diagnostic confirmation is the echocardiogram; however, in our sample, eight patients underwent cardiac catheterization because diagnostic confirmation, investigation of associated lesions, study of collateral circulation and of the anatomic position of the left coronary artery were required.</p>
      <p>The Takeuchi procedure<sup>3</sup> is used in some specific situations such as anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the anterior or left Valsalva sinus, or in older patients, due to the development of collaterals around the sinuses, thus hindering the displacement of the main coronary artery. In our service, the Takeuchi procedure has been frequently used because the surgeons are familiar with it.</p>
      <p>The mortality rate in this series was 16%, similar to that found in other health centers, where it ranges from 0 to 27%<sup>4,6,7,15,16</sup>. The late complications described are: aortic regurgitation, tunnel obstruction, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis. In our study, three patients developed supravalvar stenosis, and two required surgical reintervention. This is the most frequent complication, and its incidence ranges from 18 to 60%<sup>3,4,5,10,13</sup>. The need for surgical reintervention is of approximately 12% to 42%.</p>
      <p>Surgical correction of mitral regurgitation performed in one of our patients is not routinely recommended in the index surgical procedure, because it may increase the surgical risk. Additionally, repair of ALCA provides improvement of the left ventricular function and size by improving ischemia; consequently, regression of mitral regurgitation occurs<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery should be suspected in infants presenting with heart failure, and its diagnosis may be made using non-invasive methods such as echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>The Takeuchi procedure is a surgical technique with good immediate outcome. Postoperative mortality is usually due to the cardiac dysfunction of dilated cardiomyopathy. During the follow-up of these patients, an improvement of symptoms, of the signs of myocardial ischemia on electrocardiogram, and of the cardiac function on echocardiogram can be observed. Mitral regurgitation following surgical correction resolves thanks to the improved left ventricular myocardial perfusion, thus mitral repair is not required. Late morbidity depends on the development of supravalvar pulmonary stenosis. This not so uncommon complication ultimately implies a repeat surgical intervention to alleviate obstruction, thus affecting the patient's quality of life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Andrea Weirich Lenzi</p>
          <p> Rua Vicente Machado, 690/08 - Batel</p>
          <p> 80420-011, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="andreawlenzi@yahoo.com.br">andreawlenzi@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 26, 2007; revised manuscript received August 09, 2007; accepted October 16, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
