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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Lz3bCBH7n4Drv4wSyPWSYtq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Portadores de CDI com limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevado: evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e alternativas terap&#234;uticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tamaki</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Tetsuji</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Cesar de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Cabral</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishi&#243;ka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina D'Orio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>An&#237;sio Alexandre Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>177</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A programa&#231;&#227;o ideal da energia de choque do CDI deve ser pelo menos 10 J acima do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF), necessitando de t&#233;cnicas alternativas quando o LDF &#233; elevado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento cl&#237;nico dos portadores de CDI com LDF&gt;25 J e a efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica escolhida. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados portadores de CDI, entre janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2004 (banco de dados prospectivo), com LDF&gt;25 J intra-operat&#243;rio, e analisaram-se: caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, FEVE, resgate de eventos arr&#237;tmicos pelo CDI e &#243;bitos. RESULTADOS: dentre 476 pacientes, 16 (3,36%) apresentaram LDF&gt;25J. Idade m&#233;dia de 56,5 anos, sendo 13 pacientes (81%) do sexo masculino. Quanto &#224; cardiopatia de base 09 eram chag&#225;sicos, 04 isqu&#234;micos e 03 com etiologia idiop&#225;tica. A FEVE m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 37% e 94% utilizavam amiodarona. O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 25,3 meses. Em 02 pacientes com LDF &gt; Choque M&#225;ximo (CM), foi necess&#225;rio implante de eletrodo de choque adicional (array), sendo mantido programa&#231;&#227;o com CM em zona de FV (&gt;182bpm) nos demais. Durante o seguimento 03 pacientes apresentaram 67 terapias de choque apropriadas (TCA) com sucesso. Ocorreram 07 &#243;bitos sendo 5 por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas e 2 por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito apresentaram n&#237;veis de LDF maiores (p=0,0446), entretanto sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a causa dos mesmos tendo em vista que n&#227;o ocorreram TCA sem sucesso. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nessa coorte de pacientes com CDI, a ocorr&#234;ncia de LDF elevado foi baixa, implicando terap&#234;uticas alternativas. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, entretanto sem correla&#231;&#227;o com as causas de &#243;bito.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>desfibriladores implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Portadores de CDI com limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevado: evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e alternativas terap&#234;uticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Martino Martinelli Filho; Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Wagner Tetsuji Tamaki; J&#250;lio Cesar de Oliveira; Daniela Cabral Martins; Silvana Angelina D'Orio Nishi&#243;ka; An&#237;sio Alexandre Andrade Pedrosa; S&#233;rgio Freitas Siqueira; Roberto Costa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A programa&#231;&#227;o ideal da energia de choque do CDI deve ser pelo menos 10 J acima do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF), necessitando de t&#233;cnicas alternativas quando o LDF &#233; elevado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar o comportamento cl&#237;nico dos portadores de CDI com LDF&gt;25 J e a efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica escolhida. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram selecionados portadores de CDI, entre janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2004 (banco de dados prospectivo), com LDF&gt;25 J intra-operat&#243;rio, e analisaram-se: caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, FEVE, resgate de eventos arr&#237;tmicos pelo CDI e &#243;bitos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> dentre 476 pacientes, 16 (3,36%) apresentaram LDF&gt;25J. Idade m&#233;dia de 56,5 anos, sendo 13 pacientes (81%) do sexo masculino. Quanto &#224; cardiopatia de base 09 eram chag&#225;sicos, 04 isqu&#234;micos e 03 com etiologia idiop&#225;tica. A FEVE m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 37% e 94% utilizavam amiodarona. O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 25,3 meses. Em 02 pacientes com LDF &gt; Choque M&#225;ximo (CM), foi necess&#225;rio implante de eletrodo de choque adicional (<italic>array</italic>), sendo mantido programa&#231;&#227;o com CM em zona de FV (&gt;182bpm) nos demais. Durante o seguimento 03 pacientes apresentaram 67 terapias de choque apropriadas (TCA) com sucesso. Ocorreram 07 &#243;bitos sendo 5 por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas e 2 por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito apresentaram n&#237;veis de LDF maiores (p=0,0446), entretanto sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a causa dos mesmos tendo em vista que n&#227;o ocorreram TCA sem sucesso. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Nessa coorte de pacientes com CDI, a ocorr&#234;ncia de LDF elevado foi baixa, implicando terap&#234;uticas alternativas. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, entretanto sem correla&#231;&#227;o com as causas de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, desfibriladores implant&#225;veis, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 1960, Zoll<sup>1</sup> demonstrou que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) poderia ser revertida com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de energia el&#233;trica, e, a partir desses princ&#237;pios, Mirowsk e cols.<sup>2</sup> idealizaram o cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). Ap&#243;s d&#233;cadas de estudos em c&#227;es, realizaram o primeiro implante de desfibrilador em humanos em 1980<sup>1,2</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, v&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos foram realizados, comprovando o benef&#237;cio do CDI na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade arr&#237;tmica e total em pacientes de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC)<sup>3-5</sup>. Esse benef&#237;cio deve estar associado a uma intera&#231;&#227;o aparelho-paciente, em que o sistema implantado deve encontrar-se em perfeito estado de funcionamento com medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o eletr&#244;nica intra-operat&#243;rias adequadas<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante o implante do CDI, &#233; realizado o teste do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF) por meio da indu&#231;&#227;o de FV e libera&#231;&#227;o da terapia de choque do aparelho implantado, avaliando a energia necess&#225;ria para uma desfibrila&#231;&#227;o eficaz. Atualmente a margem de seguran&#231;a considerada adequada &#233; de 10 J acima do LDF encontrado<sup>8</sup>. Os aparelhos de CDI atuais disp&#245;em de uma capacidade de armazenamento e libera&#231;&#227;o de energia que varia entre 30 e 39 J, n&#227;o permitindo margem de seguran&#231;a adequada em alguns casos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o e as condutas em portadores de CDI com LDF elevado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados, por meio do banco de dados prospectivo do setor de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, pacientes submetidos a implante ou troca de gerador (TG) de CDI que apresentaram LDF intra-operat&#243;rio elevado (&gt;25 J) com aus&#234;ncia da margem de seguran&#231;a de 10 J. Os portadores de CDI apresentavam indica&#231;&#227;o classe I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A estabelecidos em literatura cient&#237;fica como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de MSC, ou seja, aqueles com epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular (TV) sincopal, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e TV sustentada monom&#243;rfica induzida ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo; epis&#243;dios espont&#226;neos de TV sustentada com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e recuperados de parada card&#237;aca por FV ou TV sem pulso<sup>9</sup>. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, cardiopatia de base, classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (New York Heart Association), FEVE ao ecocardiograma, terapia antiarr&#237;tmica e dados evolutivos, incluindo tempo de seguimento, resgate de eventos arr&#237;tmicos pelo CDI, &#243;bitos e condutas adotadas para diminui&#231;&#227;o do LDF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os implantes foram realizados na regi&#227;o peitoral esquerda, preferencialmente, na inten&#231;&#227;o de se obter um melhor eixo de choque decorrente da participa&#231;&#227;o do gerador com carca&#231;a ativa como p&#243;lo de choque, favorecendo uma maior chance de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica dos implantes utilizada foi a transvenosa, com implante de eletrodos endoc&#225;rdicos com acesso venoso obtido atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o de veia subcl&#225;via ou dissec&#231;&#227;o de veia cef&#225;lica e implante do eletrodo ventricular preferencialmente em regi&#227;o septal de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). Em alguns casos, realizou-se implante de eletrodo atrial com aparelho de CDI de dupla-c&#226;mara a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente. Em casos de reopera&#231;&#245;es para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial com CDI em portadores de marca-passo pr&#233;vio com s&#237;tio do aparelho em regi&#227;o peitoral direita ou abdominal, o s&#237;tio antigo de implante foi mantido, quando poss&#237;vel, com a finalidade de reutiliza&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos antigos para fun&#231;&#227;o antibradicardia e de sensibilidade. O teste do LDF intra-operat&#243;rio foi realizado seguindo o protocolo padr&#227;o da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>), sendo a carga do primeiro choque metade da carga m&#225;xima do aparelho implantado, seguido por choque com 10 J abaixo da carga m&#225;xima do aparelho para obter margem de seguran&#231;a adequada; se insucesso, choque com energia m&#225;xima do aparelho, e, se necess&#225;rio, &#233; realizado choque externo com 360 J seguindo as normas de suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia do ACC/AHA<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Configura&#231;&#245;es e especifica&#231;&#245;es dos geradores e eletrodos utilizados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os geradores utilizados foram da empresa Biotronik Inc.: Belos VR (5) e Tachos DR (2); da empresa Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA: GEM DR 7271 (1), GEM III 7275 (1); da empresa Guidant Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA.: Ventak Prism 2 DR (1), Ventak Mini III 1786 (2) e Ventritex V 185C (2); da empresa St. Jude Inc.: Photon DR V230HV (2). As caracter&#237;sticas do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial implantado est&#227;o descritas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo de pacientes com LDF elevado, foram comparadas as m&#233;dias dos valores de LDF entre os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito e pacientes vivos por meio do &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisaram-se dados de procedimentos realizados no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2004, constituindo uma coorte de 476 pacientes, dos quais 16 pacientes (3,36%) foram selecionados por apresentarem LDF elevado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (81%), com idade m&#233;dia de 56,5 &#177; 9,33 anos. Quanto &#224; cardiopatia de base, 9 (56%) eram de etiologia chag&#225;sica, 4 (19%) com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e 3 (25%) com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo m&#233;dia (FEVE) foi de 0,37&#177;0,09. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com LDF elevado est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Terap&#234;utica antiarr&#237;tmica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes (94%) estava em uso de amiodarona (dose di&#225;ria de 200 a 300 mg) havia pelo menos dois meses antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico de implante ou TG de CDI, e n&#227;o foram utilizados outros antiarr&#237;tmicos isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o durante o seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados intra-operat&#243;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizaram-se oito implantes e oito TG de CDI. O s&#237;tio do gerador foi peitoral direito em dois casos, peitoral esquerdo em nove casos e abdominal em cinco. Os par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos medidos no intra-operat&#243;rio e as condutas para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>. A energia m&#225;xima de choque (CH) program&#225;vel dos aparelhos de CDI utilizados variou de 30 a 39 J, e o LDF m&#233;dio foi de 32,5 J (&#177; 6,5).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Condutas alternativas na tentativa de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada a invers&#227;o da polaridade do choque (AX&gt;B p/ B&lt;AX, onde AX corresponde ao gerador com carca&#231;a ativa associado &#224; mola de choque proximal e B corresponde &#224; mola de choque distal do eletrodo de VD) em quatro casos, sem sucesso na redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF. O eletrodo de choque em VD foi reposicionado em quatro casos, e um foi bem-sucedido com redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF de 30 para 20 J, obtendo margem de seguran&#231;a adequada.</p>
    <p>Implantou-se eletrodo de choque adicional em veia cava superior (VCS) em um caso, com redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF de 30 para 20 J, e em outro caso houve insucesso no implante do eletrodo em raz&#227;o da trombose de VCS. Em dois casos em que o LDF foi maior que a energia m&#225;xima do aparelho implantado, necessitando de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o externa, foi realizado implante de eletrodo de choque adicional tipo <italic>array</italic>. Esses eletrodos foram implantados em segundo tempo cir&#250;rgico, por toracotomia lateral esquerda em um caso e por videotoracoscopia em outro. Nos dois casos os eletrodos foram, inicialmente, implantados em regi&#227;o subcut&#226;nea sem diminui&#231;&#227;o adequada do LDF, e obteve-se sucesso com a localiza&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica com diminui&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10 J no LDF, sem complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas adicionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados evolutivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 25,3&#177;17,7 meses. A programa&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes foi mantida em choque m&#225;ximo em zona de taquiarritmias r&#225;pidas (&gt;182 bpm). As terapias apropriadas obtiveram sucesso em 100% dos casos, e tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram terapias de choque com 1 choque em um paciente, 2 choques em outro e 64 choques em outro analisados durante todo o seguimento. O &#237;ndice de ocorr&#234;ncia de terapias de choque apropriadas foi de 18%. Ocorreram sete &#243;bitos, sendo cinco de causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica por hepatocarcinoma, fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, choque s&#233;ptico, e dois por evolu&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Um paciente foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco, sendo analisados os dados anteriores ao transplante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de LDF elevado intra-operat&#243;rio durante o implante de CDI &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel na literatura, sendo relatados valores entre 0% a 24%<sup>13</sup><bold><sub>.</sub></bold> Uma explica&#231;&#227;o para resultados t&#227;o diferentes &#233; que os sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca utilizados foram tamb&#233;m variados e com a melhora tecnol&#243;gica dos aparelhos que atualmente disp&#245;em de geradores com menor tamanho, permitindo o implante em regi&#227;o peitoral, com carca&#231;a ativa, eletrodos transvenosos com dupla mola de choque e formato de onda de choque bif&#225;sico; o achado de um LDF elevado tem sido menos freq&#252;ente<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia desse problema no nosso estudo foi baixa (3,36%), talvez porque a maioria dos dispositivos utilizados para esses pacientes disponha das caracter&#237;sticas supracitadas. O termo limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o tem sido questionado por alguns autores, tendo em vista que n&#227;o se realiza atualmente a medida real do LDF. Durante o teste do LDF, a obten&#231;&#227;o da margem de seguran&#231;a &#233; suficiente para o sucesso do procedimento de implante do CDI, considerando-se a express&#227;o mais adequada: "energia necess&#225;ria para desfibrila&#231;&#227;o" (END)<sup>13</sup>. A obten&#231;&#227;o rigorosa do LDF exigiria uma s&#233;rie de choques sucessivos para desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, podendo induzir deteriora&#231;&#227;o do estado hemodin&#226;mico do paciente<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico antigo em portadores de marca-passo pr&#233;vio &#233; uma conduta adequada em alguns casos, por&#233;m pode favorecer o achado de um LDF elevado porque o gerador com carca&#231;a ativa em regi&#227;o peitoral direita ou abdominal torna o eixo de choque (gerador-VCS-VD) desfavor&#225;vel, n&#227;o abrangendo uma grande &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio durante a terapia de choque do desfibrilador (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>)<sup>15</sup> .</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns aparelhos disp&#245;em de uma programa&#231;&#227;o que permite inverter os p&#243;los de choque: a mola distal de choque em ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser o p&#243;lo positivo (&#226;nodo) e a mola proximal em VCS juntamente com a carca&#231;a do gerador, o p&#243;lo negativo (c&#225;todo), e vice-versa. A redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF com a invers&#227;o da polaridade de choque foi descrita em alguns trabalhos, e n&#227;o existe um padr&#227;o de polaridade que seja considerado melhor, pois a mola de choque distal como &#226;nodo pode propiciar um menor LDF em alguns casos e maior em outros, devendo-se, portanto, repetir o teste de LDF ap&#243;s qualquer modifica&#231;&#227;o da polaridade de choque<sup>13,16</sup>. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a programa&#231;&#227;o de invers&#227;o de polaridade de choque n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em todos os aparelhos utilizados. No nosso estudo, realizamos a invers&#227;o de polaridade em tr&#234;s casos, por&#233;m n&#227;o obtivemos sucesso com esse m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>Diante de um LDF elevado, o reposicionamento do eletrodo ventricular deve ser tentado se houver insucesso ap&#243;s revers&#227;o da polaridade de choque, devendo-se observar o melhor eixo de choque com prefer&#234;ncia para o implante em regi&#227;o septal de VD. Em casos de troca de gerador de CDI (reopera&#231;&#245;es), geralmente n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel reposicionar o eletrodo ventricular por causa do processo cr&#244;nico de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e impacta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo, o que dificulta a remo&#231;&#227;o deste, principalmente em casos com mais de um ano de implante do eletrodo. Em quatro casos, foi realizado o reposicionamento do eletrodo ventricular, por&#233;m obtivemos sucesso em apenas um caso, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 J no LDF, obtendo a margem de seguran&#231;a adequada. Apesar do baixo &#237;ndice de sucesso com essa conduta nessa casu&#237;stica, consideramos que esta deve ser sempre realizada, se for o caso, pela facilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o e em raz&#227;o dos resultados satisfat&#243;rios em alguns trabalhos publicados<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando o desfibrilador n&#227;o for capaz de reverter a arritmia induzida (FV) com choque m&#225;ximo, isto &#233;, LDF maior que a energia m&#225;xima de terapia de choque do aparelho implantado, o implante de eletrodo de choque adicional posicionado em VCS e o eletrodo tipo <italic>patch</italic> ou <italic>array</italic> podem reduzir o LDF, pois abrangem uma maior &#225;rea de massa mioc&#225;rdica, otimizando o eixo de choque<sup>18,19</sup>. Neste estudo, obtivemos resultados satisfat&#243;rios com o implante de eletrodo de choque adicional posicionado em VCS, com sucesso em um caso, reduzindo o LDF em 10 J, e sem sucesso em outro, por causa da dificuldade de acesso venoso. O LDF foi maior que a energia do aparelho implantado em dois casos, e optou-se por implante de eletrodo de choque adicional tipo <italic>array</italic> com sucesso, reduzindo em 10 J o LDF nesses casos. Em casos em que houve revers&#227;o da FV apenas com terapia de choque m&#225;ximo do aparelho implantado e pela dificuldade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do LDF mais r&#237;gido com poss&#237;vel piora do estado hemodin&#226;mico dos pacientes com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos lim&#237;trofes ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica ou por outras raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, consideramos LDF o valor da carga m&#225;xima do aparelho implantado. Nesses casos, optou-se por programa&#231;&#227;o da terapia de choque em energia m&#225;xima na zona de taquiarritmias r&#225;pidas (&gt;182 bpm) e seguimento ambulatorial mais estreito com programa&#231;&#227;o para implante de eletrodo de choque adicional tipo <italic>array</italic> em segundo tempo cir&#250;rgico, para obten&#231;&#227;o de margem de seguran&#231;a adequada, a fim de oferecer melhor prote&#231;&#227;o a esses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Rattes e cols.<sup>20</sup> relatam que a porcentagem de desfibrila&#231;&#245;es bem-sucedidas, em m&#233;dia, &#233; de 76,4% no n&#237;vel do LDF real e que 100% de desfibrila&#231;&#245;es bem-sucedidas eram atingidas com a libera&#231;&#227;o da terapia de choque 1,2 a 1,4 vezes do LDF em estudos animais<sup>20</sup>. Alguns estudos consideram adequada uma margem de seguran&#231;a no LDF de 5 J, e alguns autores consideram desnecess&#225;ria at&#233; mesmo a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o<sup>21-25</sup>. Optou-se pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da amiodarona nesses casos com o objetivo de oferecer prote&#231;&#227;o adicional na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita arr&#237;tmica, redu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias e, conseq&#252;entemente, terapias de choque do desfibrilador<italic>26</italic>. Alguns autores sugerem como conduta adequada a suspens&#227;o de antiarr&#237;tmicos, especialmente amiodarona, pelo fato de ela aumentar o limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste f&#225;rmaco<sup>27,28</sup>. A pequena taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de terapias de choque neste estudo dificulta a an&#225;lise de seguran&#231;a desses pacientes, por&#233;m os tr&#234;s pacientes que receberam choques apresentaram LDF igual ao valor da carga m&#225;xima do aparelho e estavam em uso de amiodarona e com terapia de choque programada em choque m&#225;ximo, com sucesso em 100% das terapias. Nesses casos em que s&#243; houve revers&#227;o da FV com energia m&#225;xima do aparelho, a margem de seguran&#231;a pode ser de 1 a 9 J, sendo necess&#225;rio o implante do eletrodo de choque adicional tipo <italic>array</italic>.</p>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento foi prolongado (&gt;2 anos), e, apesar da elevada mortalidade (43,75%) desse grupo de pacientes com LDF elevado, n&#227;o ocorreram mortes por causa arr&#237;tmica ou terapias de choque apropriadas sem sucesso. Ao compararmos pelo &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman os pacientes com LDF elevado que foram a &#243;bito com os vivos, observamos que o LDF foi maior no grupo de pacientes que foi a &#243;bito (p = 0,044), identificando pacientes com maior mortalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra1">graf. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="gra1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Sugerimos uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de condutas que devem ser adotas, sempre que poss&#237;vel individualizando caso a caso: 1. revers&#227;o da polaridade de choque; 2. reposicionamento do eletrodo de choque; 3. eletrodo de choque adicional posicionado em VCS ou uso de eletrodo de choque tipo <italic>array</italic>; 4. programa&#231;&#227;o em choque m&#225;ximo enquanto estiver em programa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para implante de eletrodo <italic>array</italic> (se LDF menor que a energia m&#225;xima do aparelho implantado, por&#233;m sem margem de seguran&#231;a adequada).</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios mecanismos para a ocorr&#234;ncia de um LDF elevado, o que torna muito dif&#237;cil predizer o aparecimento desse problema, por&#233;m alguns fatores associados, como influ&#234;ncias da idade, sexo masculino, disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE e uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (principalmente amiodarona) no LDF em portadores de CDI, j&#225; foram descritos em outros estudos cl&#237;nicos<sup>29-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de LDF elevado ou energia necess&#225;ria para desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (END) elevada constitui um desafio ao m&#233;dico que est&#225; realizando o procedimento, j&#225; que o sucesso do implante do desfibrilador depende de uma margem de seguran&#231;a adequada. No entanto, existem algumas alternativas terap&#234;uticas para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDF que devem ser individualizadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nessa coorte de pacientes com CDI, houve uma baixa taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de LDF elevado. Al&#233;m disso, houve associa&#231;&#227;o de LDF elevado com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, sexo masculino, uso de amiodarona e posicionamento do gerador em posi&#231;&#227;o peitoral direita ou abdominal. As condutas alternativas de reposicionamento de eletrodo ventricular, revers&#227;o da polaridade de choque e o implante de eletrodo de choque adicional posicionado em VCS e eletrodo tipo <italic>array</italic> quando individualizadas s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas aos casos com limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevado sem margem de seguran&#231;a adequada, assegurando a esses pacientes o benef&#237;cio do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 408/122 &#150; Pinheiros </p>
        <p> 05410-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carlos.lima@cardiol.br">carlos.lima@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carloseduardo_lima@yahoo.com.br">carloseduardo_lima@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/05/07; Revisado recebido em 12/08/07; Aceito em 29/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">ICD patients with elevated defibrillation threshold: clinical behavior and therapeutic alternatives</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The ideal programming of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock energy should be at least 10J above the defibrillation threshold (DFT), requiring alternative techniques when the DFT is elevated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical behavior of ICD patients with DFT&gt;25J and the efficacy of the chosen therapy. METHODS: Patients who had undergone ICD implantation between Jan/00 and Aug/04 (prospective database) and presented intraoperative DFT&gt;25J were selected. The analyzed variables were: clinical characteristics, LVEF, rescue of arrhythmic events from ICD and causes of deaths. RESULTS: among 476 patients, 16 (3.36%) presented DFT&gt;25J. The mean age was 56.5 years, and 13 patients (81%) were men. According to the baseline cardiomyopathy, 09 patients had Chagas' disease, 04 had ischemic cardiomyopathy and 03 had idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Mean LVEF was 0.37 and amiodarone was used by 94% of the patients. Mean follow-up (FU) period was 25.3 months. DFT was higher than maximum energy shock (MES) in 2 patients and it was necessary to implant an additional shock electrode (array). It was programmed MES in ventricular fibrillation zone of ICD therapy in the other patients. In the FU, 03 patients had 67 successful appropriate shock therapies (AST). There were 05 noncardiac and 02 heart failure deaths. The patients who died showed higher DFT levels (p=0.044) without correlation with death because there wasn't unsuccessful AST. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of ICD patients, the occurrence of elevated DFT (&gt;25J) was low, leading to alternative therapies. There was an association with severe ventricular dysfunction, although without correlation to the causes of death.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Defibrillation threshold</kwd>
        <kwd>defibrillators, implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>death, sudden, cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ICD patients with elevated defibrillation threshold: clinical behavior and therapeutic alternatives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Martino Martinelli Filho; Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Wagner Tetsuji Tamaki; J&#250;lio Cesar de Oliveira; Daniela Cabral Martins; Silvana Angelina D&#180;Orio Nishi&#243;ka; An&#237;sio Alexandre Andrade Pedrosa; S&#233;rgio Freitas Siqueira; Roberto Costa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The ideal programming of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock energy should be at least 10J above the defibrillation threshold (DFT), requiring alternative techniques when the DFT is elevated.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the clinical behavior of ICD patients with DFT&gt;25J and the efficacy of the chosen therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients who had undergone ICD implantation between Jan/00 and Aug/04 (prospective database) and presented intraoperative DFT&gt;25J were selected. The analyzed variables were: clinical characteristics, LVEF, rescue of arrhythmic events from ICD and causes of deaths.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>among 476 patients, 16 (3.36%) presented DFT&gt;25J. The mean age was 56.5 years, and 13 patients (81%) were men. According to the baseline cardiomyopathy, 09 patients had Chagas' disease, 04 had ischemic cardiomyopathy and 03 had idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Mean LVEF was 0.37 and amiodarone was used by 94% of the patients. Mean follow-up (FU) period was 25.3 months. DFT was higher than maximum energy shock (MES) in 2 patients and it was necessary to implant an additional shock electrode (array). It was programmed MES in ventricular fibrillation zone of ICD therapy in the other patients. In the FU, 03 patients had 67 successful appropriate shock therapies (AST). There were 05 noncardiac and 02 heart failure deaths. The patients who died showed higher DFT levels (p=0.044) without correlation with death because there wasn't unsuccessful AST.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In this cohort of ICD patients, the occurrence of elevated DFT (&gt;25J) was low, leading to alternative therapies. There was an association with severe ventricular dysfunction, although without correlation to the causes of death. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):160-166)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Defibrillation threshold; defibrillators, implantable; death, sudden, cardiac.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 1960, Zoll<sup>1</sup> demonstrated that ventricular fibrillation (VF) could be reverted with the use of electricity and based on these principles, Mirowsk et al<sup>2</sup> designed the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). After decades of studies carried out in dogs, they performed the first defibrillator implant in humans in 1980<sup>1,2</sup>. Since then, several clinical studies have been performed, demonstrating the benefits of the ICD in reducing total and arrhythmic mortality in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD)<sup>3-5</sup>. This benefit must be associated to a device-patient interaction, where the implanted system must be working perfectly with adequate Intraoperative electronic assessment measures<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>During the ICD implantation, the defibrillation threshold (DFT) test is carried out through VF induction and shock therapy release from the implanted device, evaluating the necessary energy for an effective defibrillation. Currently, the margin of safety considered adequate is that of 10J above the found DFT<sup>8</sup>. The capacity for energy storage and release of the current ICD devices varies from 30 to 39J, which does not allow an adequate margin of safety in some cases. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical evolution and the procedures in patients with ICD and elevated DFT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients that had been submitted to ICD implant or change of generator (CG), and that presented elevated intraoperative DFT (&gt;25J) in the absence of the margin of safety of 10J, were selected from the prospective database of the Service of Artificial Cardiac Stimulation of Instituto do Cora&#231;ao (The Heart Institute) of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the School of Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo. The patients with an ICD device presented Class I indication and level of evidence A established in the scientific literature as secondary prevention of SCD, i.e., those with episodes of syncopal ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular dysfunction and monomorphic sustained VT induced at the invasive electrophysiological study; spontaneous episodes of sustained VT with hemodynamic instability and recovered cardiac arrest due to VF or VT without a pulse<sup>9</sup>. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, base cardiopathy, heart failure functional class (New York Heart Association), LVEF at the echocardiogram, antiarrhythmic therapy and clinical evolution data including time of follow-up, arrhythmic event ICD rescue, deaths and procedures adopted to decrease the DFT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The implants were preferably performed in the left pectoral region, with the objective of attaining a better shock axis due to the participation of an active generator shell as the shock pole, allowing a better chance of defibrillation. The used surgical implant technique was the transvenous one with the implantation of endocardic electrodes with venous access obtained through the subclavian vein puncture or dissection of the cephalic vein and implant of the ventricular electrode, preferably in a septal region of the right ventricle (RV). In some cases, an atrial electrode was implanted with a double-chamber ICD, to the discretion of the assistant physician. In cases of reoperations for optimization of the ICD artificial cardiac stimulation system in patients with prior pacemaker implant on the right pectoral or abdominal region, the previous site of implant was maintained, whenever possible, with the objective of re-using the old electrodes for the antibradycardia and sensitivity function. The intraoperative DFT test was performed according to the standard protocol of our institution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>), with the first charge being half of the maximum energy of the implanted device, followed by a shock 10J below the maximum energy of the device to obtain an adequate margin of safety; if unsuccessful, a shock with the maximum energy of the device was applied and, if necessary, an external 360J shock, according to the advanced life support guidelines in cardiology of the ACC/AHA<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Configurations and specifications of the generators and electrodes used</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The generators used were manufactured by Biotronik Inc.: Belos VR (05) and Tachos DR (02); by Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.: GEM DR 7271 (01), GEM III 7275 (01); by Guidant Inc., St Paul, MN, U.S.A.: Ventak Prism 2 DR (01), Ventak Mini III 1786 (02) and Ventritex V 185C (02); by St. Jude Inc.: Photon DR V230HV (02). The characteristics of the implanted artificial cardiac stimulation system are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_04t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_04t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the group of patients with elevated DFT, the means of the DFT values were compared between patients who died and those who survived using Spearman's correlation coefficient. A <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data of procedures performed between January 2000 and August 2004 were analyzed, which constituted a cohort of 476 patients, of whom 16 (3.36%) were selected, as they presented elevated DFT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The male sex was predominant (81%), with a mean age of 56.5 &#177; 9.33 years. Regarding the base cardiopathy, 09 patients (56%) presented chagasic etiology, 04 (19%) presented ischemic cardiopathy and 03 (25%) presented idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.37&#177;0.09. The clinical characteristics of the patients with elevated DFT are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Antiarrhythmic therapeutic</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most of the patients (94%) had used amiodarone (daily dose of 200 to 300 mg) for at least 2 months prior to the surgical procedure of the ICD implant or CG and no other isolated or associated antiarrhythmics were used during follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intraoperative Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 8 ICD implants and 8 ICD CG were carried out. The site of the generator was the right pectoral region in 02 cases, left pectoral region in 09 cases and abdominal region in 05 cases. The electronic parameters measured in the intraoperative period and the procedures for decreasing the DFT are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_04t4-body2">Table 4</xref>. The maximum programmable shock energy (SH) of the ICD devices varied from 30 to 39J and the mean DFT was 32.5 J (&#177; 6.5).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_04t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alternative procedures as an attempt to decrease the DFT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The inversion of shock wave polarity (AX&gt;B to B&lt;AX, where AX corresponds to the active generator shell associated to proximal shock coil and B corresponds to the distal shock coil of the RV electrode) was performed in 4 cases without success in reducing DFT.</p>
      <p>The shock electrode in the RV was repositioned in 4 cases, of which 1 was successful, presenting DFT reduction from 30 to 20J, thus attaining an adequate margin of safety. An additional shock electrode was implanted in the superior vena cava (SVC) in 1 case, with reduction in DFT from 30 to 20J and the electrode implant failed in another case due to SVC thrombosis. An additional shock electrode (array) implant was necessary in two cases where the DFT was higher than the maximum energy of the implanted device. These electrodes were implanted in a second surgical time by left lateral thoracotomy in one case and by videothoracoscopy in another; in both cases, the electrodes had been initially implanted in a subcutaneous region without adequate DFT reduction. The posterior epicardial implant were successful, with a decrease &gt; 10J in the DFT, with no additional surgical complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evolution Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 25.3&#177;17.7 months. All patients' programming was maintained at maximum shock in the fast tachyarrhythmia zone (&gt;182 bmp). The appropriate therapy was successful in 100% of the cases, with 3 patients presenting shock therapy with 1 shock in 1 patient, 2 shocks in another and 64 shocks in another analyzed during the entire follow-up. The frequency of appropriate shock therapies was 18%. There were 7 deaths, with 5 being of non-cardiac cause, including liver failure due to hepatocarcinoma, multiple-organ failure, septic shock and 02 due to advanced heart failure evolution. One patient had been submitted to heart transplant and the data prior to the transplant were analyzed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of elevated intraoperative DFT during the ICD implant is quite variable in the literature, with values between 0 and 24% having been reported<sup>13</sup>. One explanation for the varied results is that the cardiac stimulation systems used were also varied and with the technological improvement of the devices, which currently have smaller generators that allow the implant in the pectoral region, an active generator shell, transvenous electrodes with double coil and biphasic shock waveform, the finding of an elevated DFT has been less frequent<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of this problem in our study was low (3.36%), maybe because most of the devices used for these patients had the aforementioned characteristics. The term "defibrillation threshold" has been questioned by some authors, considering that the actual DFT measurement is not currently performed. During the DFT test, the attainment of the margin of safety is enough for the successful ICD implant, thus the term "energy necessary for defibrillation" (END) is considered more adequate<sup>13</sup>. The stringent DFT attainment would require a series of successive shocks for the defibrillation, which could induce the deterioration of the patient's hemodynamic state<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The maintenance of the prior surgical site in patients with previous pacemaker implant is an adequate procedure in some cases; however, it can increase the chance of finding an elevated DFT, considering that the placement of the active generator shell in the right pectoral or abdominal regions makes the shock axis (generator-SVC-RV) unfavorable, not encompassing a large myocardial area during the defibrillator shock therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>)<sup>15</sup>. Some devices have a new programming that allows the inversion of shock wave polarity, with the distal shock coil in the right ventricle being the positive pole (anode) and the proximal coil in the SVC, together with the active generator shell, being the negative pole (cathode) and vice-versa. The DFT decrease with the inversion of shock wave polarity was described in some studies and no pattern of polarity is considered to be the best one, considering that the distal shock coil as the anode can promote a lower DFT in some cases and a higher one in others; thus, it is necessary to repeat the DFT test after any alteration in shock wave polarity<sup>13,16</sup>. Another limitation is that the programming of the inversion of shock wave polarity is not available in all the used devices. In our study, the inversion of polarity was carried out in three cases; however, this method was not successful.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When facing an elevated DFT, the repositioning of the ventricular electrode must be attempted in case of failure after the inversion of polarity; the best shock axis must be observed, with the preference for the implant in the septal region of the RV. When the ICD generator change is necessary (reoperations), it is not usually possible to reposition the ventricular electrode due to the chronic healing and electrode impaction processes, which make electrode removal difficult, especially in cases with more than one year of electrode implant. The repositioning of the ventricular electrode was performed in 04 cases, although the procedure was successful in only one of them, with a reduction of 10J in the DFT and attainment of an adequate margin of safety. Despite the low success rate obtained with this procedure in the present cohort, we consider it must be performed, if necessary, as it is a simple procedure that has shown satisfactory results as reported in some studies in the literature<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the defibrillator is not capable of reverting the induced arrhythmia (VF) with the maximum shock, i.e., when the DFT is higher than the maximum energy of the implanted ICD shock therapy, the implant of the additional shock electrode positioned in the SVC, as well as a patch or array electrode, can decrease the DFT, as they encompass a larger area of myocardial mass, thus optimizing the shock axis<sup>18,19</sup>. In the present study, satisfactory results were obtained with the implant of an additional shock electrode positioned in the SVC, with a successful outcome in 01 case, with a decrease of 10J in DFT and no success in another case due to the difficulties in the venous access. The DFT was higher than the energy of the implanted device in 02 cases and the implant of an additional shock electrode (array) was successfully carried out, with a decrease of 10J in DFT in these cases. In the cases that presented VF reversion only when the maximum shock therapy of the implanted device was applied and considering the difficulties of obtaining a more stringent DFT due to the possible worsening of the hemodynamic state in patients with borderline pressure levels after the anesthetic induction or other clinical reasons, we considered the DFT as being the maximum energy of the implanted device. In these cases, a maximum energy shock therapy programming in the zone of fast tachyarrhythmia (&gt;182bpm) was chosen as well as a more stringent outpatient follow-up, with the programming of the implant of an additional shock electrode (array) in a second surgical time to obtain the adequate margin of safety, hence offering a better protection to these patients.</p>
      <p>Rattes et al<sup>20</sup> have reported that the percentage of successful defibrillations is, on average, 76.4% at the level of the actual DFT and that 100% of the successful defibrillations were attained with shock therapy release 1.2 to 1.4 times the DFT in animal studies<sup>20</sup>. Some studies consider 5J to be an adequate margin of safety in the DFT and some authors even consider it unnecessary to perform the defibrillation test<sup>21-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The maintenance of the amiodarone therapy was chosen in these cases aiming at offering additional protection in the prevention of sudden arrhythmic death, reduction of arrhythmias and, consequently, defibrillator shock therapy<sup>26</sup>. Some authors suggest, as an adequate procedure, the withdrawal of antiarrhythmic drugs, especially amiodarone, due to the characteristic of defibrillation threshold increase attributable to this drug<sup>27,28</sup>. The small incidence of shock therapy occurrence in the present study hinders the analysis of safety in these patients; however, the 03 patients who received shocks presented a DFT equal to the maximum shock energy of the device and used amiodarone with shock therapy programming at maximum shock energy, with 100% of therapy success.</p>
      <p>In these cases, where the VF reversion was possible only with the ICD maximum shock energy, the margin of safety can be 1 to 9J and the additional shock electrode implant (array type) is necessary.</p>
      <p>There was a long-term follow-up (&gt; 2 years) and despite the elevated mortality (43.75%) in this group of patients with elevated DFT, there were no deaths due to arrhythmia or unsuccessful appropriate shock therapies. When Spearman's correlation coefficient is used to compare the patients with elevated DFT who died with those who survived, we observed that the DFT was higher among those who died (p=0.044), identifying patients with higher mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra1-body2">Graph. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="gra1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0177-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We suggest a sequence of procedures that must be followed, which can be adapted, whenever possible, on an individual basis: 1- reversion of shock polarity; 2- repositioning of the shock electrode; 3- additional shock electrode positioned in the SVC or additional shock electrode (array type); 4- maximum shock programming while in surgical programming for array electrode implant (if the DFT is lower than the maximum shock energy of the implanted ICD, but without the adequate margin of safety).</p>
      <p>There are several mechanisms for the occurrence of an elevated DFT and it is difficult to predict its onset; however, the influence of some associated factors such as age, male sex, LV dysfunction and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs (especially amiodarone) on the DFT of patients with ICD has been described in other clinical studies<sup>29-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of an elevated DFT or the elevated energy necessary for the defibrillation (END) constitutes a challenge for the physician who is performing the procedure, considering that the success of the defibrillator implant depends on an adequate margin of safety; there are some therapeutic alternatives for decreasing DFT, but they must be adapted on an individual basis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was a low incidence of elevated DFT in this cohort of patients with ICD. Additionally, there was an association between elevated DFT and severe ventricular dysfunction, male sex, amiodarone use and positioning of the generator on the right pectoral or abdominal regions. The alternative procedures of repositioning the ventricular electrode, reversion of shock polarity and the implant of additional electrode in the SVC or an additional shock electrode (array type), when individually adapted, are therapeutic options in cases with an elevated defibrillation threshold with no margin of safety, providing the benefit of the ICD in the prevention of sudden cardiac death in these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima</p>
          <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 408/122 - Pinheiros</p>
          <p> 05410-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="carlos.lima@cardiol.br">carlos.lima@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="carloseduardo_lima@yahoo.com.br">carloseduardo_lima@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 05, 2007; revised manuscript received August 08, 2007; accepted October 29, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
