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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MTkXFf7HyPhYhQ7h8XGNSPS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade sexual p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: tabu ou desinforma&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lunelli</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabello</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldmeier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>172</fpage>
      <lpage>176</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA), apesar da import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e social, &#233; assunto pouco abordado pela equipe de sa&#250;de, e que tem recebido pouca &#234;nfase durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til tem sido uma queixa freq&#252;ente entre pacientes cardiopatas, aliada a d&#250;vidas sobre a seguran&#231;a no retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s evento cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Descrever o conhecimento dos pacientes quanto ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es recebidas para o retorno &#224; atividade sexual. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre junho e julho de 2005. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que se encontravam no sexto dia p&#243;s-IAM. Foi aplicado um instrumento relacionado ao conhecimento sobre o IAM, &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia e &#224;s expectativas de retorno &#224; atividade sexual no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-alta hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 96 pacientes, dos quais 70% eram do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 59 &#177; 12 anos, e 80% eram v&#237;timas de primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Desses pacientes, 96% desconheciam as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e as poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es provocadas pelo IAM, 63% relataram ter vida sexual ativa antes do evento, 60% tinham d&#250;vidas quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s a alta, e apenas 4% dos pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos achados indicam que as orienta&#231;&#245;es dispensadas pela equipe aos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o sub&#243;timas, no que tange tanto ao IAM quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o da equipe de sa&#250;de, principalmente dos enfermeiros que despendem mais tempo com os pacientes, s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias que podem melhorar esses resultados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>atividade sexual</kwd>
        <kwd>enfermeiros</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Atividade sexual p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: tabu ou desinforma&#231;&#227;o? </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli; Eneida Rejane Rabello; Ricardo Stein; S&#237;lvia Goldmeier; Maria Antonieta Moraes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> O retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA), apesar da import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e social, &#233; assunto pouco abordado pela equipe de sa&#250;de, e que tem recebido pouca &#234;nfase durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til tem sido uma queixa freq&#252;ente entre pacientes cardiopatas, aliada a d&#250;vidas sobre a seguran&#231;a no retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s evento cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever o conhecimento dos pacientes quanto ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es recebidas para o retorno &#224; atividade sexual. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo transversal realizado entre junho e julho de 2005. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que se encontravam no sexto dia p&#243;s-IAM. Foi aplicado um instrumento relacionado ao conhecimento sobre o IAM, &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia e &#224;s expectativas de retorno &#224; atividade sexual no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 96 pacientes, dos quais 70% eram do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 59 &#177; 12 anos, e 80% eram v&#237;timas de primeiro infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Desses pacientes, 96% desconheciam as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e as poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es provocadas pelo IAM, 63% relataram ter vida sexual ativa antes do evento, 60% tinham d&#250;vidas quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s a alta, e apenas 4% dos pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Nossos achados indicam que as orienta&#231;&#245;es dispensadas pela equipe aos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o sub&#243;timas, no que tange tanto ao IAM quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o da equipe de sa&#250;de, principalmente dos enfermeiros que despendem mais tempo com os pacientes, s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias que podem melhorar esses resultados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; atividade sexual; enfermeiros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), apesar da import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e social, &#233; assunto pouco abordado na literatura, e que tem recebido pouca &#234;nfase durante a interna&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes<sup>1</sup>. As equipes de sa&#250;de habitualmente n&#227;o discutem esse assunto por considerarem o tema &#237;ntimo e privado, e quando abordam o assunto ou orientam os pacientes isso &#233; feito de forma superficial<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til tem sido queixa freq&#252;ente entre pacientes portadores de cardiopatias, aliada a d&#250;vidas sobre a seguran&#231;a quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual. Da mesma forma, enfermeiros que trabalham com esses pacientes, principalmente na fase aguda de epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico grave, se sentem inseguros ao orientar os pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Dados da literatura indicam alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do IAM e elevada incid&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios sexuais ap&#243;s o evento coronariano, que variam de 24% a 89% dos casos<sup>4,5</sup>. Acredita-se que a impot&#234;ncia sexual esteja presente em 10% a 15% dos indiv&#237;duos cardiopatas, e que 40% a 70% dos pacientes apresentem redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual e pior qualidade de vida, al&#233;m daqueles que n&#227;o retornam a essa atividade ap&#243;s evento coronariano<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos fatores t&#234;m sido objeto de estudo, incluindo as mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas j&#225; esperadas e decorrentes do processo de envelhecimento, disfun&#231;&#245;es induzidas por medicamentos e altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares associadas com fatores de risco como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, somadas ao impacto emocional da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A abordagem multidisciplinar, incluindo a real participa&#231;&#227;o dos enfermeiros, se faz necess&#225;ria para esclarecer enfoques multifatoriais da doen&#231;a coronariana, de seu processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e das orienta&#231;&#245;es educativas direcionadas ao retorno &#224; vida sexual dos pacientes. Nesse contexto, buscou-se descrever o conhecimento dos pacientes quanto ao retorno &#224; atividade sexual ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de IAM em um hospital especializado em Cardiologia, com o objetivo de identificar subs&#237;dios e implementar estrat&#233;gias que possam melhorar a assist&#234;ncia ao paciente cardiopata.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, realizado em um Hospital especializado em cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no per&#237;odo de junho a julho de 2005. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que se encontravam no sexto dia de IAM, de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou acima de 18 anos e que concordaram em participar do estudo, assinando o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um instrumento contendo quest&#245;es relacionadas ao conhecimento dos pacientes sobre o IAM (manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e fatores de risco), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia mensal da atividade sexual antes do evento coronariano e as expectativas de retorno &#224; mesma ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. O question&#225;rio foi aplicado um dia antes da alta hospitalar e antes de os pacientes receberem as orienta&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo ap&#243;s lerem e assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados com o programa estat&#237;stico Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 12.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas com freq&#252;&#234;ncias relativas (%). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis entre sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, foi realizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. O teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Foram considerados significativos os resultados com valor de p &lt; 0,05. O tamanho da amostra calculada para esse estudo foi de 96 pacientes, considerando n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e margem de erro de 10 pontos percentuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 96 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, 70% do sexo masculino, com idade superior a 50 anos, sendo 80% da amostra v&#237;timas de um primeiro IAM. Todos os pacientes permaneceram internados por pelo menos seis dias. As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0172-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Conhecimento dos pacientes, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de atividade sexual antes do IAM e expectativas de retorno ap&#243;s a alta</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao se analisar o conhecimento dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IAM, verificou-se que 4% conceituaram sua doen&#231;a adequadamente, e que 96% dos pacientes desconheciam totalmente as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do IAM e as poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es decorrentes desse evento. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 4% dos pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; possibilidade de a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana interferir como fator complicador na atividade sexual. Quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia sexual antes de sofrerem IAM, 63% (p &lt; 0,002) dos indiv&#237;duos relataram ter vida sexual ativa, 71% dos quais demonstraram interesse em manter essa atividade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. No entanto, 44% admitiram poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia sexual ap&#243;s o evento. Dados expressivos de 69% e 60%, respectivamente, demonstraram o quanto os pacientes saem desinformados e com d&#250;vidas relacionadas a sua doen&#231;a e ao momento recomendado para o retorno da atividade sexual ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref> resume os dados supracitados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0172-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e os principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, tais como tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, entre outros<sup>6,8</sup>, que, como indutores de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, podem atuar na g&#234;nese da obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial ateroscler&#243;tica, na ruptura de placas, assim como na trombose. O manejo dos pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular inclui uma diversidade de agentes e procedimentos invasivos e n&#227;o-invasivos de graus variados.</p>
    <p>Em certas circunst&#226;ncias, alguns procedimentos podem levar &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, com impactos distintos na vida sexual do indiv&#237;duo<sup>9</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que a atividade sexual deve ser considerada como qualquer outra atividade f&#237;sica, que condiciona significativa melhora na capacidade funcional do paciente e, portanto, est&#225; relacionada a um aspecto da qualidade de vida<sup>6,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A desinforma&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a e sobre o retorno &#224; atividade sexual n&#227;o est&#225; apenas relacionada ao n&#237;vel de escolaridade. Muitas vezes, o sexo &#233; visto pelos profissionais da sa&#250;de e pelos pacientes como assunto de abordagem delicada, j&#225; que em nosso meio ainda vigoram o preconceito e o tabu sobre o tema. Nossos achados demonstram que apenas 4% da amostra souberam informar alguns fatores de risco para o IAM, bem como os sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos caracter&#237;sticos do evento. Possivelmente, sejam esses mesmos 4% que referiram ter recebido orienta&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; possibilidade de a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana interferir como fator complicador na atividade sexual. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca n&#227;o &#233; rara e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual afeta potencialmente milhares de pacientes; portanto, a equipe de sa&#250;de deve estar preparada para discutir abertamente o assunto com os pacientes e seus parceiros.</p>
    <p>Estima-se que, ap&#243;s um diagn&#243;stico ou procedimento intervencionista, cerca de 25% dos pacientes retornem &#224; vida sexual normal, apresentando a mesma freq&#252;&#234;ncia e a mesma intensidade anteriores ao evento coronariano. Metade dos pacientes retorna &#224; vida sexual com algum grau de diminui&#231;&#227;o em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e/ou intensidade, e os outros 25% restantes n&#227;o reassumem sua vida sexual<sup>11</sup>. Na amostra estudada, 71% demonstraram interesse em manter vida sexual ativa ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, 50% dos quais acreditavam que poderiam manter a mesma freq&#252;&#234;ncia e qualidade sexual, e 44% admitiam a possibilidade de reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia sexual ap&#243;s o IAM.</p>
    <p>Diversos fatores est&#227;o bem estabelecidos quanto &#224; possibilidade da redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade sexual ap&#243;s eventos cardiol&#243;gicos, dentre os quais medo da morte ou do reinfarto, dispn&#233;ia, angina, exaust&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es da libido, depress&#227;o, impot&#234;ncia, preocupa&#231;&#227;o ou ansiedade do c&#244;njuge, al&#233;m da sensa&#231;&#227;o de culpa<sup>12</sup>. Esses fatores podem estar associados &#224; falta de esclarecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e sobre a necessidade de boa reabilita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s evento card&#237;aco, al&#233;m da ignor&#226;ncia a respeito dos poss&#237;veis riscos que a pr&#225;tica sexual pode de fato acarretar. &#201; sabido que a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante a rela&#231;&#227;o sexual podem servir de gatilho para outro evento card&#237;aco<sup>13,14</sup>. No entanto, ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o adequada, o risco absoluto &#233; muito baixo<sup>15</sup>. Neste estudo, foi demonstrado que 60% dos pacientes saem com d&#250;vidas e n&#227;o sabem informar o momento recomendado para o retorno da pr&#225;tica sexual ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Esses dados refor&#231;am a necessidade da busca do embasamento cient&#237;fico a respeito da atividade sexual por parte da equipe de sa&#250;de, para melhor orientar os pacientes quanto ao rein&#237;cio dessa pr&#225;tica, principalmente para enfermeiros, profissionais com maior tempo de contato com os pacientes.</p>
    <p>O IAM recente, inferior a seis semanas, &#233; classificado como de risco intermedi&#225;rio para atividade sexual. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado aumento do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica sexual. Dessa forma, torna-se essencial a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para uma orienta&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima quanto &#224; retomada dessa pr&#225;tica e posterior libera&#231;&#227;o pela equipe m&#233;dica<sup>16,17</sup>. Dentro dessa perspectiva, ficam claras as d&#250;vidas e dificuldades, tanto dos pacientes quanto da equipe de sa&#250;de, de como abordar e/ou engajar nos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca as orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a atividade sexual.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, estrat&#233;gias que possam adicionar orienta&#231;&#245;es verbais e/ou escritas t&#234;m trazido resultados ben&#233;ficos. Como exemplo, pode ser citado um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado com 115 pacientes p&#243;s-IAM acompanhados por 1, 3 e 5 meses. Nesse estudo, pacientes do grupo controle receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es escritas e os do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foram instru&#237;dos por meio de um videoteipe. Quest&#245;es sobre qualidade de vida, ansiedade e o momento de reassumir a atividade sexual eram expostas no v&#237;deo de forma direta e objetiva. Os achados evidenciaram que o videoteipe serviu como ferramenta importante, no sentido de auxiliar nas orienta&#231;&#245;es sexuais p&#243;s-IAM, bem como para facilitar o retorno da atividade sexual em menor espa&#231;o de tempo. Por sinal, essa constata&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelos autores ao compararem a estrat&#233;gia de uso do v&#237;deo com recursos utilizados em outros estudos<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante mencionar que o desconhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e o retorno da atividade sexual podem ser identificados no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, desde que as institui&#231;&#245;es e os profissionais direcionem a aten&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes. O aconselhamento sexual &#233; um importante aspecto a ser abordado e discutido com pacientes e companheiros durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. As orienta&#231;&#245;es dispensadas contribuir&#227;o para a redu&#231;&#227;o do medo e da ansiedade dos pacientes p&#243;s-IAM, e, portanto, n&#227;o ir&#227;o comprometer aspectos relacionados &#224; qualidade de vida<sup>14,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir dos dados observados neste estudo, pode-se concluir que as orienta&#231;&#245;es dispensadas pela equipe de sa&#250;de aos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar s&#227;o sub&#243;timas. Conhecimentos atualizados quanto &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, dependendo da extens&#227;o do IAM e do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, tornam-se essenciais para que as equipes de sa&#250;de, principalmente os enfermeiros envolvidos no manejo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-alta hospitalar, possam orientar esses pacientes com embasamento cient&#237;fico e seguran&#231;a.</p>
    <p>As orienta&#231;&#245;es para indiv&#237;duos p&#243;s-IAM seguem as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, estabelecidas de acordo com a pr&#225;tica da atividade sexual conforme o quadro cl&#237;nico: a) Pacientes de baixo risco cardiovascular: assintom&#225;ticos, portadores de menos de tr&#234;s fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (excluindo g&#234;nero), aqueles com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica controlada, angina est&#225;vel classe I-II da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia (SCC), aqueles submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com sucesso, pacientes com IAM passado n&#227;o-complicado, portadores de doen&#231;a valvar leve, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou em NYHA classe I &#150; esses sujeitos podem ser encorajados para recome&#231;ar a atividade sexual ou receber tratamento para disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual imediatamente; b) Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio: portadores de tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (excluindo g&#234;nero), presen&#231;a de angina est&#225;vel classe II-III da SCC, pacientes com IAM recente (ocorrido entre duas e seis semanas), portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva NYHA II, seq&#252;ela n&#227;o-card&#237;aca de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e/ou doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica) &#150; esses indiv&#237;duos devem realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica criteriosa antes de recome&#231;ar a atividade sexual; c) Pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular: presen&#231;a de angina inst&#225;vel ou refrat&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o-controlada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva NYHA III-IV, IAM recente (&lt; duas semanas), arritmias de alto risco, cardiomiopatias graves, doen&#231;a valvar moderada a grave &#150; para esses pacientes a atividade sexual pode constituir um risco significativo, devendo a mesma ser postergada at&#233; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A libera&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista &#233; necess&#225;ria antes de se reassumir a vida sexual ativa, pois, nessas circunst&#226;ncias, o risco pode suplantar o benef&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Cabe salientar que, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida, o coito, assim como a atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa e/ou a resposta emocional intensa, acaba por representar pequeno risco de desencadeamento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, comparado com METs de atividades di&#225;rias, a demanda corporal total de oxig&#234;nio e o aumento da demanda mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio durante a atividade sexual marital s&#227;o modestas e a dura&#231;&#227;o do aumento &#233; breve (a atividade sexual vigorosa pode aumentar o gasto de energia para 5 METs a 6 METs). Por exemplo, pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, que est&#227;o em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento &#243;timo para sua condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, parecem n&#227;o ter aumento significativo do risco cardiovascular durante a atividade sexual.</p>
    <p>Por fim, tem sido descrito que o risco de evento cardiovascular durante a atividade sexual &#233; significativamente menor naqueles indiv&#237;duos que realizam atividade f&#237;sica de forma regular e cr&#244;nica. Al&#233;m disso, parece salutar lembrar que sintomas cardiovasculares durante o sexo raramente ocorrem em pacientes que n&#227;o t&#234;m sintomas similares durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, especialmente se o indiv&#237;duo alcan&#231;ou o equivalente a 6 METs no teste e permaneceu assintom&#225;tico e sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de isquemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da Monografia de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Lato-Sensu: Enfermagem em Cardiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia de Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli, Eneida Rejane Rabelo, Ricardo Stein, Silvia Goldmeier, Maria Antonieta Moraes pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia; Hospital de Cl&#237;nica de Porto Alegre e Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli  </p>
        <p> Rua Humberto Accorsi, 100/406 </p>
        <p> 95185-000 &#150; Carlos Barbosa, RS &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rlunelli@cardiol.br">rlunelli@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/11/06; Revisado recebido em 27/9/07; Aceito em 27/9/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sexual activity after myocardial infarction: taboo or lack of knowledge?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Despite its clinical and social relevance, resumption of sexual activity after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a subject that is poorly addressed by healthcare providers and one that is given scant emphasis during hospitalization. Erectile dysfunction is a common complaint among cardiac patients, and these patients are in doubt regarding the safety of resuming sexual activity after a cardiovascular event. OBJECTIVE: To describe how well informed patients are in regard to acute an myocardial infarction (AMI) and what sort of guidance they receive regarding resumption of sexual activity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed from June to July 2005 with patients on the sixth day of AMI. A questionnaire was applied to assess not only patients' knowledge of AMI, but also their expectations regarding their resumption of sexual activity - and frequency of same - following hospital discharge. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were included in the study (mean age 59 &#177; 12); 70% of them were male and 80% had experienced their first AMI. Of these, 96% lacked any knowledge of AMI clinical manifestations and possible limitations, 63% reported an active sex life before the event, 60% were in doubt regarding their sex life following hospital discharge, and only 4% received sexual guidance from healthcare providers during their hospital stay. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, the recommendations patients receive during hospitalization are suboptimal in regard to both AMI and resumption of sexual activity. The updating of healthcare providers may change this situation. This is especially true for the nursing staff, since they spend more time with patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>sexual behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>nurses</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sexual activity after myocardial infarction: taboo or lack of knowledge?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli; Eneida Rejane Rabello; Ricardo Stein; S&#237;lvia Goldmeier; and Maria Antonieta Moraes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Despite its clinical and social relevance, resumption of sexual activity after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a subject that is poorly addressed by healthcare providers and one that is given scant emphasis during hospitalization. Erectile dysfunction is a common complaint among cardiac patients, and these patients are in doubt regarding the safety of resuming sexual activity after a cardiovascular event.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To describe how well informed patients are in regard to acute an myocardial infarction (AMI) and what sort of guidance they receive regarding resumption of sexual activity.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional study was performed from June to July 2005 with patients on the sixth day of AMI. A questionnaire was applied to assess not only patients' knowledge of AMI, but also their expectations regarding their resumption of sexual activity &#150; and frequency of same &#150; following hospital discharge.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Ninety-six patients were included in the study (mean age 59 &#177; 12); 70% of them were male and 80% had experienced their first AMI. Of these, 96% lacked any knowledge of AMI clinical manifestations and possible limitations, 63% reported an active sex life before the event, 60% were in doubt regarding their sex life following hospital discharge, and only 4% received sexual guidance from healthcare providers during their hospital stay.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>According to our findings, the recommendations patients receive during hospitalization are suboptimal in regard to both AMI and resumption of sexual activity. The updating of healthcare providers may change this situation. This is especially true for the nursing staff, since they spend more time with patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(3):156-159)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction; sexual behavior; nurses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite its clinical and social relevance, resumption of sexual activity after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a subject that is poorly addressed by healthcare providers and one that is given scant emphasis during hospitalization<sup>1</sup>. Healthcare providers usually fail to broach this issue with their patients because they feel it is too private, and when they actually do it, the discussion is only on a superficial level<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Erectile dysfunction is a common complaint among patients with heart disease, and these patients lack knowledge regarding the safety of resuming sexual activity. Likewise, nurses who care for these patients, especially in the acute phase of a severe ischemic episode, feel insecure about providing sexual guidance during their stay in hospital.</p>
      <p>Literature data show that erectile dysfunction is highly prevalent at the time of AMI diagnosis, as well as sexual disorders after the coronary event, which affect 24% to 89% of the patients<sup>4,5</sup>. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of cardiac subjects are sexually impotent, and 40% to 70% of coronary patients have lower frequency of sexual activity and decreased quality of live, in addition to those who simply do not resume their sex life after a coronary event<sup>3,6</sup>. Many factors have been studied, including the expected physiological changes that accompany aging, drug-induced dysfunctions, vascular changes associated with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, in addition to the emotional impact of heart disease<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>A multidisciplinary team approach, including active participation of the nursing staff, is necessary to elucidate the multifactorial aspects of coronary artery disease, its rehabilitation process, and educational interventions to help patients to resume their sex life. In this study, we sought to describe the patients' knowledge regarding resumption of sexual activity following an AMI in a cardiac hospital in order to identify subsidies and implement strategies aiming to improve care for patients with heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study carried out in a cardiac hospital in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from June to July 2005. Patients included were men and women, 18 years or older, who were on the sixth day of AMI and agreed to sign an informed consent form to take part in the study.</p>
      <p>A questionnaire was drawn up to collect data related to patients' knowledge about AMI (clinical manifestations and risk factors), monthly frequency of sexual relations prior to the coronary event, and expectations regarding resumption of sexual activity after hospital discharge. This questionnaire was applied one day prior to discharge, before the patients had received any formal sexual guidance from the nursing staff.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and all patients were included in the study only after having read and signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 12.0. Categorical variables were expressed as relative frequencies (%). Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables between genders and age groups. To compare categorical variables, either the Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The sample size estimated for this study was 96 patients, considering a 95% confidence level and 10% standard error.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Features</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ninety-six AMI patients over 50 years of age were included in the study, 70% of them male, and 80% after a first AMI. All patients remained in hospital for at least six days. Study sample characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0172-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients' knowledge, frequency of sexual activity prior to AMI and expectations regarding sex after hospital discharge</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When patients' knowledge about the AMI was analyzed, 4% showed a good understanding of their disease, while 96% knew nothing about AMI clinical manifestations or its attendant limitations. During hospital stay, 4% of the patients were warned that coronary artery disease could affect their sex life adversely. Regarding frequency of sexual relations prior to the AMI, 63% (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.002) of the patients claimed to have been sexually active prior to the event, 60% expressed interest in resuming their sex life after discharge; while 44% admitted a decrease in the frequency of sexual relations following the event. Our study indicates that as many as 69% of the patients leave the hospital with unanswered questions regarding their disease, and 60% with concerns about the timing of resumption of sexual activity.</p>
      <p>The above data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-03-0172-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship between erectile dysfunction and major risk factors for ischemic heart disease, such as smoking, sedentary life stile, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, among others, is well-established<sup>6,8</sup>. By inducing endothelial dysfunction, these risk factors may play a role in the genesis of atherosclerotic vascular disease, plaque rupture, and thrombosis. Management of patients with cardiovascular disease includes a diverse range of agents and varying degrees of invasive and non-invasive procedures. Some procedures may place restrictions on physical activity levels and therefore have different impact on the patient's sex life<sup>9</sup>. Importantly, sex should be seen as any other physical activity that contributes significantly to improvement of patients' functional capacity and thereby enhance their quality of life<sup>6,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lack of information about the disease and resumption of sexual activity is not related solely to schooling. Both healthcare providers and patients often regard sex as a touchy and hard-to-broach subject because it continues to be surrounded by prejudice and taboo in our society.</p>
      <p>Only 4% of the patients in our study were able to list a few risk factors, signs or symptoms of AMI. These are quite likely the same 4% who reported being informed during hospital stay that coronary artery disease may be a complicating factor in regard to sexual activity. Heart disease is not uncommon. Sexual dysfunction potentially affects thousands of patients, and healthcare teams must be prepared to discuss this subject openly with patients and their partners.</p>
      <p>It has been estimated that after a cardiac diagnosis or interventional procedure about 25% of patients resume their normal sex life with the same frequency and intensity. Half of the patients resume their sex life at a reduced level in terms of frequency and/or intensity, and the remaining 25% never resume sexual activity<sup>11</sup>. In the studied sample, 71% of the patients wanted to remain sexually active after hospital discharge, and half of them believed that they would be able to maintain the same frequency and quality of sexual relations, but 44% admitted the possibility of reducing the frequency of sexual activity after the AMI event.</p>
      <p>A number of factors are well-established in regard to the possibility of decreasing sexual activity after cardiac events. Such factors include fear of coital death or reinfarction, dyspnea, angina, exhaustion, loss of libido, depression, impotence, anxiety or concern on the part of the partner, as well as guilt feelings<sup>12</sup>. These factors may be related to lack of knowledge of the disease and the need for adequate rehabilitation after a cardiac event, in addition to ignorance of the risks that sexual activity may actually entail. It is well-known fact that hemodynamic changes, increase in heart rate and increase in blood pressure during sexual intercourse are capable of triggering another cardiac event<sup>13,14</sup>. However, after adequate stratification the absolute risk is slight<sup>15</sup>. Our study showed that 60% of the patients are still in doubt when leaving the hospital and are unable to inform the recommended time for resumption of sexual activity. These data underscore the need for healthcare providers to seek scientific data on sexual activity that will enable them to instruct their patients regarding resumption of sexual activity. This applies especially to members of the nursing staff since they spend more time with patients.</p>
      <p>Recent AMI - less than six weeks - is classified as intermediate risk for sexual activity. Studies have shown an increase in maximal oxygen uptake and systolic blood pressure after physical exertion or sexual activity. Therefore, stratification of patients is essential for the medical team to provide optimal guidance regarding resumption of sexual activity after hospital discharge<sup>16,17</sup>. It is clear that both patients and healthcare providers are unsure about how to address and/or include sexual counseling in cardiac rehabilitation programs.</p>
      <p>In this regard, strategies that could add to verbal and/or written orientation have been found to produce beneficial results. One example is a randomized clinical trial performed with 115 post-AMI patients who were followed up for 1, 3, and 5 months. In this study, patients in the control group received written instructions, and those in the intervention group received a videotape. Issues related to quality of life, anxiety, and timing of resumption of sexual activity were directly and objectively addressed in the video. This study's findings showed that the videotape was an important tool not only to provide post-AMI with sexual counseling, but also to help them to resume their sex life earlier. The authors came to this conclusion after comparing the videotape method with other strategies used in other studies<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that lack of knowledge about the disease and resumption of sexual activity can be identified during the hospitalization, providing that both, institutions and professionals, should pay special attention to these patients. Moreover, sexual counseling is an important aspect that should be discussed with the patients and their partners during hospitalization. Sexual recommendations will help to reduce the fear and anxiety of post-AMI patients and, thus, improve their quality of life<sup>14,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Final Remarks</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on our findings, we can suggest that sexual guidance provided to patients by healthcare teams during hospitalization may be suboptimal. Updated knowledge of risk stratification, depending on the extent of AMI and impairment of left ventricular function, is essential if healthcare professionals, particularly nurses who are involved in the pre- and post admission management, would instruct these patients safely and with scientific basis.</p>
      <p>Guidance for post-AMI patients follows the American Heart Association recommendations, according to the patient's clinical condition: a) <italic>Patients at low risk</italic> for cardiovascular disease are: Asymptomatic; with less than three risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) (excluding gender); controlled hypertension; class I or II stable angina of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS); successful coronary revascularization; history of uncomplicated AMI, mild valvular disease, congestive heart failure (CHF) without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and/or in NYHA class I). These patients can be encouraged to resume sexual activity or receive prompt treatment for sexual dysfunction. <italic>b) Patients at intermediate risk:</italic> at least three risk factors for CAD (excluding gender), class II or III stable angina of the CCS classification, recent AMI (from 2 to 6 weeks), left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and/or NYHA class II CHF, noncardiac sequel from atherosclerotic disease (stroke [AVC] and/or peripheral vascular disease). These patients should undergo a thorough cardiac evaluation before resuming sexual activity. c) <italic>Patients at high cardiovascular risk:</italic> unstable or refractory angina, uncontrolled hypertension, NYHA class III-IV CHF, recent AMI (&lt;2 weeks); high-risk arrhythmias, severe cardiomyopathies, moderate-to-severe valvular disease. For these patients sexual activity should be delayed until they are stabilized for their heart condition, since it poses a significant risk. They must obtain the cardiologist's clearance before resuming normal sex life, because risk may outweigh benefit.</p>
      <p>It must be emphasized that in patients with established coronary artery disease, coitus, as well as vigorous physical activity and/or intense emotional response, presents a low risk for triggering myocardial infarction. Additionally, compared with METs of daily activities, total body oxygen demand and increase in myocardial oxygen demand during marital sexual activity are modest, and the duration of the increase is brief (vigorous sexual activity may raise energy expenditure to 5 to 6 METs). For example, patients with stable angina under optimal treatment for their cardiac condition apparently present no significant increase in cardiovascular risk during sexual activity.</p>
      <p>Finally, the risk of a cardiovascular event during sexual activity has been reported to be significantly lower in subjects who engage in regular, chronic, physical activity. Moreover, it should be kept in mind that cardiovascular symptoms during sex rarely occur in patients who experienced no similar symptoms during exercise stress testing, especially those who achieved 6 METs and remained asymptomatic, with no electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of a Graduate Level Specialization Course Monograph: Nursing in Cardiology from the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia submitted by Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli, Eneida Rejane Rabelo, Ricardo Stein, Silvia Goldmeier, Maria Antonieta Moraes, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia; Hospital de Cl&#237;nica de Porto Alegre e Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Rosana Pinheiro Lunelli</p>
          <p> Rua Humberto Accorsi, 100/406</p>
          <p> 95185-000, Carlos Barbosa, RS Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rlunelli@cardiol.br">rlunelli@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 20, 2006; revised manuscript received September 27, 2007; accepted September 27, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
