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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BypZjHh3R7bBYKXcPvWqKLD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000300001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Podemos acreditar na levosimendana?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Follath</surname>
            <given-names>Ferenc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#228;tsSpital Z&#252;rich</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FESC </institution>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>161</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Podemos acreditar na levosimendana?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ferenc Follath, MD, FESC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>FESC University Hospital Z&#252;rich &#150; Su&#237;&#231;a</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Levosimendana, beta-agonistas adren&#233;rgicos, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>Embora seja comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica preexistente, ainda existem controv&#233;rsias quanto ao melhor tratamento para esse quadro. O tratamento depende do fator desencadeante, como isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, n&#227;o-utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos prescritos ou problemas n&#227;o-card&#237;acos concomitantes. Uma adapta&#231;&#227;o da dosagem de medicamentos tradicionais para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, particularmente dos diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a e vasodilatadores, muitas vezes representa uma primeira etapa bem-sucedida. Os problemas come&#231;am quando os sintomas persistem e surgem sinais de deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Nesses casos, o m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel se v&#234; diante do seguinte dilema: ser&#225; que deve administrar um agente inotr&#243;pico para aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a perfus&#227;o org&#226;nica? Em caso afirmativo, qual seria a melhor op&#231;&#227;o de agente inotr&#243;pico? V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos indicam que a dobutamina, ainda considerado o f&#225;rmaco de primeira linha em muitas unidades de terapia intensiva, a dopamina e os inibidores da fosfodiesterase (milrinona, enoximona) podem piorar a sobrevida, apesar da melhora hemodin&#226;mica inicial<bold><sup>1-5</sup></bold>. Em geral, os desfechos desfavor&#225;veis s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos &#224; demanda crescente de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio e &#224;s arritmias card&#237;acas. Em vista desses poss&#237;veis eventos adversos, muitos cardiologistas s&#227;o contr&#225;rios ao uso de medicamentos inotr&#243;picos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, a introdu&#231;&#227;o da levosimendana, um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio, pode mudar essa atitude negativa. Esse novo agente combina uma a&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica com vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e coronariana sem aumentar as concentra&#231;&#245;es intracelulares de c&#225;lcio e AMP c&#237;clico. Portanto, ele n&#227;o tem algumas das desvantagens dos medicamentos simpatomim&#233;ticos. Em um estudo duplo-cego (LIDO) que comparou os efeitos da levosimendana e da dobutamina em pacientes com grave quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, o sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio mostrou maior efic&#225;cia hemodin&#226;mica e foi associado com melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em at&#233; seis meses<bold><sup>6</sup></bold>. O medicamento tamb&#233;m foi eficaz e bem tolerado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<bold><sup>7</sup></bold>.</p>
    <p>O estudo BELIEF publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista<bold><sup>8</sup></bold>, que incluiu pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada tratados em centros cardiol&#243;gicos brasileiros, parece confirmar a experi&#234;ncia positiva europ&#233;ia, mesmo no caso de pacientes que n&#227;o respondem a infus&#245;es de dobutamina.</p>
    <p>Podemos afirmar que 76,4% dos pacientes responderam ao tratamento, de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos predefinidos. O medicamento tamb&#233;m foi bem tolerado: n&#227;o houve tend&#234;ncia para hipotens&#227;o grave durante a infus&#227;o de levosimendana, tampouco aumento de arritmias ventriculares ou supraventriculares. Todavia, est&#225; claro que a levosimendana n&#227;o salvar&#225; todos os pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda. Dos 182 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 27 (14,8%) morreram durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico ou hipotens&#227;o grave na &#233;poca da interna&#231;&#227;o. Assim como em outros estudos, a taxa de mortalidade dessas complica&#231;&#245;es agudas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; alta apesar de todas as possibilidades terap&#234;uticas modernas<bold><sup>9</sup></bold>.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo BELIEF<bold><sup>8</sup></bold> &#233; sua natureza observacional e a falta de um grupo de tratamento comparativo sem levosimendana. Embora um estudo multic&#234;ntrico de farmacovigil&#226;ncia realizado em Portugal tenha relatado resultados positivos semelhantes com o uso rotineiro do medicamento<bold><sup>10</sup></bold>, o resultado decepcionante do estudo SURVIVE<bold><sup>11</sup></bold>, publicado recentemente, reduzir&#225; a aceita&#231;&#227;o da levosimendana nos centros que t&#234;m pouca ou nenhuma experi&#234;ncia com o medicamento. Conv&#233;m salientar, por&#233;m, que v&#225;rios aspectos importantes relacionados com a seguran&#231;a de uma administra&#231;&#227;o otimizada de levosimendana n&#227;o foram observados no SURVIVE: doses altas e uniformes de ataque e manuten&#231;&#227;o foram administradas a todos os pacientes gravemente enfermos e intensamente pr&#233;-tratados, sem monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico. Portanto, a superdose aliada &#224; hipovolemia n&#227;o-diagnosticada ou n&#227;o-corrigida provavelmente contribuiu para a elevada incid&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o e arritmias supraventriculares, bem como para a aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dobutamina. Em contrapartida, no estudo BELIEF<bold><sup>8</sup></bold> a velocidade inicial de infus&#227;o foi de somente 0,1 mcg/kg/min, e cerca de 20% dos pacientes n&#227;o receberam dose de ataque. Al&#233;m disso, a exist&#234;ncia de hipovolemia e hipopotassemia foi descartada antes da infus&#227;o de levosimendana.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia brasileira confirma que, em condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas, a levosimendana &#233; um acr&#233;scimo valioso ao arsenal terap&#234;utico em pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Os cardiologistas e intensivistas que sabem como e quando usar a levosimendana continuar&#227;o a acreditar nesse novo medicamento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ferenc Follath  </p>
        <p> Steering Group for Drug Therapy University Hospital </p>
        <p> Office HAL 16/18, D2, Raemistr. 100 </p>
        <p> CH 8091 Z&#252;rich &#150; Switzerland </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ferenc.follath@usz.ch">ferenc.follath@usz.ch</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Martins de Campos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lousada</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
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        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>11. Mebazaa A,    Nieminen MS,Packer M, Cohen-Solal A, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, et al. Levosimendan    vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure. JAMA. 2007,    297: 1883-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1883</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <volume>297</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mebazaa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleber</surname>
              <given-names>FX</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
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        </element-citation>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Can we believe in levosimendan?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Can we believe in levosimendan?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ferenc Follath, MD, FESC</bold>
      </p>
      <p>FESC University Hospital Z&#252;rich &#150; Switzerland</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Levosimendan; Cardiotonic agents; Cardiac output,low; Heart failure congestive</p>
      <p>Acute cardiac decompensation in patients with a pre-existing chronic heart failure is frequent, but its optimal management remains a controversial issue. Treatment depends on the precipitating cause, such as myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, noncompliance with drug prescriptions, or concomitant noncardiac disorders. Dosage adaptation of standard heart failure drugs, in particular of loop diuretics and vasodilators is often a successful first step. Problems arise if symptoms persist and signs of hemodynamic deterioration occur. In such situations, the responsible physician is facing the following dilemma: should an inotropic agent be administered to increase cardiac output and improve organ perfusion? If the answer is yes, which inotropic agent would be the best choice? Several clinical studies indicate that dobutamine, still the first-line drug in many intensive care units; dopamine; or phosphodiesterase inhibitors (milrinone, enoximone) may worsen survival despite initial hemodynamic improvement<sup>1-5</sup>. Increasing myocardial oxygen requirements and cardiac arrhythmias are the usual explanations for unfavorable outcomes. In view of such potential adverse events, many cardiologists are against the use of inotropic drugs in acute heart failure.</p>
      <p>However, the introduction of the calcium sensitizer levosimendan could change this negative attitude. This new agent combines inotropic action with peripheral and coronary vasodilation and does not increase intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP concentrations. It is thus devoid of some of the disadvantages of sympathomimetic drugs.</p>
      <p>In a direct comparison of levosimendan with dobutamine in a double-blind study (LIDO) in patients with severe low-output heart failure, the calcium sensitizer showed superior hemodynamic efficacy and better clinical outcome after up to 6 months<sup>6</sup>.The drug was also effective and well tolerated in patients with left ventricular failure following acute myocardial infarction<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Now the BELIEF study, results published in the current issue of this journal<sup>8</sup>, included patients with decompensated heart failure who were treated in Brazilian centers, and it seems to fully confirm the positive European experience, even in patients not responding to dobutamine infusions. Overall, 76.4% of patients could be classified as responders according to predefined clinical criteria. The drug was also well tolerated: no tendency to severe hypotension during levosimendan infusion and no increase in ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias occurred. Nevertheless, it is clear that levosimendan will not save all patients with acute decompensation. Of the 182 patients, 27 (14.8%) died during hospitalization, mainly due to cardiogenic shock or severe hypotension on admission. As in other surveys, mortality of such acute complications of heart failure remains high, despite all modern therapeutic possibilities<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A limitation of the BELIEF study<sup>8</sup> is its observational nature without a comparative treatment group not using levosimendan. Although similar positive results during routine clinical use have been reported in a multicenter postmarketing study in Portugal<sup>10</sup>, the disappointing outcome of the recently published SURVIVE trial<sup>11</sup> will reduce the acceptance of levosimendan in those centers having no or only little experience with the drug. It should be realized, however, that in SURVIVE, several important safety aspects of an optimized levosimendan administration have not been observed: high and uniform loading and maintenance doses were given to all severely ill and intensively pretreated patients without hemodynamic monitoring. Therefore, overdosage together with unrecognized and uncorrected hypovolemia probably contributed to the high incidence of hypotension, supraventricular arrhythmias, and a lack of improvement in mortality compared with dobutamine. In contrast, in the BELIEF<sup>8</sup> study, the initial infusion rate was only 0.1 mcg/kg/min, and loading doses were not given in about 20% of patients. Hypovolemia and hypokalemia were also excluded before levosimendan infusions were started.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian experience confirms that under adequate conditions levosimendan is a very useful addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure. Cardiologists and intensive care doctors who know how and when to use levosimendan will continue to believe in this new drug.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Ferenc Follath</p>
          <p> Steering Group for Drug Therapy University Hospital</p>
          <p> Office HAL 16/18, D2 Raemistr. 100</p>
          <p> CH 8091 Z&#252;rich &#150; Switzerland</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ferenc.follath@usz.ch">ferenc.follath@usz.ch</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
