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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Np5zFFwDJWZpFbyxYkV7MRc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000212</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comportamento funcional dos portadores de marcapasso convencional submetidos a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishi&#243;ka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina Dorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>An&#237;sio Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>151</fpage>
      <lpage>156</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) &#233; eficiente no tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e bloqueio intraventricular. O marcapasso convencional (MPC) em regi&#227;o apical de ventr&#237;culo direito provoca altera&#231;&#245;es da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o normal do cora&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224;s do BRE. Nesse sentido, pacientes com MPC e IC avan&#231;ada poderiam ser candidatos a TRC, mas reduzidas casu&#237;sticas foram avaliadas e n&#227;o h&#225; conclus&#245;es definitivas. OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) nos portadores de marcapasso convencional. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes com MPC, IC-CF(NYHA) III/IV refrat&#225;ria a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;35%, foram submetidos a TRC. O comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional foi avaliado prospectivamente ap&#243;s seis meses. A redu&#231;&#227;o de uma CF-IC foi estabelecida como resposta efetiva ao procedimento. Foram analisados: dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (ECG), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) e FEVE ao ECO. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou os testes t de Student pareado e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Vinte e nove pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 61,5 anos foram estudados. Seis eram do sexo feminino e houve predom&#237;nio da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Em seguimento cl&#237;nico de 22,7&#177;13 meses, 86,2% dos pacientes melhoraram com a TRC. Nesse grupo, a FEVE m&#233;dia aumentou em 18% (p=0,013); houve redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS em 11,8% (p=0,002) e n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos di&#226;metros intracavit&#225;rios do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. CONCLUS&#195;O: A TRC &#233; efetiva para pacientes com MPC e IC avan&#231;ada porque proporciona taxa elevada de responsivos (86,2%), melhora significativa da FEVE e redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueio de ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Comportamento funcional dos portadores de marcapasso convencional submetidos a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Martino Martinelli Filho; Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral Martins; Silvana Angelina Dorio Nishi&#243;ka; An&#237;sio Alexandre Pedrosa; Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari; Roberto Costa; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) &#233; eficiente no tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e bloqueio intraventricular. O marcapasso convencional (MPC) em regi&#227;o apical de ventr&#237;culo direito provoca altera&#231;&#245;es da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o normal do cora&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224;s do BRE. Nesse sentido, pacientes com MPC e IC avan&#231;ada poderiam ser candidatos a TRC, mas reduzidas casu&#237;sticas foram avaliadas e n&#227;o h&#225; conclus&#245;es definitivas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) nos portadores de marcapasso convencional. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Pacientes com MPC, IC-CF(NYHA) III/IV refrat&#225;ria a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;35%, foram submetidos a TRC. O comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional foi avaliado prospectivamente ap&#243;s seis meses. A redu&#231;&#227;o de uma CF-IC foi estabelecida como resposta efetiva ao procedimento. Foram analisados: dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (ECG), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) e FEVE ao ECO. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou os testes t de Student pareado e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Vinte e nove pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 61,5 anos foram estudados. Seis eram do sexo feminino e houve predom&#237;nio da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Em seguimento cl&#237;nico de 22,7&#177;13 meses, 86,2% dos pacientes melhoraram com a TRC. Nesse grupo, a FEVE m&#233;dia aumentou em 18% (p=0,013); houve redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS em 11,8% (p=0,002) e n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos di&#226;metros intracavit&#225;rios do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A TRC &#233; efetiva para pacientes com MPC e IC avan&#231;ada porque proporciona taxa elevada de responsivos (86,2%), melhora significativa da FEVE e redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 151-156)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial, bloqueio de ramo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es freq&#252;entes em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<sup>1</sup>. De modo geral, associam-se &#224; gravidade do acometimento mioc&#225;rdico e, de modo independente, com maiores taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup>. Aproximadamente 25% a 50% dos pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada apresentam complexo QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada, e a maioria tem morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE)<sup>1,3</sup>. Sabe-se que esse, por sua vez, determina altera&#231;&#245;es da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ocasionando atraso da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral em rela&#231;&#227;o ao septo interventricular<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial apical do ventr&#237;culo do direito (VD), provocada pelo marcapasso convencional (MPC), promove seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular similar &#224; que ocorre no BRE espont&#226;neo<sup>4-6</sup>. Dependendo do grau de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico, essa dissincronia el&#233;trica induzida pode ser respons&#225;vel por dissincronia ventricular mec&#226;nica e agravar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia de base. Isso porque, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante, ocorre acelera&#231;&#227;o do dano celular mioc&#225;rdico, altera&#231;&#245;es da geometria ventricular, crescimento atrial, piora da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e conseq&#252;ente deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<sup>6</sup>. Recentemente, evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas v&#234;m surgindo com a publica&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios DAVID study<sup>7</sup>, MADIT-II<sup>8</sup>, Mode Selection Trial<sup>9</sup> e PAVE Trial<sup>10</sup>. Sub-an&#225;lises desses estudos relacionaram a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial com maiores taxas de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por IC, maior ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) tem demonstrado efici&#234;ncia no manuseio de pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e bloqueio intraventricular (QRS &gt;120 ms). Entretanto, essas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas est&#227;o baseadas em estudos de larga escala que invariavelmente exclu&#237;ram pacientes com MPC<sup>11-14</sup>. H&#246;ijer e cols.<sup>15</sup> demonstraram em 10 pacientes com IC e MPC que o implante do sistema biventricular proporciona efeitos ben&#233;ficos em par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e neuroend&#243;crinos. Outros estudos com casu&#237;sticas limitadas tamb&#233;m evidenciaram resultados semelhantes<sup>1,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento cl&#237;nico-funcional de pacientes com IC e MPC em regi&#227;o apical do VD submetidos &#224; TRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Casu&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do estudo foram selecionados dentre os 484 portadores de ressincronizador card&#237;aco (RC), da coorte acompanhada prospectivamente na Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; HCFMUSP, at&#233; dezembro de 2004.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram baseados nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-funcionais dos pacientes pr&#233;-implante do RC: 1) BRE induzido por MPC; 2) cardiomiopatia dilatada classe funcional III/IV de IC pela New York Heart Association (IC-NYHA); 3) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) <underline>&lt;</underline>35%; e 4) refratariedade ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, constitu&#237;do por, no m&#237;nimo, inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina, betabloqueador e espironolactona; todos em doses m&#225;ximas toler&#225;veis, a menos que houvesse alguma contra-indica&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m desses, fazia parte do arsenal terap&#234;utico cardiovascular a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos, vasodilatores, digital, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e antiarr&#237;tmicos entre outros, de acordo com a necessidade individual e toler&#226;ncia de cada paciente.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, portadores de marcapasso com disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema implantado, p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco, doen&#231;a terminal com expectativa de sobrevida inferior a um ano, eventos cardiovasculares recentes &lt;3 meses, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva grave e pacientes com seguimento em outras institui&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio adotado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta cl&#237;nica &#224; TRC, em seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#237;nimo de seis meses, foi a redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos uma classe funcional de IC-NYHA. Foram analisados ainda: 1) varia&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS; 2) varia&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE (DDVE e DSVE); e 3) comportamento da FEVE. </p>
    <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas, previamente ao implante do sistema biventricular, foram: exame f&#237;sico geral; classe funcional de IC-NYHA; eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e flebografia digital de membros superiores. O seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foi realizado na cl&#237;nica de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, inicialmente nos 10&#186; e 30&#186; dias p&#243;s-implante do RC, e a partir de ent&#227;o, a cada trimestre. Nas consultas de retorno, os pacientes realizavam avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e eletr&#244;nica do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implante do ressincronizador card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Previamente &#224; cirurgia, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a flebografia digital de membros superiores para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia venosa e planejamento da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica. Os cabos-eletrodos pr&#233;vios, quando normofuncionantes, foram mantidos sempre que poss&#237;vel. O cabo-eletrodo adicional para estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE foi implantado, preferencialmente, por abordagem transvenosa do seio coron&#225;rio e posicionado em veias que drenam a parede lateral ou p&#243;stero-lateral do VE. A estenose de veias subcl&#225;vias/inominadas relacionadas ao dispositivo previamente implantado n&#227;o foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o para estudo. Quando isso ocorreu, implantou-se novo sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular no lado contralateral; nos casos em que os geradores j&#225; estavam em regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica esquerda, os pacientes foram submetidos a toracotomia lateral esquerda minimamente invasiva para implante do cabo-eletrodo adicional em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Todos os geradores de pulso foram substitu&#237;dos por dispositivos ressincronizadores dispon&#237;veis no mercado no per&#237;odo do estudo. Nos procedimentos iniciais, foram utilizados adaptadores em Y para a conex&#227;o entre os cabos-eletrodos de VD e VE. Posteriormente, passaram a ser utilizados sistemas com canais independentes.</p>
    <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular ficou a crit&#233;rio da equipe cl&#237;nica de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial. Os intervalos atrioventricular e interventricular foram programados de maneira individualizada, dirigida por ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica utilizou o modo M para an&#225;lise do DDVE e DSVE em mil&#237;metros (mm) e o modo bidimensional para a FEVE em porcentagem (%). O servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o foi o respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, seguindo as diretrizes estabelecidas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Ecocardiografia, e conforme &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o da equipe respons&#225;vel pelo seguimento ambulatorial dos pacientes. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s a TRC foi realizado com intervalo m&#237;nimo seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de implante do sistema biventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (milissegundos) estimulado foi avaliada por meio do eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com calibra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 mV/mm e velocidade do papel de 25 mm/s. Considerou-se a medida eletr&#244;nica realizada pelo aparelho ou quando feita manualmente, o menor intervalo de tempo desde a emiss&#227;o da esp&#237;cula do marcapasso at&#233; o final do complexo QRS em qualquer das deriva&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A taxa de resposta efetiva &#224; TRC foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo da porcentagem de pacientes que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de uma classe funcional de IC-NYHA. Utilizou-se o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis classificat&#243;rias e o teste de <italic>t</italic> Student pareado para an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e do comportamento dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-TRC. O valor de <italic>P</italic> foi considerado significante quando inferior a 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte e nove pacientes com BRE induzido por MPC foram submetidos a otimiza&#231;&#227;o para TRC no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1997 a dezembro de 2004. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-funcionais da casu&#237;stica est&#227;o inclu&#237;das na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 61,5 anos, e 79% eram do sexo masculino. Houve predom&#237;nio da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (52%) e da idiop&#225;tica (21%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CF-IC, 86% do grupo estavam em CF III. A terapia medicamentosa cardiovascular estava otimizada, e mais de 75% dos pacientes estavam em uso concomitante de IECA/ARA, betabloqueador e espironolactona. Os valores m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram: FEVE de 27,7%; DDVE de 69,7 mm; e DSVE de 63,8 mm. Dezoito pacientes estavam em modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o sincronizado (DDD) e a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS estimulado foi de 185 ms. O tempo decorrido entre o implante do marcapasso inicial e da otimiza&#231;&#227;o para TRC foi de 114,3&#177;80,3 meses. O seguimento cl&#237;nico do grupo p&#243;s-procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi 22,7&#177;13 meses.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio para implante do cabo-eletrodo do VE ocorreu em 26 pacientes (89,6%); em 25 pacientes (86,2%) o sistema foi implantado com sucesso por via transvenosa. Em um paciente, apesar da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio, houve escassez de veias tribut&#225;rias que impossibilitaram fixa&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo. Esse paciente j&#225; apresentava dispositivo pr&#233;vio implantado em regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica esquerda, havendo convers&#227;o para toracotomia lateral minimamente invasiva. A falha na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o endovenosa do seio coron&#225;rio ocorreu em tr&#234;s pacientes; nesses, o implante do cabo-eletrodo de VE tamb&#233;m foi por minitoracotomia lateral esquerda.</p>
    <p>A taxa de estenose de veias subcl&#225;vias e inominadas que impossibilitou a passagem do cabo eletrodo adicional foi de 6,8% (dois pacientes); optou-se pelo implante de novo sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o no lado contralateral e pelo abandono do sistema antigo. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>No seguimento cl&#237;nico de 22,7 meses, a taxa de resposta cl&#237;nica efetiva a TRC foi de 86% dos pacientes. Ademais, a maioria desses (82,7%) permaneceu em CF I/II de IC-NYHA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa na terapia medicamentosa durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos demonstrou melhora de 18% na FEVE m&#233;dia dos pacientes ap&#243;s a TRC (<italic>P</italic>=0,013). N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante dos di&#226;metros intracavit&#225;rios do VE; ocorrendo uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 3,5 mm no DDVE (<italic>P</italic>=0,29) e de 4,3 mm no DSVE (<italic>P</italic>=0,15) com o implante do RC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>). O tempo m&#233;dio decorrido entre a TRC e o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico p&#243;s-procedimento foi de 10,8 meses.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 11,8% na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular (<italic>P</italic>=0,002). No entanto, n&#227;o existiu correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e melhora cl&#237;nica ou de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo indicam que a TRC &#233; eficaz para pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e BRE induzido pelo MPC. Trata-se de uma das maiores casu&#237;sticas da literatura a avaliar esse perfil de pacientes, destacando-se pela elevada preval&#234;ncia da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (52%) e pelo longo tempo de seguimento cl&#237;nico p&#243;s-implante do RC (22,7 meses). Esses achados diferem de estudos similares, em que houve predom&#237;nio da cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica e o seguimento cl&#237;nico foi bem inferior (6-12 meses)<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a TRC vem sendo intensivamente estudada em pacientes com BRE espont&#226;neo e IC avan&#231;ada<sup>11-14</sup><sub>. </sub>No entanto, a dissincronia ventricular induzida pelo MPC em regi&#227;o apical de VD ainda carece de respaldo cient&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>O BRE induzido pelo MPC resulta em dissincronia interventricular, promovendo atraso de 30-180 ms na ativa&#231;&#227;o do VE, assim como dissincronia intraventricular conseq&#252;ente &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (&#225;pice&#174;base em vez de base&#174;&#225;pice). Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD promove distribui&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea do estresse mioc&#225;rdico, adelga&#231;amento das regi&#245;es precocemente ativadas em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s tardiamente ativadas que se tornam mais espessas. Essa heterogeneidade regional resulta em remodelamento do VE, que em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise leva a altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis e hemodin&#226;micas, reduzindo sua efici&#234;ncia funcional. Mecanismos adicionais como altera&#231;&#245;es neuro-end&#243;crinas, altera&#231;&#245;es nos canais de c&#225;lcio tipo-L, nas prote&#237;nas de express&#227;o, desarranjo miofibrilar, fibrose, deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido gorduroso, defeitos de perfus&#227;o tecidual e um variado grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral contribuem diretamente para o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, para a corre&#231;&#227;o desses dist&#250;rbios foram utilizados alguns f&#225;rmacos, sobretudo betabloqueadores que, entretanto, n&#227;o apresentaram resultados sustentados<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A TRC surgiu, em 1996, como uma alternativa terap&#234;utica invasiva, realizada por toracotomia lateral esquerda e por isso inicialmente n&#227;o provocou muito entusiasmo. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica transvenosa por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio e o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico de cabos-eletrodos de VE tornaram o procedimento menos invasivo, e sua indica&#231;&#227;o cresceu gradativamente em todo o mundo. Nesta casu&#237;stica, houve baixa taxa de estenose grave do sistema venoso (6,8%) relacionado ao dispositivo implantado previamente, permitindo elevado &#237;ndice de sucesso mediante a t&#233;cnica transvenosa por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio (86,2%). Atualmente, no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; FMUSP s&#227;o realizados aproximadamente 95 implantes por ano de ressincronizadores card&#237;acos associados ou n&#227;o a cardiodesfibriladores, dentre os quais 85% s&#227;o realizados por via transvenosa atrav&#233;s do seio coron&#225;rio. </p>
    <p> Os ensaios cl&#225;ssicos que consagraram a TRC como terap&#234;utica coadjuvante para pacientes com IC grave e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventriculares demonstraram invariavelmente melhora cl&#237;nico-funcional<sup>11-14</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a taxa de resposta cl&#237;nica a TRC foi de 86,2%, valor superior aos achados de Reuter e cols. (82,4%)<sup>18</sup> e de Molhoek e cols. (68%)<sup>19</sup>, ressaltando-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios semelhantes. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;1 (uma) CF-IC em 55,1% dos nossos pacientes, e ap&#243;s a TRC 82,7% permaneceram em classe funcional I/II (IC-NYHA). Apesar da subjetividade aparente do m&#233;todo utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta cl&#237;nica, a sua valida&#231;&#227;o est&#225; demonstrada nesse perfil de pacientes com sintomas limitantes<sup>20-22</sup>. Outras medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a TRC, como question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida, teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou teste ergoespirom&#233;trico, n&#227;o foram realizadas, sendo uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da TRC considerou a presen&#231;a do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular ao ECG de superf&#237;cie um crit&#233;rio espec&#237;fico de documenta&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia<sup>11-14</sup>. Nesses, a taxa de n&#227;o-resposta cl&#237;nica &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca oscila entre 20% e 30%<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a taxa de n&#227;o-resposta &#224; TRC foi muito inferior (13,8%), e isso pode ser explicado pela homogeneidade do padr&#227;o de despolariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. De fato, o MPC em regi&#227;o apical direita induz de modo uniforme a ativa&#231;&#227;o &#225;pice-base/ VD- VE. Essa modifica&#231;&#227;o, indubitavelmente, &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo grau m&#225;ximo de dissincronia ventricular, garantindo assim grande impacto favor&#225;vel por meio da TRC. Nesse sentido, podemos observar que a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS ao ECG de superf&#237;cie (pr&#233;-TRC) foi de 179 ms, valor m&#233;dio superior ao da casu&#237;stica de todos os ensaios cl&#237;nicos cl&#225;ssicos: 174 ms no MUSTIC<sup>11</sup>; 167 ms no MIRACLE<sup>12</sup>; 159 ms no COMPANION<sup>13</sup> e 160 ms nos CARE-HF<sup>14</sup>. Ressalta-se que, embora esse n&#227;o seja o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para detec&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia ventricular, existe correla&#231;&#227;o direta dessa e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado (21,4 ms) p&#243;s-TRC n&#227;o se correlacionou com a taxa de resposta cl&#237;nica ou com a melhora dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Esse dado &#233; semelhante ao encontrado em diversos estudos que avaliaram a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado ap&#243;s a TRC<sup>24</sup>. No entanto, resultado divergente pode ser encontrado em trabalho isolado de Horwich e cols.<sup>1 </sup>, no qual houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS p&#243;s TRC (23,08 ms) e melhora em par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento reverso, expresso pelas modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, foi similar a outros estudos que inclu&#237;ram tanto pacientes com BRE espont&#226;neo como induzido por MPC<sup>1,4,12,14,15</sup>. O achado mais relevante foi a melhora da FEVE em 18% (<italic>P</italic>=0,013); correspondendo a um incremento m&#233;dio absoluto de 5% nesse par&#226;metro. Nos estudos MIRACLE<sup>11</sup> e CARE-HF<sup>14</sup>, houve, respectivamente, aumento m&#233;dio absoluto na FEVE de 4,6% e 6,9%. J&#225; Baker e cols.<sup>3</sup> e Horwich e cols.<sup>1</sup> demonstraram aumento m&#233;dio de 6%-7% avaliando portadores de MPC submetidos &#224; TRC.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros intracavit&#225;rios, observada no presente estudo, (3,5 mm do DDVE e 4,3 mm do DSVE), apesar de n&#227;o demonstrar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, corrobora os efeitos da TRC sobre o remodelamento reverso. Nesse sentido, considerando uma maior casu&#237;stica, em sub-an&#225;lise de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do estudo MIRACLE<sup>25</sup>, demonstrou-se redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia significativa de 3 e 6 mm no DDVE e DSVE ap&#243;s seis meses da TRC. </p>
    <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio demonstraram que o tamanho e o volume do VE t&#234;m valor progn&#243;stico para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, incluindo piora da CF-IC e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Nesses ensaios, a atenua&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ou o remodelamento reverso do VE parece reduzir a taxa desses eventos adversos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico<sup>23</sup>. Portanto, o remodelamento reverso promovido pela TRC pode ser um dos mecanismos associados aos benef&#237;cios dessa terapia. </p>
    <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios, entretanto, novos estudos prospectivos em maior escala e com grupo controle para serem somados aos resultados desse estudo. Al&#233;m disso, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da tecnologia, importantes ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas, como a ecocardiografia tecidual e a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, dever&#227;o aumentar ainda mais o rigor de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, e assim, melhorar a custo-efetividade da TRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, IC grave refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e BRE induzido pelo MPC (estimula&#231;&#227;o apical de VD) se beneficiam da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A taxa de responsividade cl&#237;nica &#233; elevada (86,2%) e ocorre melhora significativa da FEVE (18%) ao ecocardiograma. Desse modo, apesar de serem necess&#225;rios estudos em maior escala, nossos resultados indicam que, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; uma terapia exeq&#252;&#237;vel, com alta efetividade e n&#227;o associada a complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aux&#237;lio financeiro para participa&#231;&#227;o em congressos; Apoio financeiro a outros projetos de pesquisa de todas as empresas de marcapasso (Biotronik, ST Jude, Medtronic); honor&#225;rios para consultoria e palestras da empresa ST Jude.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Tavares Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870 - Pinheiros </p>
        <p> 05412002 , S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rotasil@ig.com.br">rotasil@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/03/07; revisado recebido em 05/06/07; aceito em 03/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and functional in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1985</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>MGSJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plappert</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delurgio</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Functional behavior of patients with conventional pacemakers undergoing cardiac resynchronization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an efficient treatment for patients with heart failure (HF), severe ventricular dysfunction and intraventricular block. Conventional pacemakers (CPM) implanted in the right ventricular apical area cause alterations in the normal sequence of cardiac activation similar to those induced by LBBB (left bundle-branch block). Therefore, patients with CPM and advanced HF could be candidates to undergo CRT, but as only small numbers of patients have been evaluated so far, definitive conclusions are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and functional outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with conventional pacemakers. METHODS: Patients with CPM, who were in NYHA HF functional class III/IV class refractory to drug therapy, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ) &lt;35% underwent CRT. Patients&#8217; clinical-functional behavior was assessed prospectively six months after the procedure. The improvement of one HF-functional class was set as an effective response to the procedure. The following was assessed: QRS duration (ECG), diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSd) and LVEF seen on the echocardiogram. For the statistical analysis, Student&#8217;s paired t test and Spearman&#8217;s correlation were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients (mean age 61.5) were evaluated. Of these, six were females, and chagasic cardiomyopathy was predominant. During the clinical follow-up of 22.7&#177;13 months, 86.2% of the patients benefited from CRT. Within this group, the mean LVEF increased by 18% (p=0.013), QRS duration dropped by 11.8% (p=0.002) and no significant reduction in left ventricular intracavitary diameters was observed. CONCLUSION: CRT is effective for patients with CPM and advanced HF as it yields a high rate of response (86.2%), significantly improves LVEF and reduces QRS duration.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>bundle-branch block</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Functional behavior of patients with conventional pacemakers undergoing cardiac resynchronization</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Tavares Silva; Martino Martinelli Filho; Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima; Daniela Garcia Moreno Cabral Martins; Silvana Angelina Dorio Nishi&#243;ka; An&#237;sio Alexandre Pedrosa; Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari; Roberto Costa; Eduardo Argentino Sosa; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Heart Institute) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an efficient treatment for patients with heart failure (HF), severe ventricular dysfunction and intraventricular block. Conventional pacemakers (CPM) implanted in the right ventricular apical area cause alterations in the normal sequence of cardiac activation similar to those induced by LBBB (left bundle-branch block). Therefore, patients with CPM and advanced HF could be candidates to undergo CRT, but as only small numbers of patients have been evaluated so far, definitive conclusions are lacking.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the clinical and functional outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with conventional pacemakers.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients with CPM, who were in NYHA HF functional class III/IV class refractory to drug therapy, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)&lt;35% underwent CRT. Patients&#146; clinical-functional behavior was assessed prospectively six months after the procedure. The improvement of one HF-functional class was set as an effective response to the procedure. The following was assessed: QRS duration (ECG), diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSd) and LVEF seen on the echocardiogram. For the statistical analysis, Student&#146;s paired t test and Spearman&#146;s correlation were used.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-nine patients (mean age 61.5) were evaluated. Of these, six were females, and chagasic cardiomyopathy was predominant. During the clinical follow-up of 22.7&#177;13 months, 86.2% of the patients benefited from CRT. Within this group, the mean LVEF increased by 18% (p=0.013), QRS duration dropped by 11.8% (p=0.002) and no significant reduction in left ventricular intracavitary diameters was observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> CRT is effective for patients with CPM and advanced HF as it yields a high rate of response (86.2%), significantly improves LVEF and reduces QRS duration. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):138-143)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Pacemaker, artificial; bundle-branch block; heart failure, congestive; cardiac pacing, artificial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intraventricular conduction abnormalities are frequent manifestations in heart failure (HF) patients<sup>1</sup>. In general, they are associated with the severity of impairment of cardiac function, and, in an independent manner, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality in this population<sup>2,3</sup>. Approximately 25% to 50% of advanced HF patients have increased QRS duration and most have a left bundle-branch block (LBBB) morphology<sup>1,3</sup>. LBBB is known to cause alterations in the left ventricular activation sequence, thus causing a delay between the interventricular septum and lateral wall contraction<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Artificial right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing by conventional pacemakers (CPM) triggers a ventricular activation sequence similar to that occurring in spontaneous LBBB<sup>4-6</sup>. Depending on the degree of myocardial impairment, this induced electrical dyssynchrony can cause mechanical ventricular dyssynchrony and aggravate progression of the underlying heart disease. This is due to the fact that, in the presence of a significant systolic dysfunction, the following occur: acceleration of myocardial cell injury; changes in ventricular geometry; atrial enlargement and worsening of mitral regurgitation with consequent hemodynamical deterioration<sup>6</sup>. The recent publication of the DAVID study<sup>7</sup>, MADIT-II<sup>8</sup>, Mode Selection Trial<sup>9</sup> and PAVE Trial<sup>10</sup> has shown clinical evidence of this. Subanalyses of these studies have linked artificial cardiac pacing with higher rates of hospital admissions due to HF, a larger number of cases of atrial fibrillation and mitral failure. </p>
      <p>In the past few years, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has proven to be efficient to manage patients with advanced systolic HF, severe ventricular dysfunction and intraventricular block (QRS &gt;120 m). However, this scientific evidence is based on large-scale studies which, invariably, did not include patients with CPM<sup>11-14</sup>. In a study conducted with 10 patients with HF and CPM, H&#246;ijer <italic>et al</italic><sup>15</sup> have shown that the implantation of a biventricular system yields beneficial effects in clinical, functional and neuroendrocrine parameters. Other studies conducted with limited groups of patients have also shown similar results<sup>1,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to assess the clinical and functional outcome of CRT in patients with HF and apical right ventricular CPM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Subjects for this study were selected from the 484-patient cohort using cardiac resynchronizer<bold> (C</bold>R) and being prospectively followed at the <italic>Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; HCFMUSP</italic>, (Unit of Artificial Cardiac Stimulation of the Heart Institute of the Medical School of University of S&#227;o Paulo) up to December 2004.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were based on the patients&#146; clinical-functional characteristics before implantation of the CR: 1) LBBB induced by CPM; 2) dilated cardiomyopathy (NYHA functional class III/IV); 3) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&lt;</underline>35%; and 4) refractoriness to optimized clinical treatment consisting of at least an angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker, a beta-blocker and spironolactone, all administered at maximum doses, provided there was no contraindication. Besides the above mentioned drugs, diuretics, vessel dilators, digitalis, calcium-channel blockers and antiarrhythmic, and other drugs were also administered, according to the needs and tolerance of each patient.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators, dysfunctional pacemakers, post-cardiac transplant, end-stage disease with survival expected to be less than one year, recent cardiovascular events (&lt;3 months), severe obstructive pulmonary disease and patients who were being followed at other institutions. </p>
      <p>The endpoint used to assess the clinical response to CRT, after a minimum period of six months of follow-up, was the improvement of at least one NYHA HF functional class. The following were also analyzed: 1) variations in QRS complex duration; 2) variations in LV diastolic and systolic diameters (LVDd and LVSd); and 3) LVEF behavior. </p>
      <p>The assessments performed before implantation of the biventricular system were: full physical examination; determination of NYHA HF functional class; 12-lead electrocardiogram; transthoracic echocardiogram and digital phlebography of the upper limbs. The first clinical follow-up visits were carried out at the unit of artificial cardiac stimulation of the Heart Institute on the 10<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> days after CR implantation, and from then on, at three-month intervals. During the follow-up visits, patients underwent full clinical evaluation, electrocardiography and electronic checking of the pacing system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Implantation of the cardiac resynchronizer</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before surgery, all patients underwent digital phlebography of the upper limbs for evaluation of vein patency and planning of the surgical strategy. Previous leads were maintained whenever possible provided they were working properly. The additional lead for stimulation of the LV was implanted preferably by intravenous access through the coronary sinus and positioned in veins that drain into the LV lateral or posterolateral walls. Subclavian/innominate vein stenosis associated with the previously implanted device was not a criterion for exclusion. When this was the case, a new biventricular stimulation system was implanted on the contralateral side; when the pacemaker generator was already implanted in the left thoracic area, patients underwent a minimally invasive left lateral thoracotomy to have the additional lead implanted in the left ventricle. </p>
      <p>All pulse generators were replaced with resynchronization devices available on the market at the time of the study. For the first procedures performed, a Y-adaptor was used to connect the RV and LV leads. Later on, independent channel systems were used.</p>
      <p>Biventricular pacing programming was done at the discretion of the clinical team in charge of artificial cardiac pacing. Atrioventricular and interventricular pacing intervals were programmed for each patient and guided by echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transthoracic echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic analysis was performed using M-mode to measure LVDd and LVSd in millimeters (mm), and bidimensional mode to assess LVEF percentage (%). The echocardiography unit of the Heart Institute was responsible for performing all exams in accordance with the guidelines set by the Brazilian Society of Echocardiography, and at the request of the team responsible for the outpatient follow-up. Post-CRT echocardiography was performed with a minimum six-month interval after the surgical procedure for the implantation of the biventricular system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The duration of the paced QRS complex (milliseconds) was assessed by a surface 12-lead electrocardiogram, calibrated at 0,1 mV/mm and chart speed of 25 mm/sec. The electronic measurement performed by the device, or done manually, was the smallest time interval from one pacemaker spike to the end of the QRS complex in any of the leads. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rate of effective response to CRT was assessed by the calculation of the percentage of patients who had an improvement of one HF NYHA functional class. Spearman&#146;s rank correlation test was used to analyze the classificatory variables, and the paired Student&#146;s t test to analyze the variation in QRS complex duration and the behavior of echocardiographic parameters pre- and post-CRT. The <italic>P</italic> value was considered statistically significant when smaller than 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-nine patients with LBBB induced by CPM were submitted to CRT timing optimization from March 1997 to December 2004. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays the clinical-functional characteristics of the patients. The mean age of the group was 61.5 years and 79% were male patients. The predominant forms of cardiomyopathy were chagasic (52%) and idiopathic (21%). As to heart failure functional class (HF-FC), 86% of the patients in the group were classified as being FC III. Cardiovascular drug therapy was optimized and over 75% of the patients were concomitantly on ACEI/ARA, betablockers and spironolactone. The mean values of ecocardiographic parameters were: LVEF: 27.7%; LVDd: 69.7 mm and LVSd 63.8 mm. Eighteen patients were in synchronized pacing mode (DDD) and the mean stimulated QRS duration was 185 ms. Time elapsed between implant of the first pacemaker and optimization for CRT was 114.3&#177;80.3 months. Clinical follow-up after the surgical procedure was carried out over 22.7&#177;13 months.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Coronary sinus catheterization for LV lead implantation was performed in 26 patients (89.6%); in 25 patients (86.2%), the device was successfully implanted through a transvenous access. In one patient, despite coronary sinus catheterization, the small number of tributary veins precluded lead fixation. This patient already had a previously implanted device in the left thoracic region, which required conversion to minimally invasive thoracotomy. Failure in coronary sinus endovenous catheterization occurred in three patients; in these patients, the LV lead was also implanted through a left lateral minithoracotomy.</p>
      <p>The rate of subclavian/innominate vein stenosis that precluded the passage of the additional lead was 6.8% (two patients); decision was taken to implant a new pacing system on the contralateral side and discontinue the old device. There were no complications from the surgical procedure. Over the clinical follow-up (22.7 months), 86% of the patients had an effective clinical response to CRT. Moreover, most of them (82.7%) remained in NYHA functional class I/II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). No significant changes were made in the drug therapy during the follow-up period.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The analysis of the echocardiographic parameters showed an 18% improvement in the patients&#146; mean LVEF after CRT (<italic>P</italic>=0.013). No significant reduction of LV intracavitary diameters was observed; with CR, there was a variation of 3.5 mm in the LVDd (<italic>P</italic>=0.29) and 4.3 mm in the LVSd (<italic>P</italic>=0.15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The mean time elapsed from CTR and the echocardiography performed after the procedure was 10.8 months.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0151-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After biventricular pacing, a significant reduction (11.8%) in the duration of QRS complex was observed (<italic>P</italic>=0.002). However, there was no correlation between the reduction in QRS duration and the clinical improvement or echocardiographic parameters. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings in this study show that CRT is effective for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy refractory to clinical treatment and LBBB induced by CPM. This was one of the largest groups of patients with this type of profile described in literature, characterized by the high prevalence of chagasic cardiomyopathy (52%) and the long period of clinical follow-up after implantation of CR (22.7 months). These findings differ from similar studies in which idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy was predominant and clinical follow-up was much shorter (6-12 months)<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Over the past few years, CRT has been intensively evaluated in patients with spontaneous LBBB and advanced HF<sup>11-14</sup>. However, ventricular dyssynchrony induced by CPM in the RV apical area still lacks scientific backing.</p>
      <p>LBBB induced by CPM results in interventricular dyssynchrony and causes 30-180 ms delays in LV activation, as well as intraventricular dyssynchrony following variations in the mechanical activation sequence (apex-to-base rather than base-to-apex). Moreover, RV apical pacing leads to heterogeneous distribution of myocardial strain, thinning of the early-activated regions as opposed to the late-activated ones that become thicker. This regional heterogeneity results in LV remodeling, which ultimately leads to contractile and hemodynamic alterations, reducing its functional efficiency. Additional mechanisms, such as neuroendocrine alterations, alterations in L-type calcium channels, in expression of proteins, myofibrillar disarrangement, fibrosis, deposition in fat tissue, tissue perfusion defects and a varied degree of mitral regurgitation all directly contribute to impairment of cardiac function<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>A few drugs were initially used to correct these disturbances, especially beta-blockers; however, they did not show sustained effects<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>CRT began to be employed in 1996 as an invasive therapeutic alternative performed through lateral left thorocotomy and, therefore, did not stir much enthusiasm at first. The advent of the transvenous technique through catheterization of the coronary sinus and the development of LV leads made the procedure less invasive, and its indication has gradually increased worldwide. In this group of patients, the rate of severe stenosis of the venous system associated with the previously implanted device was low (6.8%), resulting in a high rate of success of the transvenous technique through catheterization of the coronary sinus (86.2%). Currently, approximately 95 cardiac ressynchronizers are implanted per year at the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; FMUSP</italic>, with and without cardiac defibrillators, and 85% are performed by transvenous coronary sinus approach. </p>
      <p>The classical trials that corroborated CRT as a supporting therapy for patients with severe HF and intraventricular conduction disturbances invariably report clinical and functional improvement<sup>11-14</sup>. In our study, the rate of clinical response to CRT was 86.2%, a value higher than those reported by Reuter et al (82.4%)<sup>18</sup> and Molhoek et al (68%)<sup>19</sup>. All these studies used similar criteria. In our study, there was an improvement of 1 (one) NYHA HF functional class in 55.1% of our patients, and after CRT, 82.7% remained in functional classes I/II. Despite the apparent subjectivity of the method used for the evaluation of the clinical response, its validation is shown in the profile of the patients with limiting symptoms<sup>20-22</sup>. Other measurements of post-CRT clinical assessment, such as quality of life questionnaire, the six-minute walk or the ergoespirometric tests have not been used, and this constitutes a limitation of the study.</p>
      <p>Most studies conducted to evaluate CRT effects considered the presence of intraventricular conduction disturbance seen on the surface ECG as a specific criterion to document dyssynchrony<sup>11-14</sup>. In these studies, the rate of non-response to cardiac resynchronization ranges from 20% to 30%<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, the rate of non-response to CRT was much lower (13.8%), and this may be explained by the homogeneity of the cardiac depolarization pattern. Indeed, right apical CPM induces, in a uniform manner, the apex-to-base/RV-LV activation. This modification undoubtedly accounts for the maximum degree of ventricular dyssynchrony, thus ensuring a significant favorable impact through CRT. In this sense, we observed that the mean QRS duration on the surface ECG (pre-CRT) was 179 ms, a mean value higher than that of all classical trials: 174 ms in MUSTIC<sup>11</sup>; 167 ms in MIRACLE<sup>12</sup>; 159 ms in COMPANION<sup>13</sup> and 160 ms in CARE-HF<sup>14</sup>. It is worthy mentioning that although this is not the reference pattern to detect ventricular dyssyncrony, there is a direct correlation between the latter and QRS duration<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, the post-CRT reduction in stimulated QRS complex (21.4 ms) did not correlate with the clinical response rate or with the improvement in echocardiographic parameters. This data is similar to that of several studies that evaluated reduction of stimulated QRS after CRT<sup>24</sup>. However, a different result is shown in an isolated trial by Horwich <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>1</sup>, in which a correlation was found between reduction in QRS duration after CRT (23.08 ms) and echocardiographic parameters. </p>
      <p>In our study, the occurrence of reverse remodeling, as observed on echocardiographic modifications, was similar to that in other studies conducted with patients with both spontaneous and pacemaker-induced LBBB<sup>1,4,12,14,15</sup>. The most relevant finding was the 18% improvement in LVEF (<italic>P</italic>=0.013), which corresponds to a mean absolute increase of 5% in this parameter. In studies MIRACLE<sup>11</sup> and CARE-HF<sup>14</sup>, the mean absolute increase in LVEF was 4.6% and 6.9%, respectively, whereas Baker <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>3</sup> and Horwich <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>1</sup> reported a mean increase of 6%-7% in their evaluation of CPM patients who underwent CRT.</p>
      <p>The reduction in intracavitary diameters observed in our study (3.5 mm in the LVDd and 4.3 mm in the LVSd), despite not being statistically significant, corroborates the effects of CRT on reverse remodeling. In this sense, taking into consideration a larger group of patients, in the subanalysis of echocardiographic parameters in the MIRACLE<sup>25 </sup>study, a significant mean reduction of 3 and 6 mm in LVDd and LVSd was observed six months after CRT. </p>
      <p>Clinical trials with patients with HF, ventricular dysfunction and post myocardial infarction have shown that the size and volume of the LV has prognostic value for the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events, including worsening of HF-FC and sudden cardiac death. In these trials, attenuation of LV dilation or reverse remodeling seems to reduce the rates of these adverse events during clinical follow-up<sup>23</sup>. Therefore, reverse remodeling promoted by CRT can be one of the mechanisms associated with the benefits of this therapy. </p>
      <p>However, new prospective larger-scale studies and with control groups are needed to further add to the results of this study. Moreover, with the continuous evolution of technology, relevant diagnostic tools such as tissue echocardiography and cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance should make criteria used for the selection of patients even more rigorous, and therefore, improve the cost-efficacy of CRT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, severe HF refractory to clinical therapy and pacemaker-induced LBBB (RV apical stimulation) benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy. The rate of clinical responsiveness is high (86.2%), and a significant improvement of LVEF is observed on echocardiography (18%). Therefore, despite the need for larger-scale studies, our results show that, in this specific population, cardiac resynchronization is a feasible and highly effective therapy, and is not associated with surgical complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The author reports having received financial aid to attend conferences; financial support for other research projects from all pacemaker manufacturers (Biotronik, St. Jude, Medtronic); consulting and lecture fees from St. Jude.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
