<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MxzWXyWgY3hm9CNkcJHmB4w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na comunidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Esposito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colucci</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcoforado</surname>
            <given-names>Veronica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rachid</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Bastos Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luisa Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdalah</surname>
            <given-names>Rosemery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Lago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>145</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; o modelo mais prevalente que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (ICDS) na comunidade. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; plenamente estabelecido se tal fato tamb&#233;m &#233; observado na nossa comunidade. OBJETIVO: Determinar o tipo mais prevalente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICFEP ou ICDS) e se a preval&#234;ncia de ICFEP &#233; elevada na comunidade. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal de pacientes atendidos na comunidade com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC, de janeiro a dezembro de 2005. O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em todos os pacientes. O tipo de IC foi estratificado pela presen&#231;a de anormalidades e pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento ao ecodopplercardiograma. RESULTADOS: O estudo avaliou 170 pacientes (61,0&#177;13,3 anos), a maioria mulheres e idosos. A ICFEP foi o tipo de IC mais prevalente (64,2%, p&lt;0,001) com tend&#234;ncia nas mulheres idosas (62%, p=0,07), e o inverso na ICDS, nos homens idosos (63,6%, p=0,07). Os pacientes sem IC representaram um ter&#231;o dos casos (27,6%). A ICDS apresentou mais edema de membros inferiores, doen&#231;a coronariana, diabete, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, re-interna&#231;&#245;es e maior escore de Boston. O etilismo e o tabagismo estiveram mais presentes na ICDS. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ICFEP &#233; o tipo de IC mais prevalente na comunidade, principalmente nas mulheres idosas, enquanto a ICDS, nos homens idosos, com maior gravidade cl&#237;nica e acometimento dos principais fatores de risco e sem modifica&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida. Apesar dos sinais e dos sintomas de IC, em um ter&#231;o dos casos a IC n&#227;o foi confirmada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na comunidade</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Esposito Moutinho; Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci; Veronica Alcoforado; Leandro Reis Tavares; Mauricio Bastos Freitas Rachid; Maria Luisa Garcia Rosa; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro; Rosemery Abdalah; Juliana Lago Garcia; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i - Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; o modelo mais prevalente que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (ICDS) na comunidade. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; plenamente estabelecido se tal fato tamb&#233;m &#233; observado na nossa comunidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar o tipo mais prevalente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICFEP ou ICDS) e se a preval&#234;ncia de ICFEP &#233; elevada na comunidade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal de pacientes atendidos na comunidade com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC, de janeiro a dezembro de 2005. O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em todos os pacientes. O tipo de IC foi estratificado pela presen&#231;a de anormalidades e pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento ao ecodopplercardiograma. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O estudo avaliou 170 pacientes (61,0&#177;13,3 anos), a maioria mulheres e idosos. A ICFEP foi o tipo de IC mais prevalente (64,2%, p&lt;0,001) com tend&#234;ncia nas mulheres idosas (62%, p=0,07), e o inverso na ICDS, nos homens idosos (63,6%, p=0,07). Os pacientes sem IC representaram um ter&#231;o dos casos (27,6%). A ICDS apresentou mais edema de membros inferiores, doen&#231;a coronariana, diabete, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, re-interna&#231;&#245;es e maior escore de Boston. O etilismo e o tabagismo estiveram mais presentes na ICDS. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ICFEP &#233; o tipo de IC mais prevalente na comunidade, principalmente nas mulheres idosas, enquanto a ICDS, nos homens idosos, com maior gravidade cl&#237;nica e acometimento dos principais fatores de risco e sem modifica&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida. Apesar dos sinais e dos sintomas de IC, em um ter&#231;o dos casos a IC n&#227;o foi confirmada. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 145-150)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/epidemiologia, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma complexa s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica de diversas etiologias e com elevada preval&#234;ncia<sup>1-6</sup>. &#201; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o crescente dos diferentes sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pelo seu elevado impacto econ&#244;mico, associando-se, particularmente, aos custos das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os modelos fisiopatol&#243;gicos conhecidos s&#227;o de dois tipos: a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (ICDS) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). A fisiopatologia da IC associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tem sido bem estudada e os ensaios cl&#237;nicos e as diretrizes de diferentes sociedades m&#233;dicas t&#234;m sido direcionados para o respectivo grupo de pacientes<sup>9-12</sup>. Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, a IC progride por um infinito n&#250;mero de trajet&#243;rias &#150; diferentes fen&#243;tipos &#150;, dependendo de uma complexidade de intera&#231;&#245;es com fatores modificadores da s&#237;ndrome que s&#227;o inerentes a cada indiv&#237;duo<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos na comunidade mostram que a ICFEP &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos casos<sup>2,6,14-17</sup>. Embora a ICFEP tenha sido vista como uma doen&#231;a de menor gravidade, dados atuais mostram sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica pelo incremento na mortalidade anual de 5% a 8% (comparado a 10% a 15% da ICDS)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a IC &#233; uma epidemia cardiovascular emergente, constituindo o terceiro maior motivo entre as causas e a primeira causa entre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de interna&#231;&#227;o pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) em pacientes acima de 65 anos, elevando os custos com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e os gastos com medicamentos<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em Niter&#243;i, o atendimento m&#233;dico prim&#225;rio &#233; realizado por m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia (MF)<sup>21,22</sup>. Sabe-se que os MF t&#234;m reduzida percep&#231;&#227;o e distin&#231;&#227;o da ICFEP e da ICDS<sup>23,24</sup>. Na literatura nacional n&#227;o existem estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos na comunidade sobre a preval&#234;ncia de ICFEP e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com fatores de risco e comorbidades.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia dos tipos de IC (ICDS e ICFEP) de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC na comunidade atendidos pelos MF e identificar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de cada tipo de IC. A hip&#243;tese central &#233; de que a ICFEP, na comunidade, &#233; elevada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, de pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC, pertencentes ao Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia do munic&#237;pio de Niter&#243;i, encaminhados ao ambulat&#243;rio especializado, no per&#237;odo de 3 de janeiro a 19 de dezembro de 2005. </p>
    <p>Foram colhidas as informa&#231;&#245;es por meio de question&#225;rio estruturado na primeira visita ao ambulat&#243;rio, obtendo-se a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica com vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, h&#225;bitos de vida, dados do exame f&#237;sico, dados antropom&#233;tricos e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA). O escore de Boston foi utilizado para categoriza&#231;&#227;o da IC. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para exames laboratoriais e realizados o eletrocardiograma, a radiografia de t&#243;rax e o ecodopplercardiograma.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram a presen&#231;a de sintomas e/ou sinais de IC (dispn&#233;ia e/ou cansa&#231;o, e/ou presen&#231;a de edema de membros inferiores), anormalidades no eletrocardiograma e/ou na radiografia de t&#243;rax associada ao escore de Boston <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 pontos ou em vig&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o para IC (diur&#233;tico como monoterapia e/ou combinado com IECA e/ou digital). </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas no ecodopplercardiograma foram: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE &lt; 28%; 2) altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar importante com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE; 3) &#237;ndice de massa do VE &gt; 134 g/m<sup>2</sup> nos homens e &gt; 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> nas mulheres; 4) hipertrofia do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE; 5) aumento do di&#226;metro do AE<sup>2</sup>. Foram utilizadas a f&#243;rmula de Devereux, para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa, e a f&#243;rmula de Henry, para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia do septo interventricular e da parede posterior, e o di&#226;metro do AE de acordo com idade, sexo e superf&#237;cie corporal<sup>25-27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Conforme as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais encontradas pelo ecodopplercardiograma, os pacientes foram classificados nos tipos de IC que se seguem: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento &lt; 28% ou na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar importante com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE classificado como ICDS; 2) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento <underline>&gt;</underline> 28% sem altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar com aumento do AE, ou aumento do &#237;ndice de massa do VE, ou hipertrofia do septo interventricular ou da parede posterior do VE, no caso de n&#227;o haver o &#237;ndice de massa, classificado como ICFEP; 3) classificado como IC ausente (ICA) a n&#227;o-identifica&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais. </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de verificar se existe rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com a IC, foram aplicados os seguintes m&#233;todos:</p>
    <p>1) para compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es (vari&#225;veis qualitativas) foi utilizada a raz&#227;o de chances de preval&#234;ncia, aplicando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme o n&#250;mero de casos; e</p>
    <p>2) a compara&#231;&#227;o da idade (em anos) entre duas categorias foi analisada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes, e para compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s categorias foi realizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia <italic>one-way</italic>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do aplicativo SAS v.6.04.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina. O consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes no estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo envolveu 239 pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC no Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia. Foram selecionados 170 pacientes que completaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o por meio do ecodopplercardiograma realizado no hospital universit&#225;rio. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61&#177;13,3 anos, com 58% de mulheres, 54% de idosos (<underline>&gt;</underline>60 anos), 84% com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), 25% com diabete melito (DM) e 21% com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais em 123 pacientes, dos quais 79 (64,2%) apresentavam ICFEP, sendo esse o modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico mais prevalente de IC. As diferen&#231;as entre ICA, ICFEP e ICDS est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os indicadores de gravidade foram representados pela presen&#231;a de classe funcional III/IV pela NYHA, de pelo menos uma interna&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano, e do escore de Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5. Demograficamente n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tipos de IC, apesar do porcentual maior de mulheres na ICFEP comparativamente a ICDS. Entre sinais e sintomas, o edema foi o que mais discriminou os portadores de IC (ICFEP e ICDS), com OR maior para aqueles com ICDS. Quanto a fatores de risco e comorbidades, as diferen&#231;as s&#243; foram estatisticamente significativas para a presen&#231;a de DAC, DM e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) na ICDS. Quanto aos indicadores de gravidade, houve maior chance de estarem mais presentes na ICDS do que na ICA, o que n&#227;o aconteceu na ICFEP, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5 pontos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Considerando somente os dois modelos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de IC conforme exposto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e de h&#225;bitos de vida. No entanto, vale mencionar que a chance de um etilista apresentar ICDS foi de tr&#234;s vezes a chance de apresentar ICFEP; e a de um tabagista foi de 1,77. Os sinais e os sintomas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativa entre os dois tipos de IC, e houve uma tend&#234;ncia de a chance de edema ser maior na ICDS. Entre os fatores de risco e as comorbidades, as chances de DAC e de IRC foram significativamente maiores entre aqueles com ICDS (OR 2,40 e 4,79, respectivamente). A chance de se apresentar com maior gravidade tamb&#233;m foi maior na ICDS, com OR de 2,9 para interna&#231;&#227;o e 2,35 para Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5 pontos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEP e ICDS, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de a mulher idosa apresentar mais ICFEP (26 pacientes, 62% <italic>versus</italic> 8 pacientes, 36% p=0,07) e o inverso na ICDS, com mais homens idosos (14 pacientes, 63,6% <italic>versus</italic> 16 pacientes, 38,1% p=0,07). A an&#225;lise dos n&#227;o-idosos (&lt;60 anos), a presen&#231;a de DAC (10 pacientes, 45% <italic>versus</italic> 22 pacientes, 8% p=0,05) e a DM (11 pacientes, 50% <italic>versus</italic> 6 pacientes, 16% p=0,007) foram maiores na ICDS. A an&#225;lise dos idosos, a interna&#231;&#227;o (7 pacientes, 32% <italic>versus</italic> 4 pacientes, 9% p=0,03) e o escore de Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5 pontos (17 pacientes, 77% <italic>versus</italic> 20 pacientes, 48% p=0,02) estiveram mais presentes na ICDS. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo transversal de pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria a maioria foi identificada como portadora de ICFEP, e mais da metade foram mulheres e idosos. Foi o primeiro estudo a identificar esse dado no Brasil. A m&#233;dia de idade nos portadores de IC foi menor, em pelo menos 10 anos, comparativamente aos resultados dos estudos em comunidades de outros pa&#237;ses, indicando que a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; mais exposta a condi&#231;&#245;es associadas ao desenvolvimento de IC<sup>2,6,10,11,28-31</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos mostram um incremento na preval&#234;ncia de ICFEP com o avan&#231;o da idade, principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o de mulheres idosas<sup>2,6,10</sup>. Isso poderia se dever ao maior controle das doen&#231;as e dos fatores de risco envolvidos na IC, reduzindo-se os casos de ICDS. A predomin&#226;ncia da ICFEP nas mulheres idosas provavelmente est&#225; relacionada com a perda do efeito protetor cardiovascular ap&#243;s a menopausa<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo EPICA, realizado em Portugal Continental para determina&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de IC, demonstrou uma maior preval&#234;ncia de ICFEP do que de ICDS (40% <italic>versus</italic> 30%), principalmente nas mulheres, e a partir dos 60 anos de idade. A classe funcional I/II da NYHA estava presente na maioria dos casos. A hipertens&#227;o arterial (66%) e a doen&#231;a coronariana (37%) foram os principais fatores de risco envolvidos com a IC<sup>2</sup>. O estudo EPICA-RAM realizado em Portugal, na regi&#227;o aut&#244;noma da Ilha da Madeira, confirmou os mesmos resultados do estudo EPICA, com menor propor&#231;&#227;o de ICDS (16%) e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ICFEP (58%), o que poderia estar relacionado a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de HAS (79,4%) e menor de DAC (19,0%)<sup>6</sup>. Esses resultados coincidem com os encontrados no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (tr&#234;s vezes maior do que a de DAC), observada principalmente nos portadores de IC, foi maior do que a observada em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>2,6,10,17,31-33</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial apresentou elevada preval&#234;ncia em ambos os tipos de IC (ICDS e ICFEP), sem diferen&#231;as entre eles. Esse resultado &#233; um contraste com os resultados de outros estudos, que mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial na ICFEP, indicando que em nosso meio o inadequado controle da hipertens&#227;o se transforma em um dos fatores envolvidos diretamente na preval&#234;ncia da IC, tanto na ICFEP quanto na ICDS<sup>2,6,32-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior identifica&#231;&#227;o de edema de membros inferiores nos portadores de ICDS se deveu a uma maior gravidade da ICDS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, confirmada pela presen&#231;a de uma classe funcional avan&#231;ada (III/IV pela NYHA). Outros fatores envolvidos na ICDS foram presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabete, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e um escore de Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5, confirmando uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais avan&#231;ada e de maior gravidade. Na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, os fatores associados a ICDS foram a interna&#231;&#227;o e o escore de Boston <underline>&gt;</underline>5, e, na popula&#231;&#227;o abaixo dos 60 anos, a presen&#231;a significativa da doen&#231;a coronariana e diabete. Esses resultados n&#227;o coincidem com os de outros estudos, mostrando-se esta como uma popula&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias na evolu&#231;&#227;o da ICDS<sup>32-35</sup>. A associa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores de risco nos pacientes abaixo de 60 anos mostra que tais fatores est&#227;o envolvidos no acometimento precoce e na g&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O etilismo e o tabagismo foram h&#225;bitos de vida freq&#252;entes principalmente na ICDS, conferindo uma import&#226;ncia no acometimento desse tipo de IC.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica apresentou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea, afastando-se a possibilidade de constituir um fator de descompensa&#231;&#227;o nos portadores de IC, apesar de n&#227;o haver sido realizada espirometria por uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>Os trabalhos que avaliam a preval&#234;ncia e os tipos de IC se diferenciam pelos v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios utilizados para mensura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). O tipo de medida da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular utilizada - m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado biplanar ou fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento - e o n&#237;vel de corte desses m&#233;todos diferem entre os estudos, determinando uma varia&#231;&#227;o nos resultados de preval&#234;ncia para ICDS e ICFEP<sup>10,14</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pela medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE, utilizando-se o ponto de corte de 28%, que equivale a uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 45% pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, mostra-se ideal para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos na comunidade<sup>2,6,14,27</sup>. As restri&#231;&#245;es para a medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento se aplicariam aos casos com altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural mioc&#225;rdica, seja nas paredes correspondentes &#224;s medidas do VE seja na disfun&#231;&#227;o apical. Portanto, essas medidas n&#227;o representariam a medida real da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nesses casos, as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais classificam a IC como disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, por se tratar de d&#233;ficit segmentar importante e respons&#225;vel pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que n&#227;o poderia ser expressa exclusivamente pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a ICFEP &#233; o modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico mais prevalente na comunidade, principalmente nas mulheres idosas, enquanto a ICDS &#233; mais prevalente nos homens idosos, com maior gravidade cl&#237;nica e acometimento precoce dos principais fatores de risco e sem modifica&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida. Apesar dos sinais e dos sintomas de IC, em um ter&#231;o dos casos a presen&#231;a de IC n&#227;o foi confirmada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Marco Aur&#233;lio Esposito Moutinho pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marco Aur&#233;lio Esposito Moutinho </p>
        <p> Rua Alzira Brand&#227;o, 11/701 - Tijuca - 20520-070 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maesposito@cardiol.br">maesposito@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/08/07; revisado recebido em 20/09/07; aceito em 08/10/07. </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Davies M, Hobbs F, Davis R, Kenkre J, Roalfe    AK, Hare R, et al. Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart    failure in the general population: main findings from ECHOES (Echocardiographic    Heart of England Screening) Study. Lancet. 2001; 358: 439-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the general population: main findings from ECHOES (Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening) Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>358</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenkre</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roalfe</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hare</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, Morais H, Matias    F, de Sousa A, et al, on behalf of the EPICA investigators. Prevalence of chronic    heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;    4: 531-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ceia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matias</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Cleland JGF, Khand A, Clark A. The heart    failure epidemic: exactly how big is it? Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 623-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The heart failure epidemic: exactly how big is it?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khand</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Remme WJ, Swedberg K, on behalf of the    Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart failure. European    society of cardiology: guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic    heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 1527-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>European society of cardiology: guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Remme</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Cowie MR, Mosterd A, Wood DA, Deckers JW,    Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton GC, et al. The epidemiology of heart failure. Eur Heart    J. 1997; 18: 208-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The epidemiology of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cowie</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosterd</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deckers</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Ceia F, Fonseca C, Azevedo I, Mota T, Morais    H, Matias F, et al, em representa&#231;&#227;o dos investigadores do EPICA-RAM.    Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em cuidados prim&#225;rios    na regi&#227;o aut&#244;noma da Madeira: o Estudo EPICA-RAM. Rev Port Cardiol.    2005; 24: 173-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em cuidados prim&#225;rios na regi&#227;o aut&#244;noma da Madeira: o Estudo EPICA-RAM</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ceia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matias</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ,    Jacobsen SJ, Evans JM, Bailey KR, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community:    trends in incidence and survival in a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med. 1999;    159: 29-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure in the community: trends in incidence and survival in a 10-year period</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>159</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Senni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodeheffer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. O'Connell JB, Bristow MR. Economic impact    of heart failure in the United States: time for a different approach. J Heart    Lung Transplant. 1994;13 (Suppl 4): S107-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Economic impact of heart failure in the United States: time for a different approach</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S107</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connell</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJ, Thompson SG,    Poole-Wilson PA, Davies SW, et al. Incidence and aetiology of heart failure;    a population-based study. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 421-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incidence and aetiology of heart failure: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>421</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cowie</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, Deckers    JW, Linker DT, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular    dysfunction in the general population: The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J. 1999;    20: 447-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population: The Rotterdam Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mosterd</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoes</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Bruyne</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deckers</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linker</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Morgan S, Smith H, Simpson I, Liddiard    GS, Raphael H, Pickering RM, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics    of left ventricular dysfunction among elderly patients in general practice setting:    cross-sectional survey. BMJ. 1999; 318: 368-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and clinical characteristics of left ventricular dysfunction among elderly patients in general practice setting: cross-sectional survey</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>368</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>318</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liddiard</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raphael</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pickering</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Aronow WS. Epidemiology, pathophysiology,    prognosis, and treatment of systolic and diastolic heart failure. Cardiol Rev.    2006; 14 (3):108-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of systolic and diastolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Rev</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>108</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aronow</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. De Keulenaer GW, Brutsaert DL. Systolic    and diastolic heart failure: different phenotypes of the same disease? Eur J    Heart Fail. 2007; 9 (2): 136-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systolic and diastolic heart failure: different phenotypes of the same disease?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Keulenaer</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brutsaert</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart    failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. epidemiology, clinical    characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 317-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hogg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Cleland JG, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC,    Dietz R, Eastaugh J, Follath F, et al. Management of heart failure in primary    care (the IMPROVEMENT of Heart Failure Programme): an international survey.    Lancet. 2002; 360: 1631-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Management of heart failure in primary care (the IMPROVEMENT of Heart Failure Programme): an international survey</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1631</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eastaugh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen    SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure    with preserved ejection fraction. N Eng J Med. 2006; 355: 251-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Owan</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herges</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Bursi F, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Jacobsen    SJ, Pakhomov S, Nkomo VT, et al. Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the    community. JAMA. 2006; 296: 2209-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the community</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2209</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <volume>296</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bursi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pakhomov</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nkomo</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH. Diastolic heart    failure. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1097-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diastolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1097</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aurigemma</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaasch</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de [homepage da internet]. Secretaria Executiva. DATASUS: informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de: morbidade e informa&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas. [acesso em 2006 maio 10]. Dispon&#237;vel em: URL: :<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.datasus.gov.br">http://www.datasus.gov.br</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>DATASUS: informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de: morbidade e informa&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Ara&#250;jo DV, Tavares LR, Ver&#237;ssimo    R, Ferraz MB, Mesquita ET. Custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Sistema    &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84: 422-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>DV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ver&#237;ssimo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Mesquita ET, Miranda VA. Insufici&#234;ncia    card&#237;aca na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Rev SOCERJ. 2005;    18: 342-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</article-title>
          <source>Rev SOCERJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>342</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. 20 Experi&#234;ncias de Gest&#227;o    P&#250;blica e Cidadania. Luis Mario Fujiwara, Nelson Luiz Nouvel Alessio    e Marta Ferreira Santos Farah (orgs.). S&#227;o Paulo: Programa Gest&#227;o    P&#250;blica e Cidadania; 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>20 Experi&#234;ncias de Gest&#227;o P&#250;blica e Cidadania</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fujiwara</surname>
              <given-names>Luis Mario</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alessio</surname>
              <given-names>Nelson Luiz Nouvel</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farah</surname>
              <given-names>Marta Ferreira Santos</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Hobbs FDR, Korewicki J, Cleland JGF, Eastaugh    J, Freemantle N and on behalf of the IMPROVEMENT Investigators: the diagnosis    of heart failure in European primary care: The IMPROVEMENT programme survey    of perception and practice. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005; 7: 768-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>the diagnosis of heart failure in European primary care: The IMPROVEMENT programme survey of perception and practice</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>768</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>FDR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korewicki</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eastaugh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Tavares LR, Velarde LG, de Miranda VA,    Mesquita ET. Perceptions of heart failure diagnosis and management: comparison    between clinical cardiologists and family doctors. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87    (2): 167-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Perceptions of heart failure diagnosis and management: comparison between clinical cardiologists and family doctors</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velarde</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb    GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular    hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 450-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>450</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutas</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sachs</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Henry WL, Gardin JM, Ware JH. Echocardiographic    measurements in normal subjects from infancy to old age. Circulation. 1980;    62: 1054-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects from infancy to old age</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1054</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ware</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf    FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Guidelines recommendations for chamber quantification.    Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006; 7: 79-108.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines recommendations for chamber quantification</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Hedberg P, Lonnberg I, Jonason T, Nilsson    G, Pehrsson K, Ringqvist I. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction in 75-year-old    men and women; a population-based study. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 676-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular systolic dysfunction in 75-year-old men and women: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>676</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hedberg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lonnberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonason</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pehrsson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ringqvist</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Kupari M, Lindroos M, Iivanainen AM, Heikkila    J, Tilvis R. Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and    4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study. J Intern Med. 1997; 241: 387-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and 4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>241</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kupari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindroos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iivanainen</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heikkila</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tilvis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC Jr,    Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular    dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic.    JAMA. 2003; 289: 194-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>194</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahoney</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodeheffer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Hershberger RE, Nauman DJ, Byrkit J, Gillespie    G, Lackides G, Toy W, et al. Prospective evaluation of an outpatient heart failure    disease management program designed for primary care: the Oregon model. J Card    Fail. 2005; 11 (4): 293-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prospective evaluation of an outpatient heart failure disease management program designed for primary care: the Oregon model</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hershberger</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nauman</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrkit</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillespie</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lackides</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toy</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Lenzen MJ, Scholte op Reimer WJM, Boersma    E, Vantrimpont PJMJ, Follath F, Swedberg K, et al. Differences between patients    with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the    EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1214-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Differences between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1214</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lenzen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholte op Reimer</surname>
              <given-names>WJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vantrimpont</surname>
              <given-names>PJMJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, Austin PC, Fang    J, Haouzi A, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction    in a population-based study. N Eng J Med. 2006; 355: 260-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatia</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tu</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haouzi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. McMurray J, Ostergren J, Pfeffer M, Swedberg    K, Granger C, Yusuf S, et al, and on behalf of the CHARM committees and investigators.    Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved    ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the    Candesartan in Heart failure  Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and    morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003; 5: 261-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ostergren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Kitzman DW, Little WC, Brubaker PH, Anderson    RT, Hundley WG, Marburger CT, et al. Pathophysiological characterization of    isolated diastolic heart failure in comparison to systolic heart failure. JAMA.    2002; 288: 2144-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pathophysiological characterization of isolated diastolic heart failure in comparison to systolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2144</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brubaker</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hundley</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marburger</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Cortina A, Reguero J, Segovia E, Rodriguez    Lambert JL, Cortina R, Arias JC, et al. Prevalence of heart failure in Ast&#250;rias    (a region in the north of Spain). Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87: 1417-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of heart failure in Ast&#250;rias (a region in the north of Spain)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1417</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cortina</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reguero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segovia</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cortina</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Nielsen OW, Hilden J, Larsen CT, Hansen    JF. Cross-sectional study estimating prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular    systolic dysfunction in community patients at risk. Heart. 2001; 86: 172-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cross-sectional study estimating prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in community patients at risk</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>OW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS,    Arnold A, Boineau R, Aurigemma G, et al. Importance of heart failure with preserved    systolic function in patients &gt; or = 65 years of age. CHS Research Group.    Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87: 413-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients &gt; or = 65 years of age: CHS Research Group. Cardiovascular Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottdiener</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boineau</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aurigemma</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Gottdiener JS, McClelland RL, Marshall    R, Shemanski L, Furberg CD, Kitzman DW, et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure    in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function. The Cardiovascular    Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 631-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outcome of congestive heart failure in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function. The Cardiovascular Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>631</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottdiener</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McClelland</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shemanski</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furberg</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK,    Lee ET, Rodeheffer R, et al. Congestive heart failure despite normal left ventricular    systolic function in a population-based sample: the Strong Heart Study. Am J    Cardiol. 2000; 86: 1090-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure despite normal left ventricular systolic function in a population-based sample: the Strong Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1090</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welty</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodeheffer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In developed countries, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is more prevalent than heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the community. However, it has not been completely established if this fact is also observed within our community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most prevalent form of heart failure (HFpEF or HFrEF) and whether the prevalence of HFpEF is higher in the community. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients clinically diagnosed with HF who were seen in community-based health care centers from January to December 2005. Echodopplercardiograms were performed for all patients. The form of HF was stratified according to the presence of abnormalities and the shortening fraction observed on the echodopplercardiogram. RESULTS: The study evaluated 170 patients (61.0 &#177; 13.3 years of age), most of them women and elderly. HFpEF was the more prevalent form of HF (64.2%, p&lt;0.001), affecting mostly elderly women (62%, p = 0.07), whereas the opposite condition, HFrEF, was observed mostly in elderly men (63.6%, p = 0.07). Patients with no HF represented one-third of the cases (27.6%). HFrEF patients had more lower-limb edema, coronary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, higher Boston scores and hospital readmissions. Use of alcoholic beverages and smoking were also more common among HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION: HFpEF is the most prevalent form of HF in the community especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men and is associated with greater clinical severity, main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Esposito Moutinho; Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci; Veronica Alcoforado; Leandro Reis Tavares; Mauricio Bastos Freitas Rachid; Maria Luisa Garcia Rosa; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro; Rosemery Abdalah; Juliana Lago Garcia; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i - Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In developed countries, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is more prevalent than heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the community. However, it has not been completely established if this fact is also observed within our community.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the most prevalent form of heart failure (HFpEF or HFrEF) and whether the prevalence of HFpEF is higher in the community.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients clinically diagnosed with HF who were seen in community-based health care centers from January to December 2005. Echodopplercardiograms were performed for all patients. The form of HF was stratified according to the presence of abnormalities and the shortening fraction observed on the echodopplercardiogram.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study evaluated 170 patients (61.0 &#177; 13.3 years of age), most of them women and elderly. HFpEF was the more prevalent form of HF (64.2%, p&lt;0.001), affecting mostly elderly women (62%, p = 0.07), whereas the opposite condition, HFrEF, was observed mostly in elderly men (63.6%, p = 0.07). Patients with no HF represented one-third of the cases (27.6%). HFrEF patients had more lower-limb edema, coronary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, higher Boston scores and hospital readmissions. Use of alcoholic beverages and smoking were also more common among HFrEF patients.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>HFpEF is the most prevalent form of HF in the community especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men and is associated with greater clinical severity, main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):132-137)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart failure/epidemiology; ventricular function; stroke volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with several etiologies and a high prevalence<sup>1-6</sup>. It is a growing concern among different public health systems due to its high economic impact, particularly in terms of hospitalization costs<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The known physiopathologic models are heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Physiopathology associated with systolic dysfunction has been well studied, and the clinical assays and guidelines set by different medical associations address this specific group of patients<sup>9-12</sup>. From a clinical point of view, HF evolves in many different ways &#150; different phenotypes &#150; according to a complexity of interactions with factors modifying the syndrome that are inherent to each individual<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies in the community show that HFpEF accounts for most cases<sup>2,6,14-17</sup>. Although HFpEF has been considered a disease of lesser severity, current data show the clinical importance of the condition by the 5-8% increase in annual mortality rates (compared to 10 to 15% in HFrEF)<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Brazil, HF is an emerging epidemic cardiovascular disease and the third leading cause among all-causes, and the first cause among cardiovascular diseases, for hospitalization in the Unified Health System (SUS) for patients above 65 years of age, raising costs with hospitalization and medication<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Niter&#243;i, family physicians (FP) provide primary health care<sup>21,22</sup>. It is well known that FPs have a limited capacity of perceiving and distinguishing between HFpEF and HFrEF<sup>23,24</sup>. Brazilian medical literature lacks epidemiological studies conducted in the community about the prevalence of HFpEF and its associations with risk factors and comorbidities.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of HF forms (HFrEF and HFpEF) among community patients who have been clinically diagnosed with HF and who were seen by FPs, as well as to identify the clinical characteristics of each form of HF. The central hypothesis is that the rate of HFpEF is high in the community.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an observational cross-section study of patients with a clinical suspicion of HF enrolled in the <italic>Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia</italic> (Family Physician Program) in the municipality of Niter&#243;i. These patients were referred to the specialized outpatient center from January 3 through December 19, 2005. </p>
      <p>During the first visit to the outpatient unit, a structured questionnaire was used to obtain the patient&#146;s clinical history with demographic variables, lifestyle, physical examination, anthropometric data, as well as quantification of functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria. HF was categorized using Boston scores. Blood samples were collected to perform laboratory tests, and patients underwent electrocardiograms, chest X-rays and echodopplercardiograms.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were the presence of symptoms and/or signs of HF (dyspnea and/or fatigue and/or lower-limb edema), electrocardiographic abnormalities and/or chest X-ray associated with Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 or therapy with HF medication (diuretics, as a monotherapy and/or combined with ACE-I and/or digitalis). </p>
      <p>The variables analyzed on the echodopplercardiogram were: 1) LV shortening fraction &lt; 28%; 2) significant segment abnormality with LV dilation; 3) LV mass index &gt; 134 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men and &gt; 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women; 4) interventricular septum and LV posterior wall hypertrophy; 5) enlargement of LA diameter<sup>2</sup>. The Devereux formula was used to quantify the mass index, and the Henry formula to quantify interventricular septum and LV posterior wall hypertrophy, as well as LA diameter according to age, gender and body surface<sup>25-27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients were classified according to the structural and functional abnormalities detected on the echodopplercardiogram in the following forms of HF: 1) HFrEF: shortening fraction &lt; 28% or presence of significant segment abnormality with LV dilation; 2) HFpEF: shortening fraction <underline>&gt;</underline> 28% with no segment abnormality and LV dilation, or increase in the rate of LV mass, or interventricular septum and LF posterior wall hypertrophy when there was no mass rate; 3) absence of HF (AHF): non-identification of morphological and functional abnormalities. </p>
      <p>With the objective of verifying if there was a significant relationship between the clinical variables and HF, the following methods were applied:</p>
      <p>1) to compare ratios (qualitative variables), the prevalence odds ratio was calculated using the chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher&#146;s exact test, according to the number of cases; and</p>
      <p>2) To compare age (in years) between two categories, Student&#146;s t-test was used for independent samples; and to compare three categories, the one-way analysis of variance was used.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed with SAS v.6.04 software.</p>
      <p>A 5% level was the criterion applied to determine significance. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University&#146;s Medical School, and all participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 239 patients with a clinical suspicion of HF enrolled in the Family Physician Program. One-hundred-seventy patients were selected who completed the evaluation performed through the echodopplercardiogram at the university hospital. The mean age was 61 &#177; 13.3 years, 58% of patients were women, 54% were elderly (<underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years), 84% had systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), 25% had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 21% had coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p>The echodopplercardiogram showed structural abnormalities in 123 patients, of which 79 (64.2%) had HFpEF, the most prevalent physiopathologic model of HF. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays differences between AHF, HFpEF and HFrEF. Indicators of severity, according to NYHA III/IV functional classes, were at least one hospitalization in the preceding year and Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5. From a demographic point of view, there were no significant differences among the forms of HF, despite the higher percentage of HFpEF cases among women in comparison with HFrEF. As to signs and symptoms, edema was the sign that most discriminated HF patients (HFpEF and HFrEF), with a higher odds ratio (OR) for those with HFrEF. As to risk factors and comorbidities, the differences were statistically significant only for the presence of CAD, DM and chronic renal failure (CRF) in HFrEF. As to the indicators of severity, there was a greater chance of their being present in HFrEF than in AHF, which did not happen in HFpEF cases except when Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering just the two physiopathologic models of HF as displayed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, no statistically significant difference was observed between demographic and lifestyle variables. However, it is worthy mentioning that the chance of an alcoholic beverage drinker developing HFrEF was three times that of his developing HFpEF, whereas the chance of a smoker developing HFpEF was 1.77-fold. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed as to signs and symptoms between the two forms of HF, and there was a tendency towards a greater chance of edema in HFrEF. Considering risk factors and comorbidities, the chances of patients with HFrEF developing CAD and CRF were significantly greater (OR 2.40 and 4.79, respectively). The chance of these conditions being more severe was also greater among HFrEF patients, with an OR of 2.9 for hospitalization and 2.35 for Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In comparing HFpEF and HFrEF, a tendency was observed toward a higher percentage of HFpEF among elderly women (26 patients, 62% <italic>versus</italic> 8 patients, 36% p = 0.07), whereas HFrEF was more common among elderly men (14 patients, 63.6% <italic>versus</italic> 16 patients, 38.1% p = 0.07). The analysis of non-elderly patients (&lt; 60 years) showed that the presence of CAD (10 patients, 45% <italic>versus</italic> 22 patients, 8% p = 0.05) and DM (11 patients, 50% <italic>versus</italic> 6 patients, 16% p = 0.007) was more common in HFrEF. In the analysis of elderly patients, hospitalization (7 patients, 32% <italic>versus</italic> 4 patients, 9% p = 0.03) and Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 (17 patients, 77% <italic>versus</italic> 20 patients, 48% p = 0.02) were more common in HFrEF. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this cross-sectional study conducted with patients suspected of having HF at the primary evaluation, most of them were identified as having HFpEF and more than half were women and elderly. This was the first study to identify this fact in Brazil. The mean age of HF patients was at least 10 years lower than the results of studies conducted in communities in other countries, indicating that our population is more exposed to factors associated with the development of HF<sup>2,6,10,11,28-31</sup>. Several studies have shown an increased prevalence of HFpEF with aging, especially in populations of elderly women<sup>2,6,10</sup>. This may be attributed to a greater control of diseases and risk factors involved in HF which has reduced the number of HFrEF cases. The predominance of HFpEF among elderly women is probably associated with the loss of the protective effect of estrogen on the cardiovascular system after menopause<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The EPICA study, conducted in inland Portugal to evaluate the prevalence of HF, showed a greater prevalence of HFpEF than HFrEF (40% <italic>versus</italic> 30%), especially among women aged 60 years or more. Most patients were classified as I/II functional class (NYHA). Arterial hypertension (66%) and coronary artery disease (37%) were the main risk factors involved in HF<sup>2</sup>. The EPICA-RAM study conducted in Portugal in the Autonomous Madeira region confirmed the same results of the EPICA study, with a lower rate of HFrEF (16%) and a higher rate of HFpEF (58%), which could be related to a higher rate of SAH (79.4%) and a lower rate of CAD (19.0%)<sup>6</sup>. These results are consistent with the results in the present study.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of arterial hypertension (three times that of CAD), observed especially among HF patients, was greater than that observed in developed countries <sup>2,6,10,17,31-33</sup>. Arterial hypertension had a high prevalence in both forms of HF (HFrEF and HFpEF), with no differences between them. This contrasts with the results from other studies which showed a greater prevalence of arterial hypertension in HFpEF, indicating that within our environment the inadequate control of hypertension is one of the factors directly involved in the prevalence of HF, both HFpEF and HFrEF<sup>2,6,32-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>The larger number of cases of lower-limb edema identified among HFrEF patients was due to the greater severity of HFrEF in this population, confirmed by the presence of advanced functional classes (NYHA III/IV). Other factors involved in HFrEF were the presence of coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, greater number of hospital admissions and Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5, confirming a more advanced and severe clinical presentation. In the elderly population, factors associated with HFrEF were hospitalization and Boston scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5, whereas in the population under 60 years of age, the factors were the significant presence of coronary artery disease and diabetes. These results are not consistent with those from other studies, showing that this population has its own characteristic progression of HFrEF<sup>32-35</sup>. The association of these risk factors in patients less than 60 years of age shows that such factors are involved in the early onset and in the genesis of heart dysfunction in this population. Alcohol consumption and smoking were frequent lifestyle habits, especially in HFrEF, and played an important role in the development of this form of HF.</p>
      <p>The homogeneous distribution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reduced the chance that this could be a decompensation factor for HF patients, although, due to the limitations of the study, no spirometry was performed.</p>
      <p>Studies that evaluate the prevalence and forms of HF differ according to the criteria used to measure ventricular function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The type of measurement used for ventricular function &#151; the modified biplanar Simpson method or shortening fraction &#151; and the cutoff level in these methods differ among the studies, determining a variance in the results of prevalence of HFrEF and HFpEF<sup>10,14</sup>. The assessment of the ventricular function measured by the LV shortening fraction, using a 28% cutoff level which corresponds to an ejection fraction of 45% as per the Simpson method, proves to be the ideal choice for epidemiological studies in the community<sup>2,6,14,27</sup>. The limitations of the shortening fraction method would apply to cases of myocardial structural abnormalities, either in the walls corresponding to the LV measurements or in apical dysfunction. Therefore, these measurements would not represent the actual measurement of the ventricular function. In these cases, structural abnormalities classify HF as systolic dysfunction since it is an important segment deficit responsible for the ventricular dysfunction which could not be expressed exclusively by the LV shortening fraction.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0145-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In conclusion, HFpEF is the most prevalent physiopathologic model in the community, especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men, is associated with greater clinical severity, early onset of the main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marco Aurelio Esposito Moutinho, from <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
