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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y5zKXjCntzPXn9ZzMHTLPHM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica: fatores determinantes da efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica a longo-prazo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sartini</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>122</fpage>
      <lpage>129</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A maioria dos trabalhos tem descrito preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, com tempos de seguimento relativamente curtos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar retrospectivamente, em longo prazo, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FA) em pacientes submetidos ao isolamento das veias pulmonares, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 139 pacientes (102 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 55 &#177; 12 anos) submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, por meio das t&#233;cnicas ostial ou extra-ostial de abordagem do &#225;trio esquerdo, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo (ICT). Vari&#225;veis pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas por an&#225;lise uni e multivariada, para determinar os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s um procedimento. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s um seguimento de 33 &#177; 12 meses, observou-se que maior tempo de hist&#243;ria de FA, uso de mais antiarr&#237;tmicos e recorr&#234;ncia de FA num per&#237;odo de sessenta dias p&#243;s-procedimento aumentaram o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em longo prazo. Por sua vez, a associa&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial e a abla&#231;&#227;o concomitante do ICT reduziram o risco de recorr&#234;ncia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como tempo de hist&#243;ria de FA e maior quantidade de antiarr&#237;tmicos j&#225; utilizadas influenciam os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Em pacientes com flutter atrial associado, a realiza&#231;&#227;o concomitante de linha de bloqueio no ICT reduziu significativamente a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>recidiva</kwd>
        <kwd>seguimentos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica: fatores determinantes da efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica a longo-prazo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua Sartini; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Eduardo Sosa; Luiz Felipe Moreira; Sissy Lara; Carina Hardy; Francisco Darrieux; Denise Hachul</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A maioria dos trabalhos tem descrito preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, com tempos de seguimento relativamente curtos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar retrospectivamente, em longo prazo, os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FA) em pacientes submetidos ao isolamento das veias pulmonares, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 139 pacientes (102 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 55 &#177; 12 anos) submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, por meio das t&#233;cnicas ostial ou extra-ostial de abordagem do &#225;trio esquerdo, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo (ICT). Vari&#225;veis pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas por an&#225;lise uni e multivariada, para determinar os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s um procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s um seguimento de 33 &#177; 12 meses, observou-se que maior tempo de hist&#243;ria de FA, uso de mais antiarr&#237;tmicos e recorr&#234;ncia de FA num per&#237;odo de sessenta dias p&#243;s-procedimento aumentaram o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em longo prazo. Por sua vez, a associa&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial e a abla&#231;&#227;o concomitante do ICT reduziram o risco de recorr&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como tempo de hist&#243;ria de FA e maior quantidade de antiarr&#237;tmicos j&#225; utilizadas influenciam os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Em pacientes com flutter atrial associado, a realiza&#231;&#227;o concomitante de linha de bloqueio no ICT reduziu significativamente a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em longo prazo. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 122-129)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, recidiva, seguimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum, com preval&#234;ncia crescente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<sup>1</sup>, sendo respons&#225;vel por substancial aumento de morbidade e mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>2,</sup> principalmente quando associada a co-morbidades como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desde que Haissaguerre e cols.<sup>4</sup>, Jais e cols.<sup> 5</sup> e Shah e cols.<sup>6</sup> chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia das veias pulmonares na deflagra&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de FA, diversos estudos t&#234;m procurado determinar qual a melhor t&#233;cnica a ser empregada no tratamento n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico dessa arritmia, assim como evidenciar quais fatores podem predizer a maior chance de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s esses procedimentos. A literatura mostra resultados vari&#225;veis<sup>7-10</sup> tanto pela diferen&#231;a na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes quanto com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia dessas t&#233;cnicas<sup>9,11,12</sup>, n&#227;o havendo, portanto, consenso sobre qual deva ser a melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para o controle do paciente portador de FA. Ainda, a maioria desses trabalhos apresenta resultados obtidos ap&#243;s mais de uma interven&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m com tempos de seguimento habitualmente curtos, possivelmente superestimando o sucesso do procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Investigar em longo prazo os preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA parox&#237;stica em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (RF), ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Casu&#237;stica e m&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</italic> - Foram estudados 139 pacientes consecutivamente (102 homens com idade m&#233;dia de 55 &#177; 12anos), entre maio de 2001 e julho de 2004, submetidos ao isolamento das veias pulmonares, por meio da t&#233;cnica ostial ou extra-ostial. Eram portadores de FA parox&#237;stica, bastante sintom&#225;ticos e com crises freq&#252;entes da arritmia, apesar de j&#225; terem usado 2 &#177; 1 drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Apresentavam hist&#243;ria de FA havia 6 &#177; 5 anos. Somente 7% tinham doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo de estudo</italic>- O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, e, antes do procedimento, os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que utilizavam varfarina foram orientados a suspend&#234;-la, pelo menos cinco dias antes do procedimento. Eles foram ent&#227;o mantidos com enoxiparina s&#243;dica subcut&#226;nea, na dose de 1 mg/kg de 12/12 horas, a qual foi suspensa 12 horas antes da abla&#231;&#227;o. Realizou-se coleta de sangue para a medida do tempo de protrombina, a fim de obter um INR (International normalized ratio) inferior a 1,8. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de trombos intracavit&#225;rios. Ap&#243;s 8 horas de jejum, foram encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia e submetidos &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o profunda, controlada por anestesista, com propofol, midazolam e fentanil endovenosos. As vias a&#233;reas foram mantidas por meio de entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal ou do uso de m&#225;scara lar&#237;ngea. Realizaram-se monitoriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial, oximetria de pulso e mensura&#231;&#227;o do CO<sub>2 </sub>expirado. Por meio de pun&#231;&#245;es na veia femoral direita, foram introduzidos e posicionados tr&#234;s cateteres multipolares: um decapolar (Irvine, Daig-St. Jude Medical&#146;s ou Johnson &amp; Johnson) no seio coron&#225;rio;um decapolar circular (Lasso, Biosense Webster) no &#225;trio esquerdo atrav&#233;s de forame oval p&#233;rvio ou pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal; um quadripolar para abla&#231;&#227;o, com espa&#231;o intereletrodos de 2 mm e eletrodo distal com 4 mm ou 8 mm (EPT-Boston Scientific ou Johnson &amp; Johnson) tamb&#233;m no &#225;trio esquerdo, por segunda pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal. O posicionamento do Lasso foi orientado pela angiografia das veias pulmonares (VP) com contraste (Ioxalato de Meglumina 32,5 g/100 ml),exceto nas inferiores direitas nas quais n&#227;o foi realizada sistematicamente. A determina&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das VP foi realizada por fluoroscopia, e as imagens foram obtidas por aparelho Fisher (Fisher Electrophysiology X-Ray Imaging System) ou General Electric (OEC Series 9800 plus), em proje&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;quas anterior esquerda e direita (30&#176;-45&#176;). Eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie e eletrogramas bipolares intracavit&#225;rios, filtrados na faixa entre 50 e 500 Hz, foram obtidos e gravados em sistema digital (Eletrophysiologic Measurement System - EMS &#150; Netherlands ou EP-Tracer V 0.7711 - Cardiotek - Netherlands). Rotineiramente, realizaram-se estimula&#231;&#245;es atrial e ventricular programadas, para descartar a concomit&#226;ncia de outras arritmias.</p>
    <p>Os 63 pacientes iniciais, entre maio de 2001 e fevereiro de 2003, foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o ostial, a fim de obter o isolamento el&#233;trico das VP. Ap&#243;s as pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, administraram-se 10.000 UI de heparina intravenosa. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos, mediu-se o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA), procedimento repetido a cada hora. Doses suplementares de heparina foram feitas com objetivo de manter o TCA entre 250 e 300 segundos.O mapeamento foi guiado por Lasso de 15 mm de di&#226;metro, locado aproximadamente 5 mm no interior de cada VP abordada, permitindo o registro dos potenciais veno-atriais. Para a abla&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se cateter de 4 mm que era movido em dire&#231;&#227;o ao dipolo do Lasso,que registrava o potencial venoso mais precoce. Pulsos de RF foram ent&#227;o aplicados no &#243;stio, a fim de desconectar esses potenciais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Quando isso era conseguido, o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o era deslocado para pontos de conex&#227;o mais precoce, at&#233; o completo isolamento dos potenciais. Mesmo que a desconex&#227;o ocorresse antes, pulsos foram aplicados at&#233; se completar toda circunfer&#234;ncia da veia. As aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF foram limitadas, em torno de 30 W, 50&#176;C, com dura&#231;&#227;o entre 30 e 60 segundos.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os 76 pacientes subseq&#252;entes, entre fevereiro de 2003 e julho de 2004, foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial extra-ostial, tamb&#233;m com o objetivo de conseguir o isolamento el&#233;trico das VP. Ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, administraram-se 5.000 UI de heparina, seguidas de mais 5.000 UI para cada pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, com o intuito de manter o TCA &gt; 300 segundos; esse procedimento foi repetido a cada meia hora.</p>
    <p>Lasso com di&#226;metro de 20 a 25 mm foi locado em uma posi&#231;&#227;o mais extra-ostial, no antro das VP, delimitando a regi&#227;o a ser cauterizada. Os pulsos de RF foram aplicados em torno do cateter circular, com o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de 8 mm sendo lentamente deslocado linearmente ao seu redor por uma dist&#226;ncia de 5 a 20 mm do &#243;stio, evitando-se o contato direto com o Lasso. As aplica&#231;&#245;es foram limitadas entre 50 e 60 W, 50 a 60&#176;C, com dura&#231;&#227;o entre 40 e 60 segundos, a fim de realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial e conseguir o isolamento das VP. </p>
    <p>Independentemente da t&#233;cnica, nos pacientes com registro pr&#233;vio de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial ou naqueles em que, durante o procedimento, este tenha sido induzido, realizou-se bloqueio do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo (ICT), utilizando-se o mesmo cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, 4 mm na abordagem ostial ou 8 mm na extra-ostial.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes mantiveram repouso no leito por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 6 horas. Heparina de baixo peso molecular foi introduzida num per&#237;odo de 6 a 8 horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exame e mantida ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, at&#233; que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral alcan&#231;asse n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos adequados. Esta &#250;ltima foi mantida por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 30 dias. Eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado ap&#243;s o procedimento e tamb&#233;m no dia seguinte. Os pacientes receberam alta ap&#243;s, pelo menos, 24 horas de observa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas foram mantidas na alta hospitalar, quando da presen&#231;a de recorr&#234;ncias imediatas ou de extra-s&#237;stoles sintom&#225;ticas. Sua suspens&#227;o foi habitualmente realizada pelo m&#233;dico assistente do paciente.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</italic> - Para a an&#225;lise dos preditores de recorr&#234;ncia em longo prazo, as vari&#225;veis estudadas foram agrupadas em classes da seguinte maneira:</p>
    <p>a) <italic>Pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o</italic>: sexo, idade, tempo de FA, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial associado, outros diagn&#243;sticos associados (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial, valvopatia, cardiopatia estrutural), tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cardiovers&#227;o pr&#233;via (el&#233;trica, qu&#237;mica ou ambas), n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es previamente utilizadas.</p>
    <p>b) <italic>Intra-abla&#231;&#227;o</italic>: abordagem ostial ou extra-ostial, abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic>, cateter para abla&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic>, pot&#234;ncia, temperatura e tempo das aplica&#231;&#245;es, n&#250;mero de veias abordadas e desconectadas, tempos de exame e fluoroscopia.</p>
    <p>c) <italic>P&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</italic>: tempo para recorr&#234;ncia inferior ou superior a sessenta dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Classificaram-se as recorr&#234;ncias, sintom&#225;ticas ou n&#227;o, em: <italic>precoces</italic> (quando ocorreram nos primeiros sessenta dias) ou <italic>tardias</italic> (quando ultrapassaram os sessenta dias iniciais ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o). Essas recorr&#234;ncias foram discriminadas em: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, flutteratrial ou taquicardia atrial. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o da curva de eventos, adotaram-se, como crit&#233;rio de recorr&#234;ncia, somente os casos de FA ocorridos nos primeiros sessenta dias, mas que persistiram tamb&#233;m al&#233;m desse per&#237;odo, ou os que ocorreram em qualquer momento do seguimento al&#233;m desse prazo inicial. Definiu-se o sucesso do procedimento quando os pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA ao final do seguimento, ap&#243;s um procedimento, usando ou n&#227;o drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Bem controlados aqueles que, embora tenham apresentado recorr&#234;ncias, as tiveram em quantidade menor que antes do procedimento e em que as medica&#231;&#245;es previamente ineficazes passaram a controlar as crises. Considerou-se insucesso quando o procedimento n&#227;o reduziu as crises, a arritmia tornou-se permanente ou persistente, foi necess&#225;ria a reinterven&#231;&#227;o ou indicou-se implante de marca-passo definitivo (MPD).</p>
    <p>Dividiram-se as complica&#231;&#245;es em maiores ou menores. Elas foram definidas como maiores quando prolongaram a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, requereram interven&#231;&#227;o para tratamento e resultaram em les&#227;o permanente ou morte.</p>
    <p><italic>Seguimento</italic> - Os pacientes foram reavaliados ambulatorialmente em trinta dias, tr&#234;s, seis e doze meses por meio de eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e <italic>holter </italic>de 24 horas. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Os pacientes residentes fora da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo foram contatados por carta, telefone ou telegrama, at&#233; que fosse completado o seguimento. Foi-lhes enviado um question&#225;rio objetivo, solicitando-lhes respostas simples e diretas sobre a percep&#231;&#227;o da arritmia pr&#233; e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. Todos enviaram eletrocardiograma ou <italic>holter</italic> de seguimento para nosso servi&#231;o. Aqueles com sensa&#231;&#227;o de palpita&#231;&#245;es, taquic&#225;rdicas ou n&#227;o, foram instru&#237;dos a registrar os epis&#243;dios com eletrocardiograma, <italic>holter</italic> ou monitor de eventos. Havendo registro de fibrila&#231;&#227;o, <italic>flutter</italic> ou taquicardia atrial, optou-se ou n&#227;o pela reinterven&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s decis&#227;o conjunta com o paciente e seu m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados quantitativos s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram analisados utilizando-se o Teste t de Student ou teste de qui-quadrado. Com o modelo de regress&#227;o proporcional de Cox, realizaram-se duas an&#225;lises: a) univariada dos poss&#237;veis fatores associados com recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em longo prazo, ap&#243;s um procedimento; e multivariada, para determinar os preditores independentes de risco para sua recorr&#234;ncia. As curvas de eventos foram comparadas pelo teste de <italic>log rank</italic>. Estabeleceu-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05. Foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Vis&#227;o geral</italic> - Os 63 (45%) pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o ostial n&#227;o diferiram significativamente dos 76 (55%) da extra-ostial, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos procedimentos foi de 223 &#177; 49 minutos, com 67 &#177; 18 minutos de fluoroscopia. Em m&#233;dia, a caracter&#237;stica das aplica&#231;&#245;es foi de: pot&#234;ncia (45 &#177; 13 W), temperatura (52 &#177; 4&#176;C) e tempo das aplica&#231;&#245;es (45 &#177; 14 segundos). </p>
    <p>Abordaram-se, em m&#233;dia, quatro veias com isolamento de 3 &#177; 1 veia. Receberam em m&#233;dia 16 &#177; 10 pulsos de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia distribu&#237;dos da seguinte forma: VP superior esquerda (19 &#177; 11 pulsos), VP superior direita (18 &#177; 9 pulsos), VP inferior esquerda (12 &#177; 8 pulsos) e VP inferior direita (15&#177;11 pulsos).</p>
    <p>Quarenta e quatro (32%) pacientes foram submetidos tamb&#233;m ao bloqueio do ICT, sendo 19 (43%) com cateter de 4 mm e 25 (57%) com 8 mm. Dentre os dezenove pacientes, tr&#234;s (16%) n&#227;o tinham antecedente de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Um (4%) paciente abordado com cateter de 8 mm n&#227;o tinha registro de <italic>flutter</italic>. Quatro pacientes com registro de <italic>flutter</italic> n&#227;o tiveram o ICT abordado, sendo dois de cada grupo.</p>
    <p><italic>Recorr&#234;ncias e n&#227;o-recorr&#234;ncias</italic> - Em seguimento de 33 &#177; 12meses, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento, 70 (50%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram nenhuma recorr&#234;ncia. Dos 69 (50%) que recorreram, 6 (4%) apresentaram epis&#243;dio isolado de FA nos primeiros sessenta dias, 2 (2%) epis&#243;dio isolado de FA em noventa dias e 9 (7%) epis&#243;dios de <italic>flutter</italic> ou taquicardia atrial, enquanto 52 (37%) apresentaram crises recorrentes de FA. Assim, verificou-se sucesso em 50% dos pacientes, 25% ficaram bem controlados e 25% foram considerados como insucesso. Entre os pacientes com sucesso, 42 n&#227;o usam antiarr&#237;tmicos, 12 usam betabloqueador e 16 usam antiarr&#237;tmicos classe III. Entre os controlados, 8 est&#227;o sem antiarr&#237;tmicos, 2 usam betabloqueador e 25 usam antiarr&#237;tmicos classe I ou III. Dentre os insucessos, 30 foram encaminhados para o segundo procedimento, 2 aguardam reinterven&#231;&#227;o, um evoluiu para FA permanente e um foi submetido ao implante de MPD.</p>
    <p><italic>Preditores de recorr&#234;ncia</italic> - Para an&#225;lise das curvas de livres de recorr&#234;ncia, os pacientes com epis&#243;dios isolados de FA e aqueles com <italic>flutter</italic> ou taquicardia atriais foram somados ao grupo dos n&#227;o-recorrentes, quando foi assumido um per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic> de sessenta dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;f. 1</xref>). Esse per&#237;odo &#233; a censura das recorr&#234;ncias obtidas em per&#237;odos vari&#225;veis e predeterminados ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, assumindo-se que, nessa fase, eventuais recorr&#234;ncias n&#227;o influem no resultado tardio do procedimento. Foi realizada tamb&#233;m a an&#225;lise sem <italic>blanking</italic>. Nessa circunst&#226;ncia, aqueles com epis&#243;dios isolados de FA nos primeiros sessenta dias foram somados ao grupo dos recorrentes.</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s considerar-se o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking </italic>de sessenta dias, observou-se que, em 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 24 e 57 meses de seguimento, 85%, 77%, 71%, 67%, 63%, 62% e 58% dos pacientes, respectivamente, permaneciam livres de recorr&#234;ncia sintom&#225;tica de FA. </p>
    <p>Por meio de an&#225;lise univariada, observou-se que: [idade (p = 0,05), tempo de FA (p &lt;0,001), n&#250;mero de drogas (p = 0,021) e <italic>flutter</italic> associado (p = 0,003)]; [pot&#234;ncia das aplica&#231;&#245;es (p &lt;0,054), abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter (p = 0,005) e cateter para abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> (p = 0,005)] e [recorr&#234;ncia nos primeiros sessenta dias (p &lt;0,001)] poderiam influenciar na recorr&#234;ncia de FA, sendo ent&#227;o utilizadas na an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, verificou-se que tempo de FA (p &lt;0,01; risco relativo = 1,07; IC 95% 1,02 a 1,13) e n&#250;mero de drogas (p = 0,02; risco relativo =1,32; IC 95% 1,04 a 1,69) eram fatores independentes de maior risco para recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA, enquanto a presen&#231;a de <italic>flutter</italic> associado (p &lt;0,01; risco relativo = 0,31; IC 95% 0,15 a 0,64) era fator independente de menor risco. A abla&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (p &lt;0,01; risco relativo = 0,39; IC 95% 0,20 a 0,75) e cateter de 8 mm utilizado para abla&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic> (p &lt;0,01; risco relativo = 0,07; IC 95% 0,01 a 0,48) eram preditores de menor risco para recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA. A recorr&#234;ncia nos primeiros sessenta dias (p &lt;0,01; risco relativo = 4,95; IC 95% 2,76 a 8,89) permanecia como fator independente de maior risco para recorr&#234;ncia tardia de FA.</p>
    <p>Como observado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>, sessenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes com menos de quatro anos de hist&#243;ria de FA n&#227;o haviam recorrido, contra 48% daqueles com maior tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observou-se tamb&#233;m que, dentre os pacientes com uso pr&#233;vio de tr&#234;s ou mais drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, somente 34% estavam livres de recorr&#234;ncia, se comparados com os 61% que utilizavam menor quantidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;f. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Por sua vez, a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de <italic>flutter</italic> reduziu o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA (risco relativo = 0,31), e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateter de 8 mm para abla&#231;&#227;o do <italic>flutter</italic> atrial associado diminuiu ainda mais esse risco (risco relativo = 0,07). Assim, ao final do seguimento de 33 meses, observou-se que 80% dos pacientes que apresentavam <italic>flutter</italic> em associa&#231;&#227;o com a FA estavam livres de recorr&#234;ncia, contra somente 48% daqueles sem documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via dessa arritmia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">gr&#225;f. 4</xref>). Ainda, para o mesmo tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o, 96% dos pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o concomitante do ICT com cateter de 8 mm n&#227;o haviam recorrido, contra 63% daqueles com esta interven&#231;&#227;o com cateter de 4 mm e somente 46% dos que n&#227;o tiveram esta regi&#227;o abordada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05">gr&#225;f. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Complica&#231;&#245;es</italic> - Cento e dezesseis (83%) pacientes n&#227;o tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es, enquanto 23 (17%) apresentaram alguma, conforme discriminado a seguir:</p>
    <p>a) <italic>Maiores</italic>: um acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em parede inferior ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, sendo submetido &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria com sucesso; uma f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica com posterior &#243;bito; cinco hemoperic&#225;rdios drenados durante o procedimento; uma trombose venosa profunda; um pseudoaneurisma corrigido cirurgicamente.</p>
    <p>b) <italic>Menores</italic>: uma hipocinesia de fr&#234;nico; tr&#234;s estenoses de VP sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica; duas queimaduras por placa indiferente; dois supradesnivelamentos transit&#243;rios do segmento ST; duas congest&#245;es pulmonares na primeira semana p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o; e tr&#234;s hematomas extensos com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que a resposta em longo prazo dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF possa depender n&#227;o somente da t&#233;cnica utilizada, mas tamb&#233;m do perfil cl&#237;nico do paciente. Observou-se que certas caracter&#237;sticas vari&#225;veis, como o tempo de hist&#243;ria com FA e a quantidade de drogas previamente utilizadas, influ&#237;ram no resultado.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo ser comum, sua raz&#227;o permanece incerta. Neste estudo, o calibre do cateter e a t&#233;cnica empregada na modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato atrial esquerdo n&#227;o pareceram influenciar na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, em longo prazo. Por&#233;m, quando se associou &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT, houve repercuss&#227;o positiva no resultado final. Dos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento com cateter de 8 mm, 96% n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia. Naqueles em que se utilizou o cateter de 4 mm, essa taxa foi de 63%. Ambos os porcentuais se sobrepuseram acentuadamente aos 46% dos pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram o istmo abordado.</p>
    <p>Essas observa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados de trabalhos que evidenciam o papel do ICT. Schemieder e cols.<sup>13</sup> observaram que, ap&#243;s o bloqueio do ICT, a taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial reduziu de 55% para 33%, passando de 45% de sucesso para 67%, valor pr&#243;ximo ao resultado obtido nesta pesquisa, com cateter de 4 mm (63%). Kumagai e cols.<sup>14</sup> e Sharf e cols.<sup>15 </sup>tamb&#233;m observaram, em seus trabalhos, a vantagem da associa&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio do ICT com a abla&#231;&#227;o de focos pulmonares. Bottoni e cols.<sup>16</sup> evidenciaram uma taxa de 64% de recorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos sintom&#225;ticos ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic>, constatando, entretanto, diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios e interna&#231;&#245;es em um grupo de 56 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de FA.</p>
    <p>Com essas observa&#231;&#245;es, poder-se-ia ficar com a impress&#227;o de que somente a abla&#231;&#227;o do ICT seria capaz de reduzir a chance de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Por&#233;m, Bertaglia e cols.<sup>17</sup> mostram claramente que a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s somente bloqueio do ICT aumenta progressivamente com o passar do tempo. Wazni e cols.<sup>18</sup> randomizaram pacientes com FA e <italic>flutter</italic> em dois grupos (um somente para isolamento das VP e outro para isolamento e bloqueio do ICT) e observaram, em seguimento inferior a um ano, que o isolamento sozinho era capaz de controlar ambas as arritmias, embora o bloqueio do istmo evitasse a recorr&#234;ncia precoce destas. No presente trabalho, por&#233;m, a associa&#231;&#227;o do isolamento e do ICT diminuiu a recorr&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m chama a aten&#231;&#227;o neste estudo a observa&#231;&#227;o de uma taxa de sucesso inferior &#224;quela referida por outros trabalhos<sup>4,7,9</sup>, com varia&#231;&#245;es entre 62% e 88%. Entretanto, essas porcentagens s&#227;o referentes a tempos de seguimento que variaram de 5 a 15 meses, o que pode superestimar o sucesso do procedimento. Neste trabalho, o seguimento foi de 33 &#177; 12 meses, o que possivelmente levou a uma taxa de sucesso menor se comparada aos trabalhos supracitados. Della Bella e cols.<sup>19</sup> mostraram taxa de sucesso semelhante &#224; apresentada aqui, considerando-se seguimento de doze meses (65% naquele vs. 67% deste). Recentemente, Cheema e cols.<sup>12,20</sup> e Lee e cols.<sup>21</sup> apresentaram seus resultados baseados em tempos de seguimento maiores, que variaram de 11 a 30 meses, e nessa circunst&#226;ncia alcan&#231;aram taxas de sucesso n&#227;o superiores a 69%. Al&#233;m disso, alguns desses trabalhos<sup>7,12</sup> consideram as taxas de sucesso n&#227;o somente ap&#243;s um procedimento, e sim somando-se os resultados positivos conseguidos ap&#243;s a repeti&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim como no trabalho de Cheema e cols.<sup>20</sup>, no presente trabalho as taxas de sucesso foram obtidas considerando-se somente um &#250;nico procedimento, o que tamb&#233;m possivelmente tenha contribu&#237;do para uma porcentagem menor de sucesso.</p>
    <p>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es, a mais grave foi a f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica com posterior &#243;bito do paciente<sup>22</sup>. At&#233; aquele momento, n&#227;o havia na literatura nenhum relato sobre tal complica&#231;&#227;o com a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Contemporaneamente a sua ocorr&#234;ncia neste estudo<sup>22</sup>, Pappone e cols.<sup>23</sup> descreveram dois casos de f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica, e um deles tamb&#233;m evoluiu a &#243;bito. O maior risco para a sua ocorr&#234;ncia encontra-se no fato da realiza&#231;&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#245;es com alta energia, principalmente na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. Tal complica&#231;&#227;o levou &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de term&#244;metro intra-esof&#225;gico<sup>24</sup> ou &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o oral de contraste baritato, o que permite demarcar a posi&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago<sup>25</sup>, evitando-se aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas a ele.</p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o. Uma delas &#233; o fato de ter sido um trabalho retrospectivo. Outra seria a considera&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o se ter buscado ativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios assintom&#225;ticos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Entretanto, o longo tempo de seguimento provavelmente tenha atenuado essa limita&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que houve uma chance maior de registro espont&#226;neo da arritmia.</p>
    <p>A alta taxa de sucesso entre aqueles submetidos ao bloqueio do ICT pode decorrer do fato de que eram pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de <italic>flutter</italic> associado &#224; FA, e assim ter selecionado um subgrupo espec&#237;fico. Talvez n&#227;o se aplique a todos os pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, sendo necess&#225;rio reproduzir estes resultados em trabalho prospectivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua Sartini, pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>
        </label>
        <p> Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua Sartini </p>
        <p> Rua Regente Feij&#243;, 774/34 - Centro </p>
        <p> 13400-100, Piracicaba, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sartini@hotmail.com">sartini@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/04/07; revisado recebido em 20/08/07; aceito em 16/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Radiofrequency ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: factors determining long-term clinical efficacy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Most of the studies on this subject have reported predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation with relatively short follow-up periods. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate predictors of long-term recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation following one single procedure. METHODS: The authors studied a total of 139 patients (102 men; mean age of 55 &#177; 12 years) undergoing radiofrequency ablation using the ostial or extra-ostial techniques for left atrial approach, combined or not with cavotricuspid isthmus ablation (CTI). Pre, intra and post-ablation variables were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the predictors of recurrence of AF after one procedure. RESULTS: After a 33 &#177; 12-month follow-up, we observed that a longer time of history of AF, use of more antiarrhythmic drugs, and recurrence of AF within 60 days post-procedure increased the risk of long-term recurrence of AF. On the other hand, the association of atrial flutter and concomitant CTI ablation reduced the risk of recurrence of AF. CONCLUSION: Clinical variables such as time of history of AF and a larger number of antiarrhythmic drugs already used influenced the outcomes of catheter ablation. In patients with associated atrial flutter, simultaneous CTI block significantly reduced the long-term recurrence of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>recurrence</kwd>
        <kwd>follow-up studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Radiofrequency ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: factors determining long-term clinical efficacy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua Sartini; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Eduardo Sosa; Luiz Felipe Moreira; Sissy Lara, Carina Hardy; Francisco Darrieux; Denise Hachul</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Most of the studies on this subject have reported predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation with relatively short follow-up periods.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To retrospectively evaluate predictors of long-term recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation following one single procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The authors studied a total of 139 patients (102 men; mean age of 55 &#177; 12 years) undergoing radiofrequency ablation using the ostial or extra-ostial techniques for left atrial approach, combined or not with cavotricuspid isthmus ablation (CTI). Pre, intra and post-ablation variables were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the predictors of recurrence of AF after one procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After a 33 &#177; 12-month follow-up, we observed that a longer time of history of AF, use of more antiarrhythmic drugs, and recurrence of AF within 60 days post-procedure increased the risk of long-term recurrence of AF. On the other hand, the association of atrial flutter and concomitant CTI ablation reduced the risk of recurrence of AF.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Clinical variables such as time of history of AF and a larger number of antiarrhythmic drugs already used influenced the outcomes of catheter ablation. In patients with associated atrial flutter, simultaneous CTI block significantly reduced the long-term recurrence of atrial fibrillation. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):112-118)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; recurrence; follow-up studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, with growing prevalence in the past decades<sup>1</sup>, and is responsible for a significant increase in morbidity and mortality of the general population<sup>2</sup>, mainly when associated with comorbidities such as heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since Haissaguerre et al<sup>4</sup>, Jais et al<sup>5</sup> and Shah et al<sup>6</sup> called attention to the importance of pulmonary veins in the initiation of episodes of AF, several studies have sought to determine the best technique to be used in the non-pharmacological treatment of this arrhythmia, as well as to show which factors can predict a higher chance of recurrence after these procedures. The literature shows varying result<sup>7-10</sup>, both because of differences in patient selection and because of the efficacy of these techniques<sup>9,11,12</sup>; thus, there is no consensus as to which is the best therapeutic option for the control of AF patients. Also, most of these studies show results after more than one intervention and with usually short follow-up periods, thus possibly overestimating the procedural success. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To investigate the long-term predictors of recurrence of paroxysmal AF in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation after one single procedure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study population</italic> - A total of 139 consecutive patients (102 men; mean age of 55&#177;12 years) undergoing pulmonary vein isolation using the ostial or extra-ostial technique were studied between May 2001 and July 2004. All had paroxysmal AF, were highly symptomatic, and had frequent paroxysms of arrhythmia despite having received 2&#177;1 antiarrhythmic drugs. The patients had a history of AF for 6&#177;5 years, and only 7% had a structural heart disease.</p>
      <p><italic>Study protocol</italic> - The study protocol was approved by this Institution&#146;s ethics committee and a written informed consent was obtained from all patients before the procedure.</p>
      <p>Patients receiving warfarin were advised to discontinue the drug at least five days prior to the procedure, and were then maintained with subcutaneous sodium enoxaparin at a dose of 1mg/kg every 12 hours, which was discontinued 12 hours prior to ablation. Blood was collected for determination of prothrombin time aiming to achieve an INR lower than 1.8 . Patients underwent transesophageal echocardiogram to confirm the absence of intracardiac thrombi. After an eight-hour fast, they were sent to the electrophysiology laboratory and underwent deep sedation with intravenous propofol, midazolam and fentanyl controlled by an anesthesiologist. The airway was kept open using orotracheal intubation or a laryngeal mask. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring, pulse oximetry and measurement of exhaled CO<sub>2 </sub>were also used. Three multipolar catheters were introduced and positioned via right femoral vein punctures: one decapolar catheter (Irvine, Daig - St.Jude Medical&#146;s or Johnson &amp; Johnson) in the coronary sinus; one circular decapolar catheter (Lasso, Biosense Webster) in the left atrium via a patent foramen ovale or transeptal puncture; and one quadripolar ablation catheter with a 2-mm inter-lead spacing and a 4-mm or 8-mm distal lead (EPT-Boston Scientific or Johnson &amp; Johnson) also in the left atrium via a second transeptal puncture. The Lasso catheter positioning was guided by angiography of the pulmonary veins (PV) using contrast medium (meglumine ioxalate 32.5g/100ml), except for the right inferior veins in which it was not systematically used. Anatomical determination of the PV was made using fluoroscopy, and images were obtained with a Fisher (Fisher Electrophysiology X-Ray Imaging System) or General Electric equipment (OEC Series 9800plus), in left and right anterior oblique views (30&#176;-45&#176;). Surface electrocardiogram and bipolar intracardiac electrograms, filtered in the range between 50 and 500 Hz, were obtained and recorded in digital system (Electrophysiologic Measurement System &#150; EMS &#150; The Netherlands or EP-Tracer V 0.771- Cardiotek &#150; The Netherlands). Programmed atrial and ventricular pacing were routinely performed to rule out other concomitant arrhythmias. </p>
      <p>The 63 initial patients, between May 2001 and February 2003, underwent ostial ablation with the purpose of obtaining electric PV isolation. After the transeptal punctures, 10000IU of intravenous heparin were administered. After 15 minutes, the activated clotting time (ACT) was measured and repeated every hour. Supplementary heparin doses were administered with the purpose of keeping the ACT between 250 and 300 seconds. Mapping was guided by a 15-mm diameter Lasso catheter placed approximately 5mm inside each PV approached, thus permitting the recording of veno-atrial potentials. A 4-mm catheter was used for ablation; it was directed toward the Lasso bipole which recorded the earliest venous potential. RF pulses were then delivered in the ostium in order to disconnect these potentials (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). When this was achieved, the ablation catheter was displaced to earlier connection points, until potential isolation was completed. Even if disconnection had already occurred, pulses were delivered until the whole vein circumference was completed. RF deliveries were limited - approximately 30Watts, 50&#176;C -, for 30 to 60 seconds.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The 76 subsequent patients, between February 2003 and July 2004, underwent extra-ostial circumferential ablation, also with the purpose of obtaining electric isolation of PV. After venous puncture, 5000 IU of heparin were administered, followed by 5000IU more for each transeptal puncture, aiming to keep the ACT&gt;300 seconds, with repeated doses every half hour.</p>
      <p>A 20 to 25-mm diameter Lasso was placed in a more extra-ostial position, in the PV antrum, thus delimiting the area to be cauterized. RF pulses were delivered around the circular catheter, with the 8-mm ablation catheter being slowly displaced linearly around it for a 5 to 20-mm distance from the ostium, thus avoiding direct contact with Lasso<italic>.</italic> Deliveries were limited to between 50 and 60 Watts, 50 to 60&#176;C, and lasted between 40 and 60 seconds, in an attempt to perform circumferential ablation and achieve PV isolation.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the technique used, in patients with previously recorded atrial flutter or in whom atrial flutter had been induced during the procedure, a cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) block was performed using the same ablation catheter, that is, a 4-mm catheter in the ostial approach or 8mm in the extra-ostial approach.</p>
      <p>After the procedure, the patients were kept on bedrest for a period of at least six hours. Low-molecular-weight heparin was started six to eight hours after the end of the procedure and continued after hospital discharge, until oral anticoagulation had achieved adequate therapeutic levels. Oral anticoagulation was maintained for a period of at least 30 days. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed after the procedure and on the day after. Patients were discharged after an observation period of at least 24 hours. </p>
      <p>Antiarrhythmic drugs were maintained at hospital discharge, when immediate recurrences or symptomatic extrasystoles were present. These drugs were usually discontinued by the patient&#146;s physician. </p>
      <p><italic>Variables analyzed </italic>- For the analysis of predictors of long-term recurrence, the variables studied were grouped in classes as follows:</p>
      <p>a) <italic>Pre-ablation</italic> - gender, age, time of AF, associated atrial flutter, other associated diagnoses (diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, structural heart disease), left atrial size, left ventricular ejection fraction, previous cardioversion (electrical, chemical, or both), and number of medications previously used.</p>
      <p>b) <italic>Intra-ablation</italic> - ostial or extra-ostial approach, flutter ablation, catheter for flutter ablation, power, temperature and time of delivery, number of veins approached and disconnected, and time of procedure and fluoroscopy.</p>
      <p>c) <italic>Post-ablation -</italic> time for recurrence shorter than or longer than 60 days. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Endpoints</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recurrences, whether symptomatic or not, were classified as early recurrences (within the first 60 days) or late recurrences (after the first 60 days post-ablation), and were discriminated as recurrence of fibrillation, flutter or atrial tachycardia. In order to construct the curve of events, only the cases of AF occurring within the first 60 days, but that also persisted beyond this period, or those occurring at any time of the follow-up beyond this initial deadline were adopted as recurrence criteria. Procedural success was defined when the patients did not present recurrence of AF by the end of the follow-up after one procedure, whether receiving antiarrhythmic drugs or not. Patients considered well controlled were those who, despite having had recurrences, had a number of recurrences lower than prior to the procedure, and also those for whom previously ineffective medications were now able to control the paroxysms. Failures were considered when the procedure did not reduce the paroxysms, the arrhythmia became permanent or persistent, when reintervention was necessary, or when permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation was indicated.</p>
      <p>Complications were divided into major or minor complications. Major complications were those requiring longer hospital stay, intervention for treatment, or which resulted in permanent lesion or death.</p>
      <p><italic>Follow-up</italic> - Patients were reevaluated on an outpatient basis at 30 days, and three, six and twelve months with a 12-lead echocardiogram and 24-hour holter monitoring. After this period, and also for those residing out of the city of Sao Paulo, the follow-up was performed by the patient&#146;s physician. The patients were contacted via mail, telephone or telegram until the follow-up period had been completed. An objective questionnaire was sent to the patients, requiring simple and direct answers on the perceived arrhythmia pre and post-ablation. All patients sent their follow-up electrocardiogram or holter monitoring to our service. Those who had a sensation of palpitation, whether or not with tachycardia, were instructed to record the episodes using an electrocardiogram, holter monitor, or event monitor. When fibrillation, atrial flutter or tachycardia was recorded, reintervention was performed or not according to a joint decision made with the patient and his physician.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative data are described as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical data were analyzed using the Student&#146;s t test or the chi square test. Univariate analysis of the factors possibly associated with long-term recurrence of atrial fibrillation after one procedure, and multivariate analysis to determine independent predictors of risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation were performed using Cox proportional regression model. The curves of events were compared using the log rank test. The level of statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The SPSS statistical package for Windows version 13.0 was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Overview</italic> - The 63 (45%) patients undergoing ostial ablation were not significantly different from the 76 (55%) undergoing extra-ostial ablation as regards clinical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean duration of the procedures was 223&#177;49 minutes, with 67&#177;18 minutes of fluoroscopy. On average, the characteristics of the deliveries were: power (45&#177;13 Watts); temperature (52&#177;4&#176;C) and time of delivery (45&#177;14 seconds).</p>
      <p>An average of four veins was approached, with isolation of 3&#177;1 veins. They received an average of 16&#177;10 radiofrequency pulses which were distributed as follows: left superior PV (19&#177;11 pulses); right superior PV (18&#177;9 pulses); left inferior PV (12&#177;8 pulses) and right inferior PV (15&#177;11 pulses). </p>
      <p>Forty four (32%) patients also underwent CTI block, 19 (43%) of them with a 4-mm catheter and 25 (57%) with an 8-mm catheter. Among the 19 patients, three (16%) had no previous history of atrial flutter. One (4%) patient approached with an 8-mm catheter had no recorded flutter. Four patients with recorded flutter did not have the CTI approached, two in each group.</p>
      <p><italic>Recurrences and non-recurrences</italic> - During a 33&#177;12-month follow-up after one single procedure, 70 (50%) patients did not present any recurrence. Of the 69 (50%) who had recurrence, six (4%) had an isolated episode of AF within the first 60 days, two (2%) had an isolated episode of AF within 90 days, and nine (7%) had episodes of atrial flutter or tachycardia, whereas 52 (37%) had recurrent paroxysms of AF. Thus, procedural success was achieved in 50% of the patients; 25% became well controlled, and 25% were considered failures. Among the patients with procedural success, 42 do not receive antiarrhythmic drugs, 12 receive beta blockers, and 16 receive class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Among controlled patients, eight are not receiving antiarrhythmic drugs, two receive beta blockers, and 25 receive class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs. Among failures, 30 were referred for a second procedure, two await reintervention, one progressed with permanent AF, and one underwent PPM implantation.</p>
      <p><italic>Predictors of recurrence</italic> - For the analysis of recurrence-free curves, patients with isolated episodes of AF and those with atrial flutter or tachycardia were added to the group of non-recurrence, when a blanking period of 60 days was assumed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graph 1</xref>). This period is the censorship of recurrences obtained in variable pre-determined periods following ablation, assuming that, in this phase, occasional recurrences do not interfere with late procedural results. Analysis without blanking was also performed. Under this circumstance, those with isolated episodes of AF within the first 60 days were added to the recurrence group.</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After considering the blanking period of 60 days, we observed that at three, six, nine, 12, 15, 24 and 57 months of follow-up, 85%, 77%, 71%, 67%, 63%, 62% and 58% of the patients remained free from symptomatic recurrence of AF, respectively.</p>
      <p>Using univariate analysis, we observed that: age (p=0.05), time of AF (p &lt;0.001), number of drugs (p=0.021) and associated flutter (p=0.003); delivery power (p&lt;0.054), flutter ablation (p=0.005) and catheter for flutter ablation (p=0.005), as well as recurrence within the first 60 days (p&lt;0.001) could influence the recurrence of AF, and were thus used in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, time of AF (p&lt;0.01; relative risk =1.07; 95%CI 1.02 to 1.13) and number of drugs (p=0.02; relative risk=1.32; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.69) proved to be independent factors for a higher risk of late recurrence of AF, whereas the presence of associated flutter (p&lt;0.01; relative risk=0.31; 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.64) was an independent factor of lower risk. Atrial flutter ablation (p&lt;0.01; relative risk=0.39; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.75) and an 8-mm catheter used for flutter ablation (p&lt;0.01; relative risk=0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.48) were predictive of a lower risk of late recurrence of AF. Recurrence within the first 60 days (p&lt;0.01; relative risk=4.95; 95% CI 2.76 to 8.89) remained as an independent factor of a higher risk of late recurrence of AF.</p>
      <p>As can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graph 2</xref>, 65% of the patients with less than four years of history of AF had not had any recurrences, versus 48% of those who had had the disease for a longer period of time.</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We also observed that among the patients who had previously received three or more antiarrhythmic drugs, only 34% were free from recurrence, when compared with 61% of those receiving fewer medications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">Graph 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>On the other hand, a previous history of flutter reduced the risk of recurrence of AF (relative risk = 0.31), and the use of an 8-mm catheter for ablation of associated atrial flutter reduced this risk even further (relative risk = 0.07). Thus, at the end of the 33-month follow-up, 80% of the patients with flutter associated with AF were observed to be free from recurrence, versus only 48% of those without previous documented AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04-body2">Graph 4</xref>). Also, for the same follow-up period, 96% of the patients who underwent concomitant CTI ablation with an 8-mm catheter had not had recurrence, <italic>versus</italic> 63% of those undergoing CTI ablation with a 4-mm catheter, and only 46% of those not undergoing this procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05-body2">Graph 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0122-00008-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Complications</italic> - A total of 116 (83%) patients had no complications, whereas 23 (17%) had some complication, as discriminated above:</p>
      <p>a) <italic>Major complications</italic>: one transitory ischemic attack; one acute myocardial infarction in the inferior wall at the end of the procedure, with the patient undergoing successful primary angioplasty; one atrio-esophageal fistula followed by death; five hemopericardia drained during the procedure; one deep venous thrombosis; one pseudoaneurysm surgically corrected.</p>
      <p>b) <italic>Minor complications</italic>: one phrenic nerve paresis; three PV stenoses with no clinical repercussion; two burns caused by the neutral plate; two transitory ST-segment elevations; two pulmonary congestions within the first week post-ablation; and three large hematomas with spontaneous resolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study suggest that the long-term response of patients undergoing RF catheter ablation may depend not only on the technique used, but also on the patient&#146;s clinical profile. We observed that certain variable characteristics such as time of history of AF and the number of medications previously used interfered in the results. </p>
      <p>Even though the concomitance of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the same individual is common, the reason for this occurrence remains uncertain. In this study, the diameter of the catheter and technique used to modify the left atrial substrate did not seem to influence the long-term outcome of the patients. However, when CTI ablation was associated, a positive effect on the final outcome was observed. Since 96% of the patients undergoing this procedure with an 8-mm catheter did not have recurrences and with the 4-mm catheter this rate was 63%, both percentages significantly overlap with the 46% of the patients whose isthmus was not approached.</p>
      <p>These observations are in accordance with the results of studies that evidenced the role of CTI. Schemieder et al<sup>13</sup> observed that after CTI block, the rate of occurrence of atrial fibrillation was reduced from 55% to 33%, going from a success rate of 45% to 67%, a value that is close to that found in the present study with a 4-mm catheter (63%). Kumagai et al<sup>14</sup> and Sharf et al<sup>15</sup> studies also showed the advantage of the association of CTI block with ablation of pulmonary focuses. Bottoni et al<sup>16</sup> evidenced a rate of 64% of recurrence of symptomatic arrhythmic episodes after flutter ablation; however, they verified a decrease in the number of episodes and hospitalizations in a group of 56 patients with history of AF.</p>
      <p>These observations could leave the impression that only CTI ablation could reduce the chance of recurrence of AF. Nonetheless, Bertaglia et al<sup>17</sup> showed clearly that the recurrence of AF after CTI block alone increases progressively over time. Wazni et al<sup>18</sup> randomized patients with AF and flutter in two groups, one of them only for PV isolation and the other for isolation plus CTI block, and observed, in a follow-up shorter than one year, that isolation alone was able to control both arrhythmias, although isthmus block could prevent the early recurrence of arrhythmias. In the present study, however, the association of isolation and CTI block reduced recurrences also in the long term. </p>
      <p>The finding of a success rate lower than that reported in other studies<sup>4,7,9</sup>, with variations between 62% and 88%, was also noteworthy in this study. However, these percentages refer to follow-up periods ranging from five to 15 months, which could thus have led to an overestimation of the procedural success. In this study, the follow-up period was of 33 &#177; 12 months, and this probably led to a lower success rate if compared to the studies mentioned above. Della Bella et al<sup>19</sup> showed a success rate similar to ours, considering a 12-month follow-up period (65% <italic>versus</italic> 67%, respectively). Recently, Cheema et al<sup>12,20</sup> and Lee et al<sup>21</sup> presented their results based on longer follow-up periods that ranged from 11 to 30 months, achieving success rates no higher than 69% in this circumstance. In addition, some of these studies<sup>7,12</sup> consider success rates not only after one procedure, but summing up the positive results obtained after repeated interventions. Like in Cheema et al<sup>20</sup> study, in the present study the success rates were obtained considering only one single procedure, which may also have contributed to a lower success rate. </p>
      <p>The most severe complication observed was an atrio-esophageal fistula followed by death of the patient<sup>22</sup>. Up to that moment, this complication of catheter ablation had never been reported in the literature. Contemporaneously with the occurrence observed in this study<sup>22</sup>, Pappone et al<sup>23</sup> also described two cases of atrio-esophageal fistula, with death of one of the patients. The higher risk for its occurrence lies in the fact that high energy is delivered, mainly in the left posterior atrial wall. This complication led to the use of an intraesophageal thermometer<sup>24</sup> or to the oral administration of barium contrast, which permits the esophageal position to be delimited<sup>25</sup>, thus avoiding deliveries close to the esophagus. </p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study should be taken into consideration. One of them is the fact that it was a retrospective study. Another is the consideration that the occurrence of asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation was not actively searched. However, the long follow-up period may probably have attenuated this limitation, since there was a greater chance of spontaneous recording of the arrhythmia. </p>
      <p>The high success rate among those undergoing CTI block may result from the fact that these patients had a previous history of flutter associated with AF, and thus a specific subgroup was selected. This technique may not apply to all patients with paroxysmal AF, and the reproduction of these results in prospective studies is required. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Raul Jos&#233; P&#225;dua Sartini, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo .</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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