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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bLBVvcp5Xmtqrh7Mpq9kxpx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doses intermitentes de estatina em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com LDL-colesterol espontaneamente baixo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suassuna</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Ensino e Pesquisa em Nefrologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>114</fpage>
      <lpage>121</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A mortalidade na di&#225;lise continua elevada e ocorre principalmente por causas cardiovasculares. A inflama&#231;&#227;o participa da g&#234;nese da aterosclerose acelerada, calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e anemia, e tem enorme impacto na sobrevida destes pacientes. As estatinas, atrav&#233;s dos seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, podem representar uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico dos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de uma baixa dose de sinvastatina sobre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos e nutricionais de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise clinicamente est&#225;veis foram divididos, segundo os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-colesterol, em um grupo com n&#237;veis abaixo (Grupo 1) e outro com n&#237;veis iguais ou superiores a 100 mg/dl (Grupo 2) e tratados com sinvastatina por oito semanas. O Grupo 1 recebeu apenas 20 mg ap&#243;s cada sess&#227;o de di&#225;lise (dose intermitente), enquanto o Grupo 2 recebeu 20 mg/dia. Dados laboratoriais, &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e par&#226;metros nutricionais foram obtidos antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e equivalente dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa em ambos os grupos (35,97&#177;49,23% vs 38,32&#177;32,69%, p=0,86). No Grupo 1 tamb&#233;m houve tend&#234;ncia a queda da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina (228,6&#177;16,2 vs 208,9&#177;16,2, p=0,058) e melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos (hemat&#243;crito: 33,1&#177;5,9% vs 36,1&#177;4,5%, p=0,021). CONCLUS&#195;O: A dose intermitente mostrou-se t&#227;o eficaz quanto a dose usual em reduzir os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa e resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina, al&#233;m de melhorar os par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, apontando para uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular avaliado por esses par&#226;metros.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Inibidores de hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>hemodi&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>prote&#237;na C-reativa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Doses intermitentes de estatina em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com LDL-colesterol espontaneamente baixo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque Suassuna; Marcus Gomes Bastos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Ensino e Pesquisa em Nefrologia - NIEPEN, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A mortalidade na di&#225;lise continua elevada e ocorre principalmente por causas cardiovasculares. A inflama&#231;&#227;o participa da g&#234;nese da aterosclerose acelerada, calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e anemia, e tem enorme impacto na sobrevida destes pacientes. As estatinas, atrav&#233;s dos seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, podem representar uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico dos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos de uma baixa dose de sinvastatina sobre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos e nutricionais de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise clinicamente est&#225;veis foram divididos, segundo os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-colesterol, em um grupo com n&#237;veis abaixo (Grupo 1) e outro com n&#237;veis iguais ou superiores a 100 mg/dl (Grupo 2) e tratados com sinvastatina por oito semanas. O Grupo 1 recebeu apenas 20 mg ap&#243;s cada sess&#227;o de di&#225;lise (dose intermitente), enquanto o Grupo 2 recebeu 20 mg/dia. Dados laboratoriais, &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e par&#226;metros nutricionais foram obtidos antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e equivalente dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa em ambos os grupos (35,97&#177;49,23% vs 38,32&#177;32,69%, p=0,86). No Grupo 1 tamb&#233;m houve tend&#234;ncia a queda da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina (228,6&#177;16,2 vs 208,9&#177;16,2, p=0,058) e melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos (hemat&#243;crito: 33,1&#177;5,9% vs 36,1&#177;4,5%, p=0,021). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A dose intermitente mostrou-se t&#227;o eficaz quanto a dose usual em reduzir os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa e resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina, al&#233;m de melhorar os par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, apontando para uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular avaliado por esses par&#226;metros. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 114-121)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Inibidores de hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutases, hemodi&#225;lise, inflama&#231;&#227;o, prote&#237;na C-reativa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A despeito da melhora t&#233;cnica da hemodi&#225;lise nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas com o advento de m&#225;quinas de propor&#231;&#227;o e osmose reversa, a mortalidade na di&#225;lise continua muito elevada, ocorrendo principalmente por causa cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. Diversos trabalhos t&#234;m destacado o papel central que o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico presente na hemodi&#225;lise desempenha na aterosclerose acelerada e na mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>2-5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a inflama&#231;&#227;o na di&#225;lise participa, direta ou indiretamente, da fisiopatologia da desnutri&#231;&#227;o, da calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e da s&#237;ndrome da anemia cardiorenal, apresentando grande impacto na sobrevida dos pacientes<sup>6-8</sup>. A causa da inflama&#231;&#227;o na di&#225;lise &#233; multifatorial, por&#233;m j&#225; est&#225; bem demonstrado que a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) apresenta forte correla&#231;&#227;o com hipoalbuminemia, anemia, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade, sendo atualmente considerado, al&#233;m de marcador, um importante mediador inflamat&#243;rio relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o/ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose<sup>9-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos observacionais na di&#225;lise j&#225; evidenciaram importante redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade geral e cardiovascular com o uso de estatinas, al&#233;m de um perfil de seguran&#231;a adequado, fazendo das estatinas a primeira escolha no tratamento da dislipidemia na di&#225;lise<sup>16-18</sup>. Do mesmo modo, j&#225; &#233; conhecida a capacidade das estatinas de reduzir os n&#237;veis de PCR e a exist&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea dos n&#237;veis de PCR e LDL-colesterol (LDL-c)<sup>19,20</sup>. No entanto, na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise faltam evid&#234;ncias definitivas do benef&#237;cio da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol, de quais seriam as metas e qual o impacto da redu&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico com uso de estatinas. Desse modo, existe um hiato de conhecimento sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise, sobretudo na subpopula&#231;&#227;o que apresenta, concomitantemente, baixos n&#237;veis de LDL-c, n&#237;veis elevados de PCR, hipoalbuminemia e anemia refrat&#225;ria. Essa subpopula&#231;&#227;o apresenta taxa de mortalidade extremamente elevada e n&#227;o apresenta indica&#231;&#227;o para uso de estatina, uma vez que as diretrizes atuais ainda se baseiam apenas nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho objetiva avaliar os efeitos de doses intermitentes de estatina, que visa apenas seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, sobre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e nutricionais de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com n&#237;veis espontaneamente baixos de LDL-colesterol.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado com todos os pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis em programa de hemodi&#225;lise pertencente ao centro de di&#225;lise do Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-UFJF), e que preenchiam os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: aceita&#231;&#227;o mediante consentimento livre e esclarecido, ter mais de 18 anos, estar h&#225; mais de seis meses em programa, ter f&#237;stula arteriovenosa como acesso, n&#227;o ter evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de processo infeccioso nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, aus&#234;ncia de neoplasia, n&#227;o apresentar doen&#231;a auto-imune ou hepatite em atividade e n&#227;o fazer uso pr&#233;vio de estatina. O projeto de pesquisa foi revisto e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFJF.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, dependendo se os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c encontravam-se acima ou abaixo de 100 mg/dl. Esse limite representa a meta atual acima da qual existe indica&#231;&#227;o formal para o uso de estatina na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise<sup>18</sup>. O grupo de pacientes com LDL-c espontaneamente abaixo de 100 mg/dl foi denominado Grupo 1, enquanto aquele com n&#237;vel maior ou igual foi denominado Grupo 2. Os pacientes do Grupo 1 receberam a dose de 20 mg de sinvastatina ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise, ou seja, apenas tr&#234;s vezes na semana (dose intermitente). Trata-se de uma baixa dose que visa apenas os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos e n&#227;o uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Os pacientes do Grupo 2 receberam a dose usual de 20 mg/dia. O tratamento foi realizado com sinvastatina gen&#233;rica (Medley Ind&#250;stria Farmac&#234;utica SA, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com registro na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa). Os dados laboratoriais foram colhidos antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de tratamento, assim como foi calculado o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; eritropoetina (IR-EPO) e aplicado o escore de desnutri&#231;&#227;o-inflama&#231;&#227;o (MIS). O per&#237;odo de tratamento foi de oito semanas, tempo sabidamente suficiente para observa&#231;&#227;o do efeito da sinvastatina sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico e PCR<sup>9</sup>. Foram retirados do estudo paciente que sa&#237;ram de programa por &#243;bito, transplante, mudan&#231;a de t&#233;cnica ou centro, assim como pacientes que perderam o acesso para di&#225;lise, pacientes que tiveram processo infeccioso, neoplasia ou se internaram e aqueles que desejaram sair do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adequa&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes dialisaram sob as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es, usando capilar de polissulfona (Hemoflow<sup>&#174;</sup> F7 e F8, Fresenius Medical Care AG, Bad Homburg, Alemanha), banho de bicarbonato (Farmarin, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), &#225;gua tratada por osmose reversa (Permution, Curitiba, Brasil) segundo normas da Anvisa. Todos os pacientes realizavam tr&#234;s sess&#245;es de quatro horas por semana, com meta de KT/V &gt; 1.2, conforme diretrizes atuais para adequa&#231;&#227;o da hemodi&#225;lise<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Manejo da anemia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram seguidas as diretrizes atuais para tratamento da anemia na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica<sup>22</sup>. Todos os pacientes receberam eritropoetina (Hemax<sup>&#174;</sup>, Biossint&#233;tica, Brasil). A dose inicial prescrita &#233; de 100 ui/kg/semana, sendo ajustada conforme necessidade para alcan&#231;ar hemoglobina entre 11 a 13 mg/dl e hemat&#243;crito entre 33% e 39%. Da mesma forma, todos receberam ferro endovenoso (Noripurum<sup>&#174;</sup>, Altana Pharma AG, Singen, Alemanha) para manter a satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina maior que 20% e ferritina &gt;200 ng/ml. A administra&#231;&#227;o de ferro endovenoso foi suspensa na semana anterior &#224; coleta dos dados laboratoriais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados laboratoriais fazem parte da rotina mensal de exames colhidos dos pacientes em programa de di&#225;lise, sendo acrescentada da dosagem de prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR-us). A coleta do sangue foi realizada imediatamente antes da primeira di&#225;lise da semana, uma vez que a hemodi&#225;lise pode induzir &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR. O jejum pr&#233;vio n&#227;o p&#244;de ser obrigat&#243;rio em raz&#227;o dos hor&#225;rios variados dos turnos de hemodi&#225;lise. Todos os exames laboratoriais foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio do HU-UFJF, exceto a dosagem de PCR-us, realizada em laborat&#243;rio comercial certificado, por&#233;m com soro da mesma amostra. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito foram obtidos de forma automatizada pelo equipamento Cell-Dyn 3500R do laborat&#243;rio Abbott (Laborat&#243;rios Abott, Illinois, EUA). A dosagem de albumina s&#233;rica e transaminase glut&#226;mico pir&#250;vica (TGP) foi realizada pelo aparelho LabMax 240 (Labtest Diagnostica, Minas Gerais, Brasil) utilizando a t&#233;cnica do verde de bromocresol e rea&#231;&#227;o cin&#233;tica de tempo fixo, respectivamente. O PCR-us foi dosado pela t&#233;cnica de imunoturbidimetria com o aparelho Cobas-Mira (Laborat&#243;rios Roche, Rotkreuz, Su&#233;cia), utilizando <italic>kit</italic> da BioT&#233;cnica para PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel (BioT&#233;cnica, Minas Gerais, Brasil) com coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de 4,15% e linearidade de at&#233; 150 mg/l. As taxas lip&#237;dicas foram obtidas por dosagem direta por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico do colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos e c&#225;lculo do LDL-colesterol (F&#243;rmula de Friedewald).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice de resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina (IR-EPO) &#233; representado pela raz&#227;o EPOs/Hct como descrito por Gunell e cols.<sup>9</sup>, onde EPO representa a m&#233;dia da dose semanal de eritropoetina no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s e Hct, a m&#233;dia dos valores do hemat&#243;crito nos &#250;ltimos dois meses. N&#227;o h&#225; corre&#231;&#227;o para o peso do paciente, uma vez que a dose inicial de eritropoetina &#233; definida pelo peso, e o ajuste da dose depende da resposta do paciente com eleva&#231;&#227;o do hemat&#243;crito e das metas de tratamento<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Escore de desnutri&#231;&#227;o-inflama&#231;&#227;o (MIS)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O <italic>Malnutrition-Inflammation Score</italic> (MIS) &#233; um m&#233;todo quantitativo para avaliar a presen&#231;a e intensidade da s&#237;ndrome de desnutri&#231;&#227;o-inflama&#231;&#227;o (<italic>MIA-Syndrome</italic>) e tem se tornado um instrumento &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o do "<italic>status</italic> cl&#237;nico" e como preditor progn&#243;stico. Esse escore usa os sete componentes da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional global subjetiva (AGS), acrescida de tr&#234;s novos elementos: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), albumina s&#233;rica (Alb) e capacidade total de liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro como medida indireta da transferrina. O escore apresenta 10 componentes divididos em quatro se&#231;&#245;es: hist&#243;ria nutricional, exame f&#237;sico, IMC e dados laboratoriais. Cada componente apresenta quatro n&#237;veis de severidade, pontuados de 0 (normal) a 3 (muito severo). A soma da pontua&#231;&#227;o varia de zero at&#233; 30 pontos, de acordo com o grau de severidade. Uma pontua&#231;&#227;o no MIS<underline>&lt;</underline>8 indica um estado nutricional normal ou desnutri&#231;&#227;o leve, uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 9-18 indica desnutri&#231;&#227;o moderada, e maior que 18 pontos indica desnutri&#231;&#227;o severa. Esse escore apresenta coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o superior a medidas laboratoriais isoladas e a outros escores como AGS<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, com avalia&#231;&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s tratamento em grupos que podem ser comparados: o Grupo 2, tratado com uma dose usual de estatina e com indica&#231;&#227;o formal de uso; e o Grupo 1, tratado com dose e indica&#231;&#227;o alternativas. Foi testada a normalidade das vari&#225;veis utilizando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilks, observando-se que apenas a PCR-us n&#227;o apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, ou porcentagem quando for o caso. A PCR-us &#233; apresentada como mediana e <italic>range. </italic>Conforme o caso, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos de tratamento, foi realizado o teste-T independente ou teste de Mann-Whitney. J&#225; para a compara&#231;&#227;o do mesmo grupo antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento foi realizado o teste-T pareado ou Wilcoxon. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais foi feita utilizando-se Pearson ou Spearman. Foi considerado significante um p&#163; 0,05. O <italic>software</italic> utilizado foi SPSS 11.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 60 pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise no HU-UFJF, 53 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e aceitaram participar do estudo. Desses 53 pacientes, 11 tiveram que ser exclu&#237;dos: tr&#234;s por processo infeccioso agudo, tr&#234;s por sa&#237;da do programa (di&#225;lise peritoneal e transplante), dois por perda de acesso, um por diagn&#243;stico de neoplasia, um por interna&#231;&#227;o e um por desist&#234;ncia. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos durante o estudo.</p>
    <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais basais s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Metade dos pacientes era do sexo masculino. A etiologia mais freq&#252;ente da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) foi glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica em 15 pacientes (36%), seguida pela hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 10 (24%). Apenas cinco pacientes eram diab&#233;ticos (12%); desses, tr&#234;s pacientes do Grupo 1. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estavam no programa h&#225; mais de um ano e apresentavam, em m&#233;dia, uma boa adequa&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;lise (Kt/V<underline>&gt;</underline>1,2), assim como par&#226;metros nutricionais adequados (albumina e MIS). Os par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos encontravam-se, em m&#233;dia, um pouco abaixo da meta e apresentavam uma resist&#234;ncia moderada a eritropoetina. Os n&#237;veis de PCR-us encontrados, com n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo de 8,12 mg/l, demonstram o &#234;xito na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, com aus&#234;ncia de ind&#237;cios de ativa&#231;&#227;o de resposta de fase aguda. Tamb&#233;m chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de LDL-c pr&#243;ximo &#224; meta de 100 mg/dl. </p>
    <p>Ao se dividir os pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c, 20 pacientes (47%) apresentavam n&#237;veis de LDL-c espontaneamente abaixo de 100 mg/dl, representando o Grupo 1, enquanto 22 apresentavam n&#237;veis basais acima de 100 mg/dl e representaram o Grupo 2. No Grupo 1, a m&#233;dia de LDL-c encontrada foi de 77,5&#177;16,4 mg/dl, enquanto no Grupo 2 foi de 132,7&#177;26 mg/dl, sendo distinto estatisticamente. Exceto os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (ColT) e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (nHDL-c), as demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, demonstrando homogeneidade intergrupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando os pacientes do Grupo 1, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com dose intermitente de sinvastatina, observa-se que houve uma queda significativa em 16% para os n&#237;veis de LDL-c e em 36% para os n&#237;veis de PCR-us. Em contrapartida, houve melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos e tend&#234;ncia &#224; queda da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No Grupo 2, al&#233;m de uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do LDL-c basal em 37%, foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos demais par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos. Houve uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us em 38%. Foi evidenciada tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina com estabilidade dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na pontua&#231;&#227;o no MIS. Nesse grupo, volta a ser observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TGP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao estratificar o risco cardiovascular atrav&#233;s dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-us, observa-se que antes do tratamento 76% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos apresentavam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-us acima de 3,0 mg/l, o que caracteriza alto risco cardiovascular para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral segundo a American Heart Association<sup>25</sup>. Ap&#243;s o tratamento, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o dessa porcentagem para 57%. Quando analisado separadamente cada grupo, observa-se que no Grupo 1 houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 70% para 30%, enquanto no Grupo 2 houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor de 81,8% para 54,5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao dividir os pacientes segundo n&#237;veis de PCR-us abaixo ou acima de 5,1 mg/l, ponto de corte brasileiro para a popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise<sup>26</sup>, observa-se que o tratamento com sinvastatina s&#243; apresentou impacto significativo, exceto para o LDL-c, nos pacientes com n&#237;veis basais de PCR-us acima de 5,1 mg/l. Nesses pacientes, al&#233;m da queda dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us e LDL-c, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao correlacionar os dados demogr&#225;ficos e nutricionais com os par&#226;metros laboratoriais basais, verifica-se que a PCR-us se correlacionou com menores n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito (R=-0,31, p=0,04; R=-0,30, p=0,05) e apontou para uma maior resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina (R=0,30, p=0,075).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro trabalho a avaliar o efeito de uma dose intermitente de sinvastatina sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-us, par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e par&#226;metros nutricionais em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com n&#237;veis de LDL-c espontaneamente abaixo de 100 mg/dl. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos encontrados nesses pacientes foram comparados com os encontrados em um grupo semelhante, por&#233;m com indica&#231;&#227;o formal de uso de estatina baseado nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-c. A dose intermitente de estatina utilizada se deve &#224; falta de evid&#234;ncias definitivas de benef&#237;cio no uso de estatinas na di&#225;lise, sobretudo em pacientes com LDL-c espontaneamente abaixo de 100 mg/dl. Assim, trata-se de uma dose explorat&#243;ria que visa apenas aos efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas, sobretudo o efeito antiinflamat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procurou-se selecionar uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise clinicamente bastante est&#225;vel, sem evid&#234;ncia de processo inflamat&#243;rio ou infeccioso agudo, dialisando sob as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es e seguindo as diretrizes vigentes de adequa&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;lise e tratamento da anemia. Pretendia-se, com isso, homogeneizar ao m&#225;ximo a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e limitar as poss&#237;veis causas externas de processo inflamat&#243;rio. O &#234;xito &#233; evidenciado pela m&#233;dia de 5,39&#177;2,24 mg/l dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us e na aus&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis superiores a 10 mg/l sugestivos de resposta de fase aguda na hemodi&#225;lise. Do mesmo modo, n&#227;o foi evidenciada anemia ou desnutri&#231;&#227;o severas. </p>
    <p>Ao se dividir a popula&#231;&#227;o segundo os n&#237;veis de LDL-c, foram encontradas duas popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas bastante semelhantes. Como j&#225; mencionado, 47% dos pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis basais de LDL-c espontaneamente abaixo de 100 mg/dl e n&#237;veis de PCR-us em m&#233;dia elevados, por&#233;m sem configurar a presen&#231;a da <italic>MIA-Syndrome</italic><sup>6</sup>, pois exibiam par&#226;metros nutricionais normais. Esse achado demonstra que os n&#237;veis freq&#252;entemente baixos de LDL-c na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise n&#227;o s&#227;o exclusivos de pacientes desnutridos ou sob influ&#234;ncia de processo macroinflamat&#243;rio, e sim uma caracter&#237;stica dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>27</sup>. Sabidamente, o perfil lip&#237;dico dos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise &#233; distinto do encontrado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e se caracteriza por n&#237;veis muito baixos de HDL-colesterol com diminui&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de ApoA-1, n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL, e n&#237;veis normais a baixos de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol<sup>28</sup>. No entanto, &#233; um perfil altamente aterog&#234;nico por apresentar restos da degrada&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, com presen&#231;a de IDL-colesterol e part&#237;culas densas de LDL-colesterol com aumento do conte&#250;do de ApoB e ApoC-III. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es provavelmente ocorrem em raz&#227;o das diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade das lipases hep&#225;tica e perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise n&#227;o apresentam a mesma correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade cardiovascular evidenciada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>29</sup>. Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as, a diretriz atual de tratamento da dislipidemia na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ainda utiliza metas exportadas da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, pela falta de trabalhos envolvendo a popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Chang e cols.<sup>27 </sup>foram os primeiros a demonstrarem redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us com uso de sinvastatina na hemodi&#225;lise. Em seu estudo, 62 pacientes em di&#225;lise com colesterol total maior que 200 mg/dl foram randomizados para receber sinvastatina 20 mg/dia ou placebo por oito semanas. Foi evidenciada uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 41% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-c e de 47% nos n&#237;veis de PCR-us. Vale ressaltar que todos os pacientes tratados receberam 20 mg de sinvastatina e tinham indica&#231;&#227;o formal de uso. Neste trabalho, ao se avaliar o Grupo 2, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do LDL-c da ordem de 28%, e da PCR-us em 37%, redu&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m bastante expressivas do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico. Tamb&#233;m houve queda da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, alcan&#231;ando valores dentro da meta prevista. A redu&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us, LDL-c e resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina com melhora da anemia aponta para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel do risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>No Grupo 1, a baixa dose de sinvastatina, apesar de visar apenas aos efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, ainda foi capaz de reduzir de forma significativa os n&#237;veis de LDL-c em 16%. Do mesmo modo, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 36% nos n&#237;veis da PCR-us e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos alcan&#231;ando a meta. Houve apenas uma tend&#234;ncia a queda da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina que pode dever-se &#224; pequena amostra. Vale ressaltar que 60% dos pacientes desse grupo alcan&#231;aram n&#237;veis de LDL-c abaixo de 70 mg/dl, o que corresponde, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a uma meta opcional de tratamento intensivo da dislipidemia, reservada para pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica declarada. Apesar dos baixos n&#237;veis de LDL-c alcan&#231;ados nesse subgrupo de pacientes, n&#227;o se observou efeito adverso, o que sugere uma toler&#226;ncia semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, observou-se que o Grupo 2 apresentou uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, da ordem de 37%, com 63% dos pacientes alcan&#231;ando a meta (16,26&#177;17,51% <italic>vs</italic> 37,73&#177;11,73%, p&lt;0,0001), al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o dos demais par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, efeito com intensidade dose-dependente e similar ao encontrado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>20</sup>. Quanto aos n&#237;veis de PCR-us, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 38% equivalente &#224; observada no Grupo 1 (35,97&#177;49,23% <italic>vs</italic> 38,32&#177;32,69%, p=0,86), apontando para um efeito dose-independente e n&#227;o relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, o que tamb&#233;m coincide com os dados encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>20</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">graf. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No Grupo 2 tamb&#233;m foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e uma eleva&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos que, apesar de n&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, foi capaz de colocar os valores dentro da meta prevista. A melhora da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina, sem uma melhora importante dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, pode ser explicada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o da dose semanal de eritropoetina necess&#225;ria para manter n&#237;veis hematim&#233;tricos, j&#225; adequados, est&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros nutricionais, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a na pontua&#231;&#227;o do MIS ou no IMC (dado n&#227;o-mostrado), exceto no MIS do Grupo 2, sugerindo que o per&#237;odo de apenas oito semanas &#233; insuficiente para que mudan&#231;as nesses par&#226;metros pudessem ser percebidas. Houve, entretanto, uma inesperada redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,7% nos n&#237;veis da albumina s&#233;rica no Grupo 2. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica provavelmente em raz&#227;o das grande homogeneidade da amostra, por&#233;m apresenta-se clinicamente insignificante, uma vez que todos os pacientes mantiveram-se com n&#237;veis de albumina dentro da faixa normal. Sabidamente, a albumina &#233; uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda com resposta negativa e correlaciona-se inversamente com os n&#237;veis de PCR-us. No contexto microinflamat&#243;rio, contudo, onde n&#227;o ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o da resposta de fase aguda, pode n&#227;o ser evidenciada uma correla&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foi evidenciada uma discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o de 14% nos n&#237;veis de TGP que &#233; esperada na terapia com estatinas, por&#233;m insuficiente para causar qualquer disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica que justifique a queda da albumina s&#233;rica. </p>
    <p>Ao utilizar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular da AHA, observa-se que a dose intermitente de sinvastatina reduziu de 70% para 30% o n&#250;mero de pacientes do grupo de elevado risco cardiovascular. No Grupo 2, a redu&#231;&#227;o observada foi menor. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o pode indicar um impacto positivo maior no Grupo 1. Entretanto, quando utilizado como ponto de corte um PCR-us igual a 5,1 mg/l, conseguiu-se um impacto positivo apenas no grupo de pacientes com PCR-us mais elevado. Nos pacientes com PCR-us acima de 5,1 mg/l, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us e LDL-c, observou-se uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos. Esses dados podem sugerir que, na aus&#234;ncia de outros fatores inflamat&#243;rios evidentes, h&#225; uma participa&#231;&#227;o importante da microinflama&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia a eritropoetina e na anemia na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise que acaba por predispor a s&#237;ndrome da anemia cardiorrenal. </p>
    <p>Ao correlacionar a PCR-us com os demais par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais basais, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o com menores n&#237;veis hematim&#233;tricos e resist&#234;ncia aumentada a eritropoetina. Esse dado corrobora os dados da literatura que demonstram forte influ&#234;ncia da inflama&#231;&#227;o sobre a eritropoiese<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m vale ressaltar que se teve a inten&#231;&#227;o de selecionar uma popula&#231;&#227;o bastante homog&#234;nea, evitando-se a presen&#231;a de processos inflamat&#243;rios outros que n&#227;o a pr&#243;pria uremia e o tratamento hemodial&#237;tico, o que foi conseguido com a ado&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o rigorosos. </p>
    <p>A dosagem &#250;nica de PCR-us pode n&#227;o representar o "<italic>status </italic>inflamat&#243;rio" do paciente, uma vez que seus n&#237;veis de PCR-us podem flutuar amplamente durante um longo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, trata-se de um per&#237;odo curto de oito semanas e em pacientes est&#225;veis e com acompanhamento cl&#237;nico muito pr&#243;ximo. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o difere bastante da observada em estudos prospectivos de longa dura&#231;&#227;o que pretendem avaliar a sobrevida, onde n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel um controle cl&#237;nico pr&#243;ximo, estando indicada &#224; dosagem peri&#243;dica de PCR. Apesar, contudo, desse curto per&#237;odo ter se mostrado suficiente para se observar mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de PCR-us, LDL-c e par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, mostrou-se insuficiente para que fossem percebidas altera&#231;&#245;es no IMC e no MIS, pois mudan&#231;as em ambos referem-se &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso de doses intermitentes de sinvastatina mostrou-se capaz de reduzir significantemente os n&#237;veis de PCR-us no curto prazo de oito semanas, de forma equivalente &#224; dose usual, al&#233;m de melhorar os par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos e induzir uma discreta redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-c. A queda dos n&#237;veis de PCR-us sugere uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do processo microinflamat&#243;rio que, conjuntamente &#224; melhora dos par&#226;metros hematim&#233;tricos, aponta para uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular desses pacientes. Assim, pequenas doses de sinvastatina podem representar uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise com n&#237;veis espontaneamente baixos de LDL-c, n&#237;veis elevados de PCR-us e anemia n&#227;o responsiva &#224;s medidas usuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque Suassuna pela Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque Suassuna </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jamil Altaf, 132 - Vale do Ip&#234; </p>
        <p> 36035-380 - Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="psuassuna@terra.com.br">psuassuna@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 18/07/07; revisado recebido em 29/08/07; aceito em 08/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intermittent doses of statin in hemodialysis patients with spontaneous low LDL cholesterol levels</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Mortality in dialysis patients remains high and is due mainly to cardiovascular causes. Inflammation has a role in the genesis of accelerated atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, malnutrition and anemia, and a huge impact on the survival of these patients. The pleiotropic effects of statins can be a therapeutic option for reducing chronic inflammatory processes of patients undergoing hemodialysis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of low doses of simvastatin on inflammatory markers, hematimetric and nutritional parameters of patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: Clinically-stable patients undergoing hemodialysis were classified according to their baseline LDL-cholesterol levels in two groups: those with levels below 100mg/dl (Group 1) and those with levels equal to or greater than 100mg/dl (Group-2), and were treated with simvastatin during eight weeks. Group 1 received 20mg only after each session of hemodialysis (intermittent dose), whereas Group 2 received 20mg/daily. Laboratory data, erythropoietin resistance index and nutritional parameters were obtained before and after treatment. RESULTS: A significant and equivalent reduction in C-reactive protein levels in both groups was observed (35.97&#177;49.23% vs 38.32&#177;32.69%, p=0.86). In group 1, there was also a tendency towards reduced resistance to erythropoietin (228.6&#177;16.2 vs 208.9&#177;16.2, p=0.058) and improvement of hematimetric parameters (hematocrit: 33.1&#177;5.9% vs 36.1&#177;4.5%, p=0.021). CONCLUSION: Intermittent doses proved to be as effective as the usual dose in reducing C-reactive protein levels and resistance to erythropoietin, besides improving the hematimetric parameters, indicating an important reduction of the cardiovascular risk evaluated by these parameters.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>renal dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Intermittent doses of statin in hemodialysis patients with spontaneous low LDL cholesterol levels</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque Suassuna; Marcus Gomes Bastos</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Ensino e Pesquisa em Nefrologia - NIEPEN, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Mortality in dialysis patients remains high and is due mainly to cardiovascular causes. Inflammation has a role in the genesis of accelerated atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, malnutrition and anemia, and a huge impact on the survival of these patients. The pleiotropic effects of statins can be a therapeutic option for reducing chronic inflammatory processes of patients undergoing hemodialysis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of low doses of simvastatin on inflammatory markers, hematimetric and nutritional parameters of patients undergoing hemodialysis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Clinically-stable patients undergoing hemodialysis were classified according to their baseline LDL-cholesterol levels in two groups: those with levels below 100mg/dl (Group 1) and those with levels equal to or greater than 100mg/dl (Group-2), and were treated with simvastatin during eight weeks. Group 1 received 20mg only after each session of hemodialysis (intermittent dose), whereas Group 2 received 20mg/daily. Laboratory data, erythropoietin resistance index and nutritional parameters were obtained before and after treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A significant and equivalent reduction in C-reactive protein levels in both groups was observed (35.97&#177;49.23% <italic>vs</italic> 38.32&#177;32.69%, p=0.86). In group 1, there was also a tendency towards reduced resistance to erythropoietin (228.6&#177;16.2 <italic>vs</italic> 208.9&#177;16.2, p=0.058) and improvement of hematimetric parameters (hematocrit: 33.1&#177;5.9% <italic>vs</italic> 36.1&#177;4.5%, p=0.021).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Intermittent doses proved to be as effective as the usual dose in reducing C-reactive protein levels and resistance to erythropoietin, besides improving the hematimetric parameters, indicating an important reduction of the cardiovascular risk evaluated by these parameters. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):104-111)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors; renal dialysis; inflammation; C-reactive protein.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the improvement in dialysis techniques over the past few decades with the advent of proportioning and reverse osmosis units, mortality in patients undergoing the procedure is still very high, mainly due to cardiovascular causes<sup>1</sup>. Several studies have outlined the central role the hemodialysis-related chronic inflammatory process plays in accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality<sup>2-5</sup>. Moreover, inflammation in dialysis participates directly or indirectly in the pathophysiology of malnutrition, vascular calcification and cardiorenal anemia syndrome, with a huge impact on patient survival<sup>6-8</sup>. The causes of inflammation in dialysis are multifactorial; however, it has already been well documented that C-reactive protein (CRP) has a strong correlation with hypoalbuminemia, anemia, malnutrition and mortality, and is currently considered not only a marker, but also an important inflammatory mediator associated with endothelial dysfunction/activation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis<sup>9-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several observational studies on dialysis have already evidenced that statins play an important role in reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, besides having an adequate safety profile, making them the first-choice treatment of dyslipidemia in dialysis<sup>16-18</sup>. Likewise, statins are also known for their ability to reduce the levels of CRP, and to simultaneously reduce the levels of CRP and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c)<sup>19,20</sup>. For the population undergoing dialysis, however, definite evidence is lacking to prove the benefits of lowered cholesterol levels, and which would be the goals and the impact of reducing the chronic inflammatory process with the use of statins. Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge about the population undergoing dialysis, especially in the subpopulation affected simultaneously by low levels of LDL-c, high levels of CRP, hypoalbuminemia and refractory anemia. Mortality rates in this subpopulation are extremely high and there is no indication for the use of statins, since current guidelines are still based only on the serum levels of cholesterol<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of intermittent doses of statins, targeting only their pleiotropic effects, on the inflammatory and nutritional markers of dialysis patients with spontaneous low levels of LDL-cholesterol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population and design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was conducted with all the clinically-stable patients enrolled in a hemodialysis program at the dialysis unit of the <italic>Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic> (HU-UFJF) who met the following inclusion criteria: provided informed consent, were older than 18 years, were enrolled in the program for more than six months, had an arteriovenous fistula to allow access for hemodialysis, no clinical evidence of infectious processes in the previous three months, absence of neoplasms, autoimmune diseases and hepatitis, and no prior use of statins. The research project was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at UFJF.</p>
      <p>Patients were divided into two groups: those with baseline LDL-c levels above 100 mg/dl and those below this value. This is the current cut-off level used for the formal indication of statins in the dialysis population<sup>18</sup>. The group of patients with spontaneously low LDL-c (below 100mg/dl) was named Group-1, whereas those with LDL-c equal to or greater than 100mg/dl constituted Group-2. Patients in Group-1 received the 20mg dose of simvastatin following the hemodialysis sessions, i.e., only three times per week (intermittent dose). This is a low dose aimed only at the pleiotropic effects and not a larger reduction in lipid levels. Patients in Group-2 received the usual 20mg/day dose of statin. The treatment was conducted with generic simvastatin (<italic>Medley Ind&#250;stria Farmac&#234;utica SA</italic>, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), registered at <italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA)</italic>. Laboratory data were obtained, the erythropoietin resistance rate was calculated, and the malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) was determined before and after the treatment. Treatment lasted for eight weeks, time known to be long enough to observe the effects of simvastatin on the lipid profile and CRP<sup>9</sup>. Patients excluded from the program were those who underwent transplantation, a change of technique or center, as well as patients who lost the hemodialysis access, developed infectious processes or neoplasms, were hospitalized, and those who chose to leave.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dialysis adequacy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients underwent the dialysis sessions under the same conditions: use of polysulfone capillary dialyzer membrane (Hemoflow<sup>&#174;</sup> F7 and F8, Fresenius Medical Care AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), bicarbonate bath (Farmarin, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), and water treated by reverse osmosis (Permution, Curitiba, Brazil) according to guidelines set by ANVISA. All patients were submitted to three 4-hour sessions per week with the goal of achieving KT/V &gt; 1.2 according to current guidelines set for hemodialysis adequacy<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anemia management</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Current guidelines for the treatment of anemia in chronic renal disease were followed<sup>22</sup>. All patients received erythropoietin (Hemax<sup>&#174;</sup>, Biossint&#233;tica, Brazil). The initial dose prescribed was 100ui/kg/week, adjusted as necessary in order to achieve hemoglobin levels between 11 and 13mg/dl and hematocrit between 33 and 39%. Likewise, all patients received intravenous iron (Noripurum<sup>&#174;</sup>, Altana Pharma AG, Singen, Germany) to maintain transferrin saturation above 20% and ferritin &gt;200ng/ml. Administration of intravenous iron was interrupted in the week preceding collection of laboratory data.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory data are a part of the monthly routine tests performed on patients undergoing dialysis, as well as the measurement of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP). Blood was collected immediately before the first dialysis session of the week, since hemodialysis may induce elevation of CRP levels. Prior fasting could not be mandatory, as hemodialysis sessions were held at different times of the day. All tests were performed at the HU-UFJF laboratory, except for the measurement of us-CRP which was done at a certified commercial laboratory using serum from the same sample. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the patients&#146; medical records.</p>
      <p>Levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were determined with automated Cell-Dyn 3500R equipment (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA). Concentrations of serum albumin and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured with the LabMax 240 device (Labtest Diagn&#243;stica, Minas Gerais, Brazil) using the bromocresol green technique and the fixed-time kinetic method, respectively. Us-CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetry with the Cobas-Mira device (Roche Laboratories, Rotkreuz, Sweden) using an ultra sensitive CPR kit from BioT&#233;cnica (BioT&#233;cnica, Minas Gerais, Brazil), with a coefficient of variation of 4.15% and linearity up to 150mg/L. Lipid levels were obtained by a direct enzymatic method for measuring total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and calculation of LDL-cholesterol (Friedewald formula).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Erythropoietin Resistance Index</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The resistance to erythropoietin (EPO) is defined by the ratio EPOs/Hct, as described by GUNNELL J. et al<sup>9</sup>, where EPOs represent the mean weekly EPO dose in the previous month and Hct, the mean hematocrit values during the previous two months. There is no adjustment for the patient&#146;s body weight, since the initial dose of erythropoietin is defined according to the weight, and dose adjustment depends on the patient&#146;s response with hematocrit elevation and treatment goals<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MIS - Malnutrition-Inflammation Score &#150; is a quantitative method used to assess the presence and intensity of the malnutrition-inflammation syndrome (MIA-Syndrome), and it has been a useful tool both in determining the "clinical status" and in predicting the prognosis. This score uses the seven components of the Subjective Global Assessment of the nutritional status (SGA) incremented by three new elements: body mass index (BMI), serum albumin (Alb), and total iron-binding capacity as an indirect measurement of transferrin. The score has 10 components divided into four sections: nutritional history, physical examination, BMI and laboratory data. Each component has four levels of severity, scored from 0 (normal) to 3 (very severe). The sum of scores ranges from zero to 30 points according to the level of severity. A MIS score of <underline>&lt;</underline>8 indicates a normal nutritional status or mild malnutrition; a score of 9-18 indicates moderate malnutrition, and a score greater than 18, severe malnutrition. This score provides a correlation coefficient greater than isolated laboratory values and other scores such as SGA<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective clinical assay conducted with two comparable groups of patients and an evaluation performed before and after treatment: Group-2 treated with a regular dose of statin and with formal indication of use, and Group-1 treated with alternative doses and indication. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to assess the normality of the variables, and only us-CRP did not follow a normal distribution. Parametric variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or percentage, when appropriate. Us-CRP is presented as median and range<italic>. </italic>The independent T-test or Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons between the two treatment groups. To compare results of the same group before and after treatment, the paired T-test or Wilcoxon test was used. The correlation between demographic and laboratory variables was calculated using Pearson or Spearman correlations. A value of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS 11.0 software was used to perform the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis at HU-UFJF, 53 met the inclusion criteria and agreed to take part in the study. Of these 53, 11 patients were excluded from the study: three due to acute infectious processes; three left the program to undergo peritoneal dialysis and transplantation; two left due to loss of access; one was diagnosed with a neoplasm; one was hospitalized; and one dropped out of the program. No deaths occurred during the study.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows baseline demographic and laboratory data. Half of the patients were male. The most common etiology of chronic renal disease (CRD) was chronic glomerulonephritis (15 patients - 36%), followed by systemic arterial hypertension (10 patients - 24%). Only five patients were diabetic (12%), three of them belonging to Group-1.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients had been in the program for more than one year and, in general, showed good dialysis adequacy (Kt/V<underline>&gt;</underline>1.2), as well as adequate nutritional parameters (albumin and MIS). In general, hematimetric parameters were slightly below the target values and showed a moderate resistance to erythropoietin. The levels of us-CRP, maximum of 8.12mg/l, indicate that the selection of patients was successful, with no signs of activation of the acute-phase response. Also noteworthy was the mean level of LDL-c which was close to the goal of 100mg/dl.</p>
      <p>When patients were divided into groups according to baseline LDL-c levels, 20 patients (47%) had LDL-c levels spontaneously lower than 100mg/dl (Group-1), whereas 22 had baseline levels greater than 100mg/dl (Group-2). In Group-1, the mean LDL-c measured was 77.5&#177;16.4mg/dl, whereas in Group-2 it was 132.7&#177;26mg/dl, with statistical distinction. Except for the levels of total cholesterol (TCL) and non-HDL cholesterol (NHDLC), the remaining variables did not differ between the groups and showed inter-group homogeneity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparing patients from Group-1 before and after the treatment with intermittent doses of simvastatin, there was a significant drop in the levels of LDL-c (16%) and in the levels of us-CRP (36%). On the other hand, an improvement was observed in hematimetric parameters, in addition to a tendency towards reduced resistance to erythropoietin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In Group-2, besides a significant reduction in baseline LDL-c (37%), a drop was also observed in the other lipid parameters. There was an important reduction in us-CRP levels (38%). A reduction in erythropoietin resistance was also noted, whereas the hematimetric parameters remained stable. There was a significant decline in MIS scores. In this group, a significant reduction was once again observed in serum albumin levels as well as an increase in GPT levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When the cardiovascular risk is stratified according to the serum levels of us-CRP, it is clear that, before treatment, 76% of the patients of both groups presented serum us-CRP levels greater than 3.0mg/l, which, according to the American Heart Association, characterizes high cardiovascular risk for the overall population<sup>25</sup>. After treatment, this percentage dropped to 57%. When the analysis is performed separately for each group, in Group-1 serum us-CRP dropped from 70% to 30%, whereas in Group-2, the decline was smaller, from 81.8% to 54.5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>By dividing patients according to the levels of us-CRP (lower or higher than 5.1mg/L), which is the brazilian cut-off value for the dialysis population<sup>26</sup>, we observed that, except for LDL-c, the treatment with simvastatin had a significant impact only on those patients with baseline us-CRP levels higher than 5.1mg/L. For these patients, besides the drop in us-CRP and LDL-c levels, there was also a reduction of resistance to erythropoietin and an elevation of hematimetric parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The correlation between demographic and nutritional data with baseline laboratory parameters showed that us-CRP correlated with lower levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit (R=-0.31, p=0.04; R=-0.30, p=0.05) and indicated a greater resistance to erythropoietin (R=0.30, p=0.075). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was the first study conducted to evaluate the effect of an intermittent dose of simvastatin on the serum levels of us-CRP, hematimetric parameters, resistance to erythropoietin and nutritional parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis who had LDL-c levels spontaneously lower than 100mg/dl. Moreover, the effects found in this group were compared to those found in a similar group of patients, but with a formal indication for statin use based on their serum LDL-c levels. The intermittent dose of statin was used because of the lack of definite evidence of the benefits of using statins in dialysis, especially in patients with LDL-c levels spontaneously lower than 100mg/dl. Therefore, this was an exploratory dose aiming just for the pleiotropic effects of statins, chiefly the anti-inflammatory effect. </p>
      <p>In this study, we sought to select a population of hemodialysis patients who were clinically stable, with no evidence of acute inflammatory or infectious processes and who were undergoing dialysis under the same conditions; we also followed current guidelines on dialysis adequacy and anemia management. Our intent was, therefore, to homogenize as much as possible the study population and restrict possible external causes of an inflammatory process. The success of the approach is shown by an average of 5.39&#177;2.24mg/L in us-CRP levels, as well as by the absence of levels higher than 10mg/L which would suggest an acute-phase response in hemodialysis. Likewise, no severe anemia or malnutrition was observed. </p>
      <p>By dividing the population according to their levels of LDL-c, two population sets were found to have very similar characteristics. As mentioned above, 47% of the patients had baseline LDL-c levels spontaneously lower than 100mg/dl and high mean us-CRP levels, although this did not imply the presence of MIA-Syndrome<sup>6</sup> as these patients had normal nutritional parameters. This finding shows that the frequently low levels of LDL-c in the dialysis population do not affect exclusively malnourished patients or those affected by macroinflammatory processes, but are a characteristic of this population<sup>27</sup>. It is known that the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients is different from that of the overall population and is characterized by very low levels of HDL-cholesterol and reduced ApoA-1 content, high levels of triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol, and normal-to-low levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol<sup>28</sup>. However, this is a highly atherogenic profile due to the waste produced by degradation of LDL-cholesterol, with the presence of LDL-cholesterol and dense particles of LDL-cholesterol, and increased contents of ApoB and ApoC-III. These alterations likely occur due to the reduced activity of hepatic and peripheral lipases. </p>
      <p>Thus, the serum levels of cholesterol in the dialysis population do not carry the same correlation with cardiovascular mortality shown by the overall population<sup>29</sup>. Despite such differences, current treatment guidelines for dyslipidemia in chronic renal disease still use goals set for the overall population due to the lack of studies involving populations undergoing dialysis.</p>
      <p>Chang et al<sup>27</sup> was the first to show a reduction in us-CRP levels with the use of simvastatin in hemodialysis. In his study, 62 patients undergoing dialysis with total cholesterol levels higher than 200mg/dl were randomized to receive simvastatin 20mg/day or placebo during eight weeks. A mean reduction of 41% was evident in the levels of LDL-c and 47% for us-CRP. It is worth mentioning that all patients received 20mg of simvastatin and had formal indications for the drug. In this study, the evaluation of Group-2 before and after treatment showed a significant reduction in LDL-c (28%) and in us-CRP (37%); these reductions were also very expressive from a clinical point of view. There was a drop in resistance to erythropoietin and an improvement in the hematimetric parameters, and the values reached were within the target range. The joint reduction in levels of us-CRP, LDL-c and resistance to erythropoietin with improvement of anemia point to a considerable drop in cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>In Group-1, the low simvastatin dose, despite aiming only for the pleiotropic effects, was capable of significantly reducing the levels of LDL-c by 16%. Likewise, there was a 36% reduction in us-CRP levels and an elevation of hematimetric parameters, consequently reaching the goal. There was a tendency towards reduced resistance to erythropoietin which may be due to the small size of the sample. It is worth mentioning that 60% of the patients in this group achieved LDL-c levels lower than 70mg/dl which, in the overall population, would correspond to an alternative treatment target of dyslipidemia reserved for patients with known atherosclerotic disease. Despite the low levels of LDL-c achieved by this subgroup of patients, no adverse effects were observed, suggesting a tolerance similar to that in the overall population<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>In comparing the groups, Group-2 had a greater reduction in LDL-c (37%), with 63% of the patients reaching the goal (16.26&#177;17.51% <italic>vs</italic> 37.73&#177;11.73%, p&lt;0.0001), besides the reduction in the other lipid parameters, an effect with dose-dependent intensity similar to that found in the overall population<sup>20</sup>. As to the levels of us-CRP, there was a 38% reduction, equivalent to that observed in Group-1 (35.97&#177;49.23% <italic>vs</italic> 38.32&#177;32.69%, p=0.86), pointing to a dose-independent effect unrelated to the drop in LDL-cholesterol, which also coincides with data from the overall population<sup>20</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0114-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In Group-2, a significant reduction was also observed in the resistance to erythropoietin in addition to an elevation of hematimetric parameters, which, despite not having reached statistical significance, was capable of placing values within the target range. The improvement in the resistance to erythropoietin without a significant improvement in the hematimetric values can be explained by a reduction in the weekly dose of erythropoietin needed to maintain the already adequate hematimetric levels.</p>
      <p>As to nutritional parameters, there was no change in MIS or BMI scores (data not shown) except for Group-2 MIS, suggesting that the eight-week period is not sufficient for changes in these parameters to be noticed. There was, however, an unexpected 3.7% drop in serum albumin levels in Group-2. This reduction reached statistical significance probably due to the great homogeneity of the sample, though it is clinically non-significant since all patients maintained their albumin levels within the normal range. It is known that albumin is a negative acute-phase protein that correlates inversely with us-CRP levels. However, within the microinflammatory context, when there is no activation of the acute-phase response, a correlation may not be evident. A slight increase (14%) was also noticed in GPT levels, which is expected to occur during treatment with statins, though insufficient to cause any hepatic dysfunction that could justify the drop in serum albumin.</p>
      <p>Based on the AHA stratification for cardiovascular risk, the intermittent dose of simvastatin reduced from 70% to 30% the number of patients in the group of high cardiovascular risk. In Group-2, the reduction was smaller. This observation may indicate a greater positive impact on Group-1. On the other hand, when the cut-off value used for us-CRP was equal to 5.1mg/L, a positive impact was achieved only in the group of patients with higher us-CRP levels. In patients with a us-CRP greater than 5.1mg/L, besides the reduction in us-CRP and LDL-c levels, a significant reduction in the resistance to erythropoietin and improvement of the hematimetric parameters was observed. These data may suggest that, in the absence of other evident inflammatory factors, microinflammation plays an important role in the resistance to erythropoietin and in anemia in the dialysis population, predisposing patients to the cardiorenal anemia syndrome.</p>
      <p>By correlating us-CRP with the other demographic and baseline laboratory parameters, a correlation with smaller hematimetric levels and increased resistance to erythropoietin was noted. These facts corroborate data in medical literature that show a strong influence of inflammation on erythropoiesis<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The small number of patients participating in the study is a limitation; nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the intention here was to select a very homogeneous population, excluding inflammatory processes other than uremia and the hemodialysis treatment itself, which was achieved by adopting strict inclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>The single us-CRP concentration measurement may not represent the patient&#146;s "inflammatory status", since the levels of us-CRP may vary a lot during a long period of observation. However, this was a short eight-week study conducted with stable patients and close clinical follow-up. This situation is very different from that observed in longer duration prospective studies designed to assess survival, in which close clinical follow-up is not feasible and a periodical measurement of CRP is indicated. On the other hand, despite the short period having been sufficient to show changes in the levels of us-CRP, LDL-c and hematimetric parameters, it was insufficient for changes in BMI and MIS to be noticed, as changes in both refer to body composition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of intermittent doses of simvastatin proved to be capable of significantly reducing the levels of us-CRP in a short period of eight weeks in a fashion equivalent to that of the usual dose, besides improving hematimetric parameters and inducing a slight reduction in LDL-c levels. The drop in us-CRP levels suggests a reduction in the microinflammatory process, which, together with the improvement in hematimetric parameters, points to an important decrease in the cardiovascular risk for these patients. Therefore, small doses of simvastatin may represent a therapeutic option for patients undergoing hemodialysis who have spontaneous low levels of LDL-c, high levels of us-CRP, and anemia non-responsive to usual measures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Paulo Giovanni de Albuquerque, from <italic>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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