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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rT5HFHfJLS5kNFmBP9t3YYz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo-efetividade da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar vs intra-hospitalar no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasileiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luz Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Braz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teich</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">MedInsight - Decisions in Health Care</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>100</fpage>
      <lpage>107</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Existe evid&#234;ncia de que a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar melhora os desfechos no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as rela&#231;&#245;es de custo-efetividade entre tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. M&#201;TODOS: Modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foi utilizado para comparar as duas estrat&#233;gias. O desfecho do estudo foi "anos de vida ganhos". O uso de recursos e os custos foram estimados pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. &#193;rvore de decis&#227;o e modelo de Markov foram constru&#237;dos com resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos publicados. Os custos foram valorados em real (R$), para o ano de 2005. RESULTADOS: Para um horizonte de tempo de vinte anos, a expectativa de vida m&#233;dia com a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar foi de 11,48 anos e a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar proporcionou expectativa de vida m&#233;dia de 11,32 anos. Os custos foram de R$ 5.640,00 para a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e de R$ 5.816,00 para a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. Houve custo adicional de R$ 176,00 por paciente com a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. A tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar proporcionou adicional de 0,15 ano de expectativa de vida comparado &#224; tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esse modelo sugere que, pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, implementar a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST pode representar sobrevida extra e menor custo que comparativamente &#224; tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Custo-efetividade da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar <italic><bold>vs</bold></italic> intra-hospitalar no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Denizar Vianna Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Bernardo Rangel Tura<sup>II</sup>; Antonio Luiz Brasileiro<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Luz Neto<sup>III</sup>; Ana Luiza Braz Pav&#227;o<sup>IV</sup>; Vanessa Teich<sup>IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>MedInsight - Decisions in Health Care - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Existe evid&#234;ncia de que a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar melhora os desfechos no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar as rela&#231;&#245;es de custo-efetividade entre tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foi utilizado para comparar as duas estrat&#233;gias. O desfecho do estudo foi "anos de vida ganhos". O uso de recursos e os custos foram estimados pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. &#193;rvore de decis&#227;o e modelo de Markov foram constru&#237;dos com resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos publicados. Os custos foram valorados em real (R$), para o ano de 2005. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para um horizonte de tempo de vinte anos, a expectativa de vida m&#233;dia com a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar foi de 11,48 anos e a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar proporcionou expectativa de vida m&#233;dia de 11,32 anos. Os custos foram de R$ 5.640,00 para a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e de R$ 5.816,00 para a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. Houve custo adicional de R$ 176,00 por paciente com a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. A tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar proporcionou adicional de 0,15 ano de expectativa de vida comparado &#224; tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esse modelo sugere que, pela perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, implementar a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST pode representar sobrevida extra e menor custo que comparativamente &#224; tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 100-107)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade; terapia trombol&#237;tica; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio da dor e a terapia trombol&#237;tica ainda &#233; um dos fatores determinantes de mortalidade do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento-ST<sup>1</sup>. Apesar dos avan&#231;os nos recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; necessidade de atendimento precoce em vig&#234;ncia de IAM, o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica permanece inalterado, com mediana de 2,5 a 3 horas, em cen&#225;rios favor&#225;veis de acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o aos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Alguns estados brasileiros apresentam alta mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, a despeito da oferta de leitos do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). A capital do Estado do Rio de Janeiro possui a maior rede hospitalar p&#250;blica do Pa&#237;s, por&#233;m o Estado apresenta a segunda maior taxa de mortalidade espec&#237;fica por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil (68,44/100.000 habitantes)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Morrison e cols. realizaram metan&#225;lise sobre mortalidade hospitalar do IAM com uso da tromb&#243;lise no ambiente tanto pr&#233;-hospitalar como intra-hospitalar<sup>4</sup>. Os pesquisadores compilaram seis ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados, com total de 6.434 pacientes, e demonstraram que a estrat&#233;gia de infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico em ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar, realizada por m&#233;dicos ou param&#233;dicos, possibilitou a antecipa&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica em 60 minutos (104 [7] minutos no pr&#233; <italic>vs</italic> 162 [16] minutos no intra; p = 0,007), com redu&#231;&#227;o global de 17% na mortalidade, comparativamente ao tratamento intra-hospitalar (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR], 0,83; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%], 0,70-0,98). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> sumariza as caracter&#237;sticas dos seis ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados da metan&#225;lise.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em editorial recentemente publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC), Brasileiro comentou as particularidades do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU)<sup>5</sup>. Esse servi&#231;o foi lan&#231;ado em setembro de 2003, como principal componente da Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias do SUS. Apesar desse esfor&#231;o, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estruturado, em &#226;mbito nacional, um programa sistematizado para oferecer terapia trombol&#237;tica na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar <italic>vs</italic> intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, no SUS, para contribuir com formuladores de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de na implementa&#231;&#227;o desse atendimento no SAMU.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os modelos de an&#225;lise de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica s&#227;o elaborados pela seq&#252;&#234;ncia cronol&#243;gica de identifica&#231;&#227;o do problema, pela estrutura&#231;&#227;o do problema (&#225;rvore de decis&#227;o e modelo de Markov), pela parametriza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de decis&#227;o (probabilidades de ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos, de acordo com an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica da literatura), e pela an&#225;lise do modelo (estimativa dos custos, desfechos e riscos)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi elaborado modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o, do tipo &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o e modelo de Markov, para avaliar e comparar os custos e a efetividade cl&#237;nica da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar <italic>vs</italic> intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento-ST, no cen&#225;rio do SUS. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta a &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o com os dados probabil&#237;sticos de evolu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento do IAM e os dados de custos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade mensura o custo em unidades monet&#225;rias dividido por uma unidade n&#227;o-monet&#225;ria, chamada unidade natural, como, por exemplo, "anos de vida salvos". Ela permite estimar o custo incorrido por unidade de efetividade. Uma interven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de &#233; dita custo-efetiva se produz benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico justific&#225;vel para seu custo. </p>
    <p>As probabilidades evolutivas da &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foram obtidas do modelo econ&#244;mico desenvolvido por Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup>, oriundos do ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado randomizado <italic>Grampian Region Early Anistreplase Trial</italic> (GREAT)<sup>8</sup>, utilizado na metan&#225;lise realizada por Morrison e cols.<sup>4</sup>. Os dados de expectativa de vida para o modelo de Markov foram extra&#237;dos da t&#225;bua de mortalidade do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) e ajustados para os diferentes estados, utilizando as propor&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;das do estudo GREAT<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup> elaboraram modelo de an&#225;lise de decis&#227;o para comparar custo e efetividade da tromb&#243;lise realizada no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar <italic>vs</italic> a tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar para tratamento do IAM<sup>7</sup>. A efetividade foi mensurada em "anos de vida ganhos", com dados obtidos do estudo GREAT, realizado na Esc&#243;cia entre 1988 e 1991. O trombol&#237;tico utilizado no pr&#233;-hospitalar foi anistreplase. No intra-hospitalar, foram utilizadas alteplase e heparina para IAM de parede anterior e estreptoquinase e heparina para os outros casos. Os autores encontraram ganho de 0,09 ano no atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar comparado &#224; expectativa de vida no ambiente intra-hospitalar, com custo incremental de &#163;61 por paciente no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados de probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o do modelo prev&#234; que uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o pode falecer antes do atendimento m&#233;dico, em ambiente tanto pr&#233;-hospitalar como intra-hospitalar, e que, em fun&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos exames dispon&#237;veis para confirma&#231;&#227;o do IAM, os pacientes s&#227;o diagnosticados como verdadeiro positivo, falso positivo, verdadeiro negativo e falso negativo. N&#227;o existem dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura comparando a acur&#225;cia do diagn&#243;stico realizado em ambientes pr&#233;-hospitalar e intra-hospitalar. Partindo-se da premissa de que a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar &#233; inferior &#224; do ambiente intra-hospitalar e conhecidos os valores de resultados verdadeiro e falso positivos em ambiente intra-hospitalar, foi adotado como fator de convers&#227;o o valor de 75% para calcular esses par&#226;metros para o ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar. Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico verdadeiro positivo ou falso negativo tamb&#233;m s&#227;o sujeitos a reinfarto. A taxa de reinfarto em 30 dias para pacientes com IAM que n&#227;o receberam tratamento com trombol&#237;tico foi de 16%<sup>9</sup>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta as probabilidades utilizadas no modelo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dentro desse modelo, os pacientes diagnosticados com IAM podem ser eleg&#237;veis ou n&#227;o para a terapia trombol&#237;tica. Caso recebam o trombol&#237;tico, os pacientes s&#227;o tratados com tenecteplase ou estreptoquinase, no pr&#233;- e no intra-hospitalar, respectivamente. O tenecteplase foi escolhido no pr&#233;-hospitalar por ser o &#250;nico trombol&#237;tico em bolo dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, condi&#231;&#227;o que viabiliza a administra&#231;&#227;o fora do ambiente hospitalar. A estreptoquinase foi a op&#231;&#227;o no intra-hospitalar pelo menor pre&#231;o de aquisi&#231;&#227;o no SUS. Os pacientes que n&#227;o recebem o trombol&#237;tico s&#227;o tratados com medicamentos adjuvantes e terapia de suporte recomendados pelas diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes atendidos no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar s&#227;o encaminhados ao hospital para continuidade do tratamento. O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o &#233; de oito dias (tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o por IAM no SUS em 2005) para aqueles pacientes verdadeiros positivos, que tenham ou n&#227;o recebido o trombol&#237;tico. O paciente falso negativo retornar&#225; em momento posterior ao hospital e ser&#225; diagnosticado e tratado tardiamente com IAM.</p>
    <p>As Diretrizes sobre Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio foram adotadas para estimativa dos recursos utilizados nas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento pr&#233;-hospitalar e intra-hospitalar<sup>10</sup>. Os recursos foram valorados com os pre&#231;os governamentais praticados no ano de 2005, no tratamento do IAM, na perspectiva do SUS<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados de custos utilizados no modelo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os componentes dos custos diretos analisados no modelo foram os custos com atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar realizado pelo SAMU<sup>12</sup>, atendimento de urg&#234;ncia no hospital, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, exames complementares, consultas ambulatoriais de seguimento e medicamentos de uso ambulatorial. Os custos unit&#225;rios est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A unidade de efetividade empregada no modelo foi "anos de vida salvos", tomando-se como refer&#234;ncia a expectativa de vida estabelecida no modelo de decis&#227;o elaborado por Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup>, cujo valor foi corrigido para a t&#225;bua de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, publicada pelo IBGE em 2005<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os custos de reinfarto e de seguimento considerados no modelo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A unidade de efetividade mensurada no modelo foi "anos de vida salvos", tomando-se como refer&#234;ncia a expectativa de vida estabelecida no modelo econ&#244;mico desenvolvido por Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup>, oriundos do estudo GREAT<sup>8</sup>, cujo valor foi corrigido para a t&#225;bua de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com 63 anos, no ano de 2005, publicada pelo IBGE em 2005<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores esperados de expectativa de vida foram convertidos para taxas de mortalidade anuais. Posteriormente foram calculados os fatores de convers&#227;o para os diferentes estados do modelo, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Esses fatores foram utilizados para converter as probabilidades de mortalidade encontradas na t&#225;bua de mortalidade do IBGE para os diferentes estados do modelo de Markov. O modelo admitiu que um paciente com suspeita de IAM, por&#233;m sem confirma&#231;&#227;o de IAM, teria a expectativa de vida m&#233;dia do brasileiro.</p>
    <p>Ao longo do modelo de Markov, com dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de um ano, os pacientes poderiam morrer ou permanecer em seu estado inicial. Os resultados foram calculados para o horizonte de tempo de um ano e de vinte anos.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise custo-efetividade realizada foi estabelecida com base na raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI), calculada pela divis&#227;o da diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de custos entre tromb&#243;lises pr&#233;-hospitalar e intra-hospitalar, e pela diferen&#231;a de efetividade ("anos de vida salvos"). A &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas no programa <italic>TreeAge Pro Healthcare</italic> (TreeAge Software, Inc., Massachusetts, Estados Unidos), vers&#227;o 2005. O modelo de Markov foi constru&#237;do no programa Microsoft Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O modelo de &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o calculou custos para os diferentes desfechos do modelo em fun&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas iniciais do paciente, em ambas as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref> resume tais custos, correspondentes &#224; abordagem inicial de atendimento e ao tratamento das verdadeiras e falsas suspeitas de IAM.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O modelo de Markov subseq&#252;ente considera que os pacientes iniciam o modelo distribu&#237;dos pelos estados conforme as propor&#231;&#245;es apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref>. De acordo com o estado, s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos diferentes custos de seguimento anual para acompanhamento dos pacientes. Ao longo do modelo, os pacientes morrem por diferentes taxas de mortalidade. Foram calculados os resultados de custo e de expectativa de vida m&#233;dia para os horizontes de tempo de um ano e de vinte anos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tabela 7</xref> sumariza os resultados da estimativa de ganho em expectativa de vida e dos custos na an&#225;lise comparativa de pacientes atendidos nos ambientes pr&#233;-hospitalar e intra-hospitalar, sob a perspectiva de um ano e de vinte anos, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, na compara&#231;&#227;o da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar <italic>vs</italic> intra-hospitalar, no horizonte de tempo de um ano, demonstrou minimiza&#231;&#227;o de custo de R$ 44,90. Para o horizonte de tempo de vinte anos, a minimiza&#231;&#227;o de custo foi de R$ 176,72 (valor presente dos custos futuros). Essa condi&#231;&#227;o de menor custo com maior efetividade na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento &#233; chamada dominante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar do avan&#231;o nos recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e dos esfor&#231;os de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; necessidade de atendimento precoce em vig&#234;ncia da suspeita de IAM, o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica permanece inalterado. Esse cen&#225;rio &#233; preocupante nas principais capitais brasileiras, em que o deslocamento dos pacientes com suspeita de IAM &#233; complicado por quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas, que impedem o acesso r&#225;pido &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica. </p>
    <p>A metan&#225;lise conduzida por Morrison e cols.<sup>4</sup> (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia grau 1<sup>14</sup>) demonstrou que a estrat&#233;gia de infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico em ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar, realizada por m&#233;dicos ou param&#233;dicos, possibilitou a antecipa&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica em 60 minutos, com redu&#231;&#227;o global de 17% na mortalidade, quando comparado ao tratamento intra-hospitalar (OR 0,83; IC 95%, 0,70-0,98).</p>
    <p>A <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e a <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> recomendam, em suas respectivas diretrizes de tratamento do IAM, a estrat&#233;gia de atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar<sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os coeficientes de mortalidade por IAM nas metr&#243;poles brasileiras, estratificados por idade, apresentam perfis de risco diferentes dos de outros pa&#237;ses<sup>18</sup>. Aproximadamente 50% dos &#243;bitos masculinos por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ocorrem na faixa et&#225;ria abaixo de 65 anos. Nos Estados Unidos, em Cuba e na Inglaterra essa propor&#231;&#227;o situa-se em torno de 25%<sup>19</sup>. Essa alta mortalidade em faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens representa importante impacto socioecon&#244;mico para o Brasil, pois retira o indiv&#237;duo precocemente do mercado de trabalho. Uma hip&#243;tese para essa alta mortalidade &#233; a falta de acesso ao tratamento na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Este estudo realizou an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade ambientada para o cen&#225;rio do SUS, para comparar a estrat&#233;gia de infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico em ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar, realizada pelo SAMU, ao tratamento intra-hospitalar convencional. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o custo inicial com o aparato log&#237;stico do SAMU e os custos do trombol&#237;tico em bolo proporcionariam redu&#231;&#227;o de custos subseq&#252;entes, como necessidade de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e de procedimentos intervencionistas, pelo melhor manejo do IAM no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar. O uso do trombol&#237;tico em bolo pode ser um facilitador para aumentar o acesso dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis &#224; reperfus&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar. A modelagem sugeriu que, apesar da necessidade de investimento inicial e da menor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do IAM no grupo do atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, o custo total da coorte hipot&#233;tica de pacientes acompanhados ao longo de um ano foi menor, se comparado ao do tratamento intra-hospitalar, com ganho de 0,0035 em um ano e de 0,1585 na proje&#231;&#227;o dos dados para o horizonte de vinte anos. Apesar do pre&#231;o superior do trombol&#237;tico em bolo comparado ao da estreptoquinase, a maior efetividade do primeiro no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar permite a minimiza&#231;&#227;o de custos decorrentes das complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias &#224; demora na reperfus&#227;o dos pacientes com IAM, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, reinfarto e necessidade de maior n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es de alto custo. </p>
    <p>O modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o desenvolvido por Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup> tamb&#233;m indicou aumento da expectativa de vida de 0,09 ano no atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, comparativamente &#224; expectativa de vida no ambiente intra-hospitalar. No entanto, no modelo de Vale e cols.<sup>7</sup> os pesquisadores identificaram custo incremental de &#163;61 por paciente no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho reside no fato da necessidade de utilizar dados probabil&#237;sticos de desfechos ocorridos em outra popula&#231;&#227;o e cen&#225;rios diferentes do SUS, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estimativa de recursos e valora&#231;&#227;o de custos adaptados a nossa realidade. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de estimativa do custo necess&#225;rio para capacita&#231;&#227;o da equipe pr&#233;-hospitalar, tais como m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros e param&#233;dicos, para atendimento de pacientes com IAM e implementa&#231;&#227;o da rotina de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Esta an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica abordou o tratamento de alto custo de uma das complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, por&#233;m as melhores rela&#231;&#245;es entre o uso do recurso (custo) e o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico alcan&#231;ado (efetividade) s&#227;o obtidas com as estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, isto &#233;, combater os fatores de risco mais prevalentes para minimizar o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar no IAM, no cen&#225;rio do SUS, com uso do SAMU, pode reduzir a mortalidade precoce e a morbidade desses pacientes. O benef&#237;cio de sa&#250;de da interven&#231;&#227;o, isto &#233;, a possibilidade de reperfus&#227;o precoce, pode significar menor custo a m&#233;dio e longo prazos, pela redu&#231;&#227;o do reinfarto e pela morbidade da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Denizar Vianna Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Av. Visconde Albuquerque, 1400/501 - Leblon </p>
        <p> 22450-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="denizar@cardiol.br">denizar@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 06/05/07; revisado recebido em 27/7/07; aceito em 15/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cost-effectiveness of prehospital versus inhospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: There is evidence that prehospital thrombolysis improves the outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing the cost-effectiveness of prehospital compared to inhospital thrombolysis for STEMI from the National Health System perspective. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was used to compare these two strategies. The study endpoint was life-years gained. Resource use and costs were estimated from the National Health System perspective. The Decision tree and Markov Model were constructed using the results of published clinical trials. Costs were expressed in Reais (R$), for the year 2005. RESULTS: For a time horizon of 20 years, prehospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.48 years and inhospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.32 years. Costs were R$ 5,640 for prehospital thrombolysis and R$ 5,816 for inhospital thrombolysis. Inhospital thrombolysis led to an additional cost of R$ 176 per patient. Pre-hospital thrombolysis led to additional 0.15 years of life-expectancy gain compared with inhospital thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: This model suggests that, from the National Health System perspective, implementing prehospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may lead to extra survival and fewer costs when compared to inhospital thrombolysis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cost-effectiveness evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombolytic therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Cost-effectiveness of prehospital <italic><bold>versus</bold></italic> inhospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Denizar Vianna Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Bernardo Rangel Tura<sup>II</sup>; Antonio Luiz Brasileiro<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Luz Neto<sup>III</sup>; Ana Luiza Braz Pav&#227;o<sup>IV</sup>; Vanessa Teich<sup>IV</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>MedInsight - Decisions in Health Care, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> There is evidence that prehospital thrombolysis improves the outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed at comparing the cost-effectiveness of prehospital compared to inhospital thrombolysis for STEMI from the National Health System perspective.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A decision-analytic model was used to compare these two strategies. The study endpoint was life-years gained. Resource use and costs were estimated from the National Health System perspective. The Decision tree and Markov Model were constructed using the results of published clinical trials. Costs were expressed in Reais (R$), for the year 2005.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For a time horizon of 20 years, prehospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.48 years and inhospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.32 years. Costs were R$ 5,640 for prehospital thrombolysis and R$ 5,816 for inhospital thrombolysis. Inhospital thrombolysis led to an additional cost of R$ 176 per patient. Pre-hospital thrombolysis led to additional 0.15 years of life-expectancy gain compared with inhospital thrombolysis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This model suggests that, from the National Health System perspective, implementing prehospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may lead to extra survival and fewer costs when compared to inhospital thrombolysis. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2) : 91-98)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Cost-effectiveness evaluation; thrombolytic therapy; myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The time spent between the onset of pain and the thrombolytic therapy remains one of the determinant factors in the mortality of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the technological advances and increased awareness of the population regarding the necessity of early treatment in the course of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the time spent between the onset of symptoms and the start of the thrombolytic therapy remains unaltered, with a median of 2.5 to 3 hours, in a favorable scenario of the population access to emergency services<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some states in Brazil have a high mortality due to ischemic heart disease, despite the available hospital beds at the <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> (SUS), the Brazilian Public Health System. The capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro has the largest public hospital network of the country; however, the state has the second highest specific mortality rate due to ischemic heart disease in Brazil (68.44/100,000 inhabitants)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Morrison and cols. carried out a meta-analysis on the hospital mortality due to AMI, with the use of thrombolysis performed in the prehospital environment <italic>versus</italic> inhospital thrombolysis<sup>4</sup>. The authors analyzed six randomized controlled trials, with a total of 6,434 patients and showed that the strategy of thrombolytic infusion in the prehospital environment, carried out by physicians or paramedics, allowed the anticipation of the thrombolytic therapy by 60 minutes [104(7) minutes in pre <italic>versus</italic> 162(16) minutes in inhospital; p = 0,007], with a global reduction of 17% in mortality, when compared to the inhospital treatment (odds ratio 0.83; 95%CI, 0.70-0.98). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> summarizes the characteristics of the six randomized controlled clinical trials of the meta-analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Brasileiro remarked in a recent editorial on the characteristics of the Mobile Emergency Care Service (MECS)<sup>5</sup>. This service was launched in September 2003 as the main component of the National Policy of Emergency Care of SUS. Despite the effort, a systematized program to offer thrombolytic therapy in the acute phase of myocardial infarction is not fully structured at national level. </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of prehospital compared to inhospital thrombolysis in patients with STEMI being treated by the SUS, in order to contribute with health policy plans in the implementation of this service at the MECS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The models of the analysis of clinical decision are designed by the chronological sequence of problem identification; structuring of the problem (decision tree and Markov model); parameterization of the decision model (probability of occurrence of outcomes, according to the critical analysis of the literature) and analysis of the model (cost estimate, outcomes and risks)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>An analytical model of decision, of the decision-tree type, and a Markov model were designed to evaluate and compare the costs and clinical effectiveness of prehospital <italic>versus</italic> inhospital thrombolysis in patients with STEMI, from the National Health System perspective. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the decision tree with the probability data on AMI treatment evolution and the cost data.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The cost-effectiveness analysis measures the cost in monetary units divided by a non-monetary unit, called the natural unit, for instance, "years of life saved". It allows the calculation of the cost incurred by unit of effectiveness. A health intervention is said to be cost-effective if it produces a clinical benefit that is justifiable for its cost. </p>
      <p>The evolution probabilities of the decision tree were obtained from the Economic Model developed by Vale et al<sup>7</sup>, from the Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial GREAT<sup>3</sup>, used in the meta-analysis carried out by Morrison et al<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The life expectancy data for the Markov model were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) table of mortality and adjusted for the different states using the proportions extracted from the GREAT study<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Vale et al<sup>7</sup> created a model of decision analysis to compare cost and effectiveness of thrombolysis carried out in the prehospital environment <italic>versus</italic> the inhospital one for the treatment of AMI<sup>7</sup>. The effectiveness was measured in "years of life gained", with data obtained from the GREAT study, carried out in Scotland between 1988 and 1991. The thrombolytic used in the prehospital environment was Anistreplase. At the inhospital environment, Alteplase and heparin (for AMI of the anterior wall) and streptokinase and heparin (for the other cases) were used. The authors found a gain of 0.09 years for the prehospital treatment compared to the life expectancy in the inhospital environment, with an incremental cost of &#163;61 per patient in the prehospital environment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Probability data of event occurrence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The decision-tree of the model predicts that part of the population can die before receiving medical treatment, in the prehospital as well as in the inhospital environment and that, considering the diagnostic accuracy of the available tests to confirm the AMI, the patients are diagnosed as true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative. There are no data in the literature comparing the accuracy of the diagnosis attained at the prehospital <italic>versus</italic> the one attained at the inhospital environment. Considering that the diagnostic accuracy in the prehospital is lower than that at the inhospital environment and taking into account the values of true- and false-positive results in the inhospital environment, a conversion factor of 75% was adopted to calculate these parameters for the prehospital environment. The patients with a true-positive or false-negative diagnosis are also prone to reinfarction. The 30-day reinfarction rate for patients with AMI that did not receive thrombolytic therapy was 16%<sup>9</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the probabilities used in the model.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In this model, the patients diagnosed with AMI can be eligible or not for the thrombolytic therapy. If they receive the thrombolytic, the patients are treated with Tenecteplase or Streptokinase, in the pre- and inhospital environment, respectively. Tenecteplase was chosen for the prehospital treatment as it is the only bolus thrombolytic agent available in Brazil, a condition that allows its use outside the hospital environment. Streptokinase was the choice for the inhospital treatment as its acquisition cost is the lowest for the SUS. The patients who did not receive the thrombolytic agent are treated with adjunct and support therapy recommended by the directives of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patients treated at the prehospital environment are referred to the hospital for continuing care. The mean hospital stay duration is 8 days (mean hospital stay due to AMI in the SUS in 2005) for the true-positive patients, whether they received thrombolytic or not. The false-negative patient will return subsequently to the hospital and will be later diagnosed and treated with AMI. </p>
      <p>The Directives on the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction were adopted to estimate the resources used at the prehospital and inhospital treatment strategies<sup>10</sup>. The resources were analyzed according to the government prices practiced in the year 2005, in the treatment of AMI, from the perspective of the SUS<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cost data used in the model</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The components of the direct costs analyzed in the model were the costs of prehospital treatment carried out by the MECS (Mobile Emergency Care Service)<sup>12</sup>, emergency care at the hospital, hospital stay costs, complementary exams, outpatient follow-up appointments and outpatient medications. The unitary costs are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The effectiveness unit used in the model was "years of life saved", using as reference the life expectancy established at the decision model created by Vale et al<sup>7</sup>, of which value was corrected for the mortality table of the Brazilian population published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2005<sup>13</sup>. The cost of the reinfarction and follow-up considered in the model are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The effectiveness unit measured in the model was "years of life saved", using as reference the life expectancy established in the Economic Model developed by Vale et al<sup>7</sup>, derived from Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial GREAT<sup>8</sup>, of which value was corrected for the mortality table of the Brazilian population at 63 years of age, in the year 2005, published by the IBGE in 2005<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The expected life expectancy values were converted into annual mortality rates. Subsequently, the conversion factors for the different conditions of the model were calculated, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>These factors were used to convert the mortality probabilities found in the mortality table of IBGE to the different conditions of the Markov model. The model supposed that a patient with a suspected AMI, albeit without confirmation of the AMI, would have the mean life expectancy of the Brazilian individual. </p>
      <p>All through the Markov model, with a one-year cycle duration, the patients could die or remain at the initial condition. The results were calculated for the time horizon of one year and twenty years. </p>
      <p>The analysis of the cost-effectiveness performed was established based on the increment cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), calculated by the division of the mean difference of costs between the prehospital <italic>vs</italic> the inhospital thrombolysis, by the difference of effectiveness (years of life saved). The decision tree and the statistical analyses were performed by the TreeAge Pro Healthcare software [TreeAge Software, Inc. MA, USA (version 2005)]. The Markov model was constructed with the Microsoft Excel<sup>&#174; </sup>software.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The model of the decision tree calculated costs for the different model outcomes considering the patient&#146;s initial characteristics, for both treatment strategies. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref> summarizes such costs, which correspond to the initial treatment approach and treatment of the true and false suspected AMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The subsequent Markov model considers that the patients initiate the model distributed by the conditions according to the proportions shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>. According to the condition, different annual follow-up costs are attributed to the patients&#146; follow-up. Throughout the model, the patients die through different mortality rates. The cost results and mean life expectancy for the time horizon of one year and 20 years were calculated. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref> summarizes the results of the estimate of gain in life expectancy and of the costs in the comparative analysis of patients treated at the prehospital <italic>versus</italic> the inhospital environment, from the perspective of 1 and 20 years, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0100-00005-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of cost-effectiveness, when comparing the prehospital <italic>versus</italic> the inhospital thrombolysis, in a time horizon of one year, showed a cost decrease of R$ 44.90. For the time horizon of 20 years, the decrease was R$ 176.72 (present value of the future costs). This condition of lower cost with higher effectiveness, in the comparison between the two treatment strategies, is called dominant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the technological advances and increased awareness of the population regarding the necessity of early treatment in the course of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the time spent between the onset of symptoms and the start of the thrombolytic therapy remains unaltered. This scenario is a matter of concern in the main Brazilian capitals, where the transportation of the patient with a suspected AMI is complicated by logistic issues that prevent the rapid access to the thrombolytic therapy. </p>
      <p>The meta-analysis performed by Morrison et al<sup>4</sup> (level 1 evidence<sup>14</sup>) showed that the strategy of thrombolytic infusion in the prehospital environment, carried out by physicians or paramedics, allowed the anticipation of the thrombolytic therapy by 60 minutes, with a global reduction of 17% in mortality, when compared to the inhospital treatment (odds ratio 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.98).</p>
      <p>The European Society of Cardiology, American Heart Association and Canadian Cardiovascular Society recommend, in their respective directives of AMI treatment, the prehospital treatment strategy<sup>15-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The coefficients of mortality by AMI in the Brazilian cities, stratified by age, show risk profiles that are different from those observed in other countries<sup>18</sup>. Approximately 50% of the male deaths due to coronary artery disease occur at the age range &lt; 65 years. In the United States, Cuba and England, this percentage is around 25%<sup>19</sup>. This high mortality at younger age ranges represents an important socio-economic impact for Brazil, as it promotes an early withdrawal of the individual from the labor market. A hypothesis for such high mortality is the lack of access to treatment during the acute phase of the myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis from the Brazilian National Health System perspective, to compare the strategy of thrombolytic infusion in a prehospital environment carried out by the MECS, <italic>versus</italic> the conventional inhospital treatment. Our objective was to evaluate whether the initial cost with the logistic apparatus of the MECS and the costs of the bolus thrombolytic agent would result in a decrease in the subsequent costs such as the need for hospital readmission and interventionist procedures through the better management of AMI in the pre-hospital environment. The use of the bolus thrombolytic agent can be seen as a catalyst to increase the eligible patients&#146; access to pharmacological reperfusion in the pre-hospital environment. The modeling has suggested that despite the need for the initial investment and the lower diagnostic accuracy of AMI in the prehospital care group, the total cost of the hypothetical cohort of patients followed for one year was lower compared to the inhospital treatment, with a gain of 0.0035 in 1 year and 0.1585 at the data projection for the time horizon of 20 years. In spite of the higher cost of the bolus thrombolytic agent when compared to streptokinase, the higher effectiveness of the first in the prehospital environment allows the minimization of the costs resulting from complications that are secondary to the delay in the reperfusion of patients with AMI, such as heart failure, reinfarction and the need for a higher number of high-cost interventions.</p>
      <p>The analytical model of decision developed by Vale et al<sup>7</sup> also indicated the increase in life expectancy of 0.09 years for the prehospital when compared to the life expectancy in the inhospital environment. However, the model by Vale et al<sup>7</sup> showed that the authors identified an incremental cost of &#163;61 per patient, in the prehospital environment. </p>
      <p>One limitation of the present study was the need to use probability data of outcomes occurred in another population and different scenarios from that of SUS, although we used a resource estimate and cost analysis adapted to our reality. Another limitation is the absence of the cost estimate necessary to capacitate the prehospital team, such as doctors, nurses and paramedics to treat patients with AMI and to implement the routine prehospital thrombolysis. </p>
      <p>This economic analysis addressed the high-cost treatment of one of the complications of atherosclerotic disease; however, the better correlations between the use of the resource (cost) and the attained clinical benefit (effectiveness) are obtained with the intervention strategies at the primary care, i.e., to fight the more prevalent risk factors to minimize the development of coronary disease. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conclude that by adopting the strategy of pre-hospital thrombolysis in AMI, in the public health system scenario with the use of MECS, the early mortality and morbidity can be reduced for these patients. The benefits of intervention health, i.e., the possibility of early reperfusion, can mean a lower cost in the mid- and long-term, due to the decrease in reinfarction and morbidity of the chronic ischemic cardiopathy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
