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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hJhtscDkXx3sqfXZQXmnyGR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6), interleucina-18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do ST em pacientes com diabete tipo 2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Romulo Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blotta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Heloisa S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FCM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>94</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina-18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), s&#227;o utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em quadros de coronariopatia. No paciente com diabete do tipo 2, a aterosclerose est&#225; relacionada a um maior n&#250;mero de eventos como infarto e morte, quando comparado aos pacientes sem diabete. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta inflamat&#243;ria nos pacientes com diabete e eventos agudos de instabilidade coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionamos primariamente dois grupos de pacientes. O primeiro grupo foi composto por pacientes ambulatoriais diab&#233;ticos com angina est&#225;vel (D-SCC) e presen&#231;a de coronariopatia ao estudo coronariogr&#225;fico (n = 36). O segundo grupo foi composto por pacientes diab&#233;ticos atendidos no pronto-socorro com quadro de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (D-SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do ST (n = 38). Como controle, foram utilizados pacientes sem diabete com SCA (n = 22) e SCC (n = 16). As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de PCR, IL-6 e IL-18 foram determinadas pelas t&#233;cnicas de nefelometria (PCR) e ELISA (IL-6 e IL-18). RESULTADOS: N&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-6 foram observados em pacientes com ou sem diabete e SCA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com SCC. Por sua vez, pacientes com diabete e SCA apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es maiores de PCR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-18 n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os pacientes estudados. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria no paciente com quadro de instabilidade coronariana. Essa atividade inflamat&#243;ria, medida pela PCR, parece ser ainda mais intensa no paciente com diabete.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Interleucina-6</kwd>
        <kwd>interleucina-18</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>diabete melito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de interleucina-6 (IL-6), interleucina-18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do ST em pacientes com diabete tipo 2</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Roberto Matos Souza; Romulo Tadeu Oliveira; Maria Heloisa S. L. Blotta; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Disciplina de Cardiologia -FCM-UNICAMP, Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica-FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina-18 (IL-18) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), s&#227;o utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em quadros de coronariopatia. No paciente com diabete do tipo 2, a aterosclerose est&#225; relacionada a um maior n&#250;mero de eventos como infarto e morte, quando comparado aos pacientes sem diabete. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a resposta inflamat&#243;ria nos pacientes com diabete e eventos agudos de instabilidade coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Selecionamos primariamente dois grupos de pacientes. O primeiro grupo foi composto por pacientes ambulatoriais diab&#233;ticos com angina est&#225;vel (D-SCC) e presen&#231;a de coronariopatia ao estudo coronariogr&#225;fico (n = 36). O segundo grupo foi composto por pacientes diab&#233;ticos atendidos no pronto-socorro com quadro de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (D-SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do ST (n = 38). Como controle, foram utilizados pacientes sem diabete com SCA (n = 22) e SCC (n = 16). As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de PCR, IL-6 e IL-18 foram determinadas pelas t&#233;cnicas de nefelometria (PCR) e ELISA (IL-6 e IL-18). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-6 foram observados em pacientes com ou sem diabete e SCA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com SCC. Por sua vez, pacientes com diabete e SCA apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es maiores de PCR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-18 n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os pacientes estudados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria no paciente com quadro de instabilidade coronariana. Essa atividade inflamat&#243;ria, medida pela PCR, parece ser ainda mais intensa no paciente com diabete. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 94-99)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Interleucina-6, interleucina-18, aterosclerose coronariana, diabete melito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a coronariana apresenta n&#250;meros alarmantes em todo mundo e soma-se a outra doen&#231;a de propor&#231;&#245;es mundiais. O diabete melito (DM) &#233; o diagn&#243;stico para cem milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo<sup>1</sup>, 90% delas t&#234;m o DM do tipo 2. A incid&#234;ncia do tipo 2 dever&#225; aumentar, acompanhando o crescimento dos casos de obesidade em todo o mundo<sup>2</sup>. A aterosclerose &#233; a maior causa de morte prematura no paciente com DM do tipo 2, e quase 80% de todas as mortes e 75% de todas as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o decorrentes de complica&#231;&#245;es da aterosclerose<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o exerce uma fun&#231;&#227;o-chave na aterosclerose, e suas complica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m despertado a aten&#231;&#227;o dos pesquisadores e das entidades de sa&#250;de<sup>4</sup>. A IL-6 &#233; uma citocina com atua&#231;&#227;o tanto na resposta imune inata como na adaptativa. Ela &#233; sintetizada por mon&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas endoteliais, fibroblastos e outras c&#233;lulas em resposta a microrganismos e tamb&#233;m &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o por outras citocinas, principalmente interleucina-1 (IL-1) e TNF-a. A IL-18, citocina da fam&#237;lia da IL-1 descrita recentemente, tem a&#231;&#227;o pleiotr&#243;pica, participando da resposta imune inata e adquirida. Entre suas principais fun&#231;&#245;es, est&#225; a estimula&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de INF-g pelos linf&#243;citos T, c&#233;lulas NK e macr&#243;fagos<sup>5,6</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR na aterosclerose &#233; extremamente discreta, assim a sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita por m&#233;todos ultra-sens&#237;veis. No estudo <italic>Honolulu Heart</italic>, o risco aumentado relacionado &#224; PCR para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) permaneceu v&#225;lido mesmo ap&#243;s vinte anos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pr&#243;pria hiperglicemia caracter&#237;stica da intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose tem rela&#231;&#227;o com a s&#237;ntese imediata de marcadores como IL-6 e IL-18, com varia&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos positivamente relacionados e com aumentos mais significativos na hiperglicemia em pulsos, situa&#231;&#227;o comum no diab&#233;tico<sup>8</sup>. Como os pacientes com diabete s&#227;o parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o com coronariopatia (20% a 24%), a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios no diabete e tamb&#233;m na resist&#234;ncia a insulina &#233; fundamental para um tratamento adequado. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: examinar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6, IL-18 e PCRus em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST(SCA), e comparar poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos nos grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de diabete.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sujeitos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo homens e mulheres adultos com idade entre 40 e 80 anos, com diagn&#243;stico pregresso de diabete, que se apresentaram ao pronto-socorro com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (D-SCA) (n = 38) e aos ambulat&#243;rios do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (D-SCC) (n = 36). O grupo-controle foi constitu&#237;do por pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos com SCA (n = 22) ou SCC (n = 16). A presen&#231;a de SCA foi definida pela hist&#243;ria de, pelo menos, um epis&#243;dio de angina de repouso, durando mais que 20 minutos nas 24 horas anteriores, com altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sugestiva (infradesnivelamento &#150; 1,0 mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas e/ou invers&#227;o da onda T superior a 0,3 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas). O segundo grupo foi constitu&#237;do por pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (SCC) nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, com evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana demonstrada por coronariografia. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o considerados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>a) Gravidez; </p>
    <p>b) Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe III ou IV;</p>
    <p>c) Doen&#231;a valvar;</p>
    <p>d) Hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas;</p>
    <p>e) Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;</p>
    <p>f) Anormalidade no ECG que invalide a an&#225;lise do segmento ST; </p>
    <p>g) Hist&#243;ria de cirurgia ou trauma nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas; </p>
    <p>h) Hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica ou aguda;</p>
    <p>i) Hist&#243;ria de neoplasias; </p>
    <p>j) Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio definido por crit&#233;rios laboratoriais (eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB maior que duas vezes o valor de corte).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s sele&#231;&#227;o e alistamento com o termo de consentimento, os pacientes tiveram sangue venoso puncionado para medidas de IL-6, IL-18, prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel e marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. O sangue tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para medidas de hemograma, coagulograma, ur&#233;ia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, glicemia e perfil lip&#237;dico. Nenhuma pun&#231;&#227;o venosa extra foi realizada para pacientes inst&#225;veis, j&#225; que a pun&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada como procedimento de rotina diagn&#243;stica. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento usual e nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o foi adicionada ou retirada por interfer&#234;ncia do estudo. Os pacientes inst&#225;veis foram monitorizados de perto no pronto-socorro ou UCO (unidade coronariana). Os pacientes puderam escolher deixar o estudo a qualquer momento, de acordo com seu desejo. As amostras foram centrifugadas e guardadas a -80&#176;C para posterior an&#225;lise. O tempo m&#233;dio decorrido entre o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de dor e a coleta do sangue foi de 14 horas.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6 e IL-18 foram determinados pela t&#233;cnica de ELISA, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>kits</italic> comerciais da R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, EUA) e da MBL-Medical &amp; Biological Laboratories (Nagoya, Jap&#227;o), respectivamente, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Nessa t&#233;cnica, um anticorpo monoclonal espec&#237;fico &#233; adsorvido &#224; placa. Ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o da amostra de soro na qual se encontra o mediador a ser dosado, procede-se &#224; incuba&#231;&#227;o, ocasi&#227;o em que as mol&#233;culas de ant&#237;genos se fixar&#227;o aos anticorpos adsorvidos &#224; placa. Por meio de lavagem, todo o material n&#227;o-fixado &#233; eliminado. A seguir, adiciona-se novo anticorpo, com especificidade para um determinante antig&#234;nico ligado &#224; placa, obtendo-se o complexo Ac-Ag-Ac-enzima (t&#233;cnica do sandu&#237;che). Nova lavagem &#233; feita para remo&#231;&#227;o dos anticorpos n&#227;o-ligados. A seguir, acrescenta-se substrato que tem a propriedade de, quando em contato com a enzima, assumir colora&#231;&#227;o diferente, proporcional &#224; quantidade de mediador presente na amostra (ant&#237;geno). A leitura &#233; feita em leitora de placas (BioRad, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) a 450 nm e comparada a uma curva padr&#227;o obtida com concentra&#231;&#245;es conhecidas dos mediadores recombinantes. Os limites de detec&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios foram: 0,09 pg/ml para IL-6 e 12,5 pg/ml para IL-18.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de PCRus foram determinados pela t&#233;cnica de nefelometria em analisador BNII (Dade Behring, Marburg, Alemanha). O reagente consiste de uma suspens&#227;o de part&#237;culas de poliestireno, revestidas de anticorpo monoclonal anti-PCR, que se aglutinam na presen&#231;a da PCR da amostra. A intensidade da luz difusa no nefel&#244;metro depende da concentra&#231;&#227;o da PCR da amostra, de forma que, por compara&#231;&#227;o com dilui&#231;&#245;es de um padr&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#245;es conhecidas, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o desse mediador nas amostras. O limite da t&#233;cnica &#233; 0,175 mg/l.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Cl&#237;nicas -</italic> idade, sexo, antecedente de IAM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, angioplastia pr&#233;via, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico de dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia precoce, uso de nitratos, betabloqueadores, antagonistas do c&#225;lcio, aspirina, estatina, inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina e diur&#233;tico.</p>
    <p><italic>Laboratoriais -</italic> hemograma, IL-6, IL-18, PCR, CK, CKMB, LDH, AST, ur&#233;ia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, glicemia, LDL, HDL, triglic&#233;rides e colesterol total.</p>
    <p><italic>Pontos Prim&#225;rios -</italic> valores de IL-6 , IL-18 e PCR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os dados foram colocados em tabela do banco de dados Microsoft Access. Com dados n&#227;o distribu&#237;dos normalmente foram usados testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos. Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como mediana. O teste de Mann-Whitney <italic>U </italic>foi usado para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. O teste de Friedmann foi usado para avaliar diferen&#231;as dentro do mesmo grupo. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> para observa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-pareadas. Dados de categoria e propor&#231;&#245;es foram analisados usando c<sup>2</sup> ou teste de Fisher quando requerido. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Foi usado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 8.0 (SPSS Inc.) para todos os c&#225;lculos. O n&#250;mero de pacientes foi baseado em estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>9</sup>, considerando os valores para IL-6.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos estudados. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os diversos par&#226;metros analisados, com exce&#231;&#227;o do uso mais freq&#252;ente de estatinas no grupo diab&#233;ticos com SCA.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As medidas da glicemia foram realizadas sem jejum, variando significativamente entre os grupos com ou sem diabete (D-SCA = 186 &#177; 28 mg/l, D-SCC = 158 &#177; 59 mg/l, SCA = 92 &#177; 14 mg/l e SCC = 86 &#177; 12 mg/l).</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com SCA j&#225; tinham apresentado infarto, quase metade era composta de hipertensos, um quarto era tabagista, mais de tr&#234;s quartos usavam betabloqueador e perto de 90% utilizavam aspirina.</p>
    <p>A IL-6 apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos D-SCA e D-SCC (mediana 11,98 pg/ml e 6,85 pg/ml, respectivamente, p &lt;0,0149) e entre SCA e SCC (mediana 14,68 pg/ml e 4,97 pg/ml, respectivamente, p &lt;0,0040) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;f. 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da IL-18 mostrou n&#237;veis semelhantes entre os grupos D-SCA (mediana 289,4 pg/ml), D-SCC (mediana 334,5 pg/ml), SCA (mediana 281,9 pg/ml) e SCC (mediana 322,3 pg/ml) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;f. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis da PCR foram significativos na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos D-SCA e D-SCC (mediana 4,75 mg/l e 0,75 mg/l, respectivamente, p&lt; 0,0002), tamb&#233;m entre os grupos D-SCA e SCA (mediana 4,75 mg/l e 1,83 mg/dl respectivamente, p=0,0402) e finalmente entre D-SCA e SCC (mediana 4,75 mg/l e 0,55 mg/l, respectivamente, p = 0,0062) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;f. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos adultos com diagn&#243;stico de DM do tipo 2 ser&#225; de aproximadamente trezentos milh&#245;es em 2025. Esses pacientes ter&#227;o provavelmente tend&#234;ncia a aterosclerose mais acelerada. Usando a defini&#231;&#227;o de DM do tipo 2 como uma resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina herdada ou adquirida na presen&#231;a de uma fal&#234;ncia das c&#233;lulas beta geneticamente determinadas, podemos considerar a resist&#234;ncia a insulina como elemento fundamental da doen&#231;a DM do tipo 2. A resist&#234;ncia a insulina se associa a risco aumentado de doen&#231;a coronariana e est&#225; presente nos pacientes com DM do tipo 2 e tamb&#233;m nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (hipertrigliceridemia, HDL baixo, hipertens&#227;o, obesidade abdominal e, claro, resist&#234;ncia a insulina).</p>
    <p>Ao compartilhar com a aterosclerose fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, o DM do tipo 2 pode ter uma via comum de origem e ser a via inflamat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Na aterosclerose, a detec&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios elevados, notadamente a PCR est&#225; relacionada &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC. Medica&#231;&#245;es como as estatinas, que agem na redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, tamb&#233;m provocam quedas nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCR, e essa queda parece estar relacionada &#224; melhora do progn&#243;stico<sup>10</sup>. O efeito das estatinas al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, efeito pleiotr&#243;pico, foi demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos e revis&#245;es <sup>11</sup>. Ao agir em v&#225;rios mediadores da inflama&#231;&#227;o, os inibidores da HMG-CoA redutase diminuem a ades&#227;o monocit&#225;ria ao endot&#233;lio, reduzem a migra&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, diminuem a degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular, os fatores trombog&#234;nicos e as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. Estudos cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o em andamento para comprovar benef&#237;cio independente da diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo mostrou o grupo D-SCC com a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatina, achado que poderia justificar o maior n&#237;vel da PCR nesse grupo comparado ao SCC, por&#233;m sabe-se que a queda da PCR relacionada ao uso de estatina est&#225;, nos estudos at&#233; o momento, atrelada &#224; queda do colesterol, e os n&#237;veis de colesterol entre os grupos n&#227;o variaram significativamente. </p>
    <p>Yudkin e cols.<sup>12</sup> constataram, em 107 pacientes sem DM, que a PCR, a IL-6 e o TNF-a est&#227;o elevados e positivamente relacionados a medidas da resist&#234;ncia a insulina. Outro estudo<sup>13</sup> mostrou que o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da PCR est&#225; linearmente correlacionado ao n&#250;mero de componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Estudos experimentais mostram que a IL-6 interfere na s&#237;ntese de insulina na c&#233;lula beta pancre&#225;tica e reduz a s&#237;ntese de glicog&#234;nio induzida pela insulina no hepat&#243;citos<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Placas de ateroma de pacientes diab&#233;ticos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana t&#234;m maior conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico, trombose e infiltra&#231;&#227;o por macr&#243;fagos que o tecido coronariano de pacientes sem diabete<sup>15</sup>. Essa alta propor&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias infiltradas sugere que n&#227;o s&#243; a inflama&#231;&#227;o exerce um papel fundamental na aterosclerose, mas tamb&#233;m que o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio &#233; mais ativo no paciente com diabete.</p>
    <p>Essa rela&#231;&#227;o clara nos levou &#224; pesquisa de outros marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o no diab&#233;tico do tipo 2, em busca da mesma altera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao paciente sem diabete e tamb&#233;m com diabete, mas na fase cr&#244;nica da coronariopatia. Nossos resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; IL-18 n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os v&#225;rios grupos, ao contr&#225;rio de diversos estudos retrospectivos. O car&#225;ter prospectivo do nosso estudo leva a uma maior valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos dados, por&#233;m alguns aspectos da dosagem s&#233;rica de um marcador inst&#225;vel como a IL-18 podem ter contribu&#237;do para esse achado, j&#225; que se trata de uma citocina que seguramente est&#225; envolvida na instabilidade da placa e em concentra&#231;&#245;es locais aumentadas. A aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica constatada, por&#233;m, &#233; contr&#225;ria &#224;s perspectivas terap&#234;uticas que envolvem o bloqueio do receptor da IL-18.</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; foi demonstrado em estudos anteriores, a IL-6 est&#225; significativamente aumentada nos quadros agudos de instabilidade coronariana, e nosso estudo refor&#231;a o papel dessa citocina no quadro de ruptura ou eros&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose. Esse aumento pode estar relacionado ao aumento da PCR, j&#225; que a IL-6 promove a s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica desse marcador, por&#233;m tamb&#233;m a PCR tem seu efeito aterog&#234;nico mediado em parte pela s&#237;ntese de IL-6<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O achado mais original do presente estudo foi relativo &#224; PCR. Nosso estudo demonstrou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR seis vezes mais elevados no quadro agudo em pacientes com diabete, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao paciente com diabete e quadro de coronariopatia cr&#244;nica. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico no grupo de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST com diabetes foi de 4,5 mg/dl, superando em 50% o n&#237;vel b&#225;sico para alto risco definido pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia (2002) para esse marcador. Quando focamos os grupos com SCA com e sem diabete, a PCR continua 2,6 vezes mais elevada no diab&#233;tico. Inicialmente descrita como um marcador da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, recentes estudos t&#234;m demonstrado um papel ativo da PCR como mediador da aterog&#234;nese. A PCR induz a apoptose de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, inibe a angiog&#234;nese e estimula a transcri&#231;&#227;o de numerosos genes de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias<sup>17</sup>. No entanto, estimula a libera&#231;&#227;o de endotelina-1 e IL-6, provocando a express&#227;o aumentada de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e quimocinas envolvidas no recrutamento de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias como o MCP-1. Dessa forma, podemos supor que os n&#237;veis elevados de PCR no paciente diab&#233;tico com SCA representam um estado e preju&#237;zo inflamat&#243;rio elevados. Tamb&#233;m houve uma tend&#234;ncia (p = 0,08) a n&#237;veis de PCR elevados nos pacientes com diabete e quadro est&#225;vel, quando comparados &#224;queles sem diabete e doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica coronariana, sinalizando uma atividade inflamat&#243;ria elevada no paciente diab&#233;tico mesmo na fase est&#225;vel da coronariopatia. A an&#225;lise do presente estudo se limitou aos achados basais dos pacientes, e seu seguimento cl&#237;nico est&#225; sendo realizado para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es de progn&#243;sticos nos grupos estudados. O momento da coleta das amostras, especificamente do quadro inst&#225;vel, n&#227;o parece interferir no resultado obtido<sup>18</sup>. O achado de glicemia encontrado no grupo D-SCC pode ser questionado como fator de eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SCC. Um estudo mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o das duas vari&#225;veis em diab&#233;ticos<sup>19</sup> e est&#225; de acordo com a fisiopatologia do estresse oxidativo induzido pela hiperglicemia. Mas o presente estudo pode apenas demonstrar, pela PCR, que a inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; aumentada nesse grupo de pacientes, que freq&#252;entemente se encontram nessa condi&#231;&#227;o de hiperglicemia (D-SCC = 158 &#177; -59mg/l).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria da aterosclerose nos pacientes com diabete, mediada por PCRus, est&#225; mais elevada nos quadros de instabilidade, tanto em pacientes coronariopatas cr&#244;nicos com diabete como naqueles com instabilidade sem diabetes. Tal achado explica em parte o pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com diabete e coronariopatia e implica maior esfor&#231;o a ser empreendido para controlar a inflama&#231;&#227;o e melhorar a sobrevida dessa parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Fapesp.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de mestrado de Jos&#233; Roberto Matos Souza, pelo Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Unicamp.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Roberto Matos Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Comendador Torlogo Dauntre, 65 - Cambu&#237; </p>
        <p> 13025-270, Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="josematos@cardiol.br">josematos@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/02/07; revisado recebido em 11/08/07; aceito em 16/10/07</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Serum levels of interleukin-6 (Il-6), interleukin-18 (Il-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with type-2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and serum levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are used to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease. In patients with type-2 diabetes, atherosclerosis is related to a larger number of events such as myocardial infarction and death, when compared with patients without diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inflammatory response in patients with diabetes and acute events of coronary instability. METHODS: Two groups of patients were primarily selected. The first group was comprised of diabetic outpatients with stable angina (D-CCS) and presence of coronary artery disease on coronary angiography (n=36). The second group was comprised of diabetic patients seen in the emergency room with acute coronary syndrome (D-ACS) without ST-segment elevation (n=38). Non-diabetic patients with ACS (n=22) and CCS (n=16) comprised the control group. Serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and IL-18 were determined using nephelometry (CRP) and ELISA (IL-6 and IL-18) techniques. RESULTS: Higher serum IL-6 levels were found in diabetic or non-diabetic patients with ACS than in the group with CCS. On the other hand, diabetic patients with ACS had higher CRP levels in comparison with the other groups. Serum IL-18 levels were not significantly different among the patients studied. CONCLUSION: our findings suggest a more intense inflammatory activity in patients with coronary instability. This inflammatory activity, as measured by CRP, seems to be even more intense in diabetic patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Interleukin-6</kwd>
        <kwd>interleukin-18</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with type-2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Roberto Matos Souza; Romulo Tadeu Oliveira; Maria Heloisa S. L. Blotta; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Disciplina de Cardiologia - FCM-UNICAMP, Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica - FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and serum levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are used to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease. In patients with type-2 diabetes, atherosclerosis is related to a larger number of events such as myocardial infarction and death, when compared with patients without diabetes.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the inflammatory response in patients with diabetes and acute events of coronary instability.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Two groups of patients were primarily selected. The first group was comprised of diabetic outpatients with stable angina (D-CCS) and presence of coronary artery disease on coronary angiography (n=36). The second group was comprised of diabetic patients seen in the emergency room with acute coronary syndrome (D-ACS) without ST-segment elevation (n=38). Non-diabetic patients with ACS (n=22) and CCS (n=16) comprised the control group. Serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and IL-18 were determined using nephelometry (CRP) and ELISA (IL-6 and IL-18) techniques.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Higher serum IL-6 levels were found in diabetic or non-diabetic patients with ACS than in the group with CCS. On the other hand, diabetic patients with ACS had higher CRP levels in comparison with the other groups. Serum IL-18 levels were not significantly different among the patients studied.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Our findings suggest a more intense inflammatory activity in patients with coronary instability. This inflammatory activity, as measured by CRP, seems to be even more intense in diabetic patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):86-90)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Interleukin-6; interleukin-18; coronary arteriosclerosis; diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease affects an alarming number of individuals worldwide, side by side with another condition of global proportions: one hundred million people are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide<sup>1</sup>, 90% of whom have type-2 DM. The incidence of type-2 DM is expected to increase, following the increase in the number of cases of obesity worldwide<sup>2</sup>. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of premature death in patients with type-2 DM, and nearly 80% of all deaths and 75% of all hospital admissions result from complications of atherosclerosis<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis, whose complications have drawn the attention of researchers and health entities<sup>4</sup>. IL-6 is a cytokine that acts both in the innate and in the adaptive immune response. It is synthesized by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and other cells, in response to microorganisms and also to the stimulation by other cytokines, mainly interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF-a. IL-18, a recently described cytokine from the IL-1 family, has a pleiotropic action, and participates in the innate as well as in the acquired immune response. Among its main functions is the stimulation of INF-g production by T lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages<sup>5,6</sup>. CRP is very mildly elevated in atherosclerosis, requiring the use of highly sensitive methods for its quantification. In the Honolulu Heart Program, the increased risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) related to CRP has remained valid even after 20 years<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hyperglycemia itself, a characteristic of glucose intolerance, is related to the immediate synthesis of markers such as IL-6 and IL-18, with serum level variations positively correlated and with more significant increases in hyperglycemic spikes, a situation that is common in diabetic patients<sup>8</sup>. Since patients with diabetes comprise a significant part of the population with coronary artery disease (20-24%), the understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms in diabetes and also in insulin resistance is fundamental for a proper treatment. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the serum levels of IL-6, IL-18 and hs-CRP in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation (ACS), and to compare possible variations of serum levels between the groups according to the presence of diabetes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Adult men and women aged between 40 and 80 years with a previous diagnosis of diabetes, and who were admitted to the emergency room with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (D-ACS) (n=38) or attended the outpatient service of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> with chronic coronary syndrome (D-CCS) (n=36) were included in the study. The control group was comprised of non-diabetic patients with ACS (n=22) or CCS (n=16). The presence of ACS was defined by a history of at least one episode of angina at rest lasting more than 20 minutes in the preceding 24 hours, with suggestive electrocardiographic changes (ST-segment depression &#150; 1.0 mm in contiguous leads and/or T wave inversion greater than 0.3mm in two contiguous leads). The second group was comprised of patients with stable angina (CCS) in the past six months with signs of coronary artery disease as demonstrated by coronary angiography. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of <italic>Universidade Estadual de Campinas</italic>, and a written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>a) Pregnancy;</p>
      <p>b) Class III or IV congestive heart failure;</p>
      <p>c) Valvular heart disease;</p>
      <p>d) History of acute myocardial infarction in the preceding four weeks;</p>
      <p>e) Atrial fibrillation;</p>
      <p>f) Any ECG abnormality that could affect the analysis of the ST-segment;</p>
      <p>g) History of surgery or trauma in the preceding four weeks;</p>
      <p>h) History of chronic or acute inflammatory disease;</p>
      <p>i) History of malignancies;</p>
      <p>j) Acute myocardial infarction as defined by laboratory criteria (CKmb elevation greater than two-times the cut-off value).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After selection and enrollment with an informed consent form, the patients had their venous blood drawn for determination of serum levels of IL-6, IL-18, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and markers of myocardial necrosis. Blood was also used for determinations of blood count, coagulation tests, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, blood glucose, and lipid profile. No additional venous puncture was performed in unstable patients, since punctures are performed as a routine diagnostic procedure. All patients received the usual treatment and no medication was added or discontinued by study intervention. Unstable patients were closely monitored in the emergency room or coronary unit. Patients could drop from the study at any time they wished. The samples were centrifuged and kept at -80&#176;C for further analysis. The mean time elapsed from the last episode of pain and blood collection was 14 hours. </p>
      <p>Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18 were determined using the ELISA technique, with the R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and MBL-Medical &amp; Biological Laboratories (Nagoya, Japan) commercial kits, respectively, according to the manufacturer&#146;s instructions. In this technique, a specific monoclonal antibody is adsorbed onto a plate. After addition of the serum sample where the mediator to be determined is placed, the material is incubated, and this is the moment when the antigen molecules will bind to the antibodies adsorbed onto the plate. All unbound material is washed away. Next, a new antibody specific for an antigenic determinant linked to the plate is added, and an Ab-Ag-Ab-enzyme complex is obtained (sandwich technique). The material is washed again to remove the unbound antibodies. Then, a substrate with the property of turning into a different color when in contact with the enzyme is added in proportion to the amount of the mediator present in the sample (antigen). The reading is performed in a plate reader (BioRad, Tokyo, Japan) at 450 nm and compared to a standard curve obtained with known concentrations of the recombinant mediators. The detection limits of the essays were: 0.09 pg/ml for IL-6, and 12.5 pg/ml for IL-18.</p>
      <p>Hs-CRP levels were determined using the nephelometry technique in a BNII analyzer (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). The reagent consists of a polystyrene particle suspension coated with anti-CRP monoclonal antibody which agglutinates in the presence of CRP in the sample. The intensity of the scattered light in the nephelometer depends on the concentration of CRP in the sample, so that, through comparison with dilutions of a standard of known concentrations, it is possible to determine the concentration of this mediator in the samples. The limit of the technique is 0.175 mg/l.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Specific variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical variables -</italic> Age, gender, history of AMI, previous myocardial revascularization, previous angioplasty, hypertension, smoking, history of dyslipidemia, family history of early coronary artery disease, use of nitrates, beta blockers, calcium antagonists, aspirin, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics.</p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory variables -</italic> blood count, IL-6, IL-18, CRP, CK, CKMB, LDH, AST, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, blood glucose, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol.</p>
      <p><italic>Primary endpoints -</italic> IL-6, IL-18 and CRP levels.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical methods -</italic> All data were inserted in a Microsoft Access database table. Non-parametric tests were used for data with a non-normal distribution. Results are expressed as medians. The Mann-Whitney <italic>U </italic>test was used to evaluate the differences between the groups. The Friedmann test was used to evaluate the differences within the same group. The <italic>t </italic>test for non-paired observations was used to analyze continuous variables. Category and proportion data were analyzed using the c<sup>2</sup> or Fisher test when required. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The SPSS 8.0 statistical software package (SPSS Inc) was used for all calculations. The number of patients was based on previous studies<sup>9</sup> considering the values for IL-6. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the groups studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. No significant differences were found among the different parameters analyzed, except for the more frequent use of statins in the group of diabetic patients with ACS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Blood glucose levels were determined without fasting, and varied significantly between the groups with or without diabetes (D-ACS= 186&#177;28 mg/l, D-CCS= 158&#177;59 mg/l, ACS= 92&#177;14 mg/l and CCS= 86&#177;12 mg/l).</p>
      <p>Approximately 50% of the patients with ACS had already had an infarction, almost half of them were hypertensive, one-fourth were smokers, more than three-thirds were receiving beta blockers, and almost 90% were receiving aspirin.</p>
      <p>IL-6 showed a statistically significant difference between the groups D-ACS and D-CCS (median of 11.98 pg/ml and 6.858 pg/ml, respectively, p&lt;0.0149), and between the groups ACS and CCS (median of 14.68 pg/ml and 4.971 pg/ml, respectively, p&lt;0.0040) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graph 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The analysis of serum IL-8 levels showed similar levels between the groups D-ACS (median 289.4 pg/ml), D-CCS (median 334.5 pg/ml), ACS (median 281.9 pg/ml) and CCS (median 322.3 pg/ml) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graph 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>CRP levels were significant in the comparison between groups D-ACS and D-CCS (median of 4.75 mg/l and 0.75 mg/l, respectively, p&lt; 0.0002), as well as between groups D-ACS and ACS (median of 4.750 mg/l and 1.83 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.0402), and finally between D-ACS and CCS (median of 4.75 mg/l and 0.55 mg/l, respectively, p=0.0062) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">Graph 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0094-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The number of adult individuals diagnosed with type-2 DM will rise to approximately three hundred million by 2025. These patients will probably have a tendency to a more rapidly progressive atherosclerosis. Using the definition of type-2 DM as an inherited or acquired insulin resistance in the presence of a genetically determined beta-cell failure, we can consider insulin resistance as a key element in type-2 DM. Insulin resistance is associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease and is present in patients with type-2 DM as well as in patients with metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels, hypertension, abdominal obesity and, of course, insulin resistance). </p>
      <p>By sharing classic risk factors with atherosclerosis, type-2 DM may also share a common etiologic pathway which can be the inflammatory pathway. </p>
      <p>In atherosclerosis, the detection of high levels of inflammatory markers, notably of CRP, is related to a worse outcome of patients with CAD. By lowering cholesterol levels, medications such as statins also result in decreased serum CRP levels, and this reduction seems to be related to a better prognosis<sup>10</sup>. Pleiotropic effects of statins, in addition to the effect of cholesterol lowering, have been demonstrated in several studies and reviews<sup>11</sup>. By acting on several mediators of inflammation, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce monocyte adhesion to the endothelium, thus reducing migration and proliferation of inflammatory cells; improve endothelial function; reduce extracellular matrix breakdown; and reduce thrombogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. Clinical studies are being conducted to confirm independent benefits of cholesterol levels lowering. </p>
      <p>Our study showed that the use of statins was less frequent in group D-CCS, a finding that could justify the higher CRP levels in this group in comparison with group CCS. However, studies conducted up to the present have shown that statin-related CRP reduction is linked to cholesterol lowering, and cholesterol levels were not significantly different between the groups.</p>
      <p>Yudkin et al<sup>12</sup> studied 107 non-diabetic patients and demonstrated that CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a levels are elevated and positively correlated with measurements of insulin resistance. Another study<sup>13</sup> showed that serum CRP levels are linearly correlated with the number of components of the metabolic syndrome. Experimental studies show that IL-6 interferes with insulin synthesis in pancreatic b cells and reduces insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Atheroma plaques of diabetic patients with coronary syndrome exhibit a larger content of lipid, thrombosis and macrophage infiltration than the coronary tissue from patients without diabetes<sup>15</sup>. This high proportion of infiltrated inflammatory cells suggests not only that inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis, but also that the proinflammatory state is more active in patients with diabetes.</p>
      <p>This clear relationship led to the research of other inflammatory markers in type-2 diabetic patients, in the search of the same alteration in relation to non-diabetic patients and also diabetic patients, this latter, however, only in the chronic phase of coronary artery disease. As regards IL-18, our findings did not show significant differences between the different groups, unlike several retrospective studies. The prospective design of this study confers greater value to the data presented here . However, some aspects of serum determination of an unstable marker, as is IL-18, may have contributed to this finding, since it is a cytokine that is certainly involved in plaque instability and increased local concentrations. However, the absence of increased serum levels verified is contrary to the therapeutic perspectives involving IL-18 receptor blockade.</p>
      <p>As has already been demonstrated in previous studies, IL-6 is significantly increased in acute manifestations of coronary instability, and our study corroborates the role of this cytokine in the setting of atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion. This increase may be related to CRP elevation, since IL-6 promotes the hepatic synthesis of this marker. However, CRP also has its atherogenic effect, partly mediated by IL-6 synthesis<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most original finding of the present study was related to CRP. Our study demonstrated six-fold higher serum CRP levels in diabetic patients with acute coronary artery disease in comparison with diabetic patients with chronic coronary artery disease. The serum CRP level in the group of diabetic patients with ACS without ST-segment elevation was 4.5 mg/dL, thus exceeding by 50% the basic level for high risk as defined by the American College of Cardiology (2002) for this marker. When we focused on the groups with ACS with and without diabetes, CRP was still 2.6-fold higher in diabetic patients. Initially described as a marker of the inflammatory response, an active role of CRP as a mediator of atherogenesis has been demonstrated in recent studies. CRP induces apoptosis of endothelial cells, inhibits angiogenesis and stimulates transcription of several genes of proinflammatory cytokines<sup>17</sup>. On the other hand, it stimulates endothelin-1 and IL-16 release, leading to an increased expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as MCP-1. Thus, we can presume that the increased CRP levels in diabetic patients with ACS represent a high inflammatory state and damage. There was also a trend (p=0.08) of increased CRP levels in diabetic patients with chronic coronary disease when compared with non-diabetic patients with chronic coronary disease, thus signaling a high inflammatory activity in diabetic patients even in the stable phase of coronary artery disease. The analysis of the present study was limited to the patients&#146; baseline findings, and the patients are being clinically followed up so that information on prognosis in the groups studied can be obtained. The time of sample collection, specifically in unstable patients, does not seem to interfere with the results obtained<sup>18</sup>. The results regarding blood glucose found in the group D-CCS may be questioned as a factor leading to CRP elevation in relation to group CCS. A study showed elevation of these two variables in diabetic patients<sup>19</sup>, and this is in agreement with the pathophysiology of the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. However, the present study could only demonstrate, by means of CRP, that inflammation is increased in this group of patients, who are frequently found in a hyperglycemic state (D-CCS = 158&#177;59mg/l).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study showed that the inflammatory reaction of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients, mediated by hsCRP, is more intense in patients with acute coronary disease when compared both to diabetic patients with chronic coronary disease and to non-diabetic patients with acute coronary disease. This finding partly explains the worst prognosis of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease, and implies that greater efforts should be made toward the control of inflammation and improvement of survival of this significant part of the population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Fapesp.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Roberto Matos Souza, from <italic>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Unicamp</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
