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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LFq9GbTqK8BndjdPhRfGw6B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial tempor&#225;ria externa na preven&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Maia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barboza</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sartori</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>93</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a mais comum complica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, aumentando a incid&#234;ncia de morbi-mortalidade. OBJETIVO: O prop&#243;sito deste estudo prospectivo e randomizado foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tempor&#225;ria biatrial reduz a incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. M&#201;TODOS: Em uma casu&#237;stica de 98 pacientes n&#227;o-consecutivos, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, foram implantados respectivamente dois eletrodos tempor&#225;rios em &#225;trio direito e em &#225;trio esquerdo e conectados a cada par de sa&#237;da atrial do marcapasso, al&#233;m dos eletrodos implantados no ventr&#237;culo direito. Foram randomizados dois grupos (controle: 49 pacientes sem a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial; terap&#234;utico: 49 pacientes com a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial). As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o), tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi de 36,73% no grupo controle e 14,29% no grupo terap&#234;utico (p=0,0194). O tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 7,00&#177;2,82 dias nos pacientes sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n=73), e de 9,20&#177;2,87 dias nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n=25) (p=0,0001). A idade foi importante preditor da arritmia, variou de 62,34&#177;9,00 anos no grupo sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e de 67,20&#177;7,42 anos no grupo com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,0170). CONCLUS&#195;O: A estimula&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria biatrial profil&#225;tica &#233; efetiva na preven&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, quando comparada ao grupo controle. Perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a idade foi importante preditor para o desenvolvimento da arritmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia da estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial tempor&#225;ria externa na preven&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco Maia da Silva; Rodrigo Milani; Dalton Pr&#233;coma; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es; Jose Augusto Moutinho; Laura Barboza; Alexandre Sartori; Paulo Brofman</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a mais comum complica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, aumentando a incid&#234;ncia de morbi-mortalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O prop&#243;sito deste estudo prospectivo e randomizado foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tempor&#225;ria biatrial reduz a incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Em uma casu&#237;stica de 98 pacientes n&#227;o-consecutivos, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, foram implantados respectivamente dois eletrodos tempor&#225;rios em &#225;trio direito e em &#225;trio esquerdo e conectados a cada par de sa&#237;da atrial do marcapasso, al&#233;m dos eletrodos implantados no ventr&#237;culo direito. Foram randomizados dois grupos (controle: 49 pacientes sem a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial; terap&#234;utico: 49 pacientes com a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial). As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o), tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi de 36,73% no grupo controle e 14,29% no grupo terap&#234;utico (p=0,0194). O tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 7,00&#177;2,82 dias nos pacientes sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n=73), e de 9,20&#177;2,87 dias nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n=25) (p=0,0001). A idade foi importante preditor da arritmia, variou de 62,34&#177;9,00 anos no grupo sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e de 67,20&#177;7,42 anos no grupo com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,0170). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria biatrial profil&#225;tica &#233; efetiva na preven&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, quando comparada ao grupo controle. Perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a idade foi importante preditor para o desenvolvimento da arritmia. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 87-93)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a mais comum complica&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio da opera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, com incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 35% a 50% ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com pico de incid&#234;ncia no segundo e no terceiro dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>1,2</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tem implica&#231;&#245;es significantes em termos de morbidade e de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos hospitalares<sup>3</sup>. Apesar de a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o representar uma situa&#231;&#227;o de risco de vida e a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variar de paciente para paciente, ela est&#225; freq&#252;entemente associada a m&#250;ltiplas co-morbidades, tais como: eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, exacerba&#231;&#227;o da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal, infec&#231;&#227;o, prolongando a perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes em unidades de cuidados intensivos e aumentando a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria permanece incerta e &#233; presumivelmente multifatorial. Diversos autores sugeriram que o mecanismo inicial da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consistia de m&#250;ltiplos circuitos de reentrada, propagando-se internamente pelos &#225;trios, freq&#252;entemente iniciado por uma extra-s&#237;stole atrial, oriunda de &#225;reas de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta e bloqueio unidirecional<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a terapia profil&#225;tica com antagonista beta-adren&#233;rgico<sup>3,4,7-9</sup>, amiodarona<sup>3,10</sup> e sotalol<sup>11</sup> reduza a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanece como importante causa de aumento na perman&#234;ncia hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Pacientes submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem suprir um modelo para avaliar o impacto da estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial profil&#225;tica (desde que tenham os eletrodos de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio implantados durante o ato operat&#243;rio) na incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Tal t&#233;cnica pode ser tamb&#233;m extremamente &#250;til para reduzir os custos hospitalares e co-morbidades associadas com essa arritmia<sup>7,12-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por meio deste estudo prospectivo e randomizado, espera-se estabelecer uma interven&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel, segura e ao mesmo tempo eficaz, que poder&#225; reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre maio de 2004 e mar&#231;o de 2005, na Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba &#150; Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de &#150; PUCPR, foram selecionados 98 pacientes n&#227;o-consecutivos e em uso de betabloqueador, com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva e indica&#231;&#227;o para opera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, indica&#231;&#227;o de opera&#231;&#227;o eletiva para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada e aceitar o consentimento livre e informado. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;am: presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou algum tipo de arritmia no momento do recrutamento, tratamento com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (exceto digoxina, betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio), bloqueio AV de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; grau, bradicardia definida com menor 60 spm (sem agentes ativos do n&#243; sinusal ou atrioventricular), opera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, necessidade de procedimento operat&#243;rio adicionais no momento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de betabloqueador, &#225;trio esquerdo maior que 5,0 cm.</p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo do estudo </italic>- Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da PUC-PR, sob o n&#250;mero 342. </p>
    <p>Pacientes que tiveram crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram randomizados, mediante um extrato de t&#225;bua de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios em dois grupos: </p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Grupo controle:</bold> sem estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica biatrial tempor&#225;ria.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p><bold>Grupo terap&#234;utico:</bold> com estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica biatrial tempor&#225;ria.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p><italic>"Pacebox"</italic> - O "pacebox" foi especialmente desenvolvido para este estudo. Ele &#233; composto de dois pares de conectores para estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e um par para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O sistema el&#233;trico de estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; um marcapasso card&#237;aco modelo Integrity&#153; DR+(St Jude Medical &#150; USA) com algoritmo "AF Suppression&#153;" (St Jude Medical &#150; USA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas do algoritmo "AF Suppression&#153;" - </italic>Ajusta dinamicamente a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o de maneira a estimular o cora&#231;&#227;o ligeiramente acima das freq&#252;&#234;ncias atriais intr&#237;nsecas, independentemente de o paciente estar ativo ou em repouso. A estimula&#231;&#227;o com o algoritmo "AF Suppresion&#153;" libera est&#237;mulos atriais de acordo com o n&#250;mero programado de ciclos de estimula&#231;&#227;o "overdrive". Se duas ondas P naturais s&#227;o detectadas antes da conclus&#227;o do ciclo de "overdrive" programado ou durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia atrial estimulada &#233;, ent&#227;o, automaticamente aumentada.</p>
    <p><italic>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria e implanta&#231;&#227;o do sistema de marcapasso epic&#225;rdico tempor&#225;rio -</italic> Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem aux&#237;lio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Com o paciente em anestesia geral, dec&#250;bito dorsal, foram puncionadas a veia subcl&#225;via e a art&#233;ria radial esquerdas; foram realizadas esternotomia medial e pericardiotomia longitudinal. Dissecaram-se os enxertos arterial e venoso, de acordo com as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias a serem tratadas. Os pacientes foram anticoagulados com heparina n&#227;o-fracionada, na dose de 2 mg por quilo de peso. Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos vasos e o local da anastomose, e com o aux&#237;lio do ponto de Lima, posicionou-se o estabilizador de tecidos, passou-se um torniquete proximal e iniciou-se a sutura do enxerto, ap&#243;s a arteriotomia longitudinal. Conclu&#237;da, retiraram-se o torniquete e o estabilizador. O enxerto venoso foi anastomosado na aorta com campleamento lateral. Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica neutralizaram-se 75% da dose inicial da heparina e a hemostasia foi revisada. Os planos operat&#243;rios foram suturados.</p>
    <p>Depois de completado o procedimento operat&#243;rio, dois eletrodos de marcapasso (multifilamento de a&#231;o revestido com polietileno azul Ethicon&#153;) foram implantados no teto do &#225;trio esquerdo, entre a aorta e a veia cava superior, assim como dois eletrodos no &#225;trio direito, sendo um eletrodo implantado na aur&#237;cula do &#225;trio direito e outro, na parede lateral e dois eletrodos no ventr&#237;culo direito como rotineiramente se emprega nas opera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref>). As extremidades das deriva&#231;&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas foram passadas atrav&#233;s da pele e foram conectadas ao "pacebox", o qual foi programado de acordo com a especifica&#231;&#227;o do grupo de tratamento do paciente.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os eletrodos de marcapasso foram implantados nos dois grupos (controle e terap&#234;utico).</p>
    <p><italic>Manejo do paciente</italic> - Ao t&#233;rmino da opera&#231;&#227;o, o paciente foi transferido do centro cir&#250;rgico &#224; unidade de terapia intensiva cardiovascular, onde foi continuamente monitorado, at&#233; a alta para as depend&#234;ncias do hospital. No grupo terap&#234;utico, os eletrodos foram conectados ao "pacebox" na 12&#170; hora de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e permaneceram ligados continuamente por 96 horas. No momento da alta da unidade de terapia intensiva cardiovascular, geralmente entre a 36&#170; e a 48&#170; horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para as depend&#234;ncias do hospital, foi instalado um sistema de eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico de 24 horas, para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua. Registros di&#225;rios com eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram tamb&#233;m obtidos at&#233; a alta hospitalar e avaliados por pelo menos dois investigadores independentes, assim como os registros do eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (controle e terap&#234;utico) foram tratados de acordo com a diretriz de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o perfil hemodin&#226;mico (estabilidade e instabilidade). Os pacientes com estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foram tratados com amiodarona (300 mg EV <italic>in bolus</italic>, seguido de 900 mg EV em 24h). E ao mesmo tempo, iniciou-se o uso de anticoagulante (enoxaparina ou heparina n&#227;o-fracionada), sempre monitorizando poss&#237;veis sangramentos. Pacientes com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foram submetidos a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (200 &#150; 360 J), assim como aqueles que n&#227;o responderam a cardiovers&#227;o qu&#237;mica (amiodarona).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os resultados de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressos por freq&#252;&#234;ncias e porcentuais e por vari&#225;veis quantitativas por m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi usado o teste exato de Fisher. A compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi feita usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes, ou o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, quando apropriado. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, foi ajustado um modelo de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica considerando-se a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como vari&#225;vel resposta, e as demais vari&#225;veis do estudo como vari&#225;veis explicativas. Nessa an&#225;lise, decis&#245;es foram tomadas com base no teste de Wald. Em todos os testes, valores de p&lt;0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Neste estudo participaram 98 pacientes constitu&#237;dos por 67 homens e 31 mulheres, com idades entre 44 e 78 anos, m&#233;dia 63,58&#177;8,84 e mediana 64; os pacientes foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, sendo realizados enxertos arteriais e venosos que variaram de 1,00 a 5,00, m&#233;dia 2,61&#177;0,82 e mediana 3,00; tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo 2,90 a 5,00 cm, m&#233;dia 4,02&#177;0,45 e mediana 4,10; tamanho ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 3,60 a 6,50 cm, m&#233;dia 5,06&#177;0,72 e mediana 5,15; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular 26,00 a 70,00, m&#233;dia 58,13&#177;10,07 e mediana 60,00. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos com o aux&#237;lio de um extrato de t&#225;bua de n&#250;mero aleat&#243;rios, sendo o n&#250;mero par designado para o grupo sem estimula&#231;&#227;o e o n&#250;mero &#237;mpar para o grupo com estimula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da linha e da coluna iniciais para esse procedimento foi feita por sorteio utilizando-se bolas enumeradas em uma urna. Grupo controle - sem estimula&#231;&#227;o (n=49) e Grupo terap&#234;utico - com estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial (n=49). As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o) independentemente do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o (n&#227;o-sustentada, parox&#237;stica, curta dura&#231;&#227;o) e diversas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas do paciente. Todos os pacientes assinaram o consentimento livre e informado.</p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</italic> - Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados da compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes controle e terap&#234;utico, em rela&#231;&#227;o a diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</italic> - Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados da compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes controle (sem estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial) e terap&#234;utico (com estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial), em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel principal do estudo, ou seja, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo terap&#234;utico e controle p: 0,0194.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Testou-se a hip&#243;tese nula de que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o tempo livre de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no grupo terap&#234;utico &#233; igual a essa distribui&#231;&#227;o no grupo controle <italic>versus</italic> a hip&#243;tese alternativa de distribui&#231;&#245;es diferentes. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> (Kaplan-Meier).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada - </italic>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com e sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial, tanto na an&#225;lise univariada como na an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ajustando-se as diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas consideradas no estudo, os resultados indicam que pacientes sem estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial e com pelo menos 65 anos de idade t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no per&#237;odo de 96 horas ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Ajustada as demais vari&#225;veis, a <italic>odds ratio</italic> estimada para a vari&#225;vel marcapasso (com ou sem estimula&#231;&#227;o) &#233; de 3,66 (IC 95% de 1,11 a 12,09), e para a vari&#225;vel idade (&lt; 65 ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos) &#233; igual a 3,70 (IC 95% de 1,06 a 12,94). Sendo assim, o uso do marcapasso e a faixa et&#225;ria do paciente est&#227;o significativamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Enquanto aplicar o marcapasso no procedimento cir&#250;rgico gera um efeito protetor ao paciente, ter 65 anos ou mais o predisp&#245;e a essa complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Os c&#225;lculos de risco relativo indicam que pacientes sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estimula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o 2,57 vezes mais prov&#225;veis de apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial num per&#237;odo de 96 horas do que pacientes que utilizam a estimula&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos s&#227;o 2,31 vezes mais prov&#225;veis de apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial do que pacientes com idade de at&#233; 65 anos. O efeito potencial dessas duas caracter&#237;sticas acarreta, para pacientes sem marcapasso e idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos, uma probabilidade de apresentarem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial igual a 4,63 vezes maior do que para pacientes com marcapasso e idade &lt; 65 anos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aumenta significativamente o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, pacientes sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tiveram em m&#233;dia 7,00&#177;2,82 dias de internamento, enquanto pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ficaram hospitalizados, em m&#233;dia, 9,20&#177;2,87 dias (p=0,0001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria permanece incerta e &#233; presumivelmente multifatorial.</p>
    <p>Diversos autores sugeriram que o mecanismo inicial da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consistia de m&#250;ltiplos circuitos de reentrada, propagando-se internamente pelos &#225;trios, freq&#252;entemente iniciado por uma extra-s&#237;stole atrial, oriunda de &#225;reas de bloqueio unidirecional<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros autores demonstraram que a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria empregada, ou seja, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com ou sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tem grande impacto na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Aquela est&#225; associada por si s&#243; a resposta inflamat&#243;ria vascular sist&#234;mica, contribuindo com aumento da incid&#234;ncia de morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ao passo que esta est&#225; associada a significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e na libera&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Ressalte-se que o presente estudo foi realizado com essa t&#233;cnica (sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea). Esses autores conclu&#237;ram que a solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica e a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea s&#227;o os principais preditores independentes dessa arritmia<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No servi&#231;o em que foi desenvolvido o presente estudo, usa-se rotineiramente para opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica a t&#233;cnica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com potenciais vantagens quando comparada &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional, tais como: menor tempo de opera&#231;&#227;o, mais r&#225;pido per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, menor perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar, extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce e redu&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de hemoderivados.</p>
    <p>Diversos autores demonstraram o impacto dessa arritmia no perfil cl&#237;nico e econ&#244;mico, com expressivo aumento nos custos hospitalar em mais de 16%, ou seja, $8.000 por caso<sup>18-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstra claramente a n&#237;tida rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com o aumento do per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Algumas drogas como antagonista beta-adren&#233;rgico, sotalol e amiodarona t&#234;m sido utilizados como profil&#225;ticos na tentativa de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; por&#233;m, essa estrat&#233;gia pode ser limitada, em virtude de seus efeitos colaterais e da contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para alguns pacientes, al&#233;m da necessidade de ter que ser iniciada alguns dias antes da opera&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de tal estrat&#233;gia utilizada, observou-se ainda uma expressiva incid&#234;ncia dessa arritmia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,9,10,22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em virtude da limita&#231;&#227;o e da pouca efetividade dessa estrat&#233;gia farmacol&#243;gica, novas abordagens s&#227;o requeridas para reduzir a incid&#234;ncia dessa arritmia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na preven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica, dois mecanismos podem explicar como a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial tempor&#225;ria pode prevenir a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O primeiro mecanismo &#233; que a dispers&#227;o da refratariedade atrial &#233; reduzida com o marcapasso biatrial. Estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado que as extra-s&#237;stoles atriais resultam da dispers&#227;o da refratariedade atrial<sup>5,24-26</sup>. Essa diferen&#231;a na eletrofisiologia atrial &#233; essencial para a reentrada que facilita o in&#237;cio da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>O segundo poss&#237;vel mecanismo pelo qual a estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial pode prevenir a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; pela supress&#227;o das extra-s&#237;stoles atriais. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; iniciada por um batimento atrial prematuro, especialmente durante per&#237;odo de bradicardia sinusal. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial foi escolhido para assegurar a ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do mioc&#225;rdio atrial em resposta &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial prematura, reduzindo assim a dispers&#227;o atrial. Quando o algoritmo de sobrestimula&#231;&#227;o atrial din&#226;mico (DAO &#150; dynamic atrial overdrive) &#233; programado, o dispositivo ajusta a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso, aumentando-a ou diminuindo-a, de acordo com a varia&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia intr&#237;nseca atrial do paciente.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a literatura, o resultado de diversos estudos de marcapasso &#250;nico e duplo s&#237;tio atrial (com uma variedade de algoritmos) tem sido publicado com resultados geralmente favor&#225;veis, para reduzir a incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>7,12-14,27-29</sup>, o que fica demonstrado no presente estudo, onde observou-se que a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no grupo controle (sem estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial) foi de 36,73% e 14,29% no grupo terap&#234;utico (com estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial) com alta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p = 0,0194.</p>
    <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise recente, por&#233;m, Ronald e Dunning<sup>30</sup> conclu&#237;ram que somente o marcapasso biatrial &#233; efetivo como profil&#225;tico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, e que o marcapasso atrial direito isolado, assim como o esquerdo, n&#227;o &#233; efetivo<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tempor&#225;ria para preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m tem sido avaliada, segundo a Diretriz de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Dez estudos analisaram os efeitos do marcapasso utilizando eletrodos tempor&#225;rios epimioc&#225;rdicos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, na maioria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Foram comparadas as t&#233;cnicas de estimula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, do &#225;trio esquerdo e de ambos (simultaneamente) com o grupo controle. As tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas avaliadas diminu&#237;ram a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, n&#227;o se observaram complica&#231;&#245;es com o uso do marcapasso, tanto na implanta&#231;&#227;o quanto na retirada dos eletrodos. Nenhum paciente do grupo terap&#234;utico teve sua terapia descontinuada. De acordo com dados da literatura, o &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; significativamente menor quando comparado com o grupo controle; tais complica&#231;&#245;es foram observadas nos pacientes que desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial tempor&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea reduz significativamente a incid&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, quando comparados ao grupo controle; assim como a presen&#231;a da arritmia aumenta significativamente o per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e a idade &#233; marcante preditor para a incid&#234;ncia dessa arritmia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fornecimento e confec&#231;&#227;o do "pacebox" de acordo com nossa orienta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Francisco Maia da Silva pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - PUCPR. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francisco Maia da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua M&#233;xico, 1454 - Bacacheri </p>
        <p> 82520-190, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="francmaia@cardiol.br">francmaia@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/12/06; revisado recebido em 27/05/07; aceito em 04/10/07. </p>
  </body>
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          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Cardona F, Seide H, Cox RA, P&#233;rez    CM. Effect of right atrial pacing, intravenous amiodarone and beta blockers    for suppression of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery:    a pilot study. P R Health Sci J. 2003; 22: 119-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of right atrial pacing, intravenous amiodarone and beta blockers for suppression of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a pilot study</article-title>
          <source>P R Health Sci J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Cardona</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seide</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>30. Ronald A, Dunning J. Bi-atrial pacing    significantly reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation post cardiac surgery.    Int Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2005; 4: 33-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Bi-atrial pacing significantly reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation post cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Int Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
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            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
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            <name>
              <surname>Ronald</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunning</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of external temporary biatrial pacing on the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass without extracorporeal circulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after myocardial revascularization, and it increases morbidity/mortality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to test the hypothesis that temporary biatrial pacing is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Ninety-eight non-consecutive patients who had undergone off-pump myocardial revascularization received two temporary electrodes attached to the right and left atria, which were connected to either pair of atrial pacemaker electrodes, in addition to the leads implanted in the right ventricle. Two groups of patients were randomized (control: 49 patients with no biatrial pacing; therapeutic: 49 patients with biatrial pacing). The variables of interest were atrial fibrillation (present or absent) and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The incidence of atrial fibrillation was 36.73% in the control group and 14.29% in the therapeutic group (p=0.0194). Length of hospital stay was 7.00 &#177; 2.82 days for patients with no atrial fibrillation (n=73) and 9.20 &#177; 2.87 days for patients with atrial fibrillation (n=25) (p=0.0001). Age was an important predictor of arrhythmia and ranged between 62.34 &#177; 9.00 years in the group with no atrial fibrillation and 67.20 &#177; 7.42 years in the group with atrial fibrillation (p=0.0170). CONCLUSION: Compared to controls, prophylactic temporary biatrial pacing is effective in preventing atrial fibrillation. Hospital stay was longer for patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation, and age was an important predictor for the development of arrhythmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Influence of external temporary biatrial pacing on the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass without extracorporeal circulation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Francisco Maia da Silva; Rodrigo Milani; Dalton Pr&#233;coma; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es; Jose Augusto Moutinho; Laura Barboza; Alexandre Sartori, Paulo Brofman</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after myocardial revascularization, and it increases morbidity/mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to test the hypothesis that temporary biatrial pacing is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ninety-eight non-consecutive patients who had undergone off-pump myocardial revascularization received two temporary electrodes attached to the right and left atria, which were connected to either pair of atrial pacemaker electrodes, in addition to the leads implanted in the right ventricle. Two groups of patients were randomized (control: 49 patients with no biatrial pacing; therapeutic: 49 patients with biatrial pacing). The variables of interest were atrial fibrillation (present or absent) and length of hospital stay.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The incidence of atrial fibrillation was 36.73% in the control group and 14.29% in the therapeutic group (p=0.0194). Length of hospital stay was 7.00 &#177; 2.82 days for patients with no atrial fibrillation (n=73) and 9.20 &#177; 2.87 days for patients with atrial fibrillation (n=25) (p=0.0001). Age was an important predictor of arrhythmia and ranged between 62.34 &#177; 9.00 years in the group with no atrial fibrillation and 67.20 &#177; 7.42 years in the group with atrial fibrillation (p=0.0170).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Compared to controls, prophylactic temporary biatrial pacing is effective in preventing atrial fibrillation. Hospital stay was longer for patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation, and age was an important predictor for the development of arrhythmia. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):80-85)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Atrial fibrillation; cardiac pacing, artificial; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, with an incidence of approximately 35% to 50% after myocardial revascularization that reaches its peak in the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>postoperative days<sup>1,2</sup>. Postoperative atrial fibrillation has significant implications in morbidity and use of hospital resources<sup>3</sup>. Although atrial fibrillation is not life-threatening and its clinical significance in the postoperative phase varies from patient to patient, it is frequently associated with multiple comorbidities such as thromboembolic events, hemodynamic deterioration, exacerbation of heart failure, renal failure, and infection, and prolongs the stay of patients both in intensive care units and the hospital<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of postoperative atrial fibrillation remains uncertain and is likely to be multifactorial. Several authors have suggested that the initial mechanism of atrial fibrillation in this population of patients consists of multiple reentry circuits propagating through the atria, often initiated by an atrial extrasystole originating in areas of slow conduction and unidirectional block<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although prophylactic therapy with beta-adrenergic antagonists<sup>3,4,7-9</sup>, amiodarone<sup>3,10</sup>, and sotalol<sup>11</sup> may reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization, this condition remains an important cause of prolonged hospital stay. </p>
      <p>Patients who have undergone myocardial revascularization can serve as a model for evaluating the impact of prophylactic atrial pacing on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (provided they have temporary pacemaker electrodes implanted during the operation). This technique can be very useful in reducing hospital costs and comorbidities associated with this arrhythmia<sup>7,12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>By means of this prospective randomized study, we hope to establish an acceptable, safe, and at the same time effective intervention capable of reducing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From May 2004 to March 2005, 98 non-consecutive patients treated with betablockers and diagnosed with obstructive coronary artery disease with indication to undergo cardiac surgery were selected at the <italic>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba &#150; Alian&#231;a Sa&#250;de &#150; PUCPR</italic>. Inclusion criteria were: patients 18 years of age or older, indication for elective surgery for isolated myocardial revascularization, and written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were: presence of atrial fibrillation or any type of arrhythmia at the time of recruitment, treatment with antiarrhythmia drugs (except digoxin, beta-blockers, or calcium-channel blockers), 2nd- or 3rd-degree AV block, bradycardia defined as a heart rate less than 60 bpm (with no active sinus or atrioventricular node agents), previous cardiac surgery, need for additional surgical procedures along with the myocardial revascularization, contraindication of beta-blocker use, and left atrium larger than 5.0 cm. </p>
      <p><italic>Study protocol</italic> - This study was approved by PUCPR&#146;s Institutional Review Board, under number 342. Patients who complied with all inclusion criteria were randomized to two groups, using extractions from a random numerical table: </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Control group:</bold> with no temporary biatrial electrical stimulation;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Therapeutic group:</bold> with temporary biatrial electrical stimulation.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p><italic>"Pacebox"</italic> - The "pacebox" was especially designed for this study and it consisted of two pairs of atrial stimulation connectors and one pair of ventricular stimulation connectors. The electrical stimulation system was a cardiac pacing Integrity<sup>&#174;</sup> DR+(St Jude Medical &#150; USA) model, with a "AF Suppression<sup>&#174;</sup>" algorithm (St Jude Medical &#150; USA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Features of the "AF Suppression<sup>&#174;</sup>" algorithm</italic> - This algorithm dynamically adjusts the pacing frequency to stimulate the heart slighty above the intrinsic atrial rates, regardless of the patient being active or at rest. Stimulation with the "AF Suppression<sup>&#174;</sup>" algorithm releases atrial stimuli according to the programmed number of overdrive stimulation cycles. If two natural P waves are detected before the programmed overdrive cycle is completed or during the period of recovery, the stimulated atrial rate is then automatically increased. </p>
      <p><italic>Surgical technique and implantation of temporary epicardial pacing system</italic> - All patients underwent off-pump myocardial revascularization. With the patient under general anesthesia and in the supine position, the left subclavian vein and radial artery were punctured, and median sternotomy and longitudinal pericardiotomy were performed. Arterial and venous grafts were dissected according to the coronary arteries to be treated. Patients were anticoagulated with unfractioned heparin (2 mg per kilogram of body weight). After identification of the vessels and anastomosis site, the Lima stitch was used to help position the tissue stabilizing device, a proximal tourniquet was positioned, and suture of the graft was started following longitudinal arteriotomy. Once the suture was completed, the tourniquet and stabilizer were removed. The venous graft was anastomosed to the aorta using lateral clamping. After hemodynamical stabilization, 75% of the initial dose of heparin was neutralized and hemostasis was checked. All surgical planes were sutured. </p>
      <p>Following completion of the surgical procedure, two pacemaker electrodes (Ethicon<sup>TM</sup> multifilament steel wire coated with a layer of blue polyethylene) were placed in the left atrial ceiling between the aorta and the superior cava, as well as two electrodes in the right atrium, one of them in the right atrial auricle and the other in the lateral wall, and two electrodes in the right ventricle, as is commonly done in cardiac surgeries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref> &#150; Panel B). The extremities of the epicardial leads were introduced through the skin and connected to the "pacebox" which had been programmed according to the specifications of the patient&#146;s treatment group. </p>
      <p>Pacemaker electrodes were implanted in both groups (control and therapeutic). </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p><italic>Patient management</italic> - At the end of the operation, the patient was transferred to the cardiovascular intensive care unit where he was continuously monitored until being released to the surgical ward. In the therapeutic group, the electrodes were connected to the "pacebox" 12 hours after surgery and remained for 96 hours. At discharge from the intensive care unit, which usually took place around 36 to 48 hours after the surgery, a dynamic 24-hour electrocardiogram system was installed for continuous monitoring. Data from daily 12-lead eletrocardiograms obtained up until hospital discharge were evaluated by at least two independent investigators, along with data from the dynamic electrocardiogram. Patients who developed atrial fibrillation during the postoperative phase (control and therapeutic groups) were treated as per the atrial fibrillation guidelines set by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, taking in consideration their hemodynamical profiles (stability and instability). Patients with hemodynamical stability were treated with amiodarone (bolus 300 mg IV followed by 900 mg IV within 24 hours). At the same time, they were started on an anticoagulant (enoxaparin or unfractioned heparin) and continuously monitored for possible bleeding. Patients with hemodynamic instability underwent electrical cardioversion (200 &#150; 360 J), as did those who did not respond to chemical cardioversion (amiodarone).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Categorical variable results were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and quantitative variables as means and standard deviations. Fisher&#146;s exact test was used to compare the groups as to their categorical variables. Student&#146;s t test for independent samples or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups as to quantitative variables, as appropriate. For the multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was adjusted considering atrial fibrillation as the response variable and the other ones as explanatory variables. In this analysis, decisions were based on Wald&#146;s test. For all tests, p &lt; 0.05 values indicated statistical significance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Population</italic> - This study consisted of 98 patients, 67 men and 31 women, aged 44 to 78 years (mean age 63.58 &#177; 8.84 years and median age 64 years). Patients underwent off-pump myocardial revascularization, and 1 to 5 arterial and venous grafts were made (average 2.61 &#177; 0.82 and median 3.00); size of the left atria ranged from 2.90 to 5.00 cm, (average 4.02 &#177; 0.45 and median 4.10); size of the left ventricle varied from 3.60 to 6.50 cm, (average 5.06 &#177; 0.72 and median 5.15); ventricular function ranged from 26.00 to 70.00, (average 58.13 &#177; 10.07 and median 60.00). Patients were randomized to two groups with the aid of a random numerical table extraction, with even numbers designating the group with no heart stimulation, and odd numbers the group with stimulation. Determination of the initial line and columns for this procedure was made by drawing numbered balls from an urn. Control Group &#150; no stimulation (n=49) and Therapeutic Group &#150; with biatrial stimulation (n=49). Variables of interest were atrial fibrillation (presence or absence) regardless of duration (nonsustained, paroxysmal, short duration) and several demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient. All patients provided informed consent.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical and demographic patient characteristics</italic> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the results of the comparison of several clinical and demographic variables between control and therapeutic groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Atrial fibrillation</italic> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the results of the comparison between the control group (patients with no biatrial stimulation) and the therapeutic group (patients with biatrial stimulation) as to the primary variable of the study, i.e., the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation. There was a statistically significant difference between the therapeutic group and controls (p: 0.0194).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The null hypothesis that the distribution of patients according to the time free from atrial fibrillation in the therapeutic group is equal to this distribution in the control group was tested against the alternative hypothesis of different distributions. The results are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref> (Kaplan-Meier).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Univariate and multivariate analysis</italic> - In comparing patients with and without atrial fibrillation, significant differences were observed as to age and biatrial stimulation both in the univariate analysis and in the multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0087-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>By adjusting the different demographic and clinical variables in the study, the results indicate that patients with no biatrial stimulation who are at least 65 years of age are more likely to develop atrial fibrillation within the 96-hour period following myocardial revascularization. </p>
      <p>When the other variables were adjusted, the estimated odds ratio for the pacemaker variable (with or without stimulation) is 3.66 (95% CI; 1.11-12.09), and for the age variable (&lt; 65 or <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years) it is 3.70 (95% CI; 1.06-12.94). Therefore, the use of a pacemaker and the patient&#146;s age bracket are significantly associated with the presence of atrial fibrillation. While the use of a pacemaker in the surgical procedure provides a protective effect for the patient, being 65 years of age or more predisposes the patient to such a complication following myocardial revascularization. </p>
      <p>Relative risk calculations indicate that patients with no stimulation are 2.57 times more likely to develop atrial fibrillation within the 96 hours following surgery than patients with stimulation. Moreover, patients <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years of age are 2.31 times more prone to develop atrial fibrillation than those aged up to 65 years. The potential effect of these two characteristics, for patients with no pacemaker and ages <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years, is a probability of developing atrial fibrillation 4.63 times greater than for patients with a pacemaker and under 65 years of age. </p>
      <p>With regard to hospital saty, it was noted that the presence of atrial fibrillation significantly increases length of hospitalization. In this study, patients with no atrial fibrillation stayed an average of 7.00 &#177; 2.82 days in hospital, whereas patients with atrial fibrillation were hospitalized for an average of 9.20 &#177; 2.87 days (p=0.0001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of postoperative atrial fibrillation remains uncertain and is likely to be multifactorial.</p>
      <p>Several authors have suggested that the initial mechanism of atrial fibrillation in this population of patients consisted of multiple reentry circuits propagated internally through the atria, often initiated by an atrial extrasystole originating in areas of unidirectional conduction blocks<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other authors have demonstrated that the surgical technique employed, i.e., myocardial revascularization with or without extracorporeal circulation, plays a significant role in the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation. The former is in itself associated with a systemic vascular inflammatory response contributing to the increased incidence of postoperative morbidity, whereas the latter is associated with a significant decrease in the inflammatory response and release of myocardial necrosis markers. I wish to emphasize that our study was conducted with this technique (without extracorporeal circulation). These authors concluded that the cardioplegic solution and extracorporeal circulation are the main independent predictors of this arrhythmia<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the institution where this study was conducted, the off-pump technique for myocardial revasculariation is routinely used with potential benefits in comparison with conventional technique, such as: shorter procedure time, quicker recovery, shorter ICU and hospital stay, early extubation and reduced need for hemoderivates.</p>
      <p>Several authors have shown the impact of this arrhythmia on clinical and economic profiles, which represents a significant increase in hospital costs of more than 16%. i.e., $8,000 per case<sup>18-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study clearly shows the marked relationship between atrial fibrillation and a longer hospital stay. </p>
      <p>A few drugs such as beta-adrenergic antagonists, sotalol and amiodarone have been used as prophylactic agents to try to reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation following myocardial revascularization; however, this strategy may have limited use due to its side effects and contraindications for some patients, and also because it needs to be initiated a few days before surgery. Despite the use of such a scheme, a significant incidence of this arrhythmia was observed in this population<sup>3,9,10,22,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Due to the limitations and poor efficacy of this pharmachological approach, new options are needed in order to reduce the incidence of this arrhythmia in this population of patients. </p>
      <p>In non-pharmacologial prevention, two mechanisms may explain how temporary biatrial stimulation can prevent atrial fibrillation in this population. The first mechanism refers to the fact that the dispersion of atrial refractivity is reduced with the use of a biatrial pacemaker. Clinical studies have shown that atrial extrasystoles result from the dispersion of atrial refractivity<sup>5,24-26</sup>. This difference in atrial electrophysiology is essential for the reentry that facilitates the start of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>The second possible mechanism through which biatrial stimulation may prevent atrial fibrillation is the suppression of atrial extrasystoles. Atrial fibrillation is frequently initiated by an early atrial beat, especially during the period of sinus bradycardia.</p>
      <p>In this study, the biatrial stimulation mode has been chosen to ensure early activation of the atrial myocardium as a response to the early atrial contraction, thus reducing atrial dispersion. When the dynamic atrial overdrive (DAO) algorithm is programmed, the device adjusts the stimulation frequency of the pacemaker, increasing it or reducing it, according to the variation in the patient&#146;s intrinsic atrial rate.</p>
      <p>According to literature, several studies conducted with single and biatrial pacemakers (with a variety of algorithms) have been published showing results generally favourable for reducing the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the period after myocardial revascularization<sup>7,12-14,27-29</sup>. This was demonstrated in this study in which the presence of atrial fibrillation in the control group (with no artificial stimulation) was 36.73%, and in the therapeutic group (with artificial stimulation) it was 14.29%, with high statistical significance (p = 0.0194).</p>
      <p>However, in a recent meta-analysis, Ronald and Dunning<sup>30</sup> concluded that only the biatrial pacemaker is effective as a prophylactic measure in preventing atrial fibrillation in this population, and that use of an isolated right or left atrial pacemaker is not effective<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, temporary cardiac stimulation to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation has also been evaluated, according to the guidelines on atrial fibrillation set by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Ten studies analyzed the effects of pacemaker, employing temporary epimyocardial electrodes in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries, mostly myocardial revascularization. The techniques of stimulating the right atrium, left atrium and both (simultaneously) were compared with the control group. The three techniques evaluated reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation relative to the control group<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Concerning safety, no complications were observed during implantation or removal of pacemaker electrodes. No patient from the therapeutic group needed to have the treatment interrupted. According to data from literature, the rate of complications are significantly lower when compared with the control group, and were observed in patients who developed atrial fibrillation<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of temporary biatrial stimulation in patients undergoing off-pump myocardial revascularization significantly reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation when compared to the control group, the presence of arrhythmia significantly increases the length of hospitalization, and age is a marked predictor for the incidence of this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Supply and assembly of the "pacebox" according to our instructions</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Francisco Maia da Silva from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#150; PUCPR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
