<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rtPypfXmDctsnYLFxLLsL3S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mulheres climat&#233;ricas treinadas e sedent&#225;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polessi</surname>
            <given-names>Emily Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simioni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>80</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca s&#227;o freq&#252;entes no climat&#233;rio e diferentes m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido empregados para conhec&#234;-las e minimiz&#225;-las. OBJETIVO: Estudar a interfer&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica din&#226;mica aer&#243;bica de baixa intensidade sobre a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) de mulheres climat&#233;ricas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal que analisou a VFC de 15 mulheres climat&#233;ricas com m&#233;dia de idade de 56,8 &#177; 4,9 anos, que j&#225; se encontravam em treinamento f&#237;sico (caminhada de uma hora di&#225;ria, tr&#234;s vezes por semana) h&#225; pelo menos dois anos (grupo ativo), e de 15 mulheres climat&#233;ricas (56,5 &#177; 3,7 anos) sedent&#225;rias (grupo sedent&#225;rio). Todas as volunt&#225;rias n&#227;o faziam uso de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Os dados da VFC foram comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Houve diferen&#231;as significativas tanto no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia como no dom&#237;nio do tempo das seguintes vari&#225;veis da VFC, em medianas, para os grupos ativo e sedent&#225;rio, respectivamente: pot&#234;ncia total (22.626,50 ms&#178; e 4.432,10 ms&#178;), componente baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (741,20 ms&#178; e 131,70 ms&#178;), componente alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (668,90 ms&#178; e 131,70 ms&#178;), desvios padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR (51,60 ms e 22,50 ms), raiz quadrada da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR (35,30 ms e 15,90 ms) e porcentagem de intervalos RR adjacentes maiores que 50 ms (6,6% e 0,2%). CONCLUS&#195;O: O estudo sugere que o treinamento aer&#243;bio pode ter propiciado significativa melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca das mulheres climat&#233;ricas do grupo ativo, podendo ser uma op&#231;&#227;o &#250;til para preservar essa condi&#231;&#227;o funcional sem necessidade de terapias de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Climat&#233;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mulheres climat&#233;ricas treinadas e sedent&#225;rias</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal; Emily Assis Polessi; Fernanda Cardoso Simioni</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas - Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca s&#227;o freq&#252;entes no climat&#233;rio e diferentes m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido empregados para conhec&#234;-las e minimiz&#225;-las. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a interfer&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica din&#226;mica aer&#243;bica de baixa intensidade sobre a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) de mulheres climat&#233;ricas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal que analisou a VFC de 15 mulheres climat&#233;ricas com m&#233;dia de idade de 56,8 &#177; 4,9 anos, que j&#225; se encontravam em treinamento f&#237;sico (caminhada de uma hora di&#225;ria, tr&#234;s vezes por semana) h&#225; pelo menos dois anos (grupo ativo), e de 15 mulheres climat&#233;ricas (56,5 &#177; 3,7 anos) sedent&#225;rias (grupo sedent&#225;rio). Todas as volunt&#225;rias n&#227;o faziam uso de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. Os dados da VFC foram comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve diferen&#231;as significativas tanto no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia como no dom&#237;nio do tempo das seguintes vari&#225;veis da VFC, em medianas, para os grupos ativo e sedent&#225;rio, respectivamente: pot&#234;ncia total (22.626,50 ms&#178; e 4.432,10 ms&#178;), componente baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (741,20 ms&#178; e 131,70 ms&#178;), componente alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (668,90 ms&#178; e 131,70 ms&#178;), desvios padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR (51,60 ms e 22,50 ms), raiz quadrada da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR (35,30 ms e 15,90 ms) e porcentagem de intervalos RR adjacentes maiores que 50 ms (6,6% e 0,2%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O estudo sugere que o treinamento aer&#243;bio pode ter propiciado significativa melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca das mulheres climat&#233;ricas do grupo ativo, podendo ser uma op&#231;&#227;o &#250;til para preservar essa condi&#231;&#227;o funcional sem necessidade de terapias de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2): 80-86)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Climat&#233;rio, mulheres, sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O climat&#233;rio &#233; um per&#237;odo de diminui&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana, durante o qual existem altera&#231;&#245;es end&#243;crinas, som&#225;ticas e ps&#237;quicas. Pode ser definido como a fase do processo de envelhecimento que marca a transi&#231;&#227;o da fase reprodutiva da vida para a fase p&#243;s-reprodutiva<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de ser dif&#237;cil determinar o momento exato de seu in&#237;cio, em geral o climat&#233;rio come&#231;a em torno dos 40 anos de idade, variando consideravelmente de uma mulher para outra, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es diversas. Sabe-se, por&#233;m, que as altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e f&#237;sicas est&#227;o em andamento e se d&#227;o de forma t&#227;o gradual que se tornam quase impercept&#237;veis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), as mulheres apresentam os mesmos fatores de risco dos homens, ou seja, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, diabete melito, obesidade, vida sedent&#225;ria, hipercolesterolemia, estresse e antecedentes familiares da enfermidade. No entanto, as DCV t&#234;m baixo &#237;ndice durante os anos reprodutivos, em decorr&#234;ncia, principalmente, da manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol) por a&#231;&#227;o dos estrog&#234;nios. Ap&#243;s a menopausa, esse risco aumenta muito, aproximando-se progressivamente dos &#237;ndices verificados nos homens<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a doen&#231;a coronariana torna-se uma das principais causas de &#243;bito no climat&#233;rio, estando relacionada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo tecidual, ocasionado pela acelera&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateromatosas e pela altera&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos reguladores da vasomotricidade<sup>3</sup>. S&#227;o respons&#225;veis, respectivamente, por esses problemas as altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas<sup>4,5</sup>, dos carboidratos e da produ&#231;&#227;o de insulina<sup>6</sup>, todos prov&#225;veis facilitadores do surgimento de obesidade<sup>7</sup> e de altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial<sup>8</sup>, culminando com a piora do estado de hipoestrogenismo.</p>
    <p>Dentre os v&#225;rios m&#233;todos empregados para controlar o efeito das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais card&#237;acas decorrentes do climat&#233;rio, a atividade f&#237;sica tem se destacado, pelo seu amplo sucesso em oferecer benef&#237;cios card&#237;acos e multissist&#234;micos a seus praticantes, com &#237;nfimos efeitos colaterais. A reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, por seu lado, apesar de ter evolu&#237;do nesse aspecto, ainda traz certa preocupa&#231;&#227;o pela sua rela&#231;&#227;o com alguns tipos de neoplasias<sup>9</sup> e o agravamento de quadros de miomas uterinos e a reativa&#231;&#227;o de endometriose p&#233;lvica.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, ainda s&#227;o pouco freq&#252;entes os estudos preocupados em analisar os benef&#237;cios da atividade f&#237;sica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e, em especial, nas poss&#237;veis modifica&#231;&#245;es adaptativas positivas das fun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas em resposta a programas de treinamento aer&#243;bio. </p>
    <p>No entanto, por ser uma ferramenta n&#227;o-invasiva e de f&#225;cil acesso, a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) tem sido escolhida para esse tipo de investiga&#231;&#227;o, pois, al&#233;m de poder revelar as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ligadas a programas de treinamento f&#237;sico, &#233; empregada em estudos sobre envelhecimento humano<sup>10-14</sup>, como o que se prop&#244;s na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar a interfer&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica din&#226;mica aer&#243;bica de baixa intensidade, realizada freq&#252;entemente por mulheres climat&#233;ricas, em um marcador biol&#243;gico ligado ao processo natural de envelhecimento representado pelo t&#244;nus e pela modula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, extra&#237;dos da an&#225;lise da VFC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Amostra</italic> - Fizeram parte da abordagem inicial para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo 37 mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria de 45 a 65 anos, que estavam no per&#237;odo do climat&#233;rio, clinicamente menopausadas e p&#243;s-menopausadas. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, as mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos, tendo sido 7 delas exclu&#237;das do estudo em decorr&#234;ncia de achados irregulares em seus tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, sugerindo a presen&#231;a de afec&#231;&#245;es. Essas mulheres foram orientadas a procurar atendimento m&#233;dico especializado.</p>
    <p>As 30 mulheres restantes compuseram os dois grupos do estudo, ativo e sedent&#225;rio, com 15 mulheres em cada grupo. As 15 mulheres escolhidas para compor o grupo ativo tinham m&#233;dia de idade de 56,8 &#177; 4,9 anos e participavam, h&#225; pelo menos dois anos, do grupo de mulheres da terceira idade proporcionado pela Secretaria de A&#231;&#227;o Social de um munic&#237;pio do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. As 15 mulheres escolhidas para compor o grupo sedent&#225;rio tinham m&#233;dia de idade de 56,5 &#177; 3,7 anos.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para o grupo das sedent&#225;rias - </italic>Poderiam participar desse grupo as mulheres que clinicamente comprovassem estar no per&#237;odo de climat&#233;rio (amenorr&#233;ia h&#225; pelo menos um ano), que fossem sedent&#225;rias, que n&#227;o praticassem nenhum tipo de atividade f&#237;sica regularmente h&#225; pelo menos seis meses, que n&#227;o executassem trabalho caseiro de grande intensidade (como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de faxinas), que n&#227;o fossem tabagistas, que n&#227;o estivessem fazendo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o que pudesse interferir nos resultados, que n&#227;o realizassem terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, e que n&#227;o apresentassem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas. </p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para o grupo das ativas </italic>- Os mesmos pr&#233;-requisitos definidos para o grupo das sedent&#225;rias, por&#233;m deveriam estar praticando, h&#225; pelo menos dois anos, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio leve a moderado (caminhada pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana, com sess&#245;es de 50 a 60 minutos), e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) deveria ser mantida numa zona entre 100 batimentos por minuto (bpm) e 110 bpm nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses e nos meses subseq&#252;entes, entre 110 bpm e 120 bpm. </p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo </italic>- N&#227;o poderiam fazer parte do estudo aquelas mulheres que n&#227;o preenchessem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e que, por qualquer motivo, se negassem a assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas Envolvendo a Participa&#231;&#227;o de Seres Humanos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os procedimentos se iniciaram no dia anterior &#224; coleta de dados, com explica&#231;&#245;es a todas as participantes de que 24 horas antes dos exames n&#227;o poderiam se exercitar nem ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233;, ch&#225;, chocolate e refrigerantes com estimulantes, e que deveriam ter uma noite de sono de, no m&#237;nimo, sete horas.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi feita sempre pela manh&#227;, com aferi&#231;&#227;o do peso e da estatura corporais (balan&#231;a Filizolla<sup>&#174;</sup>) e, tamb&#233;m, dos dados cl&#237;nicos, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em seguida, para que se procedesse ao registro dos batimentos card&#237;acos para posterior an&#225;lise da VFC, todas as volunt&#225;rias foram conduzidas a uma sala com temperatura controlada a 23&#176;C, em ambiente silencioso, e tiveram um cardiofreq&#252;enc&#237;metro (modelo S810 Heart Rate Monitor<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele &#150; Finl&#226;ndia) fixado a seu t&#243;rax. Depois, foram posicionadas em supino e assim permaneceram por 12 minutos, tempo total do registro. Durante essa a&#231;&#227;o, as volunt&#225;rias foram orientadas a n&#227;o conversar e nem se mover, s&#243; podendo fechar os olhos para obter melhor relaxamento.  </p>
    <p>Posteriormente, os batimentos registrados foram direcionados a um computador por meio de uma interface IR-Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> de emiss&#227;o de sinais infravermelhos, sendo usados os programas Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup> (Finl&#226;ndia) e Nevrokard HRV<sup>&#174;</sup> (Eslov&#234;nia) para an&#225;lise da VFC feita no dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT) e no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia (DF). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC no DT se refere &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de determinados procedimentos estat&#237;sticos sobre sucessivos intervalos RR (iRR) normais do eletrocardiograma (ECG), delimitados num determinado per&#237;odo<sup>13</sup>. Sendo assim, podem, por exemplo, ser calculados a m&#233;dia dos iRR e o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia dos iRR, entre outras possibilidades, cada uma delas com um significado representativo da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, refletindo o balan&#231;o vago-simp&#225;tico card&#237;aco do momento.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise no DF, tamb&#233;m designada como an&#225;lise espectral, consiste em m&#233;todo de estudo que permite decompor a VFC de determinado per&#237;odo em seus componentes oscilat&#243;rios fundamentais, definindo-os pela sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia e amplitude<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise da VFC, foram eliminados o primeiro e o &#250;ltimo minutos do registro, separando-se os 10 minutos centrais, per&#237;odo esse, de maior estabilidade do tra&#231;ado. Al&#233;m disso, para garantia da qualidade do sinal e elimina&#231;&#227;o de prov&#225;veis artefatos, foi aplicado um filtro muito forte, padr&#227;o dos pr&#243;prios programas, por meio dos quais foram obtidos relat&#243;rios com os valores das vari&#225;veis do DT e do DF, submetidos a tratamento estat&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC no DT, foram analisados os valores dos iRR m&#233;dios normais, os desvios padr&#227;o dos iRR m&#233;dios normais, a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia da soma dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre iRR adjacentes (RMSSD), e a porcentagem de iRR adjacentes cuja diferen&#231;a fosse maior que 50 ms (pNN50).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao DF, foram estudadas as pot&#234;ncias totais (PT, vari&#226;ncia dos iRR normais sobre o segmento temporal do registro<sup>13</sup>), os valores dos componentes de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (BF, mais relacionados &#224; atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca) e de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (AF, relativos &#224; atividade parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca), em valores absolutos, al&#233;m da raz&#227;o BF/AF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento estat&#237;stico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para as an&#225;lises comparativas das vari&#225;veis da VFC entre os grupos, o teste utilizado foi o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados em caixas de valores (<italic>boxplots</italic>), sendo destacados os valores de medianas, 1&#186; e 3&#186; quartis, e os valores extremos. A escolha recaiu sobre esse teste, pois o estudo em pauta trata de dados cujo interesse &#233; conhecer as diferen&#231;as entre dois grupos (ativo e sedent&#225;rio). Os procedimentos de medi&#231;&#227;o/avalia&#231;&#227;o d&#227;o conhecimento de dados com n&#237;vel de mensura&#231;&#227;o no m&#237;nimo ordinal. </p>
    <p>Por n&#237;vel de mensura&#231;&#227;o ordinal deve-se entender que &#233; conhecida a hierarquia dos dados (por postos), mas a intensidade e o grau das diferen&#231;as n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidos ou n&#227;o s&#227;o perfeitamente exatos. O teste U, por ser n&#227;o-param&#233;trico, &#233; apropriado ao caso presente, por envolver duas amostras distintas (independentes) submetidas ao mesmo procedimento de coleta de dados. </p>
    <p>Pela mesma raz&#227;o, pode-se, tamb&#233;m, classificar as amostras como sendo n&#227;o-pareadas. Al&#233;m disso, o teste U de Mann-Whitney &#233; adequado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de amostras pequenas e m&#233;dias, como as do presente estudo, permitindo julgamentos de boa qualidade. Dessa forma, apesar do n&#250;mero pequeno de volunt&#225;rias, os resultados dos testes aplicados corresponderam a p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,01 entre os valores das vari&#225;veis, significando que as diferen&#231;as verificadas nas amostras podem ser estendidas &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s idades e &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas (tab. 1), pode-se perceber que os grupos s&#227;o homog&#234;neos, n&#227;o ocorrendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dados comparados, n&#227;o interferindo, portanto, no estudo. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos registros dos batimentos card&#237;acos, a an&#225;lise da VFC realizada no DF pode ser visualizada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>, com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>boxplots</italic>. Ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas (p &lt; 0,0001) entre ambos os grupos, considerando os valores das vari&#225;veis PT, BF e AF absolutos. O grupo ativo apresentou valores de medianas para PT, AF e BF, respectivamente, de 22.626,5 ms<sup>2</sup>, 741,2 ms<sup>2</sup> e 668,9 ms<sup>2</sup>. O grupo sedent&#225;rio apresentou, em medianas, para PT, AF e BF, respectivamente, 4.431,1 ms<sup>2</sup>, 131,7 ms<sup>2</sup> e 119,4 ms<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Esses dados demonstram que tanto o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico como o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico foram maiores no grupo de mulheres ativas, tendo, ambos, importante influ&#234;ncia no valor da PT.</p>
    <p>Em contrapartida, os valores das raz&#245;es BF/AF, por levar em conta para seu c&#225;lculo os valores de BF e AF em unidades normalizadas, n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Apesar de os valores dos iRR n&#227;o se mostrarem diferentes na an&#225;lise da VFC no DT, pode-se constatar, observando-se as <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figuras 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>, que houve significativa diferen&#231;a entre os valores de medianas dos grupos para: a) desvios padr&#227;o dos iRR, com 51,6 ms para o grupo ativo e 22,5 ms para o grupo sedent&#225;rio; b) RMSSD, com 35,3 ms e 15,9 ms para os grupos ativo e sedent&#225;rio, respectivamente; e c) pNN50, com o grupo ativo apresentando 6,6% e o grupo sedent&#225;rio, 0,2%.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Essas diferen&#231;as expressam modifica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas auton&#244;micas importantes presentes no grupo ativo, captadas na an&#225;lise feita no DT e no DF, as quais, de forma geral, refletiram a maior sensitividade auton&#244;mica por parte desse grupo. </p>
    <p>Igualmente, cabe ressaltar que todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es positivas referentes &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca est&#227;o ligadas &#224; arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria<sup>16</sup> (altera&#231;&#245;es c&#237;clicas dos batimentos card&#237;acos em sintonia com o ato respirat&#243;rio), muito mais presentes em jovens<sup>13</sup>, atletas<sup>17</sup> e em pessoas que t&#234;m h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de existir uma tend&#234;ncia natural de ganho de peso em pessoas sedent&#225;rias<sup>18</sup>, e por n&#227;o se ter feito controle alimentar das participantes do estudo, houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de o peso corporal das volunt&#225;rias ser similar, evitando interfer&#234;ncia nos resultados. Dessa forma, pode-se notar que os valores dessa vari&#225;vel e de todas as demais apresentadas na tabela 1 s&#227;o muito parecidos entre os grupos, conferindo maior padroniza&#231;&#227;o da amostra nesses aspectos. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC de repouso, os estudos demonstram tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores dessa vari&#225;vel nas pessoas treinadas, sendo diferentes dos valores de sedent&#225;rios<sup>19</sup>. No presente estudo, por&#233;m, apesar de esse fato n&#227;o ter ocorrido, o que talvez se deva ao n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios (j&#225; que o valor de p foi de 0,08, muito pr&#243;ximo da signific&#226;ncia), os valores de FC encontrados n&#227;o influenciaram a an&#225;lise da VFC, que mostrou significativa diferen&#231;a da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>O que se constatou &#233; que os valores de FC documentados ao repouso e inclu&#237;dos na tabela 1 foram fi&#233;is aos valores dos iRR m&#233;dios registrados por 10 minutos e que serviram de base para o c&#225;lculo da VFC. Conforme pode ser observado, os valores desses intervalos n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos durante a an&#225;lise da VFC. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos demais dados apresentados na tabela 1, cabe ressaltar que essa similaridade entre eles se deve ao fato de o grupo sedent&#225;rio ser constitu&#237;do de mulheres saud&#225;veis, portanto com os valores das vari&#225;veis apresentando-se dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade.</p>
    <p>A VFC foi utilizada para se determinar prov&#225;veis diferen&#231;as da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca entre as mulheres dos respectivos grupos. A inten&#231;&#227;o de se utilizar essa ferramenta decorre do fato de a mesma poder oferecer, sob condi&#231;&#245;es controle, subs&#237;dios de extrema sensibilidade (sintonia fina) dos mecanismos de ajustes card&#237;acos, batimento a batimento, em resposta &#224;s necessidades homeost&#225;ticas e teciduais<sup>20,21</sup> e, tamb&#233;m, por j&#225; ter sido empregada em outros estudos envolvendo mulheres no climat&#233;rio<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que as atividades eferentes vagal e simp&#225;tica direcionadas ao n&#243;dulo sinoatrial, caracterizadas por descarga altamente sincronizada com cada ciclo card&#237;aco, podem ser moduladas por componentes oscilat&#243;rios centrais (centros vasomotor e respirat&#243;rio) e perif&#233;ricos (oscila&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e movimentos respirat&#243;rios)<sup>16,24</sup> e todos esses componentes oscilat&#243;rios est&#227;o presentes nas condi&#231;&#245;es controle utilizadas na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, gerando flutua&#231;&#245;es r&#237;tmicas nas descargas nervosas eferentes, que se manifestam, no cora&#231;&#227;o, por oscila&#231;&#245;es de curta e longa dura&#231;&#227;o dos iRR, conferindo maior ou menor VFC e, portanto, maior ou menor t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, com o avan&#231;o da idade e a queda da produ&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio, observa-se a redu&#231;&#227;o do componente parassimp&#225;tico e, conseq&#252;entemente, da VFC nas mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esse aspecto pode ser ressaltado no estudo de Brockbank e cols.<sup>25</sup>, que constataram redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante do iRR das mulheres p&#243;s-menopausadas, o que refor&#231;a cada vez mais as evid&#234;ncias de diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade card&#237;aca<sup>26</sup>, de decl&#237;nio da s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda<sup>27</sup> e de altera&#231;&#245;es dos barorreceptores no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
    <p>Mais relevante que os pr&#243;prios iRR, os desvios padr&#227;o dos iRR m&#233;dios refletem mais apropriadamente a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>11,13</sup>, pois quanto maior o desvio padr&#227;o dos iRR encontrado maior ser&#225; o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico. Exatamente como o constatado no presente estudo, com significativa diferen&#231;a dos desvios padr&#227;o dos iRR entre os grupos, com maiores valores apresentados pelas mulheres ativas. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, credita-se aos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios essa modifica&#231;&#227;o positiva &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular desse grupo de mulheres, tal qual j&#225; fora documentado em outros estudos<sup>11,28-32</sup> envolvendo pessoas dessa mesma faixa et&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Myslivecek e cols.<sup>28</sup> apresentaram resultados similares aos deste estudo ao pesquisarem se o treinamento aer&#243;bio moderado influenciava a VFC e a fun&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea barorreflexa em mulheres de meia-idade. Para isso, foram selecionadas 32 mulheres sedent&#225;rias, incluindo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausadas. Ap&#243;s o treinamento, os resultados sugeriram que mesmo um curto programa de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios, bem consistente e de acordo com as diretrizes para a atividade f&#237;sica proposta, pode aumentar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal em mulheres de meia-idade. </p>
    <p>Perini e cols.<sup>29</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, constatado pelas an&#225;lises da VFC feitas antes e ap&#243;s programa de treinamento aer&#243;bio moderado a vigoroso, aplicado em homens e mulheres idosos. Al&#233;m disso, como tamb&#233;m foi documentado no presente estudo, esses autores relataram maiores valores de PT no grupo treinado. </p>
    <p>Em 2004, Jurca e cols.<sup>33</sup> realizaram um estudo randomizado controlado com 88 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausadas sedent&#225;rias divididas em dois grupos. Desse total, 49 participaram de um programa de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio com dura&#231;&#227;o de oito semanas, tendo em m&#233;dia 44 minutos cada sess&#227;o, realizado tr&#234;s a quatro vezes por semana, com intensidade de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x; as outras 39, por sua vez, formaram o grupo controle, que continuou sua vida normal. O estudo demonstrou que, ap&#243;s as oito semanas, as mulheres que participaram do treinamento apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC de repouso, al&#233;m de aumento de todos os valores das vari&#225;veis no DT e no DF da VFC, principalmente RMSSD, BF, AF e PT em unidades absolutas.</p>
    <p>Como no presente estudo, a intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios aplicada por Jurca e cols.<sup>33</sup> foi leve, e os resultados dos valores das vari&#225;veis no DF, em unidades normalizadas, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;as ap&#243;s o treinamento. </p>
    <p>&#192;s vezes a simples an&#225;lise da VFC em unidades normalizadas (u.n.) sem a devida aten&#231;&#227;o pode causar a falsa impress&#227;o de que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dados analisados. Mas cabe a ressalva de que os 62,5% (em u.n.) de BF das mulheres ativas significam, em valores absolutos, 741,2 ms<sup>2</sup>; para as sedent&#225;rias, seus 62,1% de BF significam apenas 131,7 ms<sup>2</sup>; os 37,5% de AF das ativas representam, em valores absolutos, 668,9 ms<sup>2</sup>; e os 37,9% das sedent&#225;rias equivalem a 119,4 ms<sup>2</sup>, com significativa diferen&#231;a entre os valores.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram: o n&#250;mero de mulheres avaliadas, a aus&#234;ncia do controle de fatores estressantes que poderiam interferir nos resultados, al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de exames de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (TSH, T4), creditando-se a higidez das volunt&#225;rias apenas a seus par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a futuros estudos, acreditamos que ainda h&#225; muito a ser investigado sobre os efeitos das diferentes intensidades e dura&#231;&#245;es dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios. No entanto, j&#225; existem fortes indicativos de que o que importa &#233; realizar a atividade f&#237;sica, pois tanto nos estudos cuja intensidade da atividade foi leve como naqueles nos quais ela foi moderada todos demonstraram resultados animadores sobre a positiva modifica&#231;&#227;o da VFC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concluiu-se que a pr&#225;tica freq&#252;ente de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bios leves, com a FC controlada entre 100 bpm e 120 bpm, realizados tr&#234;s vezes por semana, por dois anos, em mulheres no climat&#233;rio sem reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal pode ter sido respons&#225;vel pela melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca revelada pela an&#225;lise da VFC, representada pelo aumento significativo da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal e simp&#225;tica no DF, com reflexos importantes no valor da PT. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, no DT, a an&#225;lise da VFC demonstrou significativa melhoria dos componentes que refletem a atividade vagal das mulheres ativas, considerada protetora do cora&#231;&#227;o, confirmando assim que essa an&#225;lise pode ser um par&#226;metro muito importante nesse tipo de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bia freq&#252;ente, mesmo de baixa intensidade, demonstrou ser excelente op&#231;&#227;o &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o e/ou &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca para as mulheres climat&#233;ricas que n&#227;o toleram o uso de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal, seja por qualquer tipo de desconforto ou mesmo por apresentarem receio da possibilidade, ainda discut&#237;vel, de esse tipo de terap&#234;utica ser poss&#237;vel causadora de neoplasias, agravamento de miomas uterinos e reativa&#231;&#227;o de endometriose p&#233;lvica, al&#233;m do risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as tromboemb&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal </p>
        <p> Rua Ferreira Penteado, 1242/72 - Cambu&#237; </p>
        <p> 13010-041 - Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br">fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/04/07; revisado recebido em 18/06/07; aceito em 04/09/07. </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Copeland JF. Tratado de ginecologia. Rio    de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1996.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Tratado de ginecologia</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Copeland</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Fernandes CE. Menopausa: diagn&#243;stico    e tratamento. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora Solvay Farma; 2003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Menopausa: diagn&#243;stico e tratamento</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Satmpfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement    therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic    evidence. Prevent Med. 1991; 20: 47-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence</article-title>
          <source>Prevent Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Satmpfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross PK.    Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med.    1991; 151-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paganini-Hill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Stevenson JC, Crook D, Godsland IF, Collins    P, Whitehead MI. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular system nonlipid    effects. Drugs. 1994; 47: 35-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular system nonlipid effects</article-title>
          <source>Drugs</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crook</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godsland</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitehead</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Walton C, Godsland IF, Proudler AJ, Wynn    V, Stevenson JC. The effects of the menopause on insulin sensitivity, secretion    and elimination in non-obese, healthy women. Eur J Clin Invest. 1993; 23: 466-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effects of the menopause on insulin sensitivity, secretion and elimination in non-obese, healthy women</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>466</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walton</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godsland</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proudler</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wynn</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Haarbo J, Marslew U, Gotfredsen A, Christiansen    C. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution    of body fat after menopause. Metabolism. 1991; 40: 1323-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution of body fat after menopause</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1323</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haarbo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marslew</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotfredsen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christiansen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Brosnihan KB, Moriguchi A, Nakamoto H,    Dean RH, Ganten D, Ferrario CM. Estrogen augments the contribution of nitric    oxide to blood pressure regulation in transgenic hypertensive rats expressing    the mouse Ren-2 gene. Am J Hypertens. 1994; 7: 576-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estrogen augments the contribution of nitric oxide to blood pressure regulation in transgenic hypertensive rats expressing the mouse Ren-2 gene</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brosnihan</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dean</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganten</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrario</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Halbe HW. Tratado de ginecologia. 2&#350; ed,    S&#227;o Paulo: Ed. Roca, 1993.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Tratado de ginecologia</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halbe</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Agelink MW. Standardized tests of heart    rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 heathy humans, and effects    of age, gender and heart rate. Clin Auton Res. 2001; (11): 99-108.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 heathy humans, and effects of age, gender and heart rate</article-title>
          <source>Clin Auton Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agelink</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Paschoal MA, Volanti VM, Fernandes FC.    Variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em diferentes faixas    et&#225;rias. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2006; 10 (4): 4139.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisioter</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4139</fpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paschoal</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volanti</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Silva CS, Marques LS, Moraes FR, Catai    AM, Oliveira L, Silva E. Investiga&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia    card&#237;aca de mulheres nos per&#237;odos manh&#227; e noite. Rev Bras    Fisioter. 2001; 5 (2):65-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de mulheres nos per&#237;odos manh&#227; e noite</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisioter</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catai</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement    physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society    of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.    Circulation. 1996; 93 (5):1043-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate variability: standards of measurement physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Migliaro ER, Contreras P, Bech S, Etxagibel    A, Castro M, Ricca R, et al. Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and    sedentary life style in short term analysis of heart rate variability. Braz    J Med Biol Res. 2001; 34 (4): 493-500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and sedentary life style in short term analysis of heart rate variability</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>500</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Migliaro</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contreras</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bech</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etxagibel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ricca</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Longo A, Ferreira D, Correia MJ. Variabilidade    da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Rev Port Cardiol. 1995; 14 (3): 241-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Grossman P, Wilhelm FH, Spoerle M. Respiratory    sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control and daily activity. Am J Physiol. 2004;    287: H728-H734.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control and daily activity</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H728</fpage>
          <lpage>H734</lpage>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilhelm</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spoerle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17.  Shin K, Minamitani H, Onishi S, Yamazaki    H, Lee M. Autonomic differences between athletes and nonathletes: spectral analysis    approach. Med Science Sports Exerc. 1997; 29: 1482-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Autonomic differences between athletes and nonathletes: spectral analysis approach</article-title>
          <source>Med Science Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1482</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minamitani</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onishi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Smith KR. Exercise can help control body    changes during menopause. Health Care Food Nutr Focus. 2005; 22(10):10-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise can help control body changes during menopause</article-title>
          <source>Health Care Food Nutr Focus</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Katona PG, McLean M, Dighton DH, Guz A.    Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control in athletes and nonathletes    at rest. J Appl Physiol. 1982, 89: 1652-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control in athletes and nonathletes at rest</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1652</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katona</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLean</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dighton</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Akselrod S, Gordon D, Madwed JB, Snidman    NC, Shannon DC, Cohen RJ. Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral    analysis. Am J Physiol. 1985; 249: H867-H875.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H867</fpage>
          <lpage>H875</lpage>
          <volume>249</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akselrod</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madwed</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snidman</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shannon</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Saul JP, Rea RF, Eckberg DL, Berger RD,    Cohen RJ. Heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve variability during reflex    changes of autonomic activity. Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: H713-H721.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve variability during reflex changes of autonomic activity</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H713</fpage>
          <lpage>H721</lpage>
          <volume>258</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saul</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rea</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckberg</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Sakabe DI, Catai AM, Neves VFC, Oliveira    L, Silva de S&#225; MF, Azevedo GD, et al. An&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o    auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o durante condi&#231;&#245;es de    repouso em homens de meia-idade e mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. Rev Bras Fisioter.    2004; 8 (1): 89-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o durante condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso em homens de meia-idade e mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisioter</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sakabe</surname>
              <given-names>DI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catai</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>VFC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva de S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Kimura T, Matsumoto T, Akiyoshi M, Owa    Y, Miyasaka N, Aso T, Moritani T. Body fat and body lipids in postmenopausal    women are related to resting autonomic nervous system activity. Eur J Appl Physiol.    2006; 97(5):542-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body fat and body lipids in postmenopausal women are related to resting autonomic nervous system activity</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akiyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyasaka</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aso</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moritani</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti    S. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation.    1991; 84: 1482-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1482</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malliani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lombardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerutti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Brockbank CL, Chaterjee F, Bruce SA, Woledge    RC. Heart rate and its variability change after the menopause. Exp Physiol.    2000; 85 (3): 327-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate and its variability change after the menopause</article-title>
          <source>Exp Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brockbank</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaterjee</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruce</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woledge</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Pines A, Fisman EZ, Drory Y, Levo Y, Shemesh    J, Benari E, et al. Menopause-induced changes in doppler-derived parameters    of aortic flow in healthy women. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69: 1104-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Menopause-induced changes in doppler-derived parameters of aortic flow in healthy women</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1104</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pines</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisman</surname>
              <given-names>EZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drory</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shemesh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benari</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Borgioni C,    Ciucci A, Porcellati C. Early cardiac changes after the menopause. Hypertension.    1998; 32: 764-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early cardiac changes after the menopause</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>764</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schillaci</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verdecchia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borgioni</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciucci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porcellati</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Myslivecek PR, Broen CA, Wolfe LA. Effects    of physical conditioning on cardiac autonomic function in healthy middle-aged    women. Can J Appl Physiol. 2002; 27 (1): 1-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of physical conditioning on cardiac autonomic function in healthy middle-aged women</article-title>
          <source>Can J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myslivecek</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broen</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Perini E, Fisher N, Veicsteinas A, Pendergast    DR. Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise    in older men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34 (4): 700-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in older men and women</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>700</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veicsteinas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pendergast</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Gregoire J, Tuck S, Yamamoto Y, Hughson    RL. Heart rate variability at rest and exercise: influence of age, gender and    physical training. Can J Appl Physiol. 1996; 21 (6): 455-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate variability at rest and exercise: influence of age, gender and physical training</article-title>
          <source>Can J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregoire</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuck</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughson</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Tulppo MP, Timo H, M&#228;kikallio TH,    Sepp&#228;nen T, Laukkanen RT, Huikuri HV. Vagal modulation of heart rate during    exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Am J Physiol. 1998; 274 (Pt 2    2): H424-H429.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H424</fpage>
          <lpage>H429</lpage>
          <volume>274</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tulppo</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#228;kikallio</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sepp&#228;nen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laukkanen</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huikuri</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Carels RA, Darby LA, Cacciapaglia HM,    Douglass OM. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through    a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13 (4): 412-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention</article-title>
          <source>J Womens Health (Larchmt)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>412</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carels</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darby</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cacciapaglia</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglass</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Jurca R, Church TS, Morss GM, Jordan AN,    Earnest CP. Eight weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training increases heart    rate variability in sedentary postmenopausal women. Am Heart J. 2004; 147 (5):    8-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Eight weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training increases heart rate variability in sedentary postmenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jurca</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Church</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morss</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jordan</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Earnest</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of heart rate variability in trained and sedentary climacteric women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Changes in autonomic cardiac function are frequent during menopause, and various methods have been used to understand and minimize them. OBJECTIVE: To study the interference of dynamic aerobic physical activity on heart rate variability (HRV) in climacteric women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that analyzed HRV in 15 menopausal women (mean age 56.8&#177;4.9 years) who had participated in physical training (one-hour walks, 3 times a week) for at least two years (active group), and 15 menopausal women (mean age 56.5 &#177; 3.7 years) who were sedentary (sedentary group). None of the volunteers received hormonal replacement therapy. HRV data were compared between the groups by means of the Mann Whitney U Test. RESULTS: There were significant differences both in the frequency and time domains of the following variables of HRV (in medians) for the active e sedentary groups, respectively: total power (22,626.50 ms&#178; and 4,432.10 ms&#178;), low frequency component (741.20 ms&#178; and 131.70 ms&#178;), high frequency component (668.90 ms&#178; and 131.70 ms&#178;), standard deviations of RR intervals (51.60 ms and 22.50 ms), square root of the sum of squares of differences between the normal RR intervals (35.30ms and 15.90 ms), and percentage of normal adjacent RR intervals greater than 50ms (6.6% and 0.2%). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that aerobic training may have afforded a significant improvement in the autonomic cardiac function of the menopausal women in the active group, and may be a useful option for preserving this functional condition without the need for hormonal replacement therapy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Climacteric</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
        <kwd>autonomic nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Evaluation of heart rate variability in trained and sedentary climacteric women</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal; Emily Assis Polessi; Fernanda Cardoso Simioni</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Changes in autonomic cardiac function are frequent during menopause, and various methods have been used to understand and minimize them.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the interference of dynamic aerobic physical activity on heart rate variability (HRV) in climacteric women.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study that analyzed HRV in 15 menopausal women (mean age 56.8 &#177; 4.9 years) who had participated in physical training (one-hour walks, 3 times a week) for at least two years (active group), and 15 menopausal women (mean age 56.5 &#177; 3.7 years) who were sedentary (sedentary group). None of the volunteers received hormonal replacement therapy. HRV data were compared between the groups by means of the Mann Whitney U Test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There were significant differences both in the frequency and time domains of the following variables of HRV (in medians) for the active e sedentary groups, respectively: total power (22,626.50 ms<sup>2</sup> and 4,432.10 ms<sup>2</sup>), low frequency component (741.20 ms<sup>2</sup> and 131.70 ms<sup>2</sup>), high frequency component (668.90 ms<sup>2</sup> and 131.70 ms<sup>2</sup>), standard deviations of RR intervals (51.60 ms and 22.50 ms), square root of the sum of squares of differences between the normal RR intervals (35.30ms and 15.90 ms), and percentage of normal adjacent RR intervals greater than 50ms (6.6% and 0.2%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The study suggests that aerobic training may have afforded a significant improvement in the autonomic cardiac function of the menopausal women in the active group, and may be a useful option for preserving this functional condition without the need for hormonal replacement therapy. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(2):74-79)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Climacteric; women; autonomic nervous system; heart rate.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Menopause is a period of physiological decline in ovarian function when there are endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes. Menopause may be defined as the stage of the aging process which marks the transition from the reproductive phase of life to the post-reproductive phase of life<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the exact moment of climacteric onset is difficult to determine, it generally begins around 40 years of age and varies considerably from one woman to another, with diverse manifestations. Nonetheless, it is known that hormonal and physical changes are ongoing and that they occur so gradually so as to become almost imperceptible<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>As to cardiovascular disease (CVD), women exhibit the same risk factors as men, i.e., systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentarism, hypercholesterolemia, stress, and familial antecedents of the disease. Nevertheless, CVDs have low rates during the reproductive years, primarily due to the maintenance of high levels of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol by estrogen activity. After menopause, this risk increases significantly and progressively approaches the rates seen in men<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, coronary artery disease has become one of the main causes of death during menopause and is directly related to decreased tissue blood flow caused by an accelerated formation of atheromatous plaques and alterations in vasomotricity regulating mechanisms<sup>3</sup> which are responsible for the following problems, respectively: changes in the metabolism of lipoproteins<sup>4,5</sup>, of carbohydrates, and the production of insulin<sup>6</sup>, all probable facilitators of the onset of obesity<sup>7</sup> and arterial blood pressure alterations<sup>8</sup>, culminating with a worsening of hypoestrogenism.</p>
      <p>Among the various methods used to control the effects of changes in cardiac function resulting from menopause, physical activity has stood out because of its wide success in offering cardiac and multisystem benefits to those who practice it, with insignificant side effects. This differs from hormonal replacement therapy, which despite having progressed in this aspect, still raises concerns because of its association with some types of neoplasms<sup>9</sup>, worsening of uterine myomas, and reactivation of pelvic endometriosis.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, studies that analyze the benefits of physical activity for this population, and especially the possible positive adaptive modifications of cardiac autonomic functions in response to aerobic training programs, are infrequent. </p>
      <p>Even so, as it is a non-invasive and easily accessible tool, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) assessment has been chosen for this type of investigation since in addition its use in revealing cardiac changes linked to physical training programs, it is also used in studies on human aging<sup>10-14</sup>, as was proposed in the present investigation. </p>
      <p> Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the interference of low intensity dynamic aerobic physical activity performed frequently by menopausal women in a biological marker linked to the natural aging process represented by tone and modulation of cardiac autonomic function extracted from HRV analysis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample - </italic>Thirty-seven women aged 45 to 65 years who were menopausal, clinically menopausal, and post-menopausal were initially considered for participation in the study. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the women were divided into two groups and seven of them were excluded from the study because of irregular findings on their ECG tracings that suggested the presence of pathological conditions. These women were instructed to seek specialized medical care.</p>
      <p>The 30 remaining women composed the Active and Sedentary groups, respectively, with 15 women in each group. The 15 active women had an mean age of 56.8 &#177; 4.9 years and had participated for at least two years in the group for senior women offered by the Secretariat of Social Services of a municipality of the State of S&#227;o Paulo. The 15 sedentary women chosen had a mean age of 56.5 &#177; 3.7 years.</p>
      <p><italic>Sedentary group inclusion criteria -</italic> Women who could participate in this group were those who had clinical proof of being menopausal (amenorrhea for at least one year), were sedentary, had not regularly engaged in any type of physical activity for at least six months, did not perform any type of intensive housework such as cleaning, did not smoke, were not using any type of medication that might interfere in the results, did not receive hormonal replacement therapy, and presented no history of cardiovascular disorders and metabolic diseases. </p>
      <p><italic>Active group inclusion criteria -</italic> The same prerequisites as above, with the difference that these women had to have been engaged in light to moderate physical activity for at least two years, such as walking three times a week, with 50- to 60-minute sessions, maintaining their heart rates in a zone between 100 and 110 beats a minute (bpm) during the first 3 months, and between 110 and 120 bpm in the subsequent months. </p>
      <p><italic>Study exclusion criteria - </italic>Women who did not satisfy the inclusion criteria and refused to sign the informed consent form for any reason could not participate in the study.</p>
      <p>The research project was approved by a Committee of Ethics in Research Involving Human Participation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The procedures began on the day before data collection, and the subjects were instructed to not exercise, drink alcoholic beverages, coffee, tea, and sodas with stimulants or eat chocolate in the 24 hours prior to the tests and to sleep for at least seven hours the night before evaluations.</p>
      <p>Data collection began, always during the morning period, with determinations of body weight and height (Filizolla<sup>&#174; </sup>scales) and clinical data, as is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Next, in order to register heart beats for posterior HRV analysis, all the volunteers were taken to a room with temperature controlled at 23&#176;C, in a quiet environment, and a cardiofrequency meter (S810 Heart Rate Monitor<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele &#150; Finland) was affixed to their chests. The subjects were then placed in supine position in which they remained for 12 minutes, total time of the register. During this procedure, they were instructed to not converse and not move except for closing their eyes in order to relax. </p>
      <p> Later, the recorded beats were directed to a computer by means of an IR-Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> interface for transmission of infrared signals, and Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup> - Finland, and Nevrokard<italic> HRV</italic><sup>&#174; </sup>- Slovenia, programs were used to analyze the HRV in the domains of time (TD) and frequency (FD). </p>
      <p>Analysis of the HRV in TD refers to the application of certain statistical procedures to successive normal RR intervals (RRi) on the ECG, within a certain period of time<sup>13</sup>. In this way, calculations could be made of the RRi mean and standard deviation of the RRi mean, among other possibilities, each one with a significance representative of autonomic functions reflecting the cardiac vagosympathetic balance at that timepoint.</p>
      <p>Analysis in the FD, also called spectral analysis, consists in a study method that allows the decomposition of the HR variation within a certain time period for its fundamental oscillatory components, defining them by frequency and amplitude<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>For HRV analysis, the first and the last minute of the recording were excluded, and the 10 central minutes were isolated (for greater tracing stability). Additionally, in order to guarantee quality of the signal and elimination of probable artifacts, a very strong filter was applied, as a standard part of the programs themselves which provided reports with values of TD and FD variables submitted to statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>In order to assess HRV in TD, values of the normal mean RRi, standard deviations (SD) of normal RRi, root mean square of successive differences between adjacent RRi (RMSSD), and the percentage of adjacent RRis with a difference greater than 50ms (pNN50) were analyzed.</p>
      <p>In the FD, total power (TP) values were studied which represent the variance of normal RRi on the temporal segment of the record<sup>13</sup>, absolute values of the Low Frequency (BF - more related to sympathetic cardiac activity) and High Frequency (HF - related to parasympathetic cardiac activity) components, and the LF/HF ratio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For comparative analyses of the HRV variables among the groups, the Mann Whitney U test was used and the results are presented in boxplots with highlights for medians, 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> quartiles, and extreme values. This test was chosen because this study deals with data that show differences between the two groups (Active and Sedentary), as measurement/evaluation procedures provide knowledge of facts with at least an ordinal level of measurement. </p>
      <p>An ordinal level of measurement means that the hierarchy of data is known (by posts), but the intensity and degree of the differences are not completely known or are not perfectly exact. The U Test is a non-parametric test and is, therefore, appropriate since it involves two distinct (independent) samples submitted to the same data collection procedure. </p>
      <p>For the same reason, the samples can also be classified as non-paired. Additionally, the Mann Whitney U Test is adequate for evaluating small and average-sized samples, as is the case in this study, allowing good quality judgments. In this way, despite the small number of volunteers (n), the results of the tests applied were at a p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.01 level among the values of variables, which means that the differences observed in the sample may be extended to the population. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As to ages and anthropometric and clinical evaluations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), it is clear that the groups are homogenous, with no significant differences between the data compared, and therefore, they do not interfere in the study. </p>
      <p>Regarding heart beat records, the analysis of HRV performed in the FD can be visualized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref> with the boxplot presentations. There were significant differences (p&lt;0.0001) between the groups, considering the absolute variables TP, LF, and HF. The Active group showed median values for TP, HF, and LF of 22,626.5 ms<sup>2</sup>, 741.2 ms<sup>2</sup>, and 668.9 ms<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The Sedentary group presented median values for TP, HF, and LF of 4,431.1 ms<sup>2</sup>, 131.7 ms<sup>2</sup>, and 119.4 ms<sup>2</sup>, respectively.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>These data show that both sympathetic and parasympathetic tone was greater in the group of Active women, and that both bear a significant influence on the Total Power value. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the LF/HF ratios, since they take into account the values of LF and HF for their calculation in normalized units, were not different between the groups.</p>
      <p>Despite the values of mean RR intervals (RRi) not having proved different in the HRV analysis in the TD, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figures 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig06-body2">6</xref> show that there was a significant difference between the median values of the groups for: a) standard deviations of RRi, with 51.6 ms for the Active group and 22.5ms for the Sedentary group; b) RMSSD with 35.3ms and 15.9ms for Active and Sedentary women, respectively, and c) pNN50 with the active women showing 6.6% and sedentary women, 0.2%.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig06-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-02-0080-00002-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>These differences express significant autonomic cardiac differences present in the Active group captured in the analysis performed in TD and FD, which, in general, reflect the greater autonomic sensitivity on the part of this group. </p>
      <p>Similarly, we point out that all these positive changes related to autonomic cardiac modulation are linked to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)<sup>16</sup> - cyclical changes of heart beats in syntony with respiration - present more often in young adults<sup>13</sup>, athletes<sup>17</sup>, and in people with healthy lifestyle habits. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite a natural tendency towards weight gain in sedentary people<sup>18</sup> and the fact that no diet control was used for the study participants, there was a concern that body weight be similar among the participants in order to avoid its interference in the results. In this way, we noted that the values of this variable and of all the other variables shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> express very similar results between the groups, affording greater standardization to the sample in this aspect. </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, as to the resting HR, studies have shown a tendency toward reduction of the values of this variable in trained individuals which are different from the values for sedentary participants<sup>19</sup>. In this study, however, even though this did not occur, which may be due to the number of volunteers since the value of p was 0.08, which is very close to significance, the values of HR did not influence the analysis of the HRV which showed a significant difference of autonomic modulation between the groups.</p>
      <p>We noted that the values of resting HR documented and included in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> were true to the values of the mean RR intervals recorded for 10 minutes which served as basis for the HRV calculation, since the values of these intervals did not differ between the groups during HRV analysis. </p>
      <p>As to the other data on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, we point out that this similarity between the groups is due to the fact that the Sedentary group was made up of healthy women, and therefore the values of the variables fall within parameters of normality.</p>
      <p>As to the HRV, it was used to determine likely differences in autonomic cardiac modulation between the women of both groups. This tool was chosen because, under control conditions, it offers extremely sensitive data (fine tuning) of the cardiac adjustment mechanisms, beat by beat, in response to homeostatic and tissue needs<sup>20,21</sup>, and also because it has already been used in other studies involving climacteric women<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that vagal and efferent activities directed at the sinoatrial node are characterized by a discharge highly synchronized with each cardiac cycle which can be modulated by central (vasomotor and respiratory centers) and peripheral (BP oscillations and respiratory movements) oscillatory components<sup>16,24</sup>. All these oscillatory components are present in the control conditions used in the present investigation, generating rhythmic fluctuations in the efferent nervous discharges that are manifested in the heart by short and long duration oscillations of the RR intervals, affording a greater or lesser HRV, and therefore, a greater or lesser autonomic cardiac tone<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>With age, however, and the decline of estrogenic hormonal production, there is a reduction of the parasympathetic component and, consequently, of the HRV in women after menopause<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>This aspect can be highlighted in the study carried out by Brockbank et al<sup>25</sup> who noted a statistically significant reduction in the RR interval (RRi) of postmenopausal women, reinforcing the evidence of a decline of cardiac contractility<sup>26</sup>, a decline in left ventricular systole<sup>27</sup>, and changes in baroreceptors in the postmenopausal period. </p>
      <p>More relevant than the RRis themselves, the standard deviations (SD) of the mean RRis more adequately reflect vagal modulation of the heart<sup>11,13</sup>, since the greater the standard deviation of the RRis found, the greater the parasympathetic tone, exactly as was observed in this study, with a significant difference of RRi SDs between the groups, and the greatest values were shown by the active women. </p>
      <p>In this way, aerobic exercise is credited with the positive modification of cardiovascular health in this group of women, as had previously been documented in other studies involving individuals of this same age bracket<sup>11,28-32</sup>. </p>
      <p>Myslivecek et al<sup>28</sup> presented results similar to ours when they investigated if moderate aerobic training influenced HRV and the spontaneous bar reflexive function in middle-aged women. For this, 32 pre- and post-menopausal sedentary women were selected. After training, the results suggested that even a short aerobic exercise program, when carried out consistently and according to proposed guidelines of physical activity, can increase vagal modulation in middle-aged women. </p>
      <p>Additionally, Perini et al<sup>29</sup> showed an increase in autonomic cardiac modulation revealed by analyses of HRV made before and after moderate and vigorous aerobic training programs applied to elderly men and women. Moreover, as was documented in this study, these authors reported greater values of the Total Power in the trained group. </p>
      <p>In 2004, Jurca et al<sup>33</sup> performed a randomized controlled study with 88 sedentary post-menopausal women divided into two groups. Forty-nine of them participated in an aerobic exercise program carried out for eight weeks, with an average 44 minutes per session, three to four times a week, and an intensity of 50% of the maximum VO<sub>2</sub>, while the other 39 formed a control group in which the women continued with their normal lifestyles. The study showed that after the eight weeks, the women who participated in the training program showed a decrease in the resting HR besides an increase in all values of HRV variables in TD and FD, especially RMSSD, LF, HF, and Total Power in absolute units.</p>
      <p>As in the present study, the intensity of the exercises applied by Jurca et al<sup>33</sup> was light, and the results of the variable values in the FD, expressed in normalized units, showed no changes after training. </p>
      <p>Sometimes the simple analysis of HRV in normalized units (NU) without careful attention can give a false impression that there was no difference between the data analyzed. We point out that the 62.5% (in NU) in the LF for the active women represents, in absolute values, 741.2 ms<sup>2</sup>, while for the sedentary women, the 62.1% of LF represents only 131.7 ms<sup>2</sup>. Similarly, the 37.5% in HF for active women represents, in absolute values, 668.9 ms<sup>2</sup>, while the 37.9% in sedentary women is equivalent to 119.4 ms<sup>2</sup>, with a significant difference between the figures.</p>
      <p>Limitations of our study were: number of women evaluated, absence of a control of stress factors which could interfere in the results, and the absence of thyroid function tests - TSH T4, crediting the health of the volunteers only to their clinical parameters.</p>
      <p>As to future studies, we believe that there is still much to be investigated on the effects of the different intensities and durations of aerobic exercises. However, there are already strong indications that the important thing is to engage in physical exercise, since studies with light intensity activity and those with moderate intensity activity all showed encouraging results as to the positive modification of HRV.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We concluded that the frequent practice of light-intensity aerobic exercise, with the heart rate controlled between 100 and 120 bpm, performed three times a week for two years by climacteric women with no hormonal replacement, may have been responsible for the improvement in autonomic heart function revealed by HRV analysis, represented by a significant increase in vagal and sympathetic modulation in the domain of frequency (FD) with important reflections on the Total Power result. </p>
      <p>Equally, in the domain of time (TD), the analysis of HRV showed a significant improvement of the components that reflect vagal activity, which is considered cardio-protective, in active women, confirming that this analysis may be a very important parameter in this type of investigation. </p>
      <p>In this way, frequent aerobic activity, even at a low intensity, proved to be an excellent option for preservation and/or improvement of autonomic cardiac function in climacteric women who do not tolerate the use of hormone replacement therapy, whether because of discomfort or even the fear of the possibility, still debatable, of this type of treatment being responsible for neoplasms, aggravation of uterine myomas, and reactivation of pelvic endometriosis, besides the risk for development of thromboembolic diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico </italic>(CNPq).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
