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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WfvSCZdvQ7HxZgKmXhNB6KN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000200001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: uma alternativa fact&#237;vel para o Brasil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: uma alternativa fact&#237;vel para o Brasil?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Wainstein; Mariana V. Furtado; Carisi Anne Polanczyk</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade; terapia trombol&#237;tica; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana permanece a principal causa de mortalidade, e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) contribui com aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos casos de morte. Nesse contexto, o arsenal terap&#234;utico usado para diminuir os desfechos desfavor&#225;veis relacionados a essa doen&#231;a, em particular na sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o aguda, tem se desenvolvido notavelmente. O advento da terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica, por exemplo, representou um avan&#231;o consider&#225;vel no tratamento do IAM. Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados publicados na d&#233;cada de 1980, como <italic>Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell&#146;Infarto Miocardico</italic> (GISSI) e <italic>Second International Study of Infarct Survival</italic> (ISIS 2), j&#225; demonstraram, de forma consistente, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade associada a esses f&#225;rmacos se usados em tempo h&#225;bil ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do IAM, sendo sua efetividade tempo-dependente e exponencial, ou seja, quanto mais precoce o in&#237;cio da infus&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco, maior o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, estudos contempor&#226;neos t&#234;m se focado em estrat&#233;gias capazes de diminuir o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico. Diversas abordagens, como campanhas para identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dos sintomas incipientes do IAM, protocolos de dor tor&#225;cica e infus&#227;o em bolo de trombol&#237;tico, t&#234;m sido usados com esse intuito. No entanto, uma das estrat&#233;gias mais promissoras e menos utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, principalmente no Brasil, &#233; o uso do trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar. Atualmente, o conjunto de evid&#234;ncias que estudou o uso do trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar &#233; bastante robusto e permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da efetividade dessa estrat&#233;gia. Tal estrat&#233;gia j&#225; foi testada extensivamente em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, nos quais foi comparada a outras estrat&#233;gias, como trombol&#237;tico intra-hospitalar, angioplastia prim&#225;ria, angioplastia facilitada e terapias antitromb&#243;ticas adjuvantes, como heparina de baixo peso molecular e inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>2</sup> trazem a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar novamente &#224; discuss&#227;o, com a publica&#231;&#227;o de um estudo econ&#244;mico sobre essa interven&#231;&#227;o. A decis&#227;o sobre incorporar ou n&#227;o nova tecnologia deve passar por uma discuss&#227;o criteriosa e ampla, n&#227;o somente focando pe&#231;as do quebra-cabe&#231;a. Quando da an&#225;lise de uma tecnologia em sa&#250;de, temos obriga&#231;&#227;o de questionar sua efic&#225;cia, sua efetividade e sua rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade. Al&#233;m disso, devemos considerar seu efeito quando aplicado &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es existentes em nosso sistema de sa&#250;de, para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e sobre nosso or&#231;amento, comparando com a situa&#231;&#227;o atual e com as alternativas dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efic&#225;cia da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foge do escopo a descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada das evid&#234;ncias, mas uma revis&#227;o sobre tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e intra-hospitalar nos remete a estudos das &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas. A maioria desses estudos foi de pequeno porte ou tinha falhas metodol&#243;gicas importantes, sendo a melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel a metan&#225;lise publicada por Morrison e cols.<sup>3</sup>, em 2000. Nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, foram selecionados os seis principais ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (MITI, EMIP, GREAT, Roth e cols., Schofer e cols., e Castaigne e cols.), que compararam a estrat&#233;gia de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar com a intra-hospitalar em 6.434 pacientes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada dos estudos demonstrou tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade entre os pacientes que receberam trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Entretanto, quando os estudos foram analisados de forma agregada, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante de 17% no desfecho mortalidade por todas as causas (raz&#227;o de chances, 0,83; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%], 0,70-0,98; p = 0,03). A redu&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto de 2% associada &#224; tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar resultou em uma vida salva para cada 62 pacientes submetidos a essa terap&#234;utica. A despeito desse benef&#237;cio inicial relevante, a mortalidade em um e dois anos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre as duas estrat&#233;gias. Provavelmente, os resultados favor&#225;veis podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; diferen&#231;a de 60 minutos entre o diagn&#243;stico e o in&#237;cio do trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;- e intra-hospitalar (104 minutos <italic>vs</italic> 162 minutos). Um aspecto importante levantado por esse estudo foi o benef&#237;cio da tromb&#243;lise independentemente da administra&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;dicos em unidades m&#243;veis de tratamento intensivo. </p>
    <p>Atualmente &#233; reconhecido que o uso de trombol&#237;ticos apresenta menor benef&#237;cio quanto mais tardia for a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, especialmente se superior a tr&#234;s horas, sendo favorecida a decis&#227;o por angioplastia prim&#225;ria nessas situa&#231;&#245;es<sup>4</sup>. A poss&#237;vel vantagem da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar torna racional sua compara&#231;&#227;o com essa outra op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. No ensaio cl&#237;nico CAPTIM, Bonnefoy e cols.<sup>5</sup> compararam angioplastia prim&#225;ria (n = 421) &#224; tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar com alteplase (n = 419). O desfecho prim&#225;rio &#150; morte, IAM n&#227;o-fatal e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) n&#227;o-fatal em 30 dias &#150; ocorreu em 8,2% dos pacientes do grupo tromb&#243;lise e em 6,2% dos pacientes do grupo angioplastia prim&#225;ria, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos. Uma nova an&#225;lise do estudo CAPTIM, publicada em 2003<sup>6</sup>, demonstrou que os pacientes randomizados para trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar com at&#233; duas horas ap&#243;s in&#237;cio dos sintomas apresentaram forte tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em 30 dias em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo randomizado para angioplastia prim&#225;ria (2,2% <italic>vs</italic> 5,7%; p = 0,058). Al&#233;m disso, o subgrupo de pacientes que recebeu trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar com menos de duas horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da taxa de choque cardiog&#234;nico em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo que recebeu em mais de duas horas (1,3% <italic>vs</italic> 5,3%; p = 0,032).</p>
    <p>A partir do estudo CAPTIM, conclui-se que o tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas deve ser um dos fatores principais a ser considerado quando se escolhe uma estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e que a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar pode ser prefer&#237;vel &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria em pacientes tratados precocemente (at&#233; duas horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efetividade da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar tem sido considerado padr&#227;o nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas em v&#225;rios centros da Europa, em que um m&#233;dico ou uma enfermeira treinados fazem a avalia&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico, a triagem e o tratamento do IAM. No Reino Unido, por meio do <italic>Joint Royal College Ambulance Liaison Committee </italic>(JRCALC), at&#233; janeiro de 2006, 28 dos 31 servi&#231;os de ambul&#226;ncia foram capacitados para realizar tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, mas ainda assim apenas 20% dos pacientes com IAM tratados com terapia de reperfus&#227;o com trombol&#237;tico recebem tratamento pr&#233;-hospitalar<sup>7</sup>. No registro do <italic>Project to Evaluate Out-of-Hospital Fibrinolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction</italic> (PEFEX), realizado em Andaluzia, Espanha, e que incluiu 981 pacientes atendidos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, 15,2% receberam tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, 18% com menos de uma hora de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e 68% com menos de duas horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Nesse sistema, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a elevada concord&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico realizado pelos param&#233;dicos e o recebido pelos pacientes na alta hospitalar (97%)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados de registros de pacientes admitidos na rede hospitalar francesa com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, no ano de 2000, descrevem que apenas 9% (180/1.922) foram tratados com tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, 19% receberam trombol&#237;tico intra-hospitalar, 23% foram submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria e 49% n&#227;o tiveram terapia de reperfus&#227;o indicada. Foi realizada angioplastia de resgate em menos de 24 horas em 37% dos pacientes que receberam tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, comparado com apenas 18% dos pacientes que receberam tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar e 0,7% dos pacientes com angioplastia prim&#225;ria<sup>9</sup>. Resultados semelhantes foram descritos no registro sueco de IAM (RIKS-HIA Registry), em que, em um total de 26.205 pacientes, 7.084 foram submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria, 3.078 receberam tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar e 16.043, tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar<sup>10</sup>. Angioplastia prim&#225;ria, quando comparada aos outros dois grupos, obteve diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da mortalidade em 30 dias e um ano. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos submetidos a trombol&#237;tico, o uso pr&#233;-hospitalar tamb&#233;m demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso intra-hospitalar. Ap&#243;s duas horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM, entretanto, as curvas de mortalidade dos grupos que utilizaram trombol&#237;ticos tendem a se juntar, enquanto a angioplastia prim&#225;ria mant&#233;m seu benef&#237;cio mesmo quando empregada mais tardiamente.</p>
    <p>Nessas experi&#234;ncias internacionais, &#233; importante considerar toda a estrutura necess&#225;ria para implementa&#231;&#227;o dos programas: capacidade de realizar eletrocardiografia (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es por toda a equipe de m&#233;dicos e param&#233;dicos das ambul&#226;ncias, transmiss&#227;o de ECG por telemetria para centro especializado com cardiologista, interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG e indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com trombol&#237;tico, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para contra-indica&#231;&#245;es de realiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica, e encaminhamento para hospital com capacidade de seguir tratamento, visto que a estimativa de risco &#233; de 4 AVCs hemorr&#225;gicos em mil pacientes tratados e de 7 sangramentos maiores n&#227;o-cerebrais em mil pacientes tratados<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o impacto da interven&#231;&#227;o depende tamb&#233;m do tempo m&#233;dio que os pacientes levam para chamar o servi&#231;o de ambul&#226;ncia, do tempo m&#233;dio de transfer&#234;ncia para um hospital, e do tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o in&#237;cio do tratamento. Programas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o sobre a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e de como proceder s&#227;o indispens&#225;veis para o sucesso dessa estrat&#233;gia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, h&#225; poucos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar<sup>12</sup>. Segundo os n&#250;meros apresentados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, 926 munic&#237;pios s&#227;o cobertos pelo Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU), atingindo 47% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com 114 centrais de regula&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o h&#225; estat&#237;sticas sobre os atendimentos de IAM. O estudo Buscando Solu&#231;&#245;es para a Subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da Terapia Trombol&#237;tica (BUSSOLA), realizado no Rio de Janeiro, demonstrou ser pouco prov&#225;vel que um paciente com IAM na cidade do Rio de Janeiro receba qualquer tipo de terapia de reperfus&#227;o na maioria dos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o havendo institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas que possuam procedimentos invasivos de rotina estruturados<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Custo-efetividade da tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos foram publicados sobre os custos e a efici&#234;ncia do uso de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, cujos resultados s&#227;o muito dependentes do pa&#237;s de origem do estudo, do custo do f&#225;rmaco e do manejo do infarto e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es, de modo que a capacidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito limitada.</p>
    <p>No estudo publicado por Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>2</sup>, com modelo de decis&#227;o de Markov e que incorporou dados do ensaio cl&#237;nico GREAT a estimativas de custos no Brasil, o uso de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar estaria relacionado a ganho m&#233;dio de sobrevida de 0,16 ano a um custo inferior a R$ 176,00 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso intra-hospitalar. O estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica, baseada em dados de um ensaio conduzido na Esc&#243;cia entre 1988 e 1991, para o qual considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas devem ser feitas para adequada an&#225;lise do estudo. No que diz respeito &#224;s diferentes terapias, a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade da ordem de 44%, muito superior &#224; descrita na metan&#225;lise de Morrison e cols.<sup>3</sup> e somente encontrada nesse estudo. Por outro lado, o benef&#237;cio da tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar foi inferior ao observado em grandes ensaios<sup>1,13</sup>. N&#227;o fica claro, por exemplo, por que a expectativa de vida de indiv&#237;duos que recebem trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar &#233; em m&#233;dia 2,5 anos superior &#224; daqueles com uso intra-hospitalar, enquanto o ganho em anos de vida com trombol&#237;tico intra-hospitalar &#233; de apenas 0,6 ano em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o uso de trombol&#237;tico. Al&#233;m disso, o uso inapropriado de trombol&#237;tico em pacientes sem infarto n&#227;o teve efeito nenhum na mortalidade, segundo os autores. A taxa de reinfarto para tromb&#243;lise intra-hospitalar foi estimada como sendo duas vezes maior que a pr&#233;-hospitalar (10% <italic>vs</italic> 5,8%), dados esses do estudo GREAT<sup>2</sup>. Entretanto, o porcentual de angioplastia de resgaste &#233; sabidamente maior no primeiro grupo e isso n&#227;o parece ter sido considerado pelos autores no modelo, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos adicionais. No que diz respeito aos custos, claramente n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os custos indiretos para montagem de infra-estrutura e capacita&#231;&#227;o de todos os profissionais que atendem no sistema, nem para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos (ECG) e medica&#231;&#227;o <italic>on-line</italic> dispon&#237;vel, favorecendo a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar. Com estas limita&#231;&#245;es, os dados n&#227;o permitem afirmar sobre a custo-efetividade do trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar no Brasil, mas constituem uma etapa inicial de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Modelos com dados de efetividade, custos e impacto econ&#244;mico obtidos de estudos pilotos brasileiros devem ser perseguidos para uma estimativa mais real da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas pr&#225;ticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em um pa&#237;s com as dimens&#245;es do Brasil, &#233; um desafio estabelecer uma estrat&#233;gia &#250;nica para o manejo do IAM, que abranja todos os cen&#225;rios, munic&#237;pios, Estados e regi&#245;es. Certamente mais importante que a reperfus&#227;o ideal &#233; assegurar que alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o seja administrada ao paciente com IAM, mas que seja segura, efetiva e racional. Do ponto de vista de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, urge uma organiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de atendimento ao paciente com IAM, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que tem sido preconizado em outros pa&#237;ses<sup>11</sup>. Por exemplo, tem sido sugerido que somente a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-hospitalar possa fornecer vantagens importantes para agilizar o tratamento. Entre as estrat&#233;gias dispon&#237;veis, a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar pode ser uma alternativa l&#243;gica para alguns cen&#225;rios, mas essa decis&#227;o pressup&#245;e investimento significativo em capacita&#231;&#227;o nos nossos Servi&#231;os de Atendimento de Urg&#234;ncia p&#250;blicos e privados. Esse investimento, que provavelmente n&#227;o seria de grande monta, deve ser analisado com cautela, na medida em que experi&#234;ncias em outros pa&#237;ses demonstram real uso de tromb&#243;lise nessa fase em menos de 20% dos casos eleg&#237;veis atendidos. Antes disso, parece mais importante uma discuss&#227;o ampla sobre educa&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o, encaminhamentos, sistemas de atendimento agudo, otimiza&#231;&#227;o do uso de trombol&#237;tico intra-hospitalar e angioplastia prim&#225;ria, com an&#225;lise aprofundada de riscos, tempo, benef&#237;cio e disponibilidade da infra-estrutura existente e necess&#225;ria. A tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar pode tornar-se efetiva, fact&#237;vel e eventualmente custo-efetiva no nosso meio. Entretanto, a sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada dentro de um planejamento amplo dos sistemas de atendimento ao paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Carisi A. Polanczyk </p>
        <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
        <p> Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, sala 2060 </p>
        <p> 90035-903 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cpolanczyk@hcpa.ufrgs.br">cpolanczyk@hcpa.ufrgs.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prehospital thrombolysis in AMI: a feasible alternative to Brazil?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Prehospital thrombolysis in AMI: a feasible alternative to Brazil?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Wainstein; Mariana V. Furtado; Carisi Anne Polanczyk</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Postgraduation Program in Medicine: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Cost-effectiveness evaluation; Thrombolytic Therapy; Myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the main cause of mortality, with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) contributing with approximately one-third of the death cases. In this context, the therapeutic resources used to reduce the unfavorable outcomes related to this disease, mainly in its acute form, have significantly increased. The advent of the thrombolytic therapy, for instance, represented a considerable advance in the treatment of AMI. Large randomized clinical trials published in the 80s such as GISSI and ISIS 2 have consistently demonstrated the decrease in mortality associated to these drugs when used timely after the onset of AMI symptoms, with its effectiveness being time-dependent and exponential, i.e., earlier the start of drug infusion, greater the clinical benefit.</p>
      <p>Therefore, current studies have focused on strategies capable of decreasing the time from the symptom onset to the thrombolytic agent infusion. Several approaches such as campaigns directed at the early identification of incipient AMI symptoms, chest pain protocols and bolus thrombolytic infusion have been used with this purpose. However, one of the most promising and least used strategies in clinical practice, mainly in Brazil, is the use of prehospital thrombolytic agent. Currently, the evidence supporting the use of pre-hospital thrombolytic is quite strong and allows a careful evaluation of the effectiveness of this strategy. Such strategy had been extensively tested in randomized clinical trials in which it was compared to other strategies such as inhospital thrombolytic, primary angioplasty, facilitated angioplasty and adjuvant anti-thrombotic therapies, such as low-molecular-weight heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology (<italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>) Araujo et al<sup>2</sup>, once again bring the prehospital thrombolysis to the discussion, by publishing an economical study about this intervention. The decision to incorporate or not the new technology must undergo a detailed and broad discussion, not only focusing on the jigsaw puzzle pieces. When analyzing a health technology, it is mandatory that we question its efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, it is necessary to consider its effect when applying it to the existing scenario of our Public Health System, to our population and on our budget, comparing it with the current situation and the available alternatives</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Efficacy of prehospital thrombolysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>A detailed description of the evidence falls out of the scope, but a review on prehospital and inhospital thrombolysis reminds us of studies carried out in the last two decades. Most of these studies were small studies or had important methodological flaws, with best available evidence being the meta-analysis published by Morrison et al in 2003<sup>3</sup>. This systematic review selected the 6 main randomized clinical trials (MITI, EMIP, GREAT, Roth et al, Schofer et al, Castaigne et al) that compared the strategy of prehospital with inhospital thrombolysis in 6,434 patients. The isolated assessment of the studies showed a tendency towards the decreased mortality among the patients who received the prehospital thrombolytic, although without statistical significance. However, when analyzed jointly, the studies showed a statistically significant decrease of 17% in the mortality outcome due to all causes (chance ratio:0.83; 95%CI: 0.70-0.98; p=0.03). The 2% reduction in the absolute risk associated to the prehospital thrombolysis can be translated into one life saved for every 62 patients submitted to this therapy. Despite this relevant initial benefit, the 1-year and 2-year-mortality did show statistically significant differences between the two strategies. The favorable results can probably be attributed to the 60-minute difference between the diagnosis and the start of the prehospital and inhospital thrombolytic therapy (104 <italic>vs</italic> 162 min). An important aspect discussed in this study was the benefit of thrombolysis regardless of its administration by doctors in mobile emergency care service (MECS) units. </p>
      <p>It is currently acknowledged that the later the clinical presentation, the lower the benefit of the thrombolytic agents will be, especially &gt; 3 hours; in this context, the decision for primary angioplasty is supported<sup>4</sup>. The possible advantage of prehospital thrombolysis makes it rational to compare it with this other therapeutic option. In the CAPTIM clinical trial, Bonnefoy et al<sup>5</sup> compared the primary angioplasty (n=421) with prehospital thrombolysis with Alteplase (n=419). The primary outcome &#150; death, non-fatal AMI and non-fatal stroke within a 30-day period &#150; occurred in 8.2% of the patients in the thrombolysis group and in 6.2% in the primary angioplasty group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A re-analysis of the CAPTIM study published in 2003<sup>6</sup> showed that the patients randomized to prehospital thrombolytic in up to 2 hours after symptom onset presented a strong tendency towards the decrease in 30-day mortality in comparison with the group randomized to primary angioplasty (2.2% <italic>vs</italic> 5.7%; p=0.058). Additionally, the subgroup of patients who received prehospital thrombolytic therapy less than 2 hours after the symptom onset presented a statistically significant decrease in the cardiogenic shock rate when compared to the other group (1.3% <italic>versus</italic> 5.3%; p=0.032).</p>
      <p>From the CAPTIM study on, it was concluded that the time from the symptom onset must be one of the main factors to be considered when choosing a revascularization strategy and that the prehospital thrombolysis might be preferable to primary angioplasty in patients treated early (up to two hours of AMI evolution).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effectiveness of prehospital thrombolysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of prehospital thrombolysis has been considered the standard in the last two decades in several European centers, where a doctor or a trained nurse will carry out the AMI evaluation, diagnosis, triage and treatment. In the United Kingdom, through the Joint Royal Collage Ambulance Liaison Committee (JRCALC), until January 2006, 28 of the 31 ambulance services were capacitated to perform prehospital thrombolysis; however, only 20% of the patients with AMI who received reperfusion therapy with the thrombolytic agent are treated at the prehospital level<sup>7</sup>. In Andalusia, Spain, the PEFEX (Project to Evaluate Out-of-Hospital Fibrinolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction) registry with 981 treated patients with acute coronary syndrome, 15.2% received prehospital thrombolysis, with 18% receiving it less than 1 hour and 68% less than 2 hours after the onset of symptoms. It is noteworthy the high concordance (97%) between the diagnosis attained by the paramedics and that received by patients at hospital discharge<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The medical registry data of patients admitted at the French hospital network with an AMI diagnosis in the year 2000, show that only 9% 9180/1,922) were treated with prehospital thrombolysis; 19% received inhospital thrombolysis; 23% underwent primary angioplasty and 49% did not have an indication for reperfusion therapy. Rescue angioplasty was performed in less than 24 hours in 37% of the patients that received prehospital thrombolysis, compared to only 18% of the patients that received inhospital thrombolysis and 0.7% of the patients who underwent primary angioplasty<sup>9</sup>. Similar results were described in the Swedish medical registry data of AMI (RIKS-HIA Registry), where, in a total of 26,205 patients, 7,084 underwent primary angioplasty, 3,078 received prehospital thrombolysis and 16,043 received inhospital thrombolysis<sup>10</sup>. The primary angioplasty group, when compared to the other two groups, showed a statistically significant decrease in 30-day and 1-year mortality. When the groups that received thrombolysis were compared, the prehospital use also showed a significant decrease in mortality when compared to the inhospital use. After two hours of AMI evolution, however, the mortality curves in the groups that used thrombolytic agents tend to join, whereas the primary angioplasty maintains its benefit even when employed later. </p>
      <p>It is important to consider, in these international experiences, the necessary structure to implement the programs: capacity to perform a 12-derivation electrocardiogram (ECG) by the entire team of medics and paramedics in the ambulances, ECG transmission by telemetry to a specialized center with a cardiologist, ECG interpretation and thrombolytic therapy indication, clinical assessment for the therapy contraindications and referral to a hospital capable of carrying out the treatment, considering that the risk estimate is 4 hemorrhagic cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) per 1,000 treated patients and 7 major non-cerebral bleedings per 1,000 treated patients<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the impact of the intervention also depends on the mean time it took patients to call the ambulance service, mean time of hospital transference and time from symptom onset to the start of the treatment. Awareness and education programs directed at the general population on the disease manifestation and showing the course of action are essential for the success of this strategy<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are few available data on the prehospital treatment<sup>12</sup>. The figures presented by the Ministry of Health show that 926 towns and cities have access to the Mobile Emergency Care Service (MECS) units, reaching 47% of the Brazilian population, with 114 regulation centers. </p>
      <p>There are no statistics on AMI emergency care. The BUSSOLA (<italic>Buscando solu&#231;&#245;es para a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica no Rio de Janeiro </italic>- Searching for solutions in the underuse of thrombolytic therapy in Rio de Janeiro) study showed it is unlikely that a patient with AMI in the city of Rio de Janeiro will receive any type of reperfusion therapy from the emergency services, with no public institutions that have structured routine invasive procedures<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cost-effectiveness of prehospital thrombolysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some studies have been published on the cost and efficiency of the use of prehospital thrombolysis, with results varying according to the country where the study was carried out, cost of the drug and management of the infarction and its complications, so that the capacity of generalization is very limited.</p>
      <p>In the study carried out by Araujo et al<sup>2</sup>, with a Markov decision model, incorporating data from the large clinical trial GREAT to cost estimates in Brazil, the use of prehospital thrombolysis is related to a mean survival gain of 0.16 years at a cost lower than R$176.00 in comparison to the inhospital therapy. The study is an economic analysis based on the data of a clinical trial carried out in Scotland between 1988 and 1991, for which methodological considerations must be made in order to attain an adequate analysis of the study. Regarding the different types of therapy, the effectiveness of prehospital thrombolysis has shown a mortality reduction of 44%, much higher than that described in the meta-analysis by Morrison et al<sup>3</sup>, and only found in this study. Alternatively, the benefits of the inhospital thrombolysis were lower than that observed in large trials<sup>1,13</sup>. It is not clear, for instance, why the life expectancy of the individuals who received prehospital thrombolysis is, on average, 2.5 years higher than those who received inhospital thrombolysis, whereas the gain in life-years with inhospital thrombolysis is only 0.6 years in comparison to the absence of thrombolytic therapy. Additionally, the inappropriate use of thrombolysis in patients without infarction had no effect on mortality, according to the authors. The reinfarction rate for inhospital thrombolysis was estimated as being two-fold higher than that for the prehospital thrombolysis (10% <italic>vs</italic> 5.8%), which are data from the GREAT study<sup>2</sup>. However, the percentage of rescue angioplasty is known to be higher in the first group and this fact does not seem to have been considered by the authors in the model, regarding the additional costs. As for the costs, it is clear that the indirect costs for setting up the infra-structure and the capacitating of all professionals working inside the system were not included, as well as the acquisition of equipment (ECG) and available online medication, supporting the strategy of inhospital thrombolysis. The data do not allow assertions to be made on the cost-effectiveness of the prehospital thrombolysis in Brazil, but they are an initial assessment phase. Models with effectiveness, cost and economic impact data obtained from Brazilian pilot studies must be sought out in order to achieve a more accurate estimate of the assimilation of the prehospital thrombolytic therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Practical perspectives </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a large country such as Brazil, it is a challenge to establish a single strategy for the management of AMI, which will encompass all the scenarios, cities and towns, states and regions. Certainly, more important than the ideal reperfusion is to ascertain that some type of reperfusion therapy will be administered to the patient with AMI and that this therapy will be safe, effective and rational. From the public healthcare perspective, it is necessary to organize a system to care for the patient with AMI, as it has been done in other countries<sup>11</sup>. For instance, it has been suggested that just the acquisition of the prehospital ECG equipment can provide important advantages to expedite treatment. Among the available strategies, prehospital thrombolysis can be a logical alternative in some scenarios, but this decision presupposes an important investment and capacitating of professionals in our public and private Emergency Care Services. This investment, which would not be a large one, must be analyzed cautiously, as the experience in other countries show an actual use of thrombolysis in this phase in less than 20% of the eligible cases. Before that happens, it seems more important to promote a broad discussion on the education of the population, referrals, acute care systems, optimization of the inhospital thrombolysis use and primary angioplasty, with an extended analysis of the risks, time, benefits and availability of the existing and the necessary infra-structure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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