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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FYjxxB9vmVbYKMf8ZBvcgfs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Import&#226;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos e a glicoprote&#237;na Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos pelas plaquetas e para a resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#224; les&#227;o vascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simon</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Yunmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sakuma</surname>
            <given-names>Masashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhiping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croce</surname>
            <given-names>Kevin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ustinov</surname>
            <given-names>Valentin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Can</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Eul&#243;gio E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachussets</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women's Hospital </institution>
        <country country="">EUA</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Houston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Cleveland Clinic Foundation of Medicine</institution>
        <country country="">EUA</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>54</fpage>
      <lpage>63</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a import&#226;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos (a Mb 2) e a glicoprote&#237;na (GP) Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular e o efeito da neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a hiperplasia neointimal desencadeadas por les&#227;o vascular. M&#201;TODOS: Um pept&#237;deo denominado M2 ou anticorpo anti-M2 foi desenvolvido para bloquear a intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba . Esse pept&#237;deo foi injetado e comparado com anticorpo-controle em camundongos C57B1/6J submetidos a les&#227;o vascular da art&#233;ria femoral com corda-guia. Um, cinco ou 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular, as art&#233;rias femorais foram retiradas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de morfometria e imuno-histoqu&#237;mica. RESULTADOS: O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do n&#250;mero de leuc&#243;citos na camada m&#233;dia no primeiro dia ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular (controle: 7,9&#177;5,0% do total de c&#233;lulas versus anti-M2: 2,0&#177;1,6%, p=0,021), bem como determinou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na neo&#237;ntima em cinco e 28 dias (controle: 42,3&#177;12,9% versus anti-M2: 24,6&#177;10,8%, p=0,047 e controle: 7,9&#177;3,0% versus anti-M2: 3,3&#177;1,3%, p=0,012; respectivamente). A prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada m&#233;dia do vaso em cinco dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o foi reduzida com o bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba (controle: 5,0&#177;2,9% do total de c&#233;lulas versus anti-M2: 1,8&#177;0,5%; p=0,043), assim como houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada &#237;ntima do vaso em 28 dias (controle: 3,8&#177;1,7% versus anti-M2: 2,0&#177;1,2%; p=0,047). O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba tamb&#233;m determinou uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do espessamento intimal em 28 dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o (controle: 10.395&#177;3.549 &#181;m&#178; versus anti-M2: 4.561&#177;4.915 &#181;m&#178;; p=0,012). CONCLUS&#195;O: O recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular &#233; dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba e a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o dessa intera&#231;&#227;o inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>leuc&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>reestenose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Import&#226;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos e a glicoprote&#237;na Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos pelas plaquetas e para a resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#224; les&#227;o vascular</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre C. Zago; Daniel I. Simon; Yunmei Wang; Masashi Sakuma; Zhiping Chen; Kevin Croce; Valentin Ustinov; Can Shi; Eul&#243;gio E. Martinez Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard University, Boston, Massachussets, EUA, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation of Medicine, Houston, Texas, EUA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a import&#226;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos (a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>) e a glicoprote&#237;na (GP) Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular e o efeito da neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a hiperplasia neointimal desencadeadas por les&#227;o vascular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um pept&#237;deo denominado M2 ou anticorpo anti-M2 foi desenvolvido para bloquear a intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba . Esse pept&#237;deo foi injetado e comparado com anticorpo-controle em camundongos C57B1/6J submetidos a les&#227;o vascular da art&#233;ria femoral com corda-guia. Um, cinco ou 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular, as art&#233;rias femorais foram retiradas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de morfometria e imuno-histoqu&#237;mica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do n&#250;mero de leuc&#243;citos na camada m&#233;dia no primeiro dia ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular (controle: 7,9&#177;5,0% do total de c&#233;lulas versus anti-M2: 2,0&#177;1,6%, p=0,021), bem como determinou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na neo&#237;ntima em cinco e 28 dias (controle: 42,3&#177;12,9% versus anti-M2: 24,6&#177;10,8%, p=0,047 e controle: 7,9&#177;3,0% versus anti-M2: 3,3&#177;1,3%, p=0,012; respectivamente). A prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada m&#233;dia do vaso em cinco dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o foi reduzida com o bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba (controle: 5,0&#177;2,9% do total de c&#233;lulas versus anti-M2: 1,8&#177;0,5%; p=0,043), assim como houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada &#237;ntima do vaso em 28 dias (controle: 3,8&#177;1,7% versus anti-M2: 2,0&#177;1,2%; p=0,047). O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba tamb&#233;m determinou uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do espessamento intimal em 28 dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o (controle: 10.395&#177;3.549 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> versus anti-M2: 4.561&#177;4.915 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,012). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular &#233; dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba e a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o dessa intera&#231;&#227;o inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular, inflama&#231;&#227;o, leuc&#243;citos, plaquetas, reestenose coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes de estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos fundamentam a compreens&#227;o da aterosclerose e da reestenose como um processo inflamat&#243;rio. Nesse contexto, a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre plaquetas, leuc&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos sugerem uma fun&#231;&#227;o central dos leuc&#243;citos na prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal decorrente da les&#227;o vascular. Em modelos experimentais de les&#227;o vascular, os leuc&#243;citos recrutados s&#227;o apontados como precursores da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal<sup>2,3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma vez aderidas &#224; parede vascular, as plaquetas formam uma superf&#237;cie adesiva para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos circulantes, que envolve as seguintes etapas: ades&#227;o mediada por seletinas e rolamento sobre a superf&#237;cie de plaquetas, ativa&#231;&#227;o dos leuc&#243;citos, firme ades&#227;o mediada por integrinas e diapedese<sup>4-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A etapa de firme ades&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos &#224; superf&#237;cie de plaquetas ativadas &#233; mediada por integrinas da fam&#237;lia b <sub>2</sub>, onde se destaca a integrina Mac-1, tamb&#233;m conhecida como ant&#237;geno do macr&#243;fago-1, a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2 </sub>ou CD11b/CD18. </p>
    <p>Um estudo em camundongos com defici&#234;ncia de integrina Mac-1 e submetidos a les&#227;o vascular evidenciou diminui&#231;&#227;o da migra&#231;&#227;o e do ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na parede arterial e atenua&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal<sup>7</sup>. Outro estudo, que avaliou o bloqueio da integrina Mac-1 com um anticorpo <italic>pan ligante</italic> chamado M1/70, mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos e da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal em 14 dias ap&#243;s angioplastia com bal&#227;o ou implante de <italic>stent </italic>em coelhos<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Simon e cols. recentemente localizaram o s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o da integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos com a glicoprote&#237;na (GP) Iba das plaquetas dentro do segmento a <sub>M</sub>(P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>) do dom&#237;nio a <sub>M</sub>I<sup>9</sup>, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um pept&#237;deo denominado M2 ou anti-M2.</p>
    <p>Estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> com o pept&#237;deo M2 mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da ades&#227;o de c&#233;lulas 293, que expressam a integrina Mac-1, &#224; sGPIba , assim como diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da ades&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos humanos a plaquetas sob fluxo cont&#237;nuo<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivos avaliar a import&#226;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos e a glicoprote&#237;na Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular e o efeito da neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 e a glicoprote&#237;na Iba sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a hiperplasia neointimal desencadeadas por les&#227;o vascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pept&#237;deos correspondentes ao s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o da integrina Mac-1 nos receptores GPIba de camundongos (SGSG-<sup>214</sup>LYFRHWLQENANNVYL<sup>229</sup>-C) e pept&#237;deos controle (SGSG-VEAFHLNYYRNNVWLQ-C) foram obtidos do W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Center &#150; Yale University (New Haven, CT, EUA). Os pept&#237;deos foram dilu&#237;dos em dimetilsulf&#243;xido (DMSO) e armazenados a -80&#176;C.</p>
    <p>Cinq&#252;enta e tr&#234;s camundongos machos C57BI/6J, com idade entre oito e dez semanas, foram obtidos do viveiro da Harvard University (Boston, MA, EUA). </p>
    <p>O marcador do ant&#237;geno comum leucocit&#225;rio (CD45) &#150; anticorpo anti-CD45 &#150; foi adquirido da BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, EUA); o marcador espec&#237;fico para neutr&#243;filos de camundongos &#150; anticorpo monoclonal 7/4 &#150; foi fornecido pela Serotec (Indian&#225;polis, IN, EUA); o marcador Mac-3 espec&#237;fico para macr&#243;fagos de camundongos &#150; anticorpo monoclonal M3/84 &#150; foi adquirido da BD Biosciences e a bromodeoxiuridina (BrdU) foi fornecida pela <italic>DAKO</italic> (Carpinteria, CA, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenvolvimento de anticorpos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um anticorpo policlonal pept&#237;deo-espec&#237;fico denominado pept&#237;deo M2 ou anticorpo anti-M2, com afinidade ao s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o da integrina Mac-1 ao receptor GPIba , foi desenvolvido mediante a imuniza&#231;&#227;o de coelhos com o pept&#237;deo C-<sup>201</sup>PITQLLGRTHTATGIRK<sup>217</sup> acoplado a KLH (Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, CA, EUA), correspondendo a seq&#252;&#234;ncia humana a <sub>m</sub> (P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>).</p>
    <p>A seguir, foram realizados testes sang&#252;&#237;neos que demonstraram altos t&#237;tulos de anti-soro ligados &#224; fase s&#243;lida imobilizada contendo a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de amino&#225;cidos C-P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>.</p>
    <p>A &#250;ltima etapa foi a purifica&#231;&#227;o do anticorpo policlonal pept&#237;deo-espec&#237;fico &#150; anticorpo anti-M2 ou pept&#237;deo M2 &#150; por cromatografia de afinidade (Zymed Laboratories). </p>
    <p>Imunoglobulina IgG de coelhos n&#227;o imunizados foi usada como anticorpo de controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento com anticorpo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os camundongos C57BI/6J foram randomizados e divididos em dois grupos de tratamento: </p>
    <p>1- pept&#237;deo M2 de coelhos; e </p>
    <p>2- imunoglobulina IgG de coelhos n&#227;o imunizados.</p>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo M2 ou anticorpo anti-M2 foi injetado com o objetivo de bloquear a intera&#231;&#227;o da integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos com a GPIba das plaquetas, visando, desse modo, inibir a ades&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos na superf&#237;cie do vaso coberta por plaquetas. A imunoglobulina IgG de coelhos n&#227;o-imunizados foi injetada para servir como controle, visto que n&#227;o interage com a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos ou com a GPIba das plaquetas, assim como n&#227;o apresenta efeito inibit&#243;rio na ades&#227;o entre leuc&#243;citos e plaquetas. </p>
    <p>Os anticorpos foram injetados via intraperitoneal em uma dose de 250 &#181;g, quatro horas antes da les&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral (dia 0) e posteriormente em uma dose de 100 &#181;g intraperitoneal nos dias 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 ap&#243;s a les&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Les&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Camundongos C57B1/6J machos com idade entre oito e dez semanas foram anestesiados no dia zero (0) com quetamina (80 mg/kg SC) e xilazina (5 mg/kg SC). A seguir, foi realizada uma incis&#227;o na virilha, dissec&#231;&#227;o e exposi&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral, clampeamento tempor&#225;rio da art&#233;ria femoral no n&#237;vel do ligamento inguinal e arteriotomia distal &#224; art&#233;ria epig&#225;strica sob visualiza&#231;&#227;o com microsc&#243;pio cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Uma corda-guia 0,010" foi inserida na art&#233;ria femoral pelo orif&#237;cio da arteriotomia, o clampeamento foi removido e a corda-guia foi avan&#231;ada at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o com a aorta e recuada at&#233; a posi&#231;&#227;o anterior por tr&#234;s vezes (total de tr&#234;s inser&#231;&#245;es), visando causar les&#227;o endoluminal na art&#233;ria femoral comum. Ap&#243;s a retirada da corda-guia, o local da arteriotomia foi ligado. </p>
    <p>Esse modelo experimental, descrito por Roque e cols.<sup>11</sup> e utilizado no presente estudo por um operador sem conhecimento dos grupos de tratamento, se assemelha muito ao processo de reparo &#224; les&#227;o vascular observado em humanos ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea com implante de <italic>stent</italic>. A t&#233;cnica de les&#227;o vascular por corda-guia determina desnudamento do endot&#233;lio, deposi&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas e fibrina e inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular proeminente, o que torna esse modelo experimental &#250;til em demonstrar a fun&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (leuc&#243;citos) recrutadas na modula&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os animais sobreviveram at&#233; o momento da eutan&#225;sia planejada sem sangramento ou infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos e cuidados com animais foram revisados e aprovados pelo Harvard Medical School Standing Committee on Animals que segue as regras estabelecidas pela American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care e pelo National Institutes of Health.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Retirada da art&#233;ria femoral e coleta de tecido</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um dia (anticorpo de controle: n= 6; anti-M2: n= 6), cinco dias (anticorpo de controle: n= 9; anti-M2: n= 9) ou 28 dias (anticorpo de controle: n= 9; anti-M2: n= 9) ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular, foi administrada anestesia, a cavidade peitoral foi aberta e a eutan&#225;sia dos animais foi realizada por sangramento mediante incis&#227;o no &#225;trio direito. </p>
    <p>Um cateter tipo butterfly (medida= 22) foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para perfus&#227;o <italic>in situ</italic> de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% seguida de fixa&#231;&#227;o com paraformalde&#237;do 4% em 0,1M de tamp&#227;o fosfato (pH= 7,3) por 10 minutos, a uma press&#227;o de 100 mmHg.</p>
    <p>As art&#233;rias femorais direita e esquerda foram retiradas e imersas em paraformalde&#237;do tamponado para posterior an&#225;lise de morfometria e imuno-histoqu&#237;mica.</p>
    <p>Todos os animais receberam BrdU na dose de 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP), 18 horas e uma hora antes da eutan&#225;sia, para avaliar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na parede da art&#233;ria femoral.</p>
    <p>O ba&#231;o e o intestino delgado de tr&#234;s animais foram utilizados como controle das rea&#231;&#245;es de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a de abundante tecido linf&#243;ide (leuc&#243;citos) nesses tecidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Histologia e morfometria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As art&#233;rias femorais retiradas foram inicialmente fixadas em formalina e posteriormente processadas e emblocadas em parafina. Foram realizados dois cortes transversais com 1 mm de dist&#226;ncia entre eles, os quais foram corados pela t&#233;cnica de hematoxilina/eosina e pela colora&#231;&#227;o de Verhoeff.</p>
    <p>Um pesquisador sem conhecimento do grupo tratamento aferiu as &#225;reas luminal, intimal e medial de cada plano transversal, utilizando um microsc&#243;pio equipado com uma c&#226;mera CCD acoplada a um computador com o software NIH Image v1.60. </p>
    <p>A &#225;rea luminal foi definida como a &#225;rea interna cercada pela camada de c&#233;lulas endoteliais; a &#225;rea intimal foi definida como a &#225;rea entre o l&#250;men e a l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna; e a &#225;rea medial foi definida como a &#225;rea entre as l&#226;minas el&#225;sticas interna e externa.</p>
    <p> Tamb&#233;m foi calculada a raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial (&#225;rea intimal/&#225;rea medial), para avaliar o efeito da inibi&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba nessa rela&#231;&#227;o, assim como para permitir futuras compara&#231;&#245;es com modelos experimentais utilizando animais de maior porte.</p>
    <p>A &#225;rea delimitada pela l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa foi aferida para avaliar o comportamento do tamanho do vaso nos dois grupos no decorrer do tempo, ou seja, determinar se houve remodelamento positivo ou negativo do vaso. </p>
    <p>Os resultados dos dois cortes transversais de cada art&#233;ria foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia, a qual foi considerada na avalia&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados. </p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea medial e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, ou seja, antes da les&#227;o ou tratamento com anticorpo anti-M2, um grupo de camundongos (n=5) foi sacrificado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de morfometria quantitativa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foi realizada utilizando a t&#233;cnica de imunoperoxidase pelo sistema avidina-biotina, mediante o uso de anticorpos espec&#237;ficos para cada c&#233;lula.</p>
    <p>O anticorpo anti-CD45 (ant&#237;geno comum leucocit&#225;rio) de camundongos foi utilizado como marcador de leuc&#243;citos, o anticorpo monoclonal 7/4 foi usado para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e o anticorpo monoclonal M3/84 ou anti-CD163 foi utilizado como marcador de macr&#243;fagos.</p>
    <p>A BrdU utiliza a substitui&#231;&#227;o de nucleot&#237;deo para trocar timidina por uridina na estrutura do DNA de c&#233;lulas em divis&#227;o, tanto <italic>in vitro</italic> como <italic>in vivo</italic>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas marcadas por essa t&#233;cnica permite avaliar e quantificar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, essa t&#233;cnica constitui uma importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, que predominam na composi&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia neointimal decorrente da resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#224; les&#227;o vascular.</p>
    <p>Cortes transversais de art&#233;ria femoral, corados imunologicamente, foram avaliados para quantificar o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas positivamente imunocoradas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP); as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas por teste <italic>t </italic>n&#227;o-pareado; e os valores de probabilidade foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando inferiores a 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa de leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos e macr&#243;fagos na art&#233;ria femoral de camundongos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular com o bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Primeiramente examinou-se o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos p&#243;s-les&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo. A fun&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba nesse processo foi estabelecida, visto que houve diferen&#231;a no ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na parede do vaso do grupo de camundongos tratados com o pept&#237;deo M2 ou anti-M2 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias CD45-positivas (leuc&#243;citos) invasoras da camada m&#233;dia do vaso no primeiro dia p&#243;s-les&#227;o foram reduzidas em 75%, ou seja, de 7,9&#177;5,0% do total de c&#233;lulas na camada m&#233;dia do grupo de camundongos tratados com IgG n&#227;o-imune (controle) para 2,0&#177;1,6% no grupo tratado com anti-M2 (p=0,021) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na neo&#237;ntima em desenvolvimento tamb&#233;m foi significativamente reduzido mediante o tratamento com anti-M2, pois houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 42% em cinco dias (controle: 42,3&#177;12,9% do total de c&#233;lulas na neo&#237;ntima <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 24,6 &#177; 10,8%, p=0,047) e de 58% em 28 dias (controle: 7,9&#177;3,0% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 3,3&#177;1,3%, p=0,012) no grupo de camundongos tratados com anti-M2 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de c&#233;lulas CD45-positivas foi expandida por t&#233;cnicas imunol&#243;gicas de colora&#231;&#227;o utilizando marcadores celulares espec&#237;ficos, com o objetivo de quantificar a presen&#231;a de neutr&#243;filos e macr&#243;fagos. </p>
    <p>O ac&#250;mulo de neutr&#243;filos (c&#233;lulas positivas para o anticorpo monoclonal 7/4) dentro da camada m&#233;dia do vaso no primeiro dia p&#243;s-les&#227;o foi reduzido em 75% no grupo de camundongos tratados com anti-M2, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 8,9&#177;6,7% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 2,2&#177;1,6%; p=0,043). Em cinco dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o, o ac&#250;mulo de neutr&#243;filos na neo&#237;ntima em desenvolvimento foi 47% menor no grupo de camundongos tratados com anti-M2, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 26,2&#177;8,0% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 13,9&#177;4,9%; p=0,036).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram detectados neutr&#243;filos nas camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia, em 28 dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o, em ambos os grupos de tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Os macr&#243;fagos (c&#233;lulas positivas para Mac-3) foram praticamente indetect&#225;veis no primeiro dia p&#243;s-les&#227;o (&lt;0,5% do total de c&#233;lulas da camada m&#233;dia). Em cinco dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o, o ac&#250;mulo de macr&#243;fagos na neo&#237;ntima foi reduzido em 53% no grupo de camundongos tratados com anti-M2, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 13,8&#177;6,2% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 6,5&#177;4,7%; p=0,040). Enquanto em 28 dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 58% no ac&#250;mulo de macr&#243;fagos na neo&#237;ntima de camundongos tratados com anti-M2, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 7,4&#177;3,7% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 3,1&#177;1,2%; p=0,022) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba sobre a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular expressiva foi observada em cinco dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular no grupo de camundongos tratados com anticorpo controle e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular continuou ainda evidente em 28 dias. </p>
    <p>O tratamento de camundongos com o anticorpo anti-M2 determinou, entretanto, uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de 64% da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada m&#233;dia do vaso em cinco dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o (controle: 5,0&#177;2,9% do total de c&#233;lulas na camada m&#233;dia do vaso <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 1,8&#177;0,5%; p=0,043) e de 47% da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada &#237;ntima do vaso em 28 dias (controle: 3,8&#177;1,7% do total de c&#233;lulas na camada &#237;ntima do vaso <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 2,0&#177;1,2%; p=0,047) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba na morfometria quantitativa das &#225;reas intimal e medial ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em camundongos tratados com o anticorpo controle, o espessamento intimal iniciou cinco dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o e progrediu significativamente entre cinco e 28 dias p&#243;s-les&#227;o. O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba , promovido pelo tratamento com o anticorpo anti-M2 ou pept&#237;deo M2, resultou na diminui&#231;&#227;o do espessamento intimal (neo&#237;ntima) em cinco dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 921&#177;534 &#181;m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 505&#177;357 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,077), assim como na redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da neo&#237;ntima em 28 dias, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 10.395&#177;3.549 &#181;m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 4.561&#177;4.915 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba em camundongos tratados com o anticorpo anti-M2 ou pept&#237;deo M2 determinou, portanto, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 56% do espessamento intimal em 28 dias, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A &#225;rea da camada m&#233;dia n&#227;o foi afetada pelo tratamento com o anticorpo anti-M2. Assim sendo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas da camada &#237;ntima e da camada m&#233;dia, expressa pela raz&#227;o &#225;rea intimal/&#225;rea medial (I:M), em 28 dias, foi 56% inferior nos camundongos tratados com o anticorpo anti-M2, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (controle: 1,20 &#177; 0,62 <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 0,53&#177;0,62; p=0,036) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Morfometria quantitativa da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa da art&#233;ria femoral de camundongos tratados com anti-M2 ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O espessamento das camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia foi acompanhado por progressivo aumento de tamanho do vaso (remodelamento positivo), conforme avaliado pela aferi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa em diferentes per&#237;odos de tempo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O remodelamento positivo do vaso foi semelhante nos dois grupos de tratamento, tanto em cinco dias (p=0,12) quanto em 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular (p=0,99).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foi demonstrado que o anticorpo que possui como alvo o segmento P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup> do dom&#237;nio Ia <sub>M</sub> reduz o ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e o espessamento da neo&#237;ntima ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular <italic>in vivo</italic>. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es demonstram que a GPIba das plaquetas &#233; um ligante fisiologicamente relevante para o receptor a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> (Mac-1) dos leuc&#243;citos e que a intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba &#233; fundamental para a atividade pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria do leuc&#243;cito no processo de reparo &#224; les&#227;o vascular.</p>
    <p>A integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2 </sub>regula importantes fun&#231;&#245;es leucocit&#225;rias como ades&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o, coagula&#231;&#227;o, prote&#243;lise, fagocitose, estresse oxidativo e sinaliza&#231;&#227;o por ligar-se a diversos ligantes, tais como fibrinog&#234;nio<sup>15,16</sup>, ICAM-1<sup>17</sup>, fator X<sup>18</sup>, C3bi<sup>15</sup>, GPIba <sup>9,19</sup> e JAM-3<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do ligante respons&#225;vel pelo ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos nos locais de les&#227;o vascular cobertos por plaquetas aderidas era at&#233; o momento desconhecida. Embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham mostrado que a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2 </sub>facilita diretamente o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos nos locais de deposi&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas e fibrina<sup>6</sup>, a verdadeira import&#226;ncia biol&#243;gica de contra-receptores de plaquetas para a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>, tais como GPIba , JAM-3 e fibrinog&#234;nio ligado &#224; GPIIb/IIIa, &#233; pouco conhecida.</p>
    <p>Um estudo de Rogers e cols.<sup>8</sup>, no qual foi efetuado o bloqueio da integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> com o anticorpo monoclonal M1/70, n&#227;o foi conclusivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o do contra-receptor fisiol&#243;gico para a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>, porque o M1/70 &#233; um anticorpo <italic>pan ligante</italic>, ou seja, bloqueia todo o receptor Mac-1(a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>).<sup>8</sup> Por esse mesmo motivo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do M1/70 em estudos cl&#237;nicos, apesar dos resultados satisfat&#243;rios nesse estudo experimental, visto que a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> regula importantes fun&#231;&#245;es leucocit&#225;rias e seu bloqueio total determinaria efeitos adversos graves e potencialmente letais.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo de Simon e cols.<sup>7</sup> identificou a a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> como um determinante molecular de espessamento da neo&#237;ntima ap&#243;s les&#227;o vascular. Verificou-se que a aus&#234;ncia seletiva de a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> em camundongos deficientes da integrina Mac-1 prejudica a migra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos transplaquet&#225;rios para o interior da parede do vaso, diminuindo o ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na camada m&#233;dia do vaso e o espessamento da neo&#237;ntima ap&#243;s angioplastia experimental. Nesse mesmo estudo, a defici&#234;ncia de a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> foi associada com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 67% no ac&#250;mulo precoce de leuc&#243;citos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>De modo interessante, a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o do ac&#250;mulo precoce de leuc&#243;citos no estudo anteriormente descrito foi similar &#224;quela obtida com o bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba atrav&#233;s do pept&#237;deo M2 no presente estudo (75% de inibi&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas CD45 positivas), sugerindo que o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos &#233; largamente dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> e GPIba . Essa observa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; consistente com outra decorrente de um estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> previamente realizado por Ehlers e cols.<sup>9</sup>, na qual a intera&#231;&#227;o predominante entre neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas aderidas a uma superf&#237;cie, depois de vigorosas lavagens, parece ser mediada pela intera&#231;&#227;o a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>-GPIba , visto que o pept&#237;deo M2 ocasionou inibi&#231;&#227;o superior a 80% da ades&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos<sup>9 </sup>.</p>
    <p>A relativa especificidade da a&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria do anti-M2 em rela&#231;&#227;o a GPIba , ou seja, n&#227;o interage com a ICAM-1, o fibrinog&#234;nio e a JAM-3, sugere uma contribui&#231;&#227;o pequena de outros ligantes para a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> no contexto da les&#227;o vascular, com endot&#233;lio desnudo e deposi&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros potenciais ligantes para a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> presentes na membrana das plaquetas incluem o fibrinog&#234;nio que se liga a GPIIb/IIIa<sup>15,16</sup>, a ICAM-2<sup>21</sup> e a JAM-3<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o leuc&#243;cito-plaqueta, mediada por pontes de fibrinog&#234;nio entre a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> e GPIIb/IIIa, foi estudada por Ostrovsky e cols.<sup>22</sup>, que demonstraram, em um estudo experimental <italic>in vitro</italic>, que tanto pept&#237;deos RGDS quanto a troca de plaquetas normais por plaquetas trombast&#234;nicas (aus&#234;ncia de GPIIb/IIIa) n&#227;o afetam o ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos sobre uma superf&#237;cie de plaquetas<sup>22</sup>. A defici&#234;ncia de b <sub>3</sub> (subunidade da GPIIIa) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o afetou o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ou a forma&#231;&#227;o de neo&#237;ntima em camundongos submetidos a modelo experimental de les&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral, id&#234;ntico ao do presente estudo<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> se ligue com a ICAM-1, esse receptor n&#227;o &#233; encontrado em plaquetas, as quais expressam um receptor similar &#150; ICAM-2. Diacovo e cols. demonstraram que o bloqueio da ICAM-2 n&#227;o tem efeito na firme ades&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos sobre uma superf&#237;cie de plaquetas ativadas, sob fluxo cont&#237;nuo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por fim, Santoso e cols.<sup>20</sup> publicaram recentemente que a integrina a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> tamb&#233;m pode se ligar a JAM-3 das plaquetas, cooperando com a GPIba para a ades&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas <italic>in vitro</italic><sup>20</sup>. Entretanto, foi demonstrado em um estudo pr&#233;vio que o anti-M2 teve um efeito inibit&#243;rio m&#237;nimo (13% de inibi&#231;&#227;o) na intera&#231;&#227;o entre os receptores a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2 </sub>e JAM-3<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> realizado por Wang e cols.<sup>10</sup>, utilizando o pept&#237;deo M2, evidenciou que o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos pelas plaquetas &#233; mediado em grande parte pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 (a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>) dos leuc&#243;citos e a GPIba das plaquetas, tanto em humanos quanto em camundongos, uma vez que o modelo biol&#243;gico &#233; muito similar e os percentuais de inibi&#231;&#227;o resultantes dos estudos de ades&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos e compar&#225;veis (80% em humanos e 70% em camundongos). Mesmo sob condi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo, os resultados de inibi&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram estatisticamente significativos e similares (92% em humanos e 81% em camundongos)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, os dados do experimento de les&#227;o vascular em camundongos permitem concluir que o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos, ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular, &#233; dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 e a GPIba , pois um anticorpo espec&#237;fico (anti-M2 ou pept&#237;deo M2) direcionado ao bloqueio do segmento P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup> do dom&#237;nio Ia <sub>M</sub>, que &#233; respons&#225;vel pela intera&#231;&#227;o da integrina Mac-1 do leuc&#243;cito com a GPIba da plaqueta, promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de 75% no ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na camada m&#233;dia da parede do vaso, no primeiro dia p&#243;s-les&#227;o, e reduziu em 42% e 58% o ac&#250;mulo de leuc&#243;citos na camada &#237;ntima da parede do vaso, em cinco e 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, os dados da morfometria desse experimento de les&#227;o vascular evidenciaram, atrav&#233;s da neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba , que essa intera&#231;&#227;o modula a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular vascular e a forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal. O anticorpo anti-M2 direcionado ao bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada m&#233;dia da parede do vaso em 64%, no quinto dia p&#243;s-les&#227;o, e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na camada &#237;ntima em 47%, em 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o, assim como tamb&#233;m diminuiu a forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal em 56%, em 28 dias ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular (p=0,012).</p>
    <p>Embora o tratamento com o anti-M2 tenha reduzido o espessamento da neo&#237;ntima em 56%, um efeito inibit&#243;rio menos robusto, quando comparado ao percentual de 80% de inibi&#231;&#227;o do espessamento da neo&#237;ntima, com a completa defici&#234;ncia de a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> em camundongos geneticamente modificados, em rela&#231;&#227;o a camundongos selvagens, o resultado do anti-M2, nesse primeiro estudo <italic>in vivo,</italic> foi melhor ou pelo menos similar ao efeito da rapamicina em estudos experimentais.</p>
    <p>Um estudo em ratos submetidos &#224; les&#227;o da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida com cateter-bal&#227;o mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de 45% do espessamento neointimal no grupo de ratos tratados com rapamicina, em 14 dias, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle<sup>23</sup>. Outro estudo, realizado por Gallo e cols.<sup>24</sup>, demonstrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de rapamicina via intramuscular em su&#237;nos, tr&#234;s dias antes e 14 dias ap&#243;s a angioplastia com cateter-bal&#227;o superdimensionado, em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, reduziu o espessamento da neo&#237;ntima em 50%, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle no per&#237;odo de 28 dias<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Do mesmo modo, o resultado do anti-M2 foi melhor ou pelo menos compar&#225;vel &#224; maioria dos estudos com paclitaxel. Drachman e cols.<sup>25</sup> evidenciaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do espessamento neointimal em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos tratados com paclitaxel e submetidos a implante de <italic>stents</italic>, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle<sup>25</sup>. Um estudo em ratos, utilizando um modelo de les&#227;o em art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 70% do espessamento neointimal no grupo tratado com paclitaxel<sup>26</sup>. Dois estudos em su&#237;nos tratados com <italic>stent</italic> superdimensionado, em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, demonstraram que os <italic>stents </italic>recobertos com paclitaxel reduziram o espessamento da neo&#237;ntima em 40%, no per&#237;odo de quatro semanas, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deve-se ressaltar que a rapamicina e o paclitaxel s&#227;o os f&#225;rmacos antiproliferativos celulares atualmente utilizados nos <italic>stents </italic>com elui&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos, tamb&#233;m denominados <italic>stents </italic>farmacol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo com <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de rapamicina em humanos mostrou taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica igual a 0% em quatro e 12 meses<sup>29,30</sup>. Os estudos randomizados evidenciaram redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa das taxas de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> em oito meses de 35,4-41,7% no <italic>stent</italic> convencional para 3,2-3,9% no <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de rapamicina<sup>31,32</sup>. Do mesmo modo, o estudo RESEARCH, que avaliou o desempenho do <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de rapamicina no mundo real, ou seja, em pacientes n&#227;o selecionados por crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o, confirmou esses promissores resultados na pr&#225;tica da Cardiologia Intervencionista, com &#237;ndice de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> de 6,3% em seis meses<sup>33</sup>. </p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo com <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel em humanos tamb&#233;m mostrou taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica em seis meses de 0%<sup>34</sup>, enquanto os estudos randomizados evidenciaram redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica em seis-nove meses de 17,9-24,4% no <italic>stent</italic> convencional para 2,3-5,5% no <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel<sup>35,36</sup>. O estudo T-SEARCH avaliou os resultados do <italic>stent</italic> recoberto com paclitaxel no mundo real e evidenciou necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo em pacientes selecionados por crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico de apenas 5,4%, no per&#237;odo de um ano<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante dos resultados dos estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos com a rapamicina e o paclitaxel, assim como do resultado inicial do bloqueio da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba com o anticorpo anti-M2, nesse estudo experimental, pode-se inferir a exist&#234;ncia de um potencial benef&#237;cio angiogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico para o anti-M2 ou pept&#237;deo M2. Obviamente, diferen&#231;as na metodologia, via de administra&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos e esp&#233;cie de animais utilizados nos estudos experimentais citados com rapamicina e paclitaxel devem ser considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados quando comparados aos obtidos no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>A neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba mediante o bloqueio do segmento a <sub>M</sub>(P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>), com o anticorpo anti-M2, parece, portanto, ser uma novidade terap&#234;utica promissora para a preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. Entretanto, estudos adicionais com a libera&#231;&#227;o local de anti-M2 em diferentes doses s&#227;o fortemente recomendados, visto que a libera&#231;&#227;o local provou ter um papel fundamental para o sucesso dos <italic>stents</italic> recobertos com f&#225;rmacos antiproliferativos celulares.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o anti-M2 reduz a firme ades&#227;o e a transmigra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos em locais de deposi&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas, um dos primeiros passos da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. Assim sendo, o anti-M2 apresenta um efeito potencial contra a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e igualmente parece ser promissor no controle e/ou preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e vascular agressiva/progressiva.</p>
    <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo &#233; que n&#227;o se pode descartar a contribui&#231;&#227;o de outros ligantes do receptor a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub> e fun&#231;&#245;es desse, assim como n&#227;o se pode excluir a participa&#231;&#227;o de outras mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular na resposta biol&#243;gica &#224; les&#227;o vascular.</p>
    <p>Igualmente, n&#227;o foi avaliada a fun&#231;&#227;o da camada advent&#237;cia da parede do vaso como uma fonte de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias infiltrantes, o que constitui outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Leuc&#243;citos podem infiltrar a parede do vaso tanto atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men quanto atrav&#233;s da advent&#237;cia, entretanto o recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos, via camada advent&#237;cia, &#233; dif&#237;cil de ser avaliado de forma confi&#225;vel nesse modelo experimental pela necessidade de dissec&#231;&#227;o e isolamento da art&#233;ria dos tecidos circundantes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o com a corda-guia.</p>
    <p>Ademais, embora o espessamento das camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia tenha sido acompanhado por progressivo aumento de tamanho do vaso ou remodelamento positivo, que foi similar nos camundongos tratados com anticorpo anti-M2 ou controle, as c&#233;lulas da camada vascular advent&#237;cia influenciam o remodelamento vascular<sup>5</sup>, sugerindo que modelos experimentais alternativos de les&#227;o vascular ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar as respostas da camada vascular advent&#237;cia &#224; les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Por fim, o modelo experimental utilizado n&#227;o contempla a presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica preexistente no local do processo inflamat&#243;rio e o implante de <italic>stent</italic>, fatores que podem ser considerados limita&#231;&#245;es adicionais deste estudo, visto que difere da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de tratamento de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas com implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O recrutamento de leuc&#243;citos ap&#243;s a les&#227;o vascular &#233; dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leuc&#243;citos (a <sub>M</sub>b <sub>2</sub>) e a glicoprote&#237;na Iba das plaquetas e a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o Mac-1-GPIba inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Alexandre do Canto Zago pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo-USP e Harvard University.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Alexandre do Canto Zago </p>
        <p> Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - 2&#186; andar- Hemodin&#226;mica </p>
        <p> 90035-003 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="zagoac@cardiol.br">zagoac@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zagoac@uol.com.br">zagoac@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/12/06; revisado recebido em 28/03/07; aceito em 09/05/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet glycoprotein Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment by platelets and for the inflammatory response to vascular injury</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (a Mb 2) and platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment after vascular injury and the effect of the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction on cell proliferation and the neointimal hyperplasia triggered by the vascular injury. METHODS: A peptide called M2 or anti-M2 antibody was developed to block the Mac-1-GPIba interaction. This peptide was injected and compared to a control-peptide in C57B1/6J mice submitted to vascular injury of the femoral artery with a guide wire. One, five or 28 days after the vascular injury, the femoral arteries were removed for morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction promoted a statistically significant reduction in the number of leukocytes in the neointimal layer on the first day after the vascular injury (control: 7.9&#177;5.0% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 2.0&#177;1.6%, p=0.021), as well as determined a statistically significant decrease in leukocyte accumulation in the neointimal layer on days 5 and 28 (control: 42.3&#177;12.9% versus anti-M2: 24.6&#177;10.8%, p=0.047 and control: 7.9&#177;3.0% versus anti-M2: 3.3&#177;1.3%, p=0.012; respectively). Cell proliferation in the neointimal layer of the vessel five days post-injury was reduced with the blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction (control: 5.0&#177;2.9% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 1.8&#177;0.5%; p=0.043), along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in the vessel neointimal layer 28 days post-injury (control: 3.8&#177;1.7% versus anti-M2: 2.0&#177;1.2%; p=0.047). The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction also determined a statistically significant decrease of the intimal thickening 28 days post-injury (control: 10,395&#177;3,549 &#181;m&#178; versus anti-M2: 4,561&#177;4,915 &#181;m&#178;; p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Leukocyte recruitment after a vascular injury depends on the Mac-1-GPIba interaction and the neutralization of this interaction inhibits cell proliferation and neointimal formation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cell adhesion molecules</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>leukocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>blood platelets</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary restenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet glycoprotein Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment by platelets and for the inflammatory response to vascular injury</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre C. Zago; Daniel I. Simon; Yunmei Wang; Masashi Sakuma; Zhiping Chen; Kevin Croce; Valentin Ustinov; Can Shi; Eul&#243;gio E. Martinez Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard University, Boston, Massachussets, EUA, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation of Medicine, Houston, Texas, EUA</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>) and platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment after vascular injury and the effect of the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction on cell proliferation and the neointimal hyperplasia triggered by the vascular injury.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A peptide called M2 or anti-M2 antibody was developed to block the Mac-1-GPIba interaction. This peptide was injected and compared to a control-peptide in C57B1/6J mice submitted to vascular injury of the femoral artery with a guide wire. One, five or 28 days after the vascular injury, the femoral arteries were removed for morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction promoted a statistically significant reduction in the number of leukocytes in the neointimal layer on the first day after the vascular injury (control: 7.9&#177;5.0% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 2.0&#177;1.6%, p=0.021), as well as determined a statistically significant decrease in leukocyte accumulation in the neointimal layer on days 5 and 28 (control: 42.3&#177;12.9% versus anti-M2: 24.6&#177;10.8%, p=0.047 and control: 7.9&#177;3.0% versus anti-M2: 3.3&#177;1.3%, p=0.012; respectively). Cell proliferation in the neointimal layer of the vessel five days post-injury was reduced with the blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction (control: 5.0&#177;2.9% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 1.8&#177;0.5%; p=0.043), along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in the vessel neointimal layer 28 days post-injury (control: 3.8&#177;1.7% versus anti-M2: 2.0&#177;1.2%; p=0.047). The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction also determined a statistically significant decrease of the intimal thickening 28 days post-injury (control: 10,395&#177;3,549 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> versus anti-M2: 4,561&#177;4,915 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.012).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Leukocyte recruitment after a vascular injury depends on the Mac-1-GPIba interaction and the neutralization of this interaction inhibits cell proliferation and neointimal formation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cell adhesion molecules; inflammation; leukocytes; blood platelets; coronary restenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Increasing evidence of experimental and clinical studies supports the perception of atherosclerosis and re-stenosis as an inflammatory process. In this context, the inflammation is characterized by the interaction between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p> Experimental and clinical studies suggest a central role of leukocytes in neointimal proliferation due to vascular injury. In experimental models of vascular injury, the recruited leukocytes are pointed out as the precursors of the neointimal proliferation<sup>2,3</sup>. </p>
      <p> Once adhered to the vascular wall, the platelets form an adhesive surface for the circulating leukocyte recruitment, which involves the following phases: adhesion mediated by selectins and rolling over the platelet surface, leukocyte activation, firm adhesion mediated by integrins and diapedesis<sup>4-6</sup>.  </p>
      <p> The phase of leukocyte firm adhesion to activated platelet surface is mediated by integrins from the b<sub>2 </sub>family, of which integrin Mac-1 is emphasized, also known as macrophage-1 antigen, a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> or CD11b/CD18.</p>
      <p>A study in mice with integrin Mac-1 deficiency and submitted to vascular injury showed a decreased migration and accumulation of leukocytes on the arterial wall as well as attenuation of the neointimal proliferation<sup>7</sup>. Another study, which evaluated the blocking of integrin Mac-1 with a pan ligand antibody called M1/70, showed decreased leukocyte recruitment and neointimal proliferation 14 days after balloon angioplasty or stent implantation in rabbits<sup>8</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Simon and cols.<sup>9</sup> recently located the binding site of integrin Mac-1 of the leukocytes with the Iba glycoprotein (GP) of platelets inside the segment a<sub>M</sub>(P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>) of the a<sub>M</sub>I<sup>9</sup> domain, which allowed the development of a peptide called M2 or anti-M2.  </p>
      <p><italic>In vitro</italic> studies with the M2 peptide showed a significant adhesion reduction of 293 cells, which express integrin Mac-1, to sGPIba, as well as a significant reduction of human leukocyte adhesion to platelets under continuous flow<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p> The present study aims at evaluating the importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet Iba glycoprotein for leukocyte recruitment after the vascular injury and the effect of the interaction neutralization between integrin Mac-1 and Iba glycoprotein on cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia triggered by vascular injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Peptides corresponding to the binding site of integrin Mac-1 on GPIba receptors of mice (SGSG-<sup>214</sup>LYFRHWLQENANNVYL<sup>229</sup>-C) and control peptides (SGSG-VEAFHLNYYRNNVWLQ-C) were obtained from W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Center &#150; Yale University (New Haven, CT, EUA). The peptides were diluted in dimetilsulphoxide (DMSO) and stored at -80&#176;C.</p>
      <p> Fifty-three male C57BI/6J mice, aged 8 to 10 weeks, were obtained from the Animal Facility of Harvard University (Boston, MA, USA). </p>
      <p> The common antigen leukocyte marker (CD45) &#150;anti-CD45 antibody &#150; was obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, EUA); the specific marker for mouse neutrophils &#150; monoclonal antibody 7/4 was supplied by Serotec (Indianapolis, IN, EUA); the Mac-3 marker, specific for mouse macrophages &#150;monoclonal antibody M3/84 &#150; was obtained from BD Biosciences and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was supplied by <italic>DAKO</italic> (Carpinteria, CA, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antibody development</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A peptide-specific polyclonal antibody called peptide M2 or anti-M2 antibody, with affinity to the binding site of integrin Mac-1 to GPIba receptor, was developed through the immunization of rabbits with the C-<sup>201 </sup>PITQLLGRTHTATGIRK<sup>217</sup> peptide coupled to KLH (Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, CA, USA), corresponding to the human sequence a<sub>m</sub> (P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>).</p>
      <p> Subsequently, blood tests were conducted, which demonstrated high titers of anti-serum bound to the immobilized solid phase containing the C-P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>amino acid sequence. </p>
      <p> The last phase was the purification of the peptide-specific polyclonal antibody &#150; anti-M2 antibody or M2 peptide &#150; by affinity chromatography (Zymed Laboratories).  </p>
      <p> IgG immunoglobulin from non-immunized rabbits was used as control antibody.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antibody treatment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The C57BI/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups of treatment: </p>
      <p> 1- Rabbit M2 peptide and; </p>
      <p> 2- IgG immunoglobulin from non-immunized rabbits.  </p>
      <p> The M2 peptide or anti-M2 antibody was injected with the objective of blocking the interaction of integrin Mac-1 of the leukocytes with the platelet GPIba, aiming at inhibiting the leukocyte adhesion to the vessel surface covered by platelets. The IgG immunoglobulin from non-immunized rabbits was injected to serve as control, as it does not interact with Mac-1 integrin of the leukocytes or the platelet GPIba and does not present any inhibitory effect on the adhesion between leukocytes and platelets. </p>
      <p> The antibodies were injected intraperitoneally in a single dose of 250 &#181;g, 4 hours before the femoral artery injury (day 0) and subsequently in a single dose of 100 &#181;g intraperitoneally on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 after the femoral artery injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Femoral artery injury </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male C57B1/6J mice aged 8 to 10 weeks were anesthetized on day 0 with ketamine (80 mg/kg SC) and xylazine (5 mg/kg SC). Subsequently, an incision in the groin was made, followed by dissection and exposure of the femoral artery, temporary clamping of the femoral artery at the inguinal ligament level and arteriotomy distal to the epigastric artery under visualization with the surgical microscope. </p>
      <p> A 0.010" guide wire was inserted into the femoral artery through the arteriotomy orifice, the clamp was removed and the guide wire was advanced until the bifurcation with the aorta and retreated to the anterior position three times (total of three insertions), aiming at causing an endoluminal injury to the common femoral artery. After the guide wire removal, the arteriotomy site was ligated. </p>
      <p> This experimental model, described by Roque and cols.<sup>11</sup> and used in the present study by a surgeon blinded to the treatment groups, is very similar to the process of vascular injury repair observed in humans after a percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation. The vascular injury technique by guide wire determines the stripping of the endothelium, deposition of platelets and fibrin and accentuated vascular inflammation, which makes this model useful to demonstrate the function of inflammatory cells (leukocytes) recruited at the neointimal formation modulation<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>All animals survived until the moment of the planned euthanasia without bleeding or infection.  </p>
      <p> All animals received humane care throughout the experiment and the procedures were revised and approved by the Harvard Medical School Standing Committee on Animals, which follows the criteria established by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care and by the National Institutes of Health.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Removal of the femoral artery and tissue collection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anesthesia was administrated, the thoracic cavity was open and the animals' euthanasia was carried out by bleeding through an incision to the right atrium 1 (one) day (control antibody: n=6; anti-M2: n=6), 5 days (control antibody: n= 9; anti-M2: n= 9) or 28 days (control antibody: n= 9; anti-M2: n= 9) after the vascular injury.</p>
      <p> A 22-gauge butterfly catheter was inserted into the left ventricle for <italic>in situ</italic> perfusion of 0.9% saline solution followed by paraformaldehyde 4 % fixation in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.3) for 10 minutes at a pressure of 100 mmHg. </p>
      <p> The right and left femoral arteries were removed and immersed in buffered paraformaldehyde for posterior morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis.  </p>
      <p> All animals received BrdU at a dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP), 18 hours and one hour before the euthanasia, for the assessment of cell proliferation on the femoral artery wall.  </p>
      <p> The spleen and small intestine of three animals were used as controls for the immunohistochemical reactions due to the presence of abundant lymphoid tissue (leukocytes) in these organs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histology and morphometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The removed femoral arteries were initially formalin-fixed and later processed and paraffin-embedded. Two 1-mm distant cross-sectional cuts were performed, which were stained by the hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff techniques. </p>
      <p> A researcher blinded to the treatment groups measured the luminal, intimal and medial areas of each transversal plane, using a microscope equipped with a CCD camera coupled to a computer running the NIH Image software, v1.60. </p>
      <p> The luminal area was defined as the internal area surrounded by the layer of endothelial cells; the intimal area was defined as the area between the lumen and the internal elastic lamina; and the medial area was defined as the area between the internal and external elastic laminas.  </p>
      <p> The ratio between the intimal and the medial areas (intimal area/medial area) was also calculated to assess the effect of the inhibition of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction on this ratio, as well as to allow future comparisons with experimental models using larger animals.  </p>
      <p> The area delimitated by the external elastic lamina was measured to evaluate the vessel size behavior in the two groups throughout time, i.e., to determine whether there was positive or negative remodeling of the vessel.  </p>
      <p> The results of the two cross-sectional cuts of each artery were used to calculate the mean, which was considered in the evaluation and statistical analysis of the data.  </p>
      <p> To calculate the medial area and the assessment of the external elastic lamina in basal conditions, i.e., before the injury or treatment with anti-M2 antibody, a group of mice (n=5) was euthanized to perform the quantitative morphometry.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Immunohistochemistry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The immunohistochemical analysis was performed using the immunoperoxidase technique by the avidin-biotin system, with specific antibodies for each cell.</p>
      <p> The anti-CD45 antibody (common leukocyte antigen) of mice was used as a leukocyte marker; the monoclonal antibody 7/4 was used for neutrophil identification and the monoclonal antibody M3/84 or anti-CD163 was used as a macrophage marker. </p>
      <p> The BrdU uses the substitution of nucleotides to replace thymidine by uridine in the DNA structure of the dividing cells, <italic>in vitro</italic> as well as <italic>in vivo</italic>. The identification of the cells marked by this technique allows proliferation assessment and quantification. Hence, this technique constitutes an important tool in the assessment of smooth muscle cell proliferation, which predominates in the composition of neointimal hyperplasia due to the inflammatory response to the vascular injury.  </p>
      <p> Cross-sectional cuts of the femoral artery, immunologically stained, were assessed to quantify the number of cells positively immunostained in relation to the total number of cells.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD); the comparisons between the groups were carried out by non-paired <italic>t</italic> test; and the probability values were considered to be statistically significant when p&lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative Assessment of leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in the femoral artery of mice post-vascular injury after blocking the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the post-injury leukocyte recruitment was assessed in relation to time. The function of the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction in this process was established, as there was a difference in the accumulation of leukocytes on the vessel wall of mice treated with M2 peptide or anti-M2 in comparison to the control group.</p>
      <p> The CD45-positive inflammatory cells (leucocytes), which invaded the medial layer of the vessel on the first day post-injury were reduced by 75%, that is, from 7.9&#177;5.0% of the total cells in the medial layer in the group of mice treated with non-immune IgG (control) to 2.0&#177;1.6% in the group treated with anti-M2 (p=0.021) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The accumulation of leukocytes in the developing neointimal was also significantly reduced by the anti-M2 treatment, as there was a reduction of 42% in five days (control: 42.3&#177;12.9% of the total cells in the neointimal <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 24.6 &#177; 10.8%, p=0.047) and of 58% in 28 days (control: 7.9&#177;3.0% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 3.3&#177;1.3%, p=0.012) in the group of mice treated with anti-M2 in comparison with the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p> The analysis of CD45-positive cells was extended through immunological staining techniques using specific cell markers, with the objective of quantifying the presence of neutrophils and macrophages. </p>
      <p> The accumulation of neutrophils (cells that are positive for the monoclonal antibody 7/4) on the medial layer of the vessel on the first day post-injury was reduced by 75% in the group of mice treated with anti-M2, in comparison with the control group (control: 8.9&#177;6.7% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 2.2&#177;1.6%; p=0.043). On the 5<sup>th</sup> day post-injury, the accumulation of neutrophils in the developing neointimal layer was 47% lower in the group of mice treated with anti-M2, in comparison with the control group (control: 26.2&#177;8.0% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 13.9&#177;4.9%; p=0.036).  </p>
      <p> No neutrophils were detected on the intimal and medial layers on the 28<sup>th</sup> day post-injury, in either treatment groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).  </p>
      <p> The macrophages (Mac-3-positive cells) were practically undetectable on the 1<sup>st</sup> day post-injury (&lt;0.5% of the total cells on the medial layer). On the 5<sup>th</sup> day post-injury, the macrophage accumulation in the neointimal layer was reduced by 53% in the group of mice treated with anti-M2, in relation to the control group (control: 13.8&#177;6.2% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 6.5&#177;4.7%; p=0.040), whereas on the 28<sup>th</sup> day post-injury, there was a reduction of 58% of macrophage accumulation in the neointimal layer of mice treated with anti-M2 in relation with the control group (control: 7.4&#177;3.7% <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 3.1&#177;1.2%; p=0.022) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of blocking the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> &#150;GPIba interaction on cell proliferation after vascular injury</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Significant cell proliferation was observed 5 days after the vascular injury in the group of mice treated with the control antibody and the cell proliferation was still evident on the 28<sup>th</sup> day post-injury.</p>
      <p> The treatment of mice with the anti-M2 antibody determined, however, a statistically significant decrease of 64% in cell proliferation in the medial layer of the vessel five days post-injury (control: 5.0&#177;2.9% of the total cells in the medial layer of the vessel <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 1.8&#177;0.5%; p=0.043) and of 47% of cell proliferation in the intimal layer of the vessel 28 days post-injury (control: 3.8&#177;1.7% of the total cells in the intimal layer of the vessel <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 2.0&#177;1.2%; p=0.047) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of blocking the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction on the quantitative morphometry of the intimal and medial areas after the vascular injury.</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In mice treated with the control antibody, the intimal thickening started 5 days post-injury and progressed significantly between 5 and 28 days post-injury. The blocking of the</p>
      <p> a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction, promoted by the treatment with anti-M2 antibody or M2 peptide, resulted in the decrease of the intimal (neointimal) thickening 5 days post-injury, in relation to the control group (control: 921&#177;534 &#181;m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 505&#177;357 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.077), as well as in the statistically significant reduction of the neointimal layer 28 post-injury in comparison to the control group (control: 10,395&#177;3,549 &#181;m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 4,561&#177;4,915 &#181;m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The blocking of the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction in mice treated with the anti-M2 antibody or M2 peptide determined, therefore, a reduction of 56% in the intimal thickening 28 days post-injury in relation to the control-group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">Chart2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> The medial layer area was not affected by the treatment with the anti-M2 antibody. Hence, the relation between the intimal and medial layer areas expressed by the intimal area/medial area ratio (I:M) 28 days post-injury was 56% lower in mice treated with the M-2 antibody in comparison with the control group (control: 1.20 &#177; 0.62 <italic>versus</italic> anti-M2: 0.53&#177;0.62; p=0.036) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr03-body2">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> Quantitative morphometry of the external elastic lamina of the femoral artery of mice treated with anti-M2 antibody after the vascular injury  </p>
      <p> The thickening of the intimal and medial layers was followed by progressive increase in vessel size (positive remodeling), assessed by the measurement of the area of the external elastic lamina in different periods of time (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0054-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The positive remodeling of the vessel was similar in the two groups of treatment, 5 days (p=0.12) as well as 28 days after the vascular injury (p=0.99).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that the antibody, which has as target the segment P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup> of the Ia<sub>M</sub> domain, reduces leukocyte accumulation, cell proliferation and neointimal thickening after vascular injury <italic>in vivo</italic>. These observations demonstrate that the platelet GPIba is a ligand that is physiologically relevant for the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> receptor (Mac-1) of leukocytes and that the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction is crucial for the pro-inflammatory leukocyte activity in the process of the vascular injury repair.</p>
      <p> The a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin regulates important leukocyte functions such as adhesion, migration, coagulation, proteolysis, phagocytosis, oxidative stress and signaling as it binds to several ligands such as fibrinogen<sup>15,16</sup>, factor X<sup>17</sup>, C3bi<sup>18</sup>, GPIba<sup>9,19</sup> and JAM-3<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p> The accurate identification of the ligand responsible for the accumulation of leukocytes at the vascular injury site, covered by adhered platelets, was, to date, still unknown. Although previous studies had shown that a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin directly promotes leukocyte recruitment at the sites of platelet and fibrin deposition<sup>6</sup>, the actual biological importance of platelet contra-receptors for a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>, such as GPIba, JAM-3 and fibrinogen bound to GPIIb/IIIa, is still quite unknown. </p>
      <p> A previous study by Rogers and cols.<sup>8</sup> ,in which the blocking of a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin with the monoclonal antibody M1/70 was carried out, was not conclusive regarding the identification of the physiological contra-receptor for a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin, because M1/70 is a <italic>pan ligand </italic>antibody, i.e., it blocks all of the Mac-1(a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>) receptor.<sup>8</sup> Therefore, it is not possible to use M1/70 in clinical studies, despite the satisfactory results in this experimental study, considering that a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2 </sub> integrin regulates important leukocyte functions and its total blocking would determine severe and life-threatening adverse effects. </p>
      <p> Another study by Simon and cols.<sup>7</sup> identified a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> as a molecular determinant of neointimal thickening after vascular injury. It was observed that the selective absence of a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> in mice deficient for integrin Mac-1 impaired transplatelet leukocyte migration to the inner vessel wall, decreasing the accumulation of leukocytes in the medial layer and neointimal thickening after experimental angioplasty. In the same study, a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> deficiency was associated with a reduction of 67% in the early accumulation of leukocytes<sup>7 </sup>. </p>
      <p> It is noteworthy the fact that the magnitude of the reduction in the early leukocyte accumulation in the previously described study was similar to that obtained with the blocking of the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> -GPIba interaction through the M2 peptide in the present study (75% of inhibition of CD45-positive cells), suggesting that leukocyte recruitment is largely dependent on the interaction between a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> and GPIba. This finding is also consistent with another, observed in a previous <italic>in vitro</italic> study, carried out by Ehlers and cols.<sup>9</sup>, in which the predominant interaction between neutrophils and platelets adhered to a surface, after vigorous washing, seems to be mediated by the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>-GPIba interaction, considering that the M2 peptide caused inhibition superior to 80% of the neutrophil adhesion<sup>9 </sup>.  </p>
      <p> The relative specificity of the inhibitory action of anti-M2 in relation to GPIba, that is, it does not react with ICAM-1, fibrinogen and JAM-3, suggests a small contribution of other ligands for a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin in the context of vascular injury, with stripped endothelium and platelet deposition<sup>10</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Other potential ligands for a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin present in the platelet membrane include fibrinogen, which binds to GPIIb/IIIa<sup>15,16</sup>, ICAM-2<sup>21</sup> and JAM-3<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p> The leukocyte-platelet interaction, mediated by fibrinogen bridges between a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> and GPIIb/IIIa, was studied by Ostrovsky and cols.<sup>22</sup>, who demonstrated in an experimental <italic>in vitro</italic> study, that RGDS peptides as well as the substitution of normal platelets by thrombastenic ones (absence of GPIIb/IIIa) do not affect leukocyte accumulation on a surface of platelets<sup>22</sup>. The deficiency of b<sub>3</sub> (subunit of GPIIIa) affected neither leukocyte recruitment nor neointimal formation in mice submitted to an experimental model of femoral artery injury, identical to that of the present study<sup>13</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Although a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin binds to ICAM-1, this receptor is not found in platelets, which express a similar receptor &#150; ICAM-2. Diacovo and cols. demonstrated that the blocking of ICAM-2 has no effect on the firm adhesion of neutrophils over a surface of activated platelets, under continuous flow<sup>6</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Finally, Santoso and cols.<sup>20</sup> recently reported that a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> integrin can also bind to JAM-3 of platelets, cooperating with GPIba for the adhesion between neutrophils and platelets <italic>in vitro</italic><sup>20</sup>. However, it was demonstrated in a previous study that anti-M2 had a minimal inhibitory effect (13% of inhibition) in the interaction between the receptors a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> and JAM-3<sup>10</sup>.  </p>
      <p> An <italic>in vitro</italic> study, carried out by Wang and cols.<sup>10</sup>, using the M2 peptide, demonstrated that leukocyte recruitment by platelets is largely mediated by the interaction between Mac-1 integrin (a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>) of the leucocytes and GPIba of the platelets, in humans as well as in mice, as the biological model is very similar and the percentage of inhibition resulting from adhesion studies were statistically significant and comparable (80% in humans and 70% in mice). Even under flow conditions, the results of the adhesion inhibition were also statistically significant and similar (92% in humans and 81% in mice)<sup>10</sup></p>
      <p>In the present study, the data of the vascular injury experiment in mice allow us to conclude that leukocyte recruitment, after the vascular injury, depends on the interaction between Mac-1 integrin and GPIba, as a specific antibody (anti-M2 or M2 peptide) directed at blocking the P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup> segment of the Ia<sub>M</sub> domain, which is responsible for the interaction of leukocyte Mac-1 integrin and platelet GPIba, promoted a statistically significant reduction of 75% in the leukocyte accumulation in the medial layer of the vessel, on the first day post-injury and reduced by 42% and 58% the leukocyte accumulation in the intimal layer of the vessel, 5 and 28 days after the vascular injury, respectively.  </p>
      <p> Similarly, the morphometric data of this vascular injury experiment showed, through the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction, that the latter modulates cell proliferation and neointimal formation. The anti-M2 antibody directed at blocking the Mac-1-GPIba interaction was able to significantly reduce cell proliferation in the medial layer of the vessel wall by 64% on the 5<sup>th</sup> day post-injury and cell proliferation in the intimal layer by 47%, on the 28<sup>th</sup> day post-injury, as well as decrease neointimal formation by 56% on the 28<sup>th</sup> day after the vascular injury (p=0.012).  </p>
      <p> Although the treatment with anti-M2 has reduced neointimal thickening by 56%, a less robust inhibitory effect when compared to the 80% of neointimal thickening inhibition with complete a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> deficiency in genetically modified mice in comparison to the wild-type ones, the anti-M2 outcome, in this first <italic>in vitro</italic> study, was better or at least similar, to the effect of rapamycin in experimental studies.  </p>
      <p> A study in rats submitted to carotid artery injury with balloon-catheter showed a reduction of 45% of neointimal thickening in the group of rats treated with rapamycin, after 14 days, when compared to the control group<sup>23</sup>. Another study, carried out by Gallo and cols.<sup>24</sup>, showed that the administration of rapamycin i.m., 3 days before and 14 days after angioplasty with over-dimensioned balloon-catheter in the coronary artery, reduced neointimal thickening by 50% in relation to the control group in the period of 28 days<sup>24</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Similarly, the outcome of anti-M2 was better, or at least comparable, to most studies carried out with paclitaxel. Drachman and cols.<sup>25</sup> showed a reduction of 50% in the neointimal thickening in iliac arteries of rabbits treated with paclitaxel and submitted to stent implantation, in relation to the control group<sup>25</sup>.  </p>
      <p> A study carried out in rats, using a model of carotid artery injury, showed a reduction of 70% in the neointimal thickening in the group treated with paclitaxel<sup>26</sup>. Two studies in swine treated with super-dimensioned stents, in the coronary artery, showed that paclitaxel-eluting covered stents reduced neointimal thickening by 40%, in a period of 4 weeks, in comparison with the control group<sup>27,28</sup>.  </p>
      <p> It is noteworthy that rapamycin and paclitaxel are the anti-cell-proliferation drugs largely used in drug-eluting stents, also called drug-coated stents or medicated stents.  </p>
      <p> The first study with rapamycin-eluting stent in humans showed an angiographic restenosis rate equal to 0% at 4 and 12 months<sup>29,30</sup>. The randomized studies showed a statistically significant reduction of the intra-stent restenosis rates at 8 months of 35.4%-41.7% for the conventional stent versus 3.2-3.9% for the rapamycin-eluting stent<sup>31,32.</sup> </p>
      <p> Similarly, the RESEARCH study, which evaluated the performance of the rapamycin-eluting stent in the real world, i.e., in patients that were not selected by inclusion or exclusion criteria, confirmed these promising results in Intervention Cardiology practice, with an intra-stent restenosis rate of 6.3% at 6 months<sup>33</sup>.  </p>
      <p> The first study with paclitaxel-eluting stent in humans also showed an angiographic restenosis rate at 6 months of 0%<sup>34</sup>, whereas the randomized studies showed a reduction of the angiographic restenosis rate at 6-9 months from 17.9-24.4% for the conventional stent to 2.3-5.5% for the paclitaxel-eluting stent<sup>35,36</sup>. The T-SEARCH study evaluated the results of the paclitaxel-eluting stent in the real world and showed the need for target-vessel revascularization in patients selected by clinical criteria in only 5.4% of them, within a one-year period.<sup>37</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Considering the results of the experimental and clinical studies with rapamycin and paclitaxel, as well as the initial outcome of the blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction with anti-M2 antibody in this experimental study, it can inferred that there is a potential angiographic and clinical benefit for anti-M2 antibody or M2 peptide. It is clear that differences in methodology, the drug administration pathway and the species of animals used in the mentioned experimental studies with rapamycin and paclitaxel must be tsaken into account in the assessment of results when compared to those obtained in the present study.  </p>
      <p> The neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction through the blocking of the a<sub>M</sub>(P<sup>201</sup>-K<sup>217</sup>) segment with anti-M2 antibody, seems, therefore, to be a promising new therapeutic approach to prevent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. However, additional studies with the local release of anti-M2 at different doses are strongly recommended, considering that the local release showed to have a crucial role for the successful use of anti-cell-proliferation drug-eluting stents.  </p>
      <p> Additionally, anti-M2 reduces firm adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes in sites of platelet deposition, one of the first steps of vascular inflammation. Hence, anti-M2 has a potential effect against vascular inflammation and seems to be promising in the control and/or prevention of coronary artery disease and aggressive/progressive vascular disease.  </p>
      <p> One of the limitations of the present study is that one cannot rule out the contribution of other ligands of the a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub> receptor and its functions, as well as exclude the participation of other cell adhesion molecules in the biological response to the vascular injury. Likewise, the function of the adventitial layer of the vessel wall was not assessed as a source of infiltrating inflammatory cells, which constitutes another study limitation.  </p>
      <p> Leucocytes can infiltrate the wall through the lumen as well as through the adventitia; however, leukocyte recruitment through the adventitia layer is difficult to reliably assess in this experimental model due to the need for dissection and isolation of the artery from the adjacent tissues to cause the injury with guide wire.  </p>
      <p> Additionally, although the thickening of the intimal and media layers was followed by the progressive increase in vessel size or positive remodeling, which was similar in the mice treated with anti-M2 antibody or control, the cells from adventitia layer influenced vascular remodeling<sup>5</sup>, suggesting that alternative experimental models of vascular injury will be necessary to investigate the responses of the adventitia layer to the injury. </p>
      <p> Finally, the experimental model used does not contemplate the presence of the pre-existing atherosclerotic plaque in the inflammatory process site and the stent implantation, factors that might be considered additional limitations to this study, as it differs from the clinical treatment of atherosclerotic lesions with stent implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Leukocyte recruitment after a vascular injury depends on the interaction between the leukocyte Mac-1-integrin (a<sub>M</sub>b<sub>2</sub>) and the platelet Iba glycoprotein and the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction inhibits cell proliferation and neointimal formation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Harvard University.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Alexandre do Canto Zago, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo-USP and Harvard University.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alexandre do Canto Zago</p>
          <p> Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 2&#186; andar - Hemodin&#226;mica</p>
          <p> 90035-003 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="zagoac@cardiol.br">zagoac@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="zagoac@uol.com.br">zagoac@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received on 12/20/06; revised manuscript received on 03/28/07; accepted on 05/09/07. </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
