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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">h8G7pP4YGcjsvVcgPVSvKcG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport e cornell para hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#8217;Angelo</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;lian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>46</fpage>
      <lpage>53</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) detectada pela eletrocardiografia &#233; um forte preditor de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho dos crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport (SLR) e de Cornell, em amostra populacional, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de HVE &#224; ecocardiografia. M&#201;TODOS: Entre os 682 participantes da segunda fase do Projeto MONICA-OMS/Vit&#243;ria, 641 foram avaliados por meio de eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia. O subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (n = 269) foi usado para gerar valores de refer&#234;ncia da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE). As sensibilidades e especificidades dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram determinadas pela curva ROC (receptor-operator characteristics) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de HVE definido pelo crit&#233;rio ecocardiogr&#225;fico interno (MVE &gt; 48 g/m2,7 e 46 g/m2,7 para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de HVE &#224; ecocardiografia foi de 23,7% na amostra global, em que havia 49% de hipertensos. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell apresentou melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com a MVE estimada pela ecocardiografia (r = 0,37; p &lt; 0,01) que o crit&#233;rio de SLR (r = 0,19), al&#233;m de melhor desempenho na an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC. Os novos pontos de corte para o crit&#233;rio de Cornell definidos internamente (2,3 mV para homens e 1,9 mV para mulheres) apresentaram combina&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel de sensibilidade para homens e mulheres (22,5% e 28%, respectivamente), com alta especificidade (95%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de SLR e Cornell apresentaram baixo desempenho em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HVE definida pela ecocardiografia. Entretanto, a acur&#225;cia pode ser melhorada, utilizando-se os crit&#233;rios de Cornell definidos neste estudo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Revis&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport e cornell para hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;lian D&#146;Angelo<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandre Costa Pereira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas &#150; Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (Ufes) &#150; Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Cardiologia Molecular - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) detectada pela eletrocardiografia &#233; um forte preditor de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o desempenho dos crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport (SLR) e de Cornell, em amostra populacional, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de HVE &#224; ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre os 682 participantes da segunda fase do Projeto MONICA-OMS/Vit&#243;ria, 641 foram avaliados por meio de eletrocardiografia e ecocardiografia. O subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (n = 269) foi usado para gerar valores de refer&#234;ncia da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE). As sensibilidades e especificidades dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram determinadas pela curva ROC (receptor-operator characteristics) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de HVE definido pelo crit&#233;rio ecocardiogr&#225;fico interno (MVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 48 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> e 46 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de HVE &#224; ecocardiografia foi de 23,7% na amostra global, em que havia 49% de hipertensos. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell apresentou melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com a MVE estimada pela ecocardiografia (r = 0,37; p &lt; 0,01) que o crit&#233;rio de SLR (r = 0,19), al&#233;m de melhor desempenho na an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC. Os novos pontos de corte para o crit&#233;rio de Cornell definidos internamente (2,3 mV para homens e 1,9 mV para mulheres) apresentaram combina&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel de sensibilidade para homens e mulheres (22,5% e 28%, respectivamente), com alta especificidade (95%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de SLR e Cornell apresentaram baixo desempenho em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HVE definida pela ecocardiografia. Entretanto, a acur&#225;cia pode ser melhorada, utilizando-se os crit&#233;rios de Cornell definidos neste estudo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) detectada &#224; eletrocardiografia<sup>1,2</sup> ou &#224; ecocardiografia<sup>3,4</sup> &#233; manifesta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica<sup>5</sup>, constituindo forte preditor de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares. O diagn&#243;stico de HVE deve ser firmado, preferencialmente, pela ecocardiografia. Entretanto, dificuldades t&#233;cnicas e considera&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas limitam o uso em larga escala da ecocardiografia com essa finalidade. A eletrocardiografia de repouso, por outro lado, &#233; um m&#233;todo de baixo custo, n&#227;o invasivo, de f&#225;cil aquisi&#231;&#227;o e bastante dispon&#237;vel para uso cl&#237;nico. Muitos estudos t&#234;m sido feitos para melhorar os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com diferentes afec&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. O principal crit&#233;rio para identifica&#231;&#227;o de HVE &#233; o aumento de voltagem do complexo QRS e, com essa finalidade, diversos crit&#233;rios t&#234;m sido propostos. Relatos de superioridade do crit&#233;rio de Cornell em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio cl&#225;ssico de Sokolow e Lyon t&#234;m sido publicados<sup>6,7</sup>. Entretanto, a maior parte dos estudos que estabeleceram os pontos de corte para separar indiv&#237;duos com massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) normal daqueles com HVE foi obtida na popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana. A extrapola&#231;&#227;o pura e simples de tais crit&#233;rios para outras popula&#231;&#245;es pode determinar erro apreci&#225;vel, uma vez que a voltagem do QRS depende n&#227;o s&#243; da massa card&#237;aca, mas tamb&#233;m da antropometria, da deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura no t&#243;rax e do tamanho das mamas em mulheres. </p>
    <p>Considerando que a eletrocardiografia ainda &#233; o principal meio para diagn&#243;stico de HVE na maior parte dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, notadamente daqueles vinculados &#224; rede p&#250;blica voltados para a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar os valores dos crit&#233;rios de voltagem de Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport (SLR)<sup>8,9</sup> e de Cornell<sup>10</sup>, em amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o geral inclu&#237;da em estudo de natureza epidemiol&#243;gica na cidade de Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo (Projeto MONICA-OMS/Vit&#243;ria)<sup>11,12</sup>, para determinar a preval&#234;ncia e a gravidade dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. O estudo permitiu definir novos pontos de corte para HVE &#224; eletrocardiografia, usando-se, como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, os achados da ecocardiografia (modo M guiado pelo bidimensional, utilizando as imagens geradas pela segunda harm&#244;nica). A an&#225;lise das curvas ROC (<italic>receptor-operator characteristics</italic>) permitiu determinar valores de sensibilidade e especificidade em homens e mulheres de diversos pontos de corte obtidos nos registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado em amostra de 682 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos (homens, 43,5%), com 27 a 72 anos de idade, que participaram da segunda fase do Projeto MONICA-OMS/Vit&#243;ria. Todos os participantes eram origin&#225;rios de uma amostra rand&#244;mica (n = 1.663) da popula&#231;&#227;o de Vit&#243;ria estudada na fase 1 desse mesmo projeto, entre 1999 e 2000<sup>11,12</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos foram convidados a comparecer para novos exames cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (Ufes), por meio de contato telef&#244;nico e/ou carta. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Ufes e todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para participa&#231;&#227;o no projeto. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a classifica&#231;&#227;o racial, de acordo com crit&#233;rios validados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>13</sup>. Com base nas caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas (cor da pele, textura do cabelo, formato do nariz e aspecto dos l&#225;bios) e na auto-avalia&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como brancos, negros, mulatos ou outros mesti&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Eletrocardiografia convencional de repouso (12 deriva&#231;&#245;es) foi realizada em 682 indiv&#237;duos em aparelho computadorizado (Ecafix, modelo Cardio Perfect), com impress&#227;o de registro em impressora HP682C (0,1 mV/cm e 25 mm/s). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da HVE foram utilizados o &#237;ndice de SLR<sup>8,9</sup> (SV<sub>1</sub> ou V<sub>2 </sub>+ RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 3,5 mV ou 35 mm e os crit&#233;rios de Cornell<sup>6,10</sup> (RaVL + SV<sub>3</sub>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,8 mV ou 28 mm e/ou 2,4 mV ou 24 mm para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 mV ou 20 mm para mulheres (doravante denominados " crit&#233;rios externos" ). Registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos com bloqueio completo de ramo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e uso de digit&#225;licos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Os exames para registro ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram realizados em aparelho Acusson-Sequ&#243;ia do setor de ecocardiografia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Ufes. Todos os exames foram feitos por um &#250;nico observador com 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia, sem conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos indiv&#237;duos. Um segundo observador avaliou 35 exames escolhidos aleatoriamente, cujos resultados apresentaram coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (<italic>r</italic>) de 0,94 para a espessura do septo e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), 0,92 para espessura da parede posterior e 0,89 para o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE.</p>
    <p>As imagens foram obtidas com os participantes em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, nos cortes paraesternal longitudinal e transverso e cortes apicais de quatro e de duas c&#226;maras. Somente os exames com visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada das interfaces e que apresentaram imagens simult&#226;neas do septo, do di&#226;metro interno do VE e da parede posterior foram considerados adequados para determinar a MVE. Foram exclu&#237;dos 41 indiv&#237;duos, por n&#227;o terem realizado eletrocardiografia e/ou ecocardiografia. As medidas do VE foram feitas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE)<sup>14</sup> pelo modo M guiado pelo bidimensional, utilizando o recurso de imagem disponibilizado pelo emprego da segunda harm&#244;nica. As medidas do VE foram feitas na tela do aparelho, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 2 mm, seguindo a conven&#231;&#227;o <italic>leading edge to leading edge</italic><sup>14</sup>. Os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, a espessura do septo interventricular e a parede posterior do VE foram medidos no final da di&#225;stole, definida pelo in&#237;cio do QRS pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica simult&#226;nea. Todos os valores foram registrados em mil&#237;metros (mm), e cada medida foi anotada como a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas. A MVE foi calculada utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula ASE corrigida<sup>15</sup>:</p>
    <p>MVE = 0,8 {1,04[(SIV + DdVE + PP)<sup>3</sup> - DdVE<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6g em que SIV representa a espessura do septo interventricular, DdVE representa o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE e PP representa a espessura da parede posterior.</p>
    <p>As MVE foram indexadas para a superf&#237;cie corporal (calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Dubois<sup>16</sup>), para a altura (metros) e para a altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7, conforme preconizado por De Simone e cols.<sup>17,18</sup>. As medidas para gerar os valores internos de refer&#234;ncia foram obtidas em subamostra saud&#225;vel, composta de 269 indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o usavam medica&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes, tinham press&#227;o arterial &lt; 140/90 mmHg, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, glicemia &lt; 110 g/dl, creatinina &lt; 2,0 mg/dl, &#237;ndice de SLR &lt; 3,5 mV, e n&#227;o apresentavam les&#245;es valvulares e anormalidades na mobilidade de parede mioc&#225;rdica. Os pontos de corte foram definidos como os valores correspondentes ao percentil 95% (P<sub>95</sub>) da curva de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo de <underline>&gt;</underline> 48 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> e 46 g/m<sup>2,7</sup>, <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 g/m e 98,7 g/m e <underline>&gt;</underline> 105 g/m<sup>2</sup> e 95,3 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Doravante, ser&#225; utilizada a indexa&#231;&#227;o da MVE para altura<sup>2,7</sup> para as compara&#231;&#245;es com os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p><italic>Estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os dados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e em propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o foram calculadas para as MVE indexadas e para cada crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de acordo com o sexo e a presen&#231;a de HVE. As diferen&#231;as nas preval&#234;ncias entre grupos foram analisadas pelo teste Z para propor&#231;&#245;es<sup>19</sup>. A an&#225;lise do desempenho dos indexadores de MVE e das sensibilidades e especificidades dos &#237;ndices de SLR e de Cornell foram feitas por meio da curva ROC<sup>20</sup>. As diferen&#231;as do desempenho das &#225;reas sob a curva ROC foram comparadas por meio do escore de Z univariado e bicaudal<sup>21</sup>. As sensibilidades tamb&#233;m foram comparadas numa especificidade fixa de 95% e os valores dos pontos de corte correspondentes foram identificados para cada crit&#233;rio. Foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> ou Anova de uma via na compara&#231;&#227;o de duas ou mais m&#233;dias. O teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey foi usado quando necess&#225;rio. O grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os crit&#233;rios de SLR e de Cornell e a MVE foi determinado pelo coeficiente <italic>r</italic> de Pearson. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida para p &lt; 0,05 em an&#225;lise no programa SPSS 13.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 682 indiv&#237;duos estudados, 43,5% eram do sexo masculino, 17,1% eram brancos, 21,8% eram mulatos e 2,9% eram negros. As mulheres corresponderam a 56,5% dos indiv&#237;duos estudados, sendo 19,9% brancas, 28,7% mulatas e 2,7% negras. Do total dos indiv&#237;duos, 641 apresentaram registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tecnicamente adequados.</p>
    <p>Na amostra total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>), constatou-se que, dentre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, todas foram significativamente diferentes entre sexos, exceto idade, MVE indexada, espessuras do SIV e da PP, como tamb&#233;m o DdVE. Dentre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, apesar da maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes nas mulheres e de tabagismo nos homens, as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Entretanto, foram constatadas diferen&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (maior nas mulheres) e maior tend&#234;ncia &#224; hipertens&#227;o nos homens, associada a menor uso de anti-hipertensivos. Na subamostra saud&#225;vel, os valores m&#233;dios de todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto idade, IMC, espessuras do SIV e da PP, e o DdVE. A preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi igual entre os sexos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A MVE indexada para altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7 (g/m<sup>2,7</sup>) foi correlacionada de forma positiva (p &lt; 0,01) com os crit&#233;rios de Cornell (<italic>r</italic> = 0,37) e de SLR (<italic>r</italic> = 0,19) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">B</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> demonstra que os homens t&#234;m maiores valores de voltagem para os dois crit&#233;rios (SLR e Cornell) que as mulheres, nos grupos com e sem HVE, exceto para o crit&#233;rio de Cornell no grupo com HVE.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra as curvas ROC dos crit&#233;rios de SLR e de Cornell para HVE, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ecocardiografia, com MVE indexada para altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell apresenta desempenho global melhor que o de SLR (&#225;rea sob a curva 0,679 vs. 0;591; Z = 2,8; p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para avaliar a sensibilidade dos &#237;ndices de SLR e de Cornell de maneira mais efetiva, a compara&#231;&#227;o foi feita com especificidade fixa de 95%, que &#233; a mais usada na literatura<sup>22,23</sup>. A sensibilidade e os novos pontos de corte estratificados por crit&#233;rio e sexo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell apresenta sensibilidade similar ao de SLR nos homens, mas superior nas mulheres (28% vs. 20%). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> est&#227;o comparados os &#237;ndices de SLR e de Cornell entre os grupos &#233;tnico-raciais da amostra total. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de representantes da ra&#231;a negra (apenas 39 indiv&#237;duos), pode-se verificar que os negros e os mulatos apresentaram m&#233;dia dos valores de SLR mais alta que os brancos (p &lt; 0,05). H&#225; tend&#234;ncia de aumento de valores para o &#237;ndice de Cornell na ra&#231;a negra, sem, entretanto, alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> compara as m&#233;dias da MVE indexadas dos indiv&#237;duos com crit&#233;rios de Cornell positivo para HVE (<underline>&gt;</underline> 2,3 mV para os homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,9 mV para as mulheres), com as MVE indexadas dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Percebe-se que, tanto em homens como em mulheres, o crit&#233;rio de Cornell detecta indiv&#237;duos com MVE +2 desvios padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia encontrada para os indiv&#237;duos sem HVE. Os mesmos resultados foram observados para o &#237;ndice de SLR pelo crit&#233;rio interno.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de a eletrocardiografia ser o m&#233;todo recomendado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de todo indiv&#237;duo hipertenso<sup>24,25</sup>, seu uso para estabelecer presen&#231;a de HVE &#233; limitado, dada sua baixa sensibilidade<sup>26</sup>. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, a baixa preval&#234;ncia de HVE em estudos populacionais levou ao n&#227;o uso da eletrocardiografia como m&#233;todo para determinar a presen&#231;a de HVE em algumas equa&#231;&#245;es de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular<sup>27</sup>. Somente uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com HVE definido pela ecocardiografia pode ser detectada pela eletrocardiografia em altos n&#237;veis de especificidade<sup>28</sup>. Entretanto, a eletrocardiografia ainda &#233; muito mais dispon&#237;vel em nosso meio que a ecocardiografia. Al&#233;m disso, em vista da facilidade do registro e do baixo custo da eletrocardiografia, h&#225; ainda necessidade de se tentar melhorar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo para aprimorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com HVE, os quais s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos no grupo com alto risco de desenvolver desfechos cardiovasculares mais graves (arritmias card&#237;acas, morte s&#250;bita, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, etc.)<sup>29</sup>. Como se sabe, os portadores de alto risco cardiovascular necessitam intensifica&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de assist&#234;ncia tanto m&#233;dica como farmac&#234;utica. Assim, neste estudo foram avaliados os crit&#233;rios de voltagem dos &#237;ndices de SLR e de Cornell por serem os mais utilizados na literatura e tamb&#233;m por dispensarem o uso de computa&#231;&#227;o para suas an&#225;lises, o que os torna mais realistas e de mais f&#225;cil aplicabilidade em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Estudos relatando valores altos de sensibilidade dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram feitos em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>6,30,31</sup>, os quais eram portadores de valores mais altos de MVE. Gasperin e cols.<sup>9</sup> estudaram uma amostra proveniente do ambulat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia de um hospital universit&#225;rio e constataram baixo desempenho geral dos crit&#233;rios estudados, sendo o desempenho do crit&#233;rio de SLR ainda pior que o de Cornell.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as voltagens &#224; eletrocardiografia e as estimativas de MVE &#233;, em geral, fraca<sup>6,23</sup>. Entretanto, a MVE indexada pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7 na amostra total demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,01) com os crit&#233;rios de Cornell e de SLR (<italic>r</italic> = 0,37 e <italic>r</italic> = 0,19, respectivamente), havendo n&#237;tida tend&#234;ncia de melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro crit&#233;rio. Dado semelhante &#233; apresentado por Schillaci e Porcellati<sup>32</sup> em estudo com 923 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, no qual foram encontrados coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,48 e 0,27 para os crit&#233;rios de Cornell e de SLR. Este estudo ratifica os relatos da literatura de que os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o s&#227;o pouco sens&#237;veis na triagem de HVE. Por outro lado, pela primeira vez um estudo de base populacional feito no Brasil avalia o desempenho desses crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de HVE por meio da curva ROC, que traz como grande diferencial a possibilidade de se determinar a sensibilidade para qualquer valor de especificidade.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da sensibilidade e da especificidade de um m&#233;todo depende do ponto de corte escolhido. A an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC<sup>20,21</sup> permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de um ou mais testes, sob ampla margem de poss&#237;veis pontos de corte, permitindo assim a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a compara&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as nos desempenhos entre m&#233;todos, independentemente de crit&#233;rios empiricamente definidos. Este estudo confirma, por meio dessa metodologia, a superioridade do crit&#233;rio de Cornell em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de SLR, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>, corroborando os achados de outros estudos<sup>9,28,32</sup>. Para uma an&#225;lise mais elucidativa do desempenho dos crit&#233;rios estudados, as sensibilidades foram comparadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma especificidade fixa de 95%, que, al&#233;m de ser a mais usada na literatura<sup>22,23</sup>, atende aos prop&#243;sitos cl&#237;nicos do m&#233;todo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). O crit&#233;rio de Cornell apresenta sensibilidade similar &#224; do crit&#233;rio de SLR nos homens e superior nas mulheres (28% <italic>vs</italic> 20%).</p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos para cada sexo, segundo o crit&#233;rio cl&#225;ssico de Cornell (2,8 mV para homens e 2,0 mV para mulheres), s&#227;o baseados na evid&#234;ncia de que h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa na magnitude das voltagens do QRS entre sexos<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, as an&#225;lises da curva ROC na amostra deste estudo, como tamb&#233;m os valores das m&#233;dias das voltagens dos complexos QRS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), indicam que essa diferen&#231;a parece excessiva. Uma diferen&#231;a menor entre as voltagens (2,3 mV para homens e 1,9 mV para mulheres) est&#225; associada a sensibilidade de 22,5% nos homens e de 28% nas mulheres, mantendo ainda &#243;tima especificidade (95%). Esses valores est&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximos daqueles estabelecidos no estudo de Schillaci e cols.<sup>32</sup>, em que foram propostos valores de 2,4 mV e 2,0 mV para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Alfakih e cols.<sup>33</sup>, em publica&#231;&#227;o recente, utilizaram a an&#225;lise das &#225;reas sob a curva ROC e propuseram uma redefini&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte estratificados por sexo para v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios da eletrocardiografia para diagn&#243;stico de HVE, tomando como refer&#234;ncia a MVE estimada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>As discrep&#226;ncias nos crit&#233;rios de voltagem podem ser decorrentes de diferen&#231;as nas idades e na condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos indiv&#237;duos estudados. Os valores de corte gerados nos estudo de Casale e Devereux<sup>10</sup> e de Devereux e Eisenberg<sup>31</sup> foram extra&#237;dos de uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos jovens e normotensos. A m&#233;dia de idade da amostra deste estudo foi de 51 &#177; 10 anos. Pelo fato de ter englobado indiv&#237;duos sadios e com diversos tipos de doen&#231;as, incluindo hipertensos, deve traduzir melhor as potencialidades diagn&#243;sticas do m&#233;todo nas atividades cotidianas de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as relativas ao sexo na magnitude da voltagem do complexo QRS s&#227;o, em parte, atribu&#237;das ao menor volume do mioc&#225;rdio nas mulheres e, em parte, &#224; maior dist&#226;ncia entre a massa card&#237;aca e os eletrodos precordiais, por causa do tecido mam&#225;rio. O potencial el&#233;trico registrado na superf&#237;cie corporal pode ser atenuado por diversos fatores extracard&#237;acos, tais como a constitui&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, a adiposidade, o volume pulmonar e a gordura epic&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>O melhor desempenho do crit&#233;rio de Cornell pode ser explicado pela an&#225;lise das anormalidades vetocardiogr&#225;ficas induzidas pela HVE. Com o aumento da MVE, as for&#231;as el&#233;tricas passam a se orientar horizontalmente (correspondendo &#224; onda R em aVL) e posteriormente (correspondendo &#224; onda S em V<sub>3</sub>). Al&#233;m disso, a deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>3</sub> est&#225; mais pr&#243;xima ao VE e, possivelmente, deve ser menos influenciada pela varia&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia entre o mioc&#225;rdio e os eletrodos<sup>34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Okin e Dahlof<sup>35</sup> investigaram os valores das voltagens e do produto (voltagem X dura&#231;&#227;o QRS) dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (SLR, Cornell e Somat&#243;rio das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es) entre ra&#231;as. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de resultados de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (120 afro-americanos e 751 brancos), esses autores constataram que os crit&#233;rios de SLR e o somat&#243;rio das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es superestimaram a presen&#231;a de HVE. Al&#233;m disso, o crit&#233;rio do produto de Cornell subestimou a presen&#231;a de HVE nos negros em rela&#231;&#227;o aos brancos. Esses achados foram resultantes das diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias das voltagens, sendo o &#237;ndice de SLR maior em negros (39,0 &#177; 12,3 <italic>vs</italic> 31,7 &#177; 10,2; p &lt; 0,01), enquanto o &#237;ndice de Cornell (22,7 &#177; 9,1 <italic>vs</italic> 25,1 &#177; 7,8; p &lt; 0,05) foi maior em brancos. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de negros deste estudo, foi poss&#237;vel observar que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram valores de voltagem do crit&#233;rio de SLR significativamente mais altos que os mulatos, que, por sua vez, apresentaram valores maiores que os brancos. Houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento dos valores da m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de Cornell na ra&#231;a negra. Pelo fato de estarem sendo comparados crit&#233;rios de voltagens intra-ra&#231;as, e de terem sido encontrados valores diametralmente opostos, n&#227;o houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de se fazer quaisquer ajustamento. N&#227;o foi encontrada explica&#231;&#227;o para as diferen&#231;as dos &#237;ndices de SLR e Cornell dentro da mesma ra&#231;a constatadas neste estudo, e, principalmente, para as diferen&#231;as entre os crit&#233;rios aplicados, j&#225; que ambos s&#227;o crit&#233;rios de voltagem.</p>
    <p>Okin e Dahlof<sup>35</sup> e Chapmam e Poulter<sup>36</sup> reportaram que as diferen&#231;as de amplitude dos complexos QRS entre ra&#231;as n&#227;o puderam ser explicadas, tomando como base os maiores valores de MVE nos afro-americanos, j&#225; que as diferen&#231;as persistiram mesmo ap&#243;s ajustamento para as diferentes MVE. Esses autores relataram tamb&#233;m que as diferen&#231;as dos dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o decorreram de varia&#231;&#245;es do IMC, j&#225; que nos Estados Unidos os negros tendem a ter maior massa gorda, o que resultaria em diminui&#231;&#227;o da magnitude e n&#227;o no incremento das voltagens da eletrocardiografia. Neste estudo n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as nas m&#233;dias das MVE estimadas pela ecocardiografia entre as ra&#231;as-etnias, como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as no IMC, talvez em decorr&#234;ncia da pequena amostra representativa da ra&#231;a negra. Fica clara, por esses estudos, a necessidade de se definir pontos de corte para o crit&#233;rio de SLR para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, e que sejam espec&#237;ficos para diferentes grupos raciais. Tamb&#233;m sob esse aspecto o crit&#233;rio de Cornell foi superior, porque foi independente da estratifica&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnico-racial. Esse fato reveste-se de grande import&#226;ncia em nosso meio, pela exist&#234;ncia de grande miscigena&#231;&#227;o e pelo fato de haver locais em que a ra&#231;a negra ainda tem grande predomin&#226;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de MVE diferem significativamente entre indiv&#237;duos com crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). Percebe-se que em ambos os sexos o crit&#233;rio de Cornell detecta indiv&#237;duos com MVE +2 desvios padr&#227;o acima do normal. Os mesmos resultados foram observados para os &#237;ndices de SLR pelo crit&#233;rio interno. Os crit&#233;rios de SLR e Cornell definidos na literatura, por outro lado, s&#243; identificam valores de MVE 2,5 a 3 desvios padr&#227;o acima da m&#233;dia. Assim, o ponto de corte definido internamente est&#225; em sintonia com a necessidade de crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico que detectem a HVE em fases mais precoces.</p>
    <p>Foi observada preval&#234;ncia de HVE pelo crit&#233;rio de MVE indexado para altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7 (g/m<sup>2,7</sup>) de 23,7% (8,7% nos homens e 14,9% nas mulheres). Nesse grupo com HVE identificado pela ecocardiografia (n = 152), tamb&#233;m foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o de HVE diagnosticada pela eletrocardiografia em 29% dos casos (crit&#233;rio de Cornell, 2,3 mV e 1,9 mV para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). Constatou-se, assim, boa sensibilidade e &#243;tima especificidade desse novo ponto de corte para o crit&#233;rio de Cornell. Esse dado &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia, haja vista o relato de Kohsaka e Di Tullio<sup>37</sup>, em que foi observado aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico em indiv&#237;duos portadores de HVE diagnosticados pela ecocardiografia, que tamb&#233;m apresentavam evid&#234;ncia de HVE pelo crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Cornell (2,8 mV e 2,0 mV para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). Parece que a informa&#231;&#227;o obtida pela eletrocardiografia fornece informa&#231;&#245;es independentes sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas. Esses autores conclu&#237;ram que o risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico poderia ser mais bem avaliado se a eletrocardiografia fosse realizada e interpretada em conjunto com os dados fornecidos pela ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo &#233; que apenas um &#250;nico observador firmou o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, tanto no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico como no eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. No primeiro exame, cujas medidas s&#227;o mais dependentes do observador, a aferi&#231;&#227;o do examinador foi feita contra um segundo, tendo havido graus de concord&#226;ncia entre observadores na determina&#231;&#227;o da MVE superior a 90%<sup>38</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; eletrocardiografia, as medidas de amplitudes de ondas R e S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais foram obtidas diretamente de 20 registros por dois observadores independentes, observando-se elevado grau de reprodutibilidade (<italic>r</italic> = 0,96), o que indica baixa probabilidade de erros de diagn&#243;stico por ambos os crit&#233;rios apresentados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Assim, na amostra deste estudo, foi observada superioridade do desempenho do crit&#233;rio de Cornell em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de SLR para diagn&#243;stico de HVE em ambos os sexos. Sugerem-se novos pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos por sexo, para os crit&#233;rios de Cornell (2,1 mV e 1,9 mV) e de SLR (4,1 mV e 3,1 mV), para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Em popula&#231;&#245;es nas quais a miscigena&#231;&#227;o racial com a etnia negra &#233; grande, os dados deste estudo indicam superioridade do crit&#233;rio de Cornell em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de SLR. Entretanto, h&#225; necessidade de novos estudos que definam pontos de corte do crit&#233;rio de SLR estratificado por ra&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq, FAPESP e FACITEC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues, pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill </p>
        <p>Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 </p>
        <p> 29042-755 - Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jgmill@npd.ufes.br">jgmill@npd.ufes.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/04/07; revisado recebido em 04/06/07; aceito em 04/06/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Revision of the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport and cornell voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographically-detected left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport (SLR) and Cornell voltage criteria in a population sample regarding the diagnosis of LVH on echocardiogram (ECHO). METHODS: A total of 641 out of the 682 participants of the second phase of the MONICA-Vit&#243;ria project were assessed using electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. A subgroup of healthy individuals (n=269) was used to generate reference values of LV mass (LVM). Sensitivities and specificities of the electrocardiographic criteria were determined by the ROC (receptor-operator characteristics) curve in relation to the diagnosis of LVH, as defined by the internal echocardiographic criterion (LVM &gt; 48 and 46 g/m2.7 for males and females, respectively). RESULTS: The prevalence of LVH as detected by ECHO was 23.7% in the total sample, in which 49% of the individuals were hypertensive. The Cornell criterion showed a better association with the LVM as estimated by ECHO (r= 0.37, p &lt; 0.01) than the SLR criterion (r= 0.19) as well as a better performance in the analysis of the area under the ROC curve. The new cut-off points for the internally-defined Cornell voltage criterion (2.3 mV for males and 1.9 mV for females) showed an acceptable combination of sensitivity (22.5 and 28% for males and females, respectively), with a high specificity (95%). CONLUSION: The classic SLR and Cornell voltage criteria showed a low performance in relation to LVH as detected by the ECHO. However, this accuracy may be improved by using the Cornell voltage criteria defined in the present study.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy, left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Revision of the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport and Cornell voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;lian D'Angelo<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandre Costa Pereira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, UFES, Vit&#243;ria - ES - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), USP, S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Electrocardiographically-detected left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the performance of the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport (SLR) and Cornell voltage criteria in a population sample regarding the diagnosis of LVH on echocardiogram (ECHO).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 641 out of the 682 participants of the second phase of the MONICA-Vit&#243;ria project were assessed using electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. A subgroup of healthy individuals (n=269) was used to generate reference values of LV mass (LVM). Sensitivities and specificities of the electrocardiographic criteria were determined by the ROC (receptor-operator characteristics) curve in relation to the diagnosis of LVH, as defined by the internal echocardiographic criterion (LVM <underline>&gt;</underline>48 and 46 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> for males and females, respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The prevalence of LVH as detected by ECHO was 23.7% in the total sample, in which 49% of the individuals were hypertensive. The Cornell criterion showed a better association with the LVM as estimated by ECHO (r= 0.37, p &lt; 0.01) than the SLR criterion (r= 0.19) as well as a better performance in the analysis of the area under the ROC curve. The new cut-off points for the internally-defined Cornell voltage criterion (2.3 mV for males and 1.9 mV for females) showed an acceptable combination of sensitivity (22.5 and 28% for males and females, respectively), with a high specificity (95%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The classic SLR and Cornell voltage criteria showed a low performance in relation to LVH as detected by the ECHO. However, this accuracy may be improved by using the Cornell voltage criteria defined in the present study.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Electrocardiography; echocardiography; hypertrophy, left ventricular; hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Electrocardiographically (ECG)<sup>1,2</sup> - or echocardiographically (ECHO)<sup>3,4</sup> - detected left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a manifestation of preclinical<sup>5</sup> cardiovascular disease and a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of LVH should preferably be made using echocardiography. However, technical difficulties and economic considerations restrict the large-scale use of ECHO for this purpose. Resting ECG, on the other hand, is a low-cost, non-invasive, easy-to-acquire method that is widely available for clinical use. Many studies have been conducted to improve electrocardiographic criteria for the identification of this condition in patients with different cardiovascular diseases. The major criterion for the identification of LVH is the increased QRS-complex voltage, and several criteria have been proposed for this purpose. Reports of superiority of the Cornell criterion over the classic Sokolow-Lyon criterion have been published<sup>6,7</sup>. However, most of the studies that established cut-off points to separate individuals with normal left ventricular mass from those with LVH were conducted in the North American population. The simple extrapolation of these criteria to other populations can lead to a significant error, since the QRS voltage depends not only on the cardiac mass, but also on anthropometric data, on fat deposition in the upper body, and on breast size in women.</p>
      <p> Considering that ECG is still the main tool for the diagnosis of LVH in most health services, especially in those linked to the public network focused on primary care, the objective of this study was to determine values of Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport<sup>8,9</sup> and Cornell<sup>10</sup> voltage criteria in a general population sample included in an epidemiological study conducted in the city of Vit&#243;ria, ES, (WHO-MONICA Project/Vit&#243;ria)<sup>11,12</sup> with the purpose of determining the prevalence and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. The study enabled the definition of new cut-off points for LVH on ECG, using ECHO findings (M-mode guided by the two-dimensional mode, using images generated by the second harmonic) as the gold standard. By analyzing the ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity values could be determined in males and females at different cut-off points obtained in the electrocardiographic recordings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was conducted in a sample of 682 individuals of both genders (43.5% males), aged between 27 and 72 years, who participated in the second phase of the WHO-MONICA Project/Vit&#243;ria. All participants were from a random sample (N = 1663) of the population of the city of Vit&#243;ria studied in phase 1 of the same project in the years 1999/00<sup>11,12</sup>. The individuals were invited via phone calls and/or mailing to undergo new clinical and laboratory tests at the University Hospital of <italic>UFES</italic>. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Center of <italic>UFES </italic>and a written informed consent form was obtained from all participants. All individuals were classified as regards race according to criteria validated in the Brazilian population<sup>13</sup>. Based on phenotypic characteristics (skin color, hair texture, nose shape, and aspect of the lips) and on self-assessment, the individuals were classified as white, black, mulatto, or other mixtures.</p>
      <p> Conventional resting electrocardiogram (ECG) (12-lead) was performed in 681 individuals on a PC-based equipment (Ecafix, model Cardio Perfect) with record printing on a HP682C printer (0.1 mV/cm and 25 mm/s). The Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport<sup>8,9</sup> (SLR) index (SV<sub>1</sub> or V<sub>2</sub>+RV<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 3.5 mV or 35 mm) and the Cornell<sup>6,10</sup> criteria (RaVL+SV<sub>3</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 2.8 mV or 28 mm, and/or 2.4 mV or 24 mm for males and <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 mV or 20 mm for females), hereafter called "external criteria", were used to assess LVH. ECG recordings with complete bundle branch block, myocardial infarction, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and use of digitalis were excluded. </p>
      <p> The tests were performed in the Acuson-Sequoia equipment from the echocardiography service of the University Hospital of <italic>UFES.</italic> All tests were performed by a single observer with a ten-year experience in echocardiography and blinded to the individuals' clinical and laboratory data. A total of 35 randomly chosen tests were analyzed by a second observer and the results showed Pearson's correlation coefficients (<italic>r</italic>) of 0.94 for septal thickness and LV diastolic diameter, 0.92 for posterior wall thickness, and 0.89 for LV systolic diameter.  </p>
      <p> Images were obtained with the participants in the left lateral position, in the parasternal long-axis and short-axis views, and in the four and two-chamber apical views. Only tests with proper interface visualization that showed simultaneous images of the septum, LV internal diameter and posterior wall were considered adequate for determination of the LVM. A total of 41 individuals were excluded because they did not undergo ECG and/or ECHO. LV measurements were taken according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<sup>14</sup>, with the M-mode guided by the two-dimensional mode, using the image resource generated by the second harmonic imaging. LV measurements were taken on the equipment screen, with a 2-mm resolution, following the "leading edge to leading edge" convention<sup>14</sup>. LV systolic and diastolic diameters, interventricular septal and LV posterior wall thickness were measured at end-diastole, which was defined by the beginning of the QRS complex as monitored by simultaneous electrocardiography. All values were recorded in millimeters (mm), and each measurement was recorded as the mean of three consecutive measurements. LVM was calculated using the corrected ASE formula<sup>15</sup>:  </p>
      <p>LVM = 0.8 {1.04[(IVS+LVDd+PW)<sup>3</sup>&#150;LVDd<sup>3</sup>]}+0.6g</p>
      <p> where IVS stands for interventricular septum thickness, LVDd for LV diastolic diameter, and PW for posterior wall thickness.</p>
      <p> LVM was indexed for body surface (calculated by the Dubois formula<sup>16</sup>), for height (meters), and for height elevated to the 2.7 power, as recommended by De Simone et al<sup>17,18</sup>. Measurements used to generate the internal values were obtained from a healthy subsample comprised of 269 individuals who were not receiving medication for hypertension and/or diabetes, and whose blood pressure was &lt;140/90mmHg, BMI &lt;30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, blood glucose &lt;110g/dL, creatinine &lt;2.0mg/dL, SLR index &lt;3.5 mV, and who did not have valvular lesions or myocardial wall motion abnormalities. The cut-off points were defined as the values corresponding to the 95% percentile (P<sub>95</sub>) of the normal distribution curve, and were <underline>&gt;</underline>48 and 46 g/m<sup>2.7</sup>, <underline>&gt;</underline>110 and 98.7 g/m and <underline>&gt;</underline>105 and 95.3 g/m<sup>2</sup> for males and females, respectively. Hereafter we will use the LVM indexed for height<sup>2.7</sup> for the comparisons with ECG criteria. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (sd) for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. The means &#177; sd were calculated for indexed LVM and for each electrocardiographic criterion according to gender and the presence of LVH. The differences in prevalences between the groups were analyzed using the Z test for proportions<sup>19</sup>. Analysis of performance of LVM indexers and of sensitivities and specificities of the SLR and Cornell indexes were made using the ROC curve<sup>20</sup>. The differences of performance of the areas under the ROC curve were compared using the univariate and two-tailed Z score<sup>21</sup>. Sensitivities were also compared at a fixed specificity level of 95%, and the corresponding cut-off point values were identified for each criterion. The <italic>t </italic>test or one-way Anova were used to compare two or more means. The post-hoc Tukey test was used when necessary. The degree of correlation between the SLR and Cornell criteria and the LVM was determined using the Pearson <italic>r </italic>coefficient. The statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05 in a SPSS 13.0 software program analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 682 individuals studied, 43.5% were males, of which 17.1% were white, 21.8% were mulatto, and 2.9% were black. A total of 56.5% were women, of which 19,9% were white, 28.7% were mulatto, and 2.7% were black. For 641 individuals, both ECG and ECHO were technically adequate.</p>
      <p> In the total sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), we verified that all continuous variables were significantly different between genders, except for age, indexed LVM, LVDd, and IVS and PW thickness. For categorical variables, the differences did not reach statistical significance, despite the higher prevalence of diabetes among females and of smoking among males. However, we observed differences in the prevalence of obesity (higher among females), as well as a greater trend of hypertension among males, associated with a less frequent use of antihypertensive drugs. In the healthy subsample, the mean values of all continuous variables were significantly higher in males, except for age, BMI, IVS and PW thickness, and LVDd. The prevalence of smoking was equal in the two genders.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> LVM indexed for height to the 2.7 power (g/m<sup>2.7</sup>) was positively correlated (p&lt;0.01) with the Cornell (<italic>r</italic> = 0.37) and SLR (<italic>r</italic> = 0.19) criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows that males have higher voltage values than females for both criteria (SLR and Cornell), both in the groups with and without LVH, except for the Cornell criterion in the group with LVH.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> ROC curves of the SLR and Cornell criteria for LVH in relation to ECHO, with LVM indexed for height<sup>2.7</sup>, are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The Cornell criterion has a better overall performance than the SLR criterion (area under the curve 0.679 vs. 0.591, Z = 2.8, p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> To assess sensitivities of the SLR and Cornell indexes more effectively, we made comparisons at a fixed specificity level of 95%, which is the most widely used in the literature<sup>22,23</sup>. Sensitivities and the new cut-off points stratified by voltage criterion and gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Sensitivity of the Cornell voltage criterion is similar to that of SLR in males, but is higher in females (28% vs. 20%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The comparison of SLR and Cornell indexes between the ethnic-racial groups of the total sample is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>. Despite the small number of black individuals (only 39), we can verify that black individuals and mulattoes presented mean SLR values higher than white individuals (p&lt;0.05). There is a trend of increased values for the Cornell index in the black race, which, however, does not achieve statistical significance.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> The comparison of mean indexed LVM of individuals with a Cornell criteria positive for LVH (<underline>&gt;</underline>2.3 mV for males and <underline>&gt;</underline>1.9 mV for females) with indexed LVM of healthy individuals is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. We can notice that both in males and in females the Cornell criterion detects individuals with LVM +2 standard deviations of the mean found for individuals without LVH. The same results are observed for the SLR index using the internal criterion.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0046-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although ECG is recommended in the assessment of all hypertensive individuals<sup>24,25</sup>, its use in the diagnosis of LVH is limited because of the low sensitivity of the method<sup>26</sup>. As a consequence, the low prevalence of LVH in population studies resulted in the non-utilization of ECG as a method to determine the presence of LVH in some algorithms of cardiovascular risk assessment<sup>27</sup>. Only a small part of individuals with echocardiographic LVH may be detected by ECG at high levels of specificity<sup>28</sup>. However, the ECG is still much more readily available in our setting than ECHO. Additionally, since ECG is a low-cost and easy-to-record method, it is still necessary to try to improve its use for a better identification of individuals with LVH who are included in the group at a high risk of developing more severe cardiovascular end points<sup>29</sup> (cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, myocardial infarction and others). Individuals at a high cardiovascular risk are known to require increased pharmacological and health care. Thus, in this study we analyzed the voltage criteria of the SLR and Cornell indexes because they are the most widely used in the literature and they also do not demand a PC-based analysis, which makes them more realistic and easy to use in our population. </p>
      <p> Studies that have reported high sensitivity values for electrographic criteria were conducted in patients with cardiovascular diseases<sup>6,30,31 </sup>who had higher LVM values. Gasperin et al<sup>9</sup> studied a sample from the echocardiography outpatient service of a university hospital and verified a low overall performance of the criteria studied; also, the performance of the SLR criterion was even worse than that of Cornell. </p>
      <p> The association between ECG voltages and LVM estimates is usually weak<sup>6,23</sup>. However, the LVM indexed by height<sup>2.7</sup> in the total sample showed a significant correlation (p&lt;0.01) with the Cornell and SLR criteria (<italic>r</italic> = 0.37 and <italic>r</italic> = 0.19, respectively), with a clear trend of a better association with the first criterion. A similar finding was presented by Schillaci and Porcellati<sup>32</sup> in a study with 923 hypertensive individuals, in which they found correlation coefficients of 0.48 and 0.27 for the Cornell and SLR criteria, respectively. The present study corroborates studies of the literature reporting that the standard electrocardiographic criteria have a low sensitivity in the screening of LVH. On the other hand, for the first time a population-based study conducted in Brazil assesses the performance of these criteria for the diagnosis of LVH using the ROC curve, whose major differential is the possibility of determining the sensitivity for any given specificity value.  </p>
      <p> The analysis of sensitivity and specificity of a method depends on the cut-off point chosen. The analysis of the area under the ROC curve<sup>20,21</sup> allows the assessment of the performance of one or more tests under a large margin of possible cut-off points, thus permitting the identification and comparison of the differences of performances between methods, regardless of empirically defined criteria. By using this methodology, the present study confirms the superiority of the Cornell criterion over the SLR criterion, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>, thus corroborating the findings of other studies<sup>9,28,32</sup>. For a more clear analysis of the performance of the criteria studied, sensitivities were compared in relation to a fixed specificity level of 95% which, in addition to being the most widely used in the literature<sup>22,23</sup>, also reaches the clinical purposes of the method (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The sensitivity of the Cornell criterion is similar to that of the SLR criterion in males, but is higher in females (28% vs. 20%).  </p>
      <p> The specific cut-off points for each gender, according to the conventional Cornell criterion (2.8 mV for males and 2.0 mV for females), are based on the evidence that there is a significant difference in the magnitude of QRS voltages between genders<sup>6</sup>. However, the analyses of the ROC curve in our sample, as well as the values of mean QRS voltages (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), indicate that this difference seems to be excessive. A smaller difference between voltages (2.3 mV for males and 1.9 mV for females) is associated with a 22.5% sensitivity in males and 28% in females, still maintaining a very good specificity (95%). These values are closer to those established in the study conducted by Schillaci et al<sup>32</sup>, who proposed values of 2.4 mV and 2.0 mV for males and females, respectively. In a recent publication, Alfakih et al<sup>33 </sup>used the analysis of the areas under the ROC curve and proposed a redefinition of the cut-off points stratified by gender for several ECG criteria for the diagnosis of LVH, taking the LVM, as measured by cardiac MRI, as a reference.  </p>
      <p> Discrepancies in the voltage criteria may be due to differences in ages and clinical conditions of the individuals studied. The cut-off values generated in Casale and Devereux<sup>10</sup> and Devereux and Eisenberg<sup>31</sup> studies were obtained from a sample of young normotensive individuals. The mean age in our sample was 51 &#177; 10 years and, since healthy individuals and those with different diseases such as hypertension were included, the sample probably translates, in a better way, the diagnostic potentialities of the method in daily activities of health care for the population. </p>
      <p> The differences in the magnitude of the QRS complex regarding gender are partly attributed to a lower myocardial volume in females and also to the longer distance between the cardiac mass and the precordial leads, because of the breast tissue. The electric potential recorded on the body surface may be attenuated by several extracardiac factors, such as physical constitution, adiposity, pulmonary volume and epicardial fat. </p>
      <p> The better performance of the Cornell voltage criterion may be explained by the analysis of vectorcardiographic changes induced by LVH. With the increased LVM, the electric forces become oriented both horizontally (corresponding to the R wave in aVL) and posteriorly (S wave in V<sub>3</sub>). Additionally, the V<sub>3 </sub>lead is closer to the left ventricle and is probably less influenced by variations in the distance between the myocardium and the leads<sup>34</sup>.  </p>
      <p> Okin and Dahlof<sup>35 </sup>investigated the values of voltages and of the product (voltage X QRS duration) of the ECG criteria (Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell voltage and 12-lead sum) among races. After the analysis of results of hypertensive individuals (120 Afro-Americans and 751 white individuals), they found that both the Sokolow-Lyon and the 12-lead-sum criteria overestimated the presence of LVH. Additionally, the Cornell product criterion underestimated the presence of LVH in black individuals in relation to white individuals. These findings resulted from the differences in the mean voltages; the SL index was higher in black individuals (39.0 &#177;12.3 vs. 31.7 &#177;10.2, p&lt; 0.01), whereas the Cornell index was higher in white individuals (22.7 &#177;9.1 <italic>vs</italic> 25.1 &#177;7.8, p&lt; 0.05). Despite the small number of black subjects in our study, we could observe that these individuals presented significantly higher voltage values for the SLR criterion than the mulattoes who, in turn, presented higher values than white individuals. There was an upward trend in the mean Cornell index values in the black race. Because we were comparing voltage criteria between races and found diametrically opposed values, we did not make any adjustments. We did not find an explanation for these differences in the SLR and Cornell indexes within the same race verified in our study and, mainly, for the differences between the criteria applied, since both are voltage criteria.  </p>
      <p> Okin and Dahlof<sup>35</sup> and Chapman and Poulter<sup>36</sup>reported that the differences in the height of QRS complexes among races could not be explained based on the higher LVM values in Afro-Americans, since the differences persisted even after adjustment for the different LVM. They also reported that the differences in the ECG data did not result from BMI variations, since black individuals tend to have a higher fat mass in the USA, which would result in decreased magnitude, and not increased ECG voltages. In the present study, we did not find differences in mean LVM as estimated by ECHO among the race-ethnics, nor did we find differences in BMI, perhaps because of the small sample representing the black race. These studies clearly show the need to define race-specific cut-off points for the SLR criterion for the diagnosis of LVH. Also, in this respect, the Cornell criterion was superior because it was independent of the ethnic-racial stratification. This fact is especially relevant in our population, where a great miscegenation is observed, and where there are places in which the black race still predominates in the general population.  </p>
      <p> Mean LVM values are significantly different between individuals with voltage criteria for LVH in relation to healthy individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). We can observe that in both genders the Cornell criterion detects individuals with LVM +2 standard deviations above normal. We observed the same results for the SLR indexes using the internal criterion. The SLR and Cornell criteria defined in the literature, on the other hand, only identified LVM values 2.5 to 3 standard deviations above the mean. Therefore, the cut-off point defined internally is in tune with the need for diagnostic criteria that are able to detect LVH in earlier phases.  </p>
      <p> We found a LVH prevalence using the LVM criterion indexed for height to the 2.7 power (g/m<sup>2.7</sup>) of 23.7% (8.7% in males and 14.9% in females). In this group with LVH identified by ECHO (n = 152), we also found an association of LVH diagnosed by ECG in 29% of the cases (Cornell criterion 2.3 mV and 1.9 mV for males and females, respectively). Thus we verified a good sensitivity with a very good specificity in this new cut-off point for the Cornell criterion. This finding is of the utmost importance, in light of Kohsaka and Di Tullio<sup>37</sup> that showed an increased risk of ischemic stroke in individuals with LVH diagnosed by ECHO, who also had evidence of LVH using the Cornell electrographic criterion (2.8 mV and 2.0 mV for males and females, respectively). It seems that information obtained from ECG provides independent information on myocardial alterations. The authors concluded that the risk of ischemic stroke could be better evaluated if ECG were obtained and interpreted together with the information provided by ECHO.  </p>
      <p> One of the limitations of our study is that only a single observer made the diagnosis of LVH both in the echocardiographic study and in the ECG. In the first test, whose measurements are more observer-dependent, measurements taken by an examiner were compared with those taken by a second observer, and an interobserver agreement higher than 90% in the determination of LVM was verified<sup>38</sup>. In relation to ECG, the measurements of the amplitude of the R and S waves in precordial leads were directly obtained from 20 recordings by two independent observers, and a high degree of reproducibility was observed (r=0.96), thus indicating a low probability of diagnostic errors using both criteria presented.  </p>
      <p> In conclusion, in our sample we found a superior performance in the Cornell criterion over the SLR criterion in the diagnosis of LVH for both genders. We suggest new gender-specific cut-off points for the Cornell criterion (2.1 mV and 1.9 mV) and for the SLR criterion (4.1 mV and 3.1 mV) for males and females, respectively. In populations where racial miscegenation with the black ethnic is significant, our findings show superiority of the Cornell criterion over the SLR criterion. However, further studies are necessary to define cut-off points for the race-stratified SLR criterion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq, FAPESP and FACITEC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill</p>
          <p> Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da UFES</p>
          <p> Av. Marechal Campos 1468</p>
          <p> 29042-755, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jgmill@npd.ufes.br">jgmill@npd.ufes.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 20, 2007; revised manuscript received April 20, 2007; accepted June 04, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
