<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gvVV8SZ8TC7YpGrZJrvpN7y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna enxertada: pat&#234;ncia e estado funcional em repouso e ap&#243;s dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Lu&#237;s de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Erirt&#244;nio Fa&#231;anha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Henrique Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>45</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna enxertada (ATIE) patente usualmente tem fra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (FD)&gt; 50% do fluxo. O estado funcional pode ser avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de reserva coronariano (IRC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar, pela ecocardiografia e pelo Doppler em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, a pat&#234;ncia e o estado funcional da ATIE. M&#201;TODOS: Foram coletados prospectivamente e analisados os dados de 66 pacientes submetidos a ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). O grupo I (GI) ocorreu com 49 ATIE sem estenose. No grupo II (GII) (10 ATIE) havia estenose significativa (&gt; 50% e &lt;100%). E no grupo III (GIII) (7 ATIE) a oclus&#227;o era de 100%. Foram avaliados di&#226;metros e espectros do Doppler das ATIE no repouso e EED. RESULTADOS: Considerando pat&#234;ncia uma FD&gt;50%, ocorreu em 49 ATIE (GI=40, GII=8 e GIII=1) no repouso e em 61 ATIE (GI=49, GII=10 e GIII=2) durante EED. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acur&#225;cia foram, respectivamente, em repouso, 81%, 86% ,98%, 35 % e 82%; e no EED, 100%, 71%, 97%, 100% e 97%. As ATIE com FD&gt;50% em repouso estavam patentes e as com FD&lt;50% no EED tinham oclus&#227;o total. Considerando para bom estado funcional um IRC&gt;1,8, isso ocorreu em 42 ATIE (39 do GI, 2 do GII e 1 GIII), verificando-se sensibilidade = 79%; especificidade = 85,7%; VPP = 94%; VPN = 59%; e acur&#225;cia = 80,9%. O IRC no GI foi maior (p=0,02) que em GII e GIII. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em nosso estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da ATIE foi efetiva para verificar pat&#234;ncia e estado funcional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna enxertada: pat&#234;ncia e estado funcional em repouso e ap&#243;s dobutamina</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu; Tereza Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes; Andr&#233; Lu&#237;s de Castro Abreu; Jos&#233; Erirt&#244;nio Fa&#231;anha Barreto; Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de Morais; Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de Abreu; Jorge Henrique Azevedo Pinto; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna enxertada (ATIE) patente usualmente tem fra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (FD)<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% do fluxo. O estado funcional pode ser avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de reserva coronariano (IRC). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar, pela ecocardiografia e pelo Doppler em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, a pat&#234;ncia e o estado funcional da ATIE. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram coletados prospectivamente e analisados os dados de 66 pacientes submetidos a ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). O grupo I (GI) ocorreu com 49 ATIE sem estenose. No grupo II (GII) (10 ATIE) havia estenose significativa (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e &lt;100%). E no grupo III (GIII) (7 ATIE) a oclus&#227;o era de 100%. Foram avaliados di&#226;metros e espectros do Doppler das ATIE no repouso e EED. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Considerando pat&#234;ncia uma FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, ocorreu em 49 ATIE (GI=40, GII=8 e GIII=1) no repouso e em 61 ATIE (GI=49, GII=10 e GIII=2) durante EED. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acur&#225;cia foram, respectivamente, em repouso, 81%, 86% ,98%, 35 % e 82%; e no EED, 100%, 71%, 97%, 100% e 97%. As ATIE com FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50% em repouso estavam patentes e as com FD&lt;50% no EED tinham oclus&#227;o total. Considerando para bom estado funcional um IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8, isso ocorreu em 42 ATIE (39 do GI, 2 do GII e 1 GIII), verificando-se sensibilidade = 79%; especificidade = 85,7%; VPP = 94%; VPN = 59%; e acur&#225;cia = 80,9%. O IRC no GI foi maior (p=0,02) que em GII e GIII. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em nosso estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da ATIE foi efetiva para verificar pat&#234;ncia e estado funcional.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, ecocardiografia, dobutamina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) j&#225; foi denominada " enxerto vivo" , em virtude de sua capacidade adaptativa ap&#243;s ser enxertada em leito coronariano, e sua efetividade como ATI enxertada (ATIE) em longo prazo j&#225; foi verificada<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o de sua peculiar anatomia <italic>in situ</italic> poder facilitar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva sem o uso de nenhum agente de contraste, o d&#250;plex scan foi, pela primeira vez, utilizado por Takagi e cols.<sup>6</sup> no estudo da ATI em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, o que possibilitou estimar a pat&#234;ncia da ATIE pelo porcentual de componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo (fra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica), mas n&#227;o forneceu um resultado satisfat&#243;rio quanto ao estado funcional<sup>6-8</sup>. Esse tem sido bem evidenciado n&#227;o invasivamente pelo &#237;ndice de reserva coronariano (IRC), e pode ser obtido sob diferentes formas de estresse, tais como com o uso de f&#225;rmacos (dipiridamol, adenosina, dobutamina, papaverina), de marcapasso ou durante exerc&#237;cio<sup>4,8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o da dobutamina no aumento do consumo de O<sub>2</sub> pelo mioc&#225;rdio, na modifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano, e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagens digitalizadas favoreceram a difus&#227;o do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) como uma metodologia acurada e segura na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>12-19</sup>, e em raz&#227;o dessas a&#231;&#245;es da dobutamina e da possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da ATIE, foi verificada a pat&#234;ncia da ATIE no n&#237;vel supraclavicular, concomitante ao EED<sup>20</sup>. O fluxo da ATI n&#227;o-enxertada &#233; predominantemente sist&#243;lico, enquanto o da ATIE, por ser um sistema h&#237;brido, usualmente tem predom&#237;nio diast&#243;lico, refletindo a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e a perfus&#227;o do leito coronariano em uma ATIE patente. Esse padr&#227;o de fluxo pode, entretanto, ser modificado no caso de estenose significativa da ATIE e/ou leito coronariano subjacente, ou mesmo pelo comprometimento do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado ao enxerto<sup>21-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por ser a ATIE um enxerto freq&#252;entemente utilizado na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e ter f&#225;cil visualiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva, objetivou-se verificar, em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, a pat&#234;ncia e o estado funcional da ATIE, no repouso e no EED, por meio da ecocardiografia e de Doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram definidos os tr&#234;s grupos do estudo e coletados prospectivamente os dados dos pacientes com ATIE que foram submetidos ao EED no nosso servi&#231;o de ecocardiografia, instalado num hospital de pronto-atendimento cardiol&#243;gico, sendo as solicita&#231;&#245;es dos EED e estudos hemodin&#226;micos efetuados a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Considerando-se como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia os resultados das coronariografias nas avalia&#231;&#245;es das ATIE e dos leitos coronarianos subjacentes, formou-se o grupo I (GI) com 49 pacientes sem estenose da luz vascular. O grupo II (GII) foi composto de 10 pacientes com estenose (<underline>&gt;</underline>50% e &lt;100%); e o grupo III (GIII), com 7 pacientes com oclus&#227;o vascular de 100%. </p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi iniciada em maio de 1996 e conclu&#237;da em outubro de 2004. Para os grupos com estenose significativa do conduto ATIE-coron&#225;ria nativa (GII e GIII), s&#243; deveriam ser inclu&#237;dos para o estudo os pacientes cujas coronariografias com avalia&#231;&#227;o da ATIE fossem efetuadas em at&#233; 120 dias da realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED. Para o GI n&#227;o foi limitado o per&#237;odo entre o EED e a coronariografia subseq&#252;ente, visto que era essa aus&#234;ncia de estenose que caracterizava esse grupo. Foram utilizados os equipamentos de marca Apogee CX 200 e Vingmed System Five, e os exames foram gravados em videoteipe. </p>
    <p>A dobutamina foi administrada nas doses de 10,20,30 e 40&#181;g/kg<sup>-1</sup>/min<sup>-1</sup>, em est&#225;gios de tr&#234;s minutos, com a finalidade de atingir pelo menos 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima (220 menos a idade em anos) e/ou determinar anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A atropina poderia ser iniciada no terceiro ou quarto est&#225;gio, conforme o nosso protocolo<sup>16</sup>. Todos os EED foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas (simultaneamente) e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o (por consenso) foi efetuada imediatamente ap&#243;s finalizar-se o exame. </p>
    <p>Como descrito por Takagi e cols.<sup>6</sup>, para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da ATI, o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal mantinha a regi&#227;o cervical parcialmente estendida e levemente rotacionada para o lado oposto da ATIE em estudo. Utilizando transdutores de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (5 a 8 mHz) e uma profundidade de 3-4 cm, registr&#225;vamos, em n&#237;vel supraclavicular, a ATIE emergindo da subcl&#225;via, e, ajustando com pequenas angula&#231;&#245;es ou rota&#231;&#245;es do transdutor, a ATIE era visualizada na sua maior extens&#227;o poss&#237;vel, sendo ent&#227;o medido o di&#226;metro do vaso. Em seguida, posicion&#225;vamos a amostra-volume do Doppler puls&#225;til (com o menor &#226;ngulo poss&#237;vel) e selecion&#225;vamos a melhor curva espectral, analisando seus componentes sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos. Em repouso, foram registrados e medidos o di&#226;metro da ATIE, o pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica (PVS) e diast&#243;lica (PVD), a velocidade m&#233;dia sist&#243;lica (VMS) e diast&#243;lica (VMD), o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos sist&#243;lico (TS) e diast&#243;lico (TD), a integral velocidade &#150; tempo (IVT) para s&#237;stole (IVTS) e di&#225;stole (IVTD), a fra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (IVTD/IVTD + IVTS), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), o d&#233;bito total [p . (di&#226;metro/2)<sup>2 </sup>. (IVTD + IVTS). FC] e IRC (PVD durante EED/PVD em repouso). Logo em seguida, o paciente era posto em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e, com transdutores de menores freq&#252;&#234;ncias (1,7 a 4 mHz), inici&#225;vamos o EED. No pico desse e ap&#243;s capturadas as imagens, o paciente era posto imediatamente em dec&#250;bito dorsal para novas medidas de todos os par&#226;metros da ATIE.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os dados foram coletados segundo o modelo de medidas repetidas (repouso/ dobutamina) para os grupos I, II e III. O modelo ajustado foi do tipo fatorial. A an&#225;lise de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi realizada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks e a igualdade de vari&#226;ncia entre os grupos, pelo teste de Levine. Transforma&#231;&#227;o Ln foi realizada quando necess&#225;ria. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso para estresse com dobutamina foi realizada por meio do teste do m&#237;nimo quadrado; quando na an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) verificou-se intera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>) foi composta de 66 pacientes, 37 (56%) homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 62&#177;9 anos (43 a 81 anos), e os pacientes haviam sido revascularizados num per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 920 dias (7 a 3.711 dias) antes do EED. O per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo entre o EED e as coronariografias para os grupos com estenose (GII e GIII) foi de 83 dias; e para o grupo sem estenose (GI), o per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo foi de 721 dias ap&#243;s o EED.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02"><bold>tab. 2</bold></xref>)</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nas 49 ATIE sem estenose (GI), os valores m&#233;dios&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (dp), m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos foram para o di&#226;metro (0,25&#177;0,04; 0,19 e 0,33 cm), PVS (33&#177;13; 14 e 68 cm/s), PVD (20,6&#177;8; 0,00 e 0,37 cm/s), TS (0,26&#177;0,4; 0,20 e 0,34 seg), TD (0,51&#177;0,15; 0,00 e 0,93 seg), IVTD (7,34&#177;3,2; 0,00 e 14,7 cm), IVTS (5,35&#177;2,2; 1,8 e 9,9 cm), FD (57%&#177;12%; 0% e 70%), FC (73&#177;12; 50 e 93 bpm) e DT (0,05&#177;0,03; 0,008 e 0,119 l/min). Verificamos que os componentes diast&#243;licos apresentaram valor m&#237;nimo igual a zero, fato determinado pelo paciente do GI que apresentava apenas fluxo sist&#243;lico. Nesse caso, havia evidente competi&#231;&#227;o de fluxo entre a ATIE e a art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA), e o di&#226;metro da ATIE foi de 0,19 cm. Apesar de enxertadas em leitos coronarianos totalmente p&#233;rvios, ocorreram FD&lt;50% em nove ATIE (18% do GI). A rela&#231;&#227;o TD/TS foi de aproximadamente 2:1.</p>
    <p>Nas 10 ATIE do GII, os porcentuais de estenose foram 50% (quatro casos), 60% (um caso), 70% (dois casos), 80% (um caso) e 90% (dois casos). Os valores m&#233;dios&#177;dp, m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos foram para o di&#226;metro (0,22&#177;0,04; 0,15 e 0,30 cm), PVS (32&#177;15; 12 e 55 cm/seg), PVD (17,5&#177;10; 0,00 e 37 cm/seg), TS (0,27&#177;0,05; 0,20 e 0,40 seg), TD (0,43&#177;0,17; 0,00 e 0,70 seg), IVTD (5,79&#177;3,5; 0,00 e 11,2 cm), IVTS (5&#177;1,8; 2,5 e 8 cm), FD (50%&#177;18%; 0% e 60%), FC (72&#177;15; 49 e 94 bpm) e DT (0,03&#177;0,02; 0,006 e 0,070 l/min).</p>
    <p> O GII tamb&#233;m teve valores m&#237;nimos de componentes diast&#243;licos do fluxo igual a zero e isso decorreu de uma ATIE afilada (di&#226;metro=0,18 cm e com estenose de 50% no &#243;stio). Uma outra ATIE afilada (di&#226;metro=0,15 cm) ainda mantinha fluxo diast&#243;lico em repouso. A rela&#231;&#227;o TD/TS foi de 1,6. Verificamos em duas ATIE (20% do GII) a ocorr&#234;ncia de FD&lt;50%. Nos sete pacientes com oclus&#227;o total das ATIE (GIII), os valores m&#233;dios&#177;dp, m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos medidos, foram para o di&#226;metro (0,19&#177;0,04; 0,12 e 0,24 cm), PVS (27,6&#177;7; 17 e 38 cm/seg), PVD (7,7 &#177;6,8; 0,00 e 18 cm/seg), TS (0,28&#177;0,03; 0,00 e 30 seg), TD (0,33&#177;0,24; 0,00 e 0,50 seg), IVTD(2,44&#177;2,3; 0,00 e 6,6 cm), IVTS (4,88&#177;1,36; 3,8 e 7,8 cm), FD (28% &#177;0,23; 0% e 60%), FC (64&#177;30; 70 e 97 bpm) e DT (0,01&#177;0,01; 0,002 e 0,017 l/min). Apesar da oclus&#227;o total do conduto ATIE-coron&#225;ria nativa, somente dois pacientes tinham aus&#234;ncia do componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo; ocorr&#234;ncia de FD&lt;50% foi verificada em seis deles (86% do GIII). No &#250;nico caso com FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, a oclus&#227;o total ocorreu ap&#243;s a anastomose e havia fluxo retr&#243;grado para pequenas diagonais. Quatro pacientes apresentavam ATIE com di&#226;metro menor que 0,2 cm. A rela&#231;&#227;o TD/TS foi de apenas 1,2.</p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o durante o EEDA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02"><italic>tab. 2</italic></xref>) - Os valores m&#233;dios&#177;dp, m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos medidos para o GI, foram para o di&#226;metro (0,26&#177;0,04; 0,20 e 0,35 cm), PVS (35&#177;19; 0,00 e 114 cm/s), PVD (42&#177;15; 15 e 81 cm/s), TS (0,12&#177;0,06; 0,00 e 0,24 seg), TD (0,28&#177;0,04; 0,21 e 0,45 seg), IVTD (8,31&#177;3,1; 2,5 e 16,24 cm), IVTS (2,86&#177;1,97; 0,00 e 10,8), FD (74%&#177;14%; 51% e 100%), FC (138&#177;17; 90 e 167 bpm), DT (0,09&#177;0,05; 0,022 e 0,217 l/min) e IRC (2,12&#177;0,66; 0,84 e 4,83). Durante o EED, nenhum componente diast&#243;lico do GI foi nulo, n&#227;o houve di&#226;metro da ATIE menor que 0,2 cm e todas FD&gt;50%. O TD/TS igual a 2,3 denotou discreto aumento com rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso.</p>
    <p>Considerando o IRC um adequado par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do enxerto, verificamos que em 39 ATIE (80% do GI) ocorreu IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8. Foi interessante observar que, em cinco pacientes, os componentes sist&#243;licos ficaram nulos.</p>
    <p>Nas ATIE sem oclus&#227;o total (GII), os valores m&#233;dios&#177;dp, m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, foram para o di&#226;metro (0,23&#177;0,04; 0,15 e 0,31 cm), PVS (33,6&#177;12; 12 e 47 cm/s), PVD (27,7&#177;12; 10 e 46 cm/seg), TS (0,15&#177;0,05; 0,07 e 0,22 seg), TD (0,26&#177;0,05; 0,18 e 0,34 seg), IVTD (5,08&#177;2,41; 1,62 e 10,2 cm), IVTS (3,05&#177;1,45; 1,3 e 5,7 cm), FD (62%&#177;11%; 50% e 81%), FC (137&#177;18; 105 e 172 bpm), DT (0,05&#177;0,03; 0,007 e 0,089 l/min) e IRC (1,55&#177;0,48; 0,83 e 2,5). Nenhum componente diast&#243;lico ou sist&#243;lico do fluxo foi nulo, n&#227;o houve FD&lt;50% e dois pacientes mantiveram di&#226;metros menores que 0,2 cm. Assim como no GI, ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos, por&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o TD/TS de 1,73 j&#225; ficou um pouco menor. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional dos enxertos verificamos o IRC <underline>&gt;</underline>1,8 em apenas dois pacientes (20% do GII), os quais tinham 50% de estenose do conduto ATIE&#150;coron&#225;ria nativa.</p>
    <p>No GIII, os valores m&#233;dios&#177;dp, m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, foram para o di&#226;metro (0,19&#177;0,04; 0,13 e 0,24 cm), PVS (33&#177;6; 23 e 44 cm/seg), PVD (12,7&#177;11; 0,00 e 31 cm/seg), TS (0,20&#177;0,03; 0,14 e 0,21 seg), TD (0,18&#177;0,13; 0,00 e 0,31 seg), IVTD (2,47&#177;2,41; 0,00 e 6,16 cm), IVTS (3,71&#177;1,24; 2,42 e 6,09 cm), FD (33%&#177;27%; 0% e 66%), FC (129&#177;12; 111 e 145 bpm), DT (0,03&#177;0,02; 0,004 e 0,052 l/min) e IRC (1,4&#177;0,86; 0,0 e 2,33). Dois pacientes continuaram com componentes diast&#243;licos nulos, quatro mantiveram di&#226;metro menor que 0,2 cm; a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos foi acentuada, bem como da rela&#231;&#227;o TD/TS, com valor de 0,9.</p>
    <p>Em cinco casos (72% do GIII) ocorreu FD&lt;50%, e num dos casos em que verificamos FD&gt;50% havia muitas colaterais para ADA. O IRC&lt;1,8 foi encontrado em seis casos (86%) e naquele com IRC&gt;1,8 a FD foi apenas 35%.</p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros entre os grupos no repouso, EED e na varia&#231;&#227;o do repouso para o estresse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig01"><italic>fig. 1</italic></xref>) - O di&#226;metro em repouso e no EED foi maior na compara&#231;&#227;o de GI com GII (p=0,01) e GI com GIII (p&lt;0,0001). J&#225; na varia&#231;&#227;o do repouso para o estresse, o aumento foi significativo (p=0,006) para GI e GII. O PVS dos tr&#234;s grupos n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente (p=NS) no repouso, no EED ou na varia&#231;&#227;o do repouso para o estresse. O PVD em repouso foi maior para o GI (p=0,0003) e para o GII (p&lt;0,019), quando comparados ao GIII, entretanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a (P=NS) entre GI e GII. Verificamos que, tamb&#233;m durante o estresse, o PVD foi maior para o GI (p&lt;0,0001) e para o GII (p=0,039) que para o GIII, contudo, na fase de estresse, foi poss&#237;vel distinguir os grupos I e II, pois o PVD foi maior (p=0,006) no GI quando comparado ao GII.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Tanto no repouso como no estresse, o IVTD foi maior para o GI nas compara&#231;&#245;es com outros grupos (GI <italic>versus</italic> GII; p=0,014), (GI <italic>versus</italic> GIII; p&lt;0,0001), e para GII na compara&#231;&#227;o com GIII (GII <italic>versus</italic> GIII; p=0,03); as varia&#231;&#245;es do repouso para o estresse foram pequenas e n&#227;o significativas (p=NS) para os tr&#234;s grupos. As IVTS dos tr&#234;s grupos n&#227;o foram diferentes (p=NS) quando comparadas na fase de repouso e na fase de estresse. Quando, todavia, verificamos a varia&#231;&#227;o do repouso para o estresse, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da IVTS foi significativa (p&lt;0,0001) para os tr&#234;s grupos. Durante o repouso, a FD foi maior na compara&#231;&#227;o de GI <italic>versus</italic> GIII com p&lt;0,0001, e de GII <italic>versus</italic> GIII com p=0,003. A varia&#231;&#227;o do repouso para o estresse foi significativa para GI (p&lt;0,0001) e GII (p=0,014). Na fase de estresse, a FD continuou maior para o GI (p&lt;0,0001) e para GII (p=0,0003), quando comparados ao GIII, mas tamb&#233;m foi poss&#237;vel verificar diferen&#231;a (p=0,02) de GI com rela&#231;&#227;o a GII (fato n&#227;o verificado em repouso), denotando as mesmas varia&#231;&#245;es significativas observadas na an&#225;lise do PVD. A FC n&#227;o foi diferente (p=NS) quando comparada durante o repouso ou durante o EED; na varia&#231;&#227;o de repouso para o estresse, por&#233;m, a FC aumentou significativamente (p&lt;0,0001) nos tr&#234;s grupos. O IRC foi maior para o GI (p=0,02), tanto na compara&#231;&#227;o com GII quanto com GIII, n&#227;o havendo distin&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica (p=NS) na compara&#231;&#227;o entre GII e GIII. O d&#233;bito atrav&#233;s da ATIE na fase de repouso s&#243; foi significativamente diferente (p=0,0005) quando comparamos GI com GIII; j&#225; durante o estresse, o d&#233;bito foi maior para GI nas compara&#231;&#245;es (GI <italic>versus</italic> GII; p=0,007) e (GI <italic>versus</italic> GIII; p=0,004). Apenas no GI, o d&#233;bito aumentou significativamente (p&lt;0,0001) do repouso para o estresse.</p>
    <p><italic>A FD na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perviedade da ATIE - </italic>Considerando que pelo menos 50% do fluxo da ATIE fosse diast&#243;lico para considerarmos a pat&#234;ncia do vaso, verificamos, em repouso, que 49 pacientes (40 do GI, oito do GII e um do GIII) tinham FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, o que determinou sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia de 81%, 86%, 98%, 35% e 82%, respectivamente. J&#225; na fase de estresse, 61 pacientes (49 do GI, 10 do GII, e dois do GIII) tinham FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, determinando sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia de 100%, 71%, 97%, 100% e 97%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O IRC na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional da ATIE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02"><italic>fig. 2</italic></xref>) - A curva ROC foi efetuada e evidenciou um ponto de corte de 1,8 para distinguir as ATIE sem estenose e com bom estado funcional. Assim, para IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8, constatamos que 42 pacientes (39 do GI, dois do GII e um do GIII) tinham IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8, e 24 pacientes (10 do GI, oito do GII e seis do GIII) estavam com IRC&lt;1,8. Verificamos sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia de 79%, 85,7%, 94%, 59% e 80,9%, respectivamente.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ATI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>), que tinha predom&#237;nio de fluxo sist&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 4</xref>), ao ser enxertada em leito coronariano, comp&#245;e um sistema h&#237;brido e, usualmente, passa a ter predom&#237;nio de componente diast&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 5</xref>), de forma que, na ATIE, a expectativa &#233; de que a FD seja <underline>&gt;</underline>50 e, na ATI n&#227;o-enxertada, a FD seja sempre &lt;50%. Em raz&#227;o da amputa&#231;&#227;o dos ramos da ATI e da " diastoliza&#231;&#227;o" do fluxo do vaso enxertado, a ATIE passa a ter um PVS aproximadamente 40% menor do que a ATI contralateral n&#227;o-enxertada, o que pode favorecer seu imediato reconhecimento, mesmo que o examinador n&#227;o tenha a informa&#231;&#227;o de qual ATI foi enxertada<sup>22-24</sup>. Como a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica resulta em inibi&#231;&#227;o do componente sist&#243;lico, esse efeito tende a ser mais evidente durante o EED<sup>21</sup>, e, de fato, como verificamos em alguns pacientes, a grande atividade inotr&#243;pica da dobutamina chegou a determinar at&#233; a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo sist&#243;lico, denotando enxertos totalmente patentes com fluxo apenas diast&#243;lico e excelente estado funcional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 6</xref>). Durante a di&#225;stole, a resist&#234;ncia intramioc&#225;rdica diminui, e a resist&#234;ncia esten&#243;tica, se presente, torna-se o principal determinante do fluxo coron&#225;rio<sup>26,27</sup>; j&#225; na s&#237;stole, a resist&#234;ncia &#233; determinada principalmente pela contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Assim, como em outras publica&#231;&#245;es, enfatizamos o componente diast&#243;lico para verifica&#231;&#227;o de pat&#234;ncia e estado funcional da ATIE. A competi&#231;&#227;o de fluxo entre o enxerto e coron&#225;ria nativa, questionada por alguns autores<sup>28,29</sup> e defendida por outros<sup>30-35</sup>, pode determinar at&#233; " atrofia fisiol&#243;gica" na ATIE<sup>31-35</sup>, caracterizada por um di&#226;metro do enxerto menor que 1 mil&#237;metro (chamado sinal do cord&#227;o), quando ent&#227;o um fino contraste pode ser percebido no enxerto, mas n&#227;o na coron&#225;ria receptora. Tal competi&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 6% dos casos no artigo de Seki e cols.<sup>34</sup>; entretanto, uma constata&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca de competi&#231;&#227;o do fluxo foi feita por Kitamura e cols.<sup>31</sup>, quando oclu&#237;ram a ADA totalmente pelo cateter com bal&#227;o, e demonstraram que as ATIE n&#227;o-funcionantes passaram a ter fluxo normal, pois estavam latentes. Em um caso do GI n&#227;o havia componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo em repouso; contudo, sua ocorr&#234;ncia foi bem evidente durante o EED, determinando uma FD de 52%, de forma que a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo diast&#243;lico em repouso n&#227;o &#233; sin&#244;nimo de estado funcional e/ou pat&#234;ncia comprometidos, podendo tamb&#233;m significar lat&#234;ncia por competi&#231;&#227;o de fluxo, apesar de essa condi&#231;&#227;o ser infreq&#252;ente.</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro menor que 0,2 cm durante o repouso foi verificado em oito casos, sendo dois (4%) no GI, dois (20%) no GII, e quatro (57%) no GIII; durante o EED s&#243; houve mudan&#231;a no GI, e essas duas ATIE ficaram com di&#226;metro de 0,2 cm. Dessa forma, di&#226;metros menores que 0,2 cm (principalmente durante o EED) podem ser um ind&#237;cio do comprometimento da pat&#234;ncia ou estado funcional do enxerto.</p>
    <p>Foi verificado que, durante o repouso, o componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo mensurado com PVD ou FD permitiu a distin&#231;&#227;o significativa de GI e GII com rela&#231;&#227;o ao GIII, mas n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a (p=NS) quando se comparou ATIE do GI com aquelas do GII. Constata-se, ent&#227;o, a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o durante o EED, visto que, al&#233;m da diferen&#231;a significativa do GI e do GII com rela&#231;&#227;o ao GIII, conseguimos tamb&#233;m distinguir de modo significativo o GI do GII, o que foi bastante relevante para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia e do estado funcional da ATIE.</p>
    <p>Quando verificamos a FD, devemos lembrar que ela sofre influ&#234;ncia da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, do estado do m&#250;sculo subjacente ao enxerto, di&#226;metro da ATIE e da competi&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. Apesar de todos esses fatores, a FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50% em repouso mostrou-se segura para inferir a pat&#234;ncia da ATIE, em virtude de sua excelente acur&#225;cia, fato tamb&#233;m constatado por Nasu e cols.<sup>30</sup>. Quando analisamos a FD durante o EED, seu excepcional valor foi evidenciar que todas as ATIE que ficaram com FD&lt;50% tinham oclus&#227;o total.</p>
    <p>Como a pat&#234;ncia isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para avaliar o enxerto, procuramos verificar o estado funcional dessas ATIE, e obtivemos boa acur&#225;cia quando o IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8. Diversos fatores podem influenciar a import&#226;ncia do IRC, especificamente a sua obten&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel pr&#233;-esten&#243;tico. Vale citar, contudo, que, dos 10 casos do GI com IRC&lt;1,8, oito j&#225; apresentavam PVD em repouso acima da m&#233;dia; e como o IRC &#233; a divis&#227;o do PVD obtido no EED pelo obtido no repouso, especulamos a relev&#226;ncia desse fato para justificar esses menores valores de IRC. O &#250;nico caso do GIII com IRC&gt;1,8 j&#225; chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o pelos PVD baixos no repouso e no EED, e, principalmente, por ter uma FD de apenas 35% no EED. </p>
    <p>Com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, pacientes revascularizados com ATIE s&#227;o encaminhados ao servi&#231;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma (em repouso ou sob estresse), o que nos permite um acompanhamento pelo nosso banco de dados, bem como indagarmos sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo hemodin&#226;mico. Como a solicita&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia foi uma decis&#227;o exclusiva do m&#233;dico assistente, os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo de acordo com a metodologia citada e nosso acesso &#224; coronariografia realizada.</p>
    <p>Como nossos pacientes freq&#252;entemente apresentavam les&#227;o em mais de uma coron&#225;ria, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidade de fluxo da ATIE e da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar n&#227;o foi efetuada; no artigo de Takeuchi e cols.<sup>36</sup> foram, por&#233;m, usados dobutamina e contraste de microbolhas para avalia&#231;&#227;o direta da ADA n&#227;o-revascularizada, encontrando-se equival&#234;ncia entre IRC<underline>&lt;</underline>2 e anormalidade contr&#225;til. Em nosso trabalho, no &#250;nico paciente do GIII em que n&#227;o percebemos anormalidade contr&#225;til durante o estresse, o fluxo diast&#243;lico tinha baixa velocidade e, principalmente, uma FD=25%, o que, no estresse, &#233; compat&#237;vel com fluxo gravemente comprometido.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - </italic>Sabemos que a velocidade do sangue &#233; apenas proporcional ao fluxo volum&#233;trico sang&#252;&#237;neo quando a &#225;rea seccional do vaso &#233; mantida constante<sup>37</sup>. Todavia, como em artigos aqui citados, utilizamos o mesmo di&#226;metro para a s&#237;stole e para a di&#225;stole. N&#227;o efetuamos corre&#231;&#227;o de &#226;ngulo e &#233; poss&#237;vel que as velocidades ao Doppler possam ter sido subestimadas, com influ&#234;ncia direta no c&#225;lculo do d&#233;bito pela ATIE. Como os principais par&#226;metros do estudo (FD e IRC) s&#227;o divis&#245;es que sofrem as mesmas influ&#234;ncias, tal subestima&#231;&#227;o perde relev&#226;ncia. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o consistiu na dificuldade em afirmar quando dist&#250;rbios em outros territ&#243;rios arteriais poderiam estar comprometendo o IRC do leito coronariano subjacente &#224; ATIE.</p>
    <p>Neste artigo, em que avaliamos a ATIE em regi&#227;o de registro f&#225;cil e r&#225;pido, concomitante com um exame amplamente utilizado como o EED, foi valioso distinguir a ATIE sem les&#227;o e a com estenose importante (GII) daquelas com oclus&#227;o total; entretanto, consideramos de grande relev&#226;ncia termos conseguido distinguir as ATIE sem les&#227;o daquelas com estenose importante. Conclu&#237;mos, neste estudo, que a ecocardiografia e o Doppler permitem uma adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o da ATIE no n&#237;vel supraclavicular. Uma FD <underline>&gt;</underline>50% em repouso &#233; excelente para constatar que a ATIE est&#225; p&#233;rvia, e a FD&lt; 50% durante o EED &#233; excelente para identificar ATIE com oclus&#227;o total. O IRC<underline>&gt;</underline>1,8 denotou boa acur&#225;cia na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional e detec&#231;&#227;o da ATIE sem les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jo&#227;o de Deus, 158/37 </p>
        <p> 60040-350 &#150; Fortaleza, CE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jsabreu@cardiol.br">jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/03/07; revisado recebido em 21/05/07; Aceito em 26/06/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Singh RN, Sosa JA. Internal mammary artery:    a " live"  conduit for coronary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984;    87: 936-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Internal mammary artery: a " live" conduit for coronary bypass</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>936</fpage>
          <lpage>938</lpage>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Singh RN, Beg RA, Kay EB. Physiological adaptability:    the secret of success of the internal mammary artery grafts. Ann Thorac Surg.    1986; 41: 247-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physiological adaptability: the secret of success of the internal mammary artery grafts</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>247</fpage>
          <lpage>250</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beg</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kay</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Cameron A, Davis K, Green G. Coronary bypass    surgery with internal thoracic artery grafts  effects on survival over a 15    year period. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 216-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary bypass surgery with internal thoracic artery grafts - effects on survival over a 15 year period</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>216</fpage>
          <lpage>219</lpage>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cameron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Gurn&#233; O, Chenu P, Polidori C. Functional    evaluation of internal mammary artery bypass grafts in the early and late postoperative    periods. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1120-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Functional evaluation of internal mammary artery bypass grafts in the early and late postoperative periods</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1120</fpage>
          <lpage>1128</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gurn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chenu</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polidori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Akasaka T, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K. Flow capacity    of internal mammary artery grafts: early restriction and later improvement assessed    by Doppler guide wire: comparison with saphenous vein grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol.    1995; 25:640-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Flow capacity of internal mammary artery grafts: early restriction and later improvement assessed by Doppler guide wire: comparison with saphenous vein grafts</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>640</fpage>
          <lpage>647</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akasaka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Takagi T, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K. Noninvasive    assessment of left internal mammary artery bypass graft patency using duplex    Doppler echocardiography from supraclavicular fossa. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;    22:1647-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive assessment of left internal mammary artery bypass graft patency using duplex Doppler echocardiography from supraclavicular fossa</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1647</fpage>
          <lpage>1652</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takagi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Rombaut E, Vantrimpont P, Gurn&#233; O.    Noninvasive functional assessment of left internal mammary artery grafts by    transcutaneous Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998; 11: 403-8</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive functional assessment of left internal mammary artery grafts by transcutaneous Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>403</fpage>
          <lpage>408</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rombaut</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vantrimpont</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Yoshida Y, Fujita M, Kihara Y. Assessment    of long-term left internal thoracic artery graft patency by exercise Doppler    echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 115: 954-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of long-term left internal thoracic artery graft patency by exercise Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>954</fpage>
          <lpage>956</lpage>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kihara</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Simone LD, Caso P, Severino S. Noninvasive    assessment of left and right internal mammary artery graft patency with high-frequency    transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999; 12: 841-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive assessment of left and right internal mammary artery graft patency with high-frequency transthoracic echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>841</fpage>
          <lpage>849</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simone</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caso</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Severino</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Voudris V, Athanassopoulos G, Vassilikos    V. Usefulness of flow reserve in the left internal mammary artery to determine    graft patency to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Cardiol.    1999; 83: 1157-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of flow reserve in the left internal mammary artery to determine graft patency to the left anterior descending coronary artery</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1157</fpage>
          <lpage>1163</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voudris</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Athanassopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassilikos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Hanet C, Schoroeder E, Michel X. Flow-induced    vasomotor response to tachycardia of the human internal mammary artery and saphenous    vein grafts late following bypass surgery. Circulation. 1991; 84 (Suppl III):    III-268-III-274.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Flow-induced vasomotor response to tachycardia of the human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts late following bypass surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>III</fpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanet</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoroeder</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michel</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mathias Jr.W, Doya EH, Ribeiro EE, Silva    LA, Gasques A, Salvadori RAF, et al. Detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica    atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina: correla&#231;&#227;o    com cinecoronariografia. Arq. Bras Cardiol. 1993; 60 (4): 229-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina: correla&#231;&#227;o com cinecoronariografia</article-title>
          <source>Arq. Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Jr.</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doya</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasques</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvadori</surname>
              <given-names>RAF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Mertes H, Sawada SG, Ryan T, Segar DS, Kovacs    R, Foltz J, et al. Symptoms, adverse effects, and complications associated with    dobutamine stress echocardiography: experience in 1118 patients. Circulation.    1993; 88 (4): 15-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Symptoms, adverse effects, and complications associated with dobutamine stress echocardiography: experience in 1118 patients</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mertes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawada</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segar</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovacs</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foltz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Geleijnse ML, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JRTC.    Methodology, feasibility, safety and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress    echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 595-606.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Methodology, feasibility, safety and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>595</fpage>
          <lpage>606</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geleijnse</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fioretti</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roelandt</surname>
              <given-names>JRTC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Mathias Jr W, Arruda A, Santos FG, Arruda    AL, Mattos E, Os&#243;rio A, et al. Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography:    a prospective experience of 4033 consecutive studies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.    1999; 12 (10): 785-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: a prospective experience of 4033 consecutive studies</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>785</fpage>
          <lpage>791</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Jr</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arruda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arruda</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Os&#243;rio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Abreu JS, Di&#243;genes TCP, Farias AGLP,    Morais JMB, Paes Jr JN. Seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do ecocardiograma    sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogen&#225;rios. Arq    Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85: 198-204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogen&#225;rios</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
              <given-names>TCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>AGLP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>JMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Abreu JS, Di&#243;genes TCP, Farias AGLP,    Carneiro MM, Morais JMB, Paes Jr JN. Arritmias complexas que surgem durante    o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr.    2007; 20 (1): 24-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arritmias complexas que surgem durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ecocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
              <given-names>TCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>AGLP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carneiro</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>JMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Otto CM. The practice of clinical echocardiography,    2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>The practice of clinical echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Picano E. Ecocardiografia de estresse, 3&#350;    ed. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Ecocardiografia de estresse</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Picano</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Abreu JS, Di&#243;genes TCP, Morais JMB,    Barreto JEF, Lobo F&#351; JG, Paes Jr JN. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia    da mam&#225;ria interna enxertada pelo ecodoppler com e sem uso de dobutamina.(abstract).    Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997; 69 (supl I): 119.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da pat&#234;ncia da mam&#225;ria interna enxertada pelo ecodoppler com e sem uso de dobutamina.(abstract)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
              <given-names>TCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>JMB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>JEF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>F&#186; JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Krams R, Sipkema P, Zegers J. Contractility    is the main determinant of coronary systolic flow impediment. Am J Physiol.    1989; 257 (26 Heart Circ. Physiol.): H1936-H1944.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Contractility is the main determinant of coronary systolic flow impediment</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H1936</fpage>
          <lpage>H1944</lpage>
          <volume>257</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krams</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sipkema</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zegers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Meulen JVD, Son JAMV, Asten WNJCV. Intraoperative    Doppler spectrum analysis of blood flow in the internal mammary artery used    for myorcadial revascularization. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991; 39: 281-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intraoperative Doppler spectrum analysis of blood flow in the internal mammary artery used for myorcadial revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meulen</surname>
              <given-names>JVD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Son</surname>
              <given-names>JAMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asten</surname>
              <given-names>WNJCV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Bono DP, Samani NJ, Spyt TJ. Transcutaneous    ultrasound measurement of blood-flow in internal mammary artery to coronary    artery grafts. Lancet. 1992; 339: 379-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transcutaneous ultrasound measurement of blood-flow in internal mammary artery to coronary artery grafts</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>379</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
          <volume>339</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bono</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samani</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spyt</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Cartier R, Dias OS, Pellerin M. Changing    flow parttern of the internal thoracic artery undergoing coronary bypass grafting:    continuous  wave Doppler assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996; 112: 52-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changing flow parttern of the internal thoracic artery undergoing coronary bypass grafting: continuous - wave Doppler assessment</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>52</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cartier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellerin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Maudi&#232;re A, Lacroix P, Cornu E. &#201;tude    em &#233;cho-doppler transpari&#233;tal postop&#233;ratoire du flux du    greffon mammaire interne em fonction de la qualit&#233; du myocarde sous-jacent.    Arch Mal Coeur. 1996; 89: 1343-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>&#201;tude em &#233;cho-doppler transpari&#233;tal postop&#233;ratoire du flux du greffon mammaire interne em fonction de la qualit&#233; du myocarde sous-jacent</article-title>
          <source>Arch Mal Coeur</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1343</fpage>
          <lpage>1348</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maudi&#232;re</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacroix</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cornu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Ofili EO, Kern MJ, Labovitz AJ. Analysis    of coronary blood flow velocity dynamics in angiographically notmal and stenosed    arteries before and after endolumen enlargement by angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol.    1993; 21: 308-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of coronary blood flow velocity dynamics in angiographically notmal and stenosed arteries before and after endolumen enlargement by angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ofili</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kern</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labovitz</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Logan SE. On the fluid mechanics of human    coronary artery stenosis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1975; 22: 327-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>On the fluid mechanics of human coronary artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>IEEE Trans Biomed Eng</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>334</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Logan</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Spence PA, Lust RM,Zeri RS. Competitive flow    from a fully patent coronary artery does not limite acute mammary graft flow.    Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54: 21-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Competitive flow from a fully patent coronary artery does not limite acute mammary graft flow</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lust</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeri</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Lust RM, Zeri RS, Spence PA. Effect of chronic    native flow competition on internal thoracic artery grafts. Ann Thorac Surg.    1994; 57: 45-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of chronic native flow competition on internal thoracic artery grafts</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lust</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeri</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Nasu M, Takagi T, Akasaka T. Non-invasive    Doppler technique for detection of flow velocity in left internal mammary artery    grafts. Cardiovasc Surg. 1994; 2 (2): 207-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-invasive Doppler technique for detection of flow velocity in left internal mammary artery grafts</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>211</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nasu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takagi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akasaka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Kitamura S, Kawachi K, Seki T. Angiographic    demonstration of no-flow anatomical patency of internal thoracic-coronary artery    bypass grafts. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 53: 156-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiographic demonstration of no-flow anatomical patency of internal thoracic-coronary artery bypass grafts</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>159</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kitamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawachi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Nasu M, Akasaka T, Okazaki T. Postoperative    flow characteristics of left internal thoracic artery grafts. Ann Thorac Surg.    1995; 59: 154-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Postoperative flow characteristics of left internal thoracic artery grafts</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <lpage>162</lpage>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nasu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akasaka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Dincer B, Barner HB. The " occluded"     internal mammary artery graft: restoration of patency after apparent occlusion    associated with progression of coronay disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;    85 (2): 318-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The " occluded" internal mammary artery graft: restoration of patency after apparent occlusion associated with progression of coronay disea</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>318</fpage>
          <lpage>320</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dincer</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barner</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Seki T, Kitamura S,Kawachi K. A quantitative    study of postoperative luminal narrowing of the internal thoracic artery graft    in coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992; 104: 1532-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A quantitative study of postoperative luminal narrowing of the internal thoracic artery graft in coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1532</fpage>
          <lpage>1538</lpage>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawachi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Barner HB, Swartz MT, Mudd JG. Late patency    of the internal mammary artery as a coronary bypass conduit. Ann Thorac Surg.    1982; 34 (4): 408-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late patency of the internal mammary artery as a coronary bypass conduit</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>408</fpage>
          <lpage>412</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barner</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swartz</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mudd</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Takeuchi M, Miyazaki C, Yoshitani H, Otani    S, Sakamoto K, Yoshikawa J. Wich is the beter method in detecting significant    left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis during contrast-enhanced dobutamine    stress echocardiography: coronary flow velocity reserve or wall-motion assessment?    J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003; 16 (6): 614-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Wich is the beter method in detecting significant left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis during contrast-enhanced dobutamine stress echocardiography: coronary flow velocity reserve or wall-motion assessment?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>614</fpage>
          <lpage>621</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyazaki</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshitani</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Hatle L, Angelsen B. Doppler ultrasound cardiology.    Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger; 1985. p. 14-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Doppler ultrasound cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hatle</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelsen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG): patency and functional status at rest and during dobutamine-stress echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The patent internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) usually has a diastolic fraction (DF) &gt; 50% of the flow. The functional assessment can be evaluated by the coronary reserve index (CRI). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the patency and functional status of the ITAG through echocardiography and Doppler. METHODS: Data from sixty-six patients who underwent dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) were prospectively collected and analyzed. Group I (GI) had 49 ITAG without stenosis, Group II (GII), 10 ITAG with significant stenosis (&gt; 50% and &lt;100%) and Group III (GIII) had 7 ITAG with total occlusion. Diameters and Doppler spectrums from the ITAG at rest and during DSE were evaluated. RESULTS: Considering patency a DF &gt;50%, it was observed in 49 ITAG (GI= 40, GII= 8 and GIII= 1) at rest and in 61 ITAG (GI=49, GII=10 and GIII=2) during DSE. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were respectively, 81%, 86%, 98%, 35% and 82%, and 100%, at rest and 71%, 97%, 100% and 97% in the DSE. The ITAG with DF&gt;50% at rest were patent and the ones with DF&lt;50% in the DSE presented total occlusion. Considering a CRI&gt;1.8 for a good functional status, it was observed in 42 ITAG (39 from GI, 2 from GII and 1 from GIII), determining sensitivity=79%, specificity=85.7%, PPV=94%, NPV=59% and accuracy= 80.9%. The CRI in GI was higher (p= 0.02) than in GII or GIII. CONCLUSION: In our study, the non-invasive assessment of the ITAG was effective to verify the patency and the functional status.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Internal thoracic artery</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG): patency and functional status at rest and during dobutamine-stress echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu; Tereza Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes; Andr&#233; Lu&#237;s de Castro Abreu; Jos&#233; Erirt&#244;nio Fa&#231;anha Barreto; Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de Morais; Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides de Abreu; Jorge Henrique Azevedo Pinto; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The patent internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) usually has a diastolic fraction (DF) &gt; 50% of the flow. The functional assessment can be evaluated by the coronary reserve index (CRI).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective was to evaluate the patency and functional status of the ITAG through echocardiography and Doppler.</p>
      <p> METHODS: Data from sixty-six patients who underwent dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) were prospectively collected and analyzed. Group I (GI) had 49 ITAG without stenosis, Group II (GII), 10 ITAG with significant stenosis (&gt; 50% and &lt;100%) and Group III (GIII) had 7 ITAG with total occlusion. Diameters and Doppler spectrums from the ITAG at rest and during DSE were evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Considering patency a DF &gt;50%, it was observed in 49 ITAG (GI= 40, GII= 8 and GIII= 1) at rest and in 61 ITAG (GI=49, GII=10 and GIII=2) during DSE. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were respectively, 81%, 86%, 98%, 35% and 82%, and 100%, at rest and 71%, 97%, 100% and 97% in the DSE. The ITAG with DF &gt;50% at rest were patent and the ones with DF&lt;50% in the DSE presented total occlusion. Considering a CRI <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.8 for a good functional status, it was observed in 42 ITAG (39 from GI, 2 from GII and 1 from GIII), determining sensitivity=79%, specificity=85.7%, PPV=94%, NPV=59% and accuracy= 80.9%. The CRI in GI was higher (p= 0.02) than in GII or GIII.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In our study, the non-invasive assessment of the ITAG was effective to verify the patency and the functional status.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Internal thoracic artery; echocardiography; dobutamine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The internal thoracic artery (ITA) has been called a "living graft", due to its adaptive capacity after being grafted onto the coronary bed and its effectiveness as long-term ITA graft (ITAG) has been verified<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p> Due to the fact that its peculiar <italic>in situ </italic>anatomy can allow a non-invasive assessment, without the need for any contrast agent, the duplex scan was first used by Takagi and cols<sup>6</sup> in the study of the ITA at supraclavicular level, which allowed the estimate of the patency of the ITAG through the percentage of the diastolic component of the flow (diastolic fraction), but did not provide a satisfactory result regarding the functional status<sup>6-8</sup>. This has been demonstrated non-invasively through the coronary reserve index (CRI), which can be obtained under different forms of stress such as the use of certain drugs (dipiridamol, adenosine, dobutamine, papaverine), a pacemaker or during exercise<sup>4,8-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The dobutamine action regarding the increase of oxygen consumption by the myocardium, the modification of the coronary flow and the use of digitalized images favored the dissemination of the dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) as an accurate and safe method to assess coronary artery disease<sup>12-19</sup> and, due to these dobutamine actions and the possibility of non-invasive assessment of the ITAG, the patency of the latter was verified at supraclavicular level, concomitantly to the DSE<sup>20</sup>. The non-grafted ITA flow is predominantly systolic, whereas that of the ITAG, being a hybrid system, usually has diastolic predominance, reflecting the myocardial contractility and the perfusion of the coronary bed in a patent ITAG. This flow pattern can, however, be modified in case of significant stenosis of the ITAG and/or subjacent coronary bed, or even by the involvement of the myocardium related to the graft<sup>21-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that the ITAG is a frequently used graft in myocardial revascularization and that it has an easy, non-invasive visualization, the aim of the present study was to verify, at supraclavicular level, the ITAG patency and functional status, at rest and during DSE, through echocardiography and Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three study groups were defined and the data from patients with ITAG who were submitted to DSE at our Echocardiography Service, located in a Cardiology Emergency Center, were prospectively collected. The DSE and hemodynamic studies were carried out following the assistance physicians' criteria. Considering as reference pattern the results of the coronary angiography in the assessment of the ITAG and the subjacent coronary beds, the patients were divided in group I (GI), with 49 individuals without stenosis of the vascular lumen, group II (GII) with 49 patients presenting stenosis (<underline>&gt;</underline>50% and &lt;100%) and group III (GIII) with 7 patients presenting 100% of vascular occlusion.</p>
      <p> Data collection was started in May 1996 and ended in October 2004. For the groups with significant stenosis of the ITAG-native coronary conduit (GII and GIII), only patients whose coronary angiographies with ITAG assessment had been carried out a maximum of 120 days after the DSE should be included. Group I had no limitation regarding the period between the DSE and the subsequent coronary angiography, as the absence of stenosis was the feature that characterized this group. Apogee CX 200 and Vingmed System Five equipment were used and the results were recorded in video-tape. </p>
      <p>Dobutamine was administered at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40&#181;g/ kg<sup>-1</sup>/min<sup>-1</sup>, at 3-minute intervals, with the aim of attaining at least 85% of the maximum heart rate (HR) (220 minus age in years) and/or determining contractile abnormality compatible with myocardial ischemia. Atropine could be started at the third or fourth stage, according to our protocol<sup>16</sup>. All DSE were performed by two echocardiographists (simultaneously) and the interpretation (by consensus) was carried out immediately after the end of the test. </p>
      <p>As described by Takagi and cols<sup>6</sup>, for the visualization of the ITAG, the patient was kept in the dorsal decubitus position with the cervical region partially extended and slightly rotated to the opposite side of the ITAG under assessment. Using high-frequency (5 to 8 MHz) transducers, and a depth range of 3-4 cm, we recorded, at supraclavicular level, the ITAG emerging from the subclavian artery; by adjusting with small angulations or rotations of the transducer, the ITAG was visualized in its longest possible extension and thus the vessel diameter was measured. Afterward, the volume sample of the pulsatile Doppler (with the smallest possible angle) was positioned and the best spectral curve was selected, followed by the analysis of its systolic and diastolic components. The ITAG diameter, systolic peak velocity (SPV), diastolic peak velocity (DPV), mean systolic velocity (MSV), mean diastolic velocity (MDV), time of systolic (TS) and diastolic (TD) flow duration, systolic velocity time integral (SVTI) and diastolic velocity time integral (DVTI), diastolic fraction (DVTI/DVTI + SVTI), heart rate (HR), total cardiac output [ p . (diameter/2)<sup>2 </sup>. (DVTI + SVTI). HR] and CRI (DPV during DSE/DPV at rest) were measured at rest. Subsequently, the patient was placed in left lateral decubitus position and, with lower-frequency transducers (1.7 to 4 MHz), the DSE was started. At the peak of the DSE and after the images had been captured, the patient was immediately placed in dorsal decubitus for new measurements of all the ITAG parameters. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The data were collected according to the repeated measurement model (rest/dobutamine) for Groups I, II and III. The adjusted model was the factorial type.  </p>
      <p>The analysis of the normal distribution was carried out through the Shapiro-Wilks test and the equality of variance among the groups, through Levine's test. Ln transformation was performed when necessary. The comparison among the group at rest with the one under dobutamine stress was performed through the minimal square test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the interaction among the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>) consisted of sixty-three patients, of which 37 (56%) were males with a mean age of 62 &#177; 9 years (43 to 81 yrs) and the patients had undergone revascularization within a mean period of 920 days (7 to 3,711 days) before the DSE. The maximum period between the DSE and the coronary angiography for the groups with stenosis (GII and GIII) was 83 days and for the group without stenosis (G I), the maximum period was 721 days after the DSE.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Assessment at rest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2"><bold>Table 2</bold></xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>For the 49 ITAGs without stenosis (GI), the mean&#177;standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values were, for the diameter (0.25&#177;0.04;0.19 and 0.33cm), SPV (33&#177;13;14 and 68cm/s), DPV (20.6&#177;8;0.00 and 0.37cm/s), ST (0.26&#177;0.4;0.20 and 0.34 sec), DT (0.51&#177;0.15;0.00 and 0.93seg), DVTI (7.34&#177;3.2;0.00 and 14.7cm), SVTI (5.35&#177;2.2;1.8 and 9.9cm), DF (57% &#177;12%;0% and 70%), HR (73&#177;12;50 and 93bpm) and total output (TO) (0.05&#177;0.03;0.008 and 0.119 l/min). We observed that the diastolic components presented a minimum value close to zero, a fact that was determined by the GI patient that presented systolic flow, only. In this case, there was an evident flow competition between the ITAG and the anterior descending artery (ADA) and the ITAG diameter was 0.19 cm. Although grafted onto fully pervious coronary beds, DF&lt;50% occurred in 9 ITAGs (18% of GI). The DT/ST ratio was approximately 2:1.</p>
      <p> Among the 10 ITAGs from GII, the percentage of stenosis was 50% (4 cases), 60% (1 case), 70% (2 cases), 80% (1 case) and 90% (2 cases). The mean&#177;SD, minimum and maximum values were, for the diameter (0.22&#177;0.04;0.15 and 0.30cm), SPV (32&#177;15;12 and 55 cm/sec), DPV (17.5&#177;10;0.00 and 37cm/sec), ST (0.27&#177;0.05;0.20 and 0.40 sec), DT (0.43&#177;0.17;0.00 and 0.70 sec), DVTI (5.79&#177;3.5;0.00 and 11.2 cm), SVTI (5&#177;1.8;2.5 and 8cm), DF (50% &#177;18%;0% and 60%), HR (72&#177;15;49 and 94 bpm) and TO (0.03&#177;0.02; 0.006 and 0.070 l/min).</p>
      <p>GII also presented minimum values of the diastolic components of the flow equal to zero, which was due to a thin ITAG (diameter 0.18 cm and ostial stenosis of 50%). Another thin ITAG (diameter = 0.15 cm) persisted with diastolic flow at rest. The DT/ST ratio was 1.6. Two ITAGs (20% of GII) presented DF&lt;50%. </p>
      <p>Among the 7 patients with total occlusion of the ITAGs (GIII), the mean&#177;SD, minimum and maximum values were, for the diameter (0.19&#177;0.04;0.12 and 0.24cm), SPV (27.6&#177;7;17 and 38cm/sec), DPV (7.7 &#177;6.8;0.00 and 18cm/sec), ST (0.28&#177;0.03;0.00 and 30 sec), DT (0.33&#177;0.24; 0.00 and 0.50 sec), DVTI (2.44 &#177;2.3;0.00 and 6.6cm), SVTI (4.88&#177;1.36; 3.8 and 7.8cm), DF (28% &#177;0.23;0% and 60%), HR (64&#177;30;70 and 97 bpm) and TO (0.01&#177;0.01;0.002 and 0.017 l/min). Despite the total occlusion of the ITAG-native coronary conduit, only 2 patients presented absence of the diastolic component of the flow; DF&lt;50% was observed in 6 patients (86% of GIII). In the only case with DF<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, the total occlusion occurred after the anastomosis and there was retrograde flow to small diagonal arteries. Four patients presented ITAG with a diameter &lt; 0.2 cm. The DT/ST ratio was only 1.2. </p>
      <p>Assessment during DSE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2"><bold>Table 2</bold></xref>)</p>
      <p>The mean&#177;SD, minimum and maximum values measured for GI were, for the diameter (0.26&#177;0.04;0.20 and 0.35cm), SPV (35&#177;19;0.00 and 114cm/s), DPV (42&#177;15;15 and 81 cm/s), ST (0.12&#177;0.06;0.00 and 0.24 sec), DT (0.28&#177;0.04;0.21 and 0.45 sec), DVTI (8.31&#177;3.1;2.5 and 16.24cm), SVTI (2.86&#177;1.97;0.00 and 10.8), DF (74% &#177;14%;51% and 100%), HR (138&#177;17;90 and 167 bpm), TO (0.09 &#177;0.05;0.022 and 0.217 l/min) and CRI (2.12&#177;0.66;0.84 and 4.83). During the DSE, no diastolic component was equal to zero, no ITAG diameter was &lt; 0.2 cm and all DF were &gt; 50%. The DT/ST ratio of 2.3 showed a slight increase when compared to the at-rest assessment.</p>
      <p> Considering the CRI as an adequate parameter of functional graft evaluation, we observed that, in 39 ITAGs (80% of GI) CRI was <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.8. It is noteworthy the fact that the systolic components were equal to zero in five patients.  </p>
      <p>In the ITAGs without total occlusion (GII), the mean&#177;SD, minimum and maximum values were, for the diameter (0.23&#177;0.04;0.15 and 0.31cm), SPV (33.6&#177;12;12 and 47cm/s), DPV (27.7&#177;12;10 and 46cm/sec), ST (0.15&#177;0.05;0.07 and 0.22 sec), DT (0.26&#177;0.05;0.18 and 0.34 sec), DVTI (5.08&#177;2.41; 1.62 and 10.2cm), SVTI (3.05&#177;1.45;1.3 and 5.7cm), DF (62% &#177;11%;50% e 81%), HR (137&#177;18; 105 e 172bpm), TO (0,05&#177;0,03;0,007 e 0,089 l/min) and CRI (1.55&#177;0.48;0.83 and 2.5). No diastolic or systolic component of the flow was equal to zero, no DF was &lt; 50% and 2 patients persisted with diameters &lt; 0.2 cm. As in the GI, there was a decrease in flow duration; however, the DT/ST ratio of 1.73 was slightly lower. The assessment of the graft functional status showed a CRI <underline>&gt;</underline>1.8 in only 2 patients (20% of GII), who presented 50% of stenosis of the ITAG-native coronary conduit. </p>
      <p>In GIII, the mean&#177;SD, minimum and maximum values were, for the diameter (0.19&#177;0.04;0.13 and 0.24cm), SPV (33&#177;6; 23 and 44cm/sec), DPV (12.7&#177;11;0.00 and 31cm/sec), ST (0.20&#177;0.03;0.14 and 0.21 sec), DT (0.18&#177;0.13;0.00 and 0.31 sec), DVTI (2.47&#177;2.41;0.00 and 6.16 cm), SVTI (3.71&#177;1.24;2.42 and 6.09 cm), DF (33% &#177;27%;0% and 66%), HR (129&#177;12;111 and 145 bpm), TO (0.03&#177;0.02; 0.004 and 0.052 l/min) and CRI (1.4&#177;0.86;0.00 and 2.33). Two patients persisted with diastolic components equal to zero and 4 persisted with a diameter &lt; 0.2 cm; the decrease in the duration of the systolic and diastolic flows was notable, as well as the DT/ST ratio, with a value of 0.9. </p>
      <p>Five cases (72% the GIII) presented DF&lt;50% and one of the cases that presented DF&gt;50% also showed many collaterals for the ADA. Six cases (86%) presented a CRI&lt;1.8 and in that case with CRI &gt;1.8, DF was only 35%.  </p>
      <p>Comparison of parameters among the groups at rest, during DSE and at the variation from rest to stress (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig01-body2"><italic>Figure 1</italic></xref>) - The diameter at rest and during DSE was larger when comparing GI with GII (p=0.01) and GI with GIII (p&lt;0.0001). At the variation from rest to stress, the increase was significant (p=0.006) for GI and GII. The SPV in the three groups was not statistically different (p=NS) at rest, during DSE or at the variation from rest to stress. The DPV at rest was higher for GI (p=0.0003) and for GII (p&lt;0.019), when compared to GIII; however, there was no difference (P=NS) between GI and GII. We also observed that, during the stress, DPV was higher for GI (p&lt;0.0001) and for GII (p=0.039) in comparison to GIII; however, at the stress phase, it was possible to differentiate Groups I and II, as the DVP was higher (p=0.006) in GI when compared to GII.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a07fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Not only at rest, but also at stress, DVTI was higher for GI when compared to the other groups (GI <italic>vs</italic>. GII; p=0.014), (GI vs. GIII; p&lt;0.0001), and for GII when compared with GIII (GII vs. GIII; p=0.03); the variations from rest to stress were small and non-significant (p=NS) for the three groups. The SVTI of the three groups were not different (p=NS) when compared during the at rest phase and the at the stress phase. However, when we observed the variation from rest to stress, the decrease in SVTI was significant (p&lt;0.0001) for the three groups. During rest, DF was higher when GI was compared to GIII, with p&lt; 0.0001, and GII <italic>vs</italic>. GIII with p=0.003. The variation from rest to stress was significant for GI (p&lt;0.0001) and GII (p=0.014). At the stress phase, the DF remained higher for GI (p&lt;0.0001) and for GII (p=0.0003), when compared to GIII, but it was also possible to observe a difference (p=0.02) when comparing GI to GII (which was not observed at rest), demonstrating the same significant variations observed when analyzing DVP. HR was not different (p=NS) when compared at rest or during DSE; however, it increased significantly in the three groups (p&lt;0.0001) at the variation from rest to stress. The CRI was higher for GI (p=0.02), when compared to GII as well as GIII, with no statistical difference (p=NS) between GII and GIII.  </p>
      <p>The output through the ITAG at rest was significantly different (p=0.0005) only when GI was compared to GIII; during stress, the output was higher for GI when compared to the other groups (GI <italic>vs</italic>. GII; p=0.007 and GI <italic>vs</italic>. GIII; p=0.004). Only GI showed a significant increase in output (p&lt;0.0001) from rest to stress variation. </p>
      <p><italic>DF in the assessment of ITAG perviousness - </italic>Considering that at least 50% of the ITAG flow has to be diastolic for establishing the patency of the vessel, we observed that 49 patients, at rest (40 from GI, 8 from GII and 1 from GIII) presented a DF<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, which determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 81%, 86%, 98%, 35% and 82%, respectively. During stress, 61 patients (49 from GI, 10 from GII and 2 from GIII) presented DF<underline>&gt;</underline>50%, which determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 100%, 71%, 97%, 100% and 97%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The CRI in the assessment of the ITAG functional status (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2"><italic>Figure 2</italic></xref>) - The ROC curve was performed and a cutoff of 1.8 was determined to distinguish ITAGs without stenosis and with good functional status. Thus, for a CRI<underline>&gt;</underline>1.8, we observed that 42 patients (39 from GI, 2 from GII and 1 from GIII) had CRI<underline>&gt;</underline>1.8 and 24 patients (10 from GI, 8 from GII and 6 from GIII) presented CRI&lt;1.8. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 79%, 85.7%, 94%, 59% and 80.9%, respectively.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ITA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>), which showed a predominance of systolic flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 4</xref>), becomes a hybrid system upon being grafted onto the coronary bed and usually starts to present a predominance of diastolic component (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 5</xref>). Therefore, the DF in the ITAG is expected to be <underline>&gt;</underline>50, whereas in the non-grafted ITA, the DF is expected to be always &lt;50%. Due to the amputation of the ITA branches and the "diastolization" of the grafted vessel flow, the ITAG starts to present a SPV approximately 40% lower than the contralateral non-grafted ITA, which can facilitate its immediate recognition, even if the examiner does not know which ITA has been grafted<sup>22-24</sup>. As the myocardial contractility results in the inhibition of the systolic component, this effect tends to be more evident during the DSE<sup>21</sup> and, in fact, as observed in some patients, the high inotropic activity of the dobutamine has gone as far as determining the absence of systolic flow, demonstrating fully patent grafts with diastolic flow only and excellent functional status (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0037-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During diastole, the intramyocardial resistance decreases and the stenotic resistance, if present, becomes the main determinant of coronary flow<sup>26,27</sup>; in systole, the resistance is determined mainly by the myocardial contraction<sup>21</sup>. Hence, as previously reported, we emphasize the diastolic component to verify the ITAG patency and functional status. The flow competition between the graft and the native coronary, questioned by some authors<sup>28,29 </sup>and defended by others<sup>30-35</sup>, can even determine the "physiological atrophy" of the ITAG<sup>31-35</sup>, characterized by a graft diameter &lt; 1 mm (called cord sign), when a fine contrast can be perceived in the graft, but not in the receiving coronary. </p>
      <p>Such competition occurred in 6% of the cases as reported by Seki et al<sup>34</sup>; however, an indisputable observation of flow competition was made by Kitamura et al<sup>31</sup>, when they totally occluded the ADA with a balloon catheter and demonstrated that the non-functioning ITAGs started to present normal flow, as they had been latent. One case from GI did not present the diastolic component of the flow at rest; however, its occurrence was well demonstrated during the DSE, determining a DF of 52%. Hence, the absence of diastolic flow at rest is not a synonym of compromised functional status and/or patency, but can also mean latency due to flow competition, although it is an unusual condition.  </p>
      <p>The diameter &lt; 0.2 cm at rest was observed in 8 cases, with 2 (4%) from GI, 2 (20%) from GII and 4 (57%) from GIII; during the DSE, there were alterations only in GI and these 2 ITAGs persisted with a diameter of 0.2 cm. Therefore, diameters &lt; 0.2 cm (mainly during DSE) can be an indication of compromised graft patency or functional status. </p>
      <p>It was observed that during rest, the diastolic component of flow measured by DPV or DF allowed the significant distinction of GI and GII in relation to GIII, but no difference was observed (p=NS) when the ITAGs of GI was compared to those in GII. It is thus demonstrated the importance of the assessment during the DSE, considering that, in addition to the significant difference of GI and GII in relation to GIII, it was also possible to significantly distinguish GI from GII, which was rather relevant for the verification of the ITAG patency and functional status.  </p>
      <p>When the DF is verified, one must remember that it suffers the influence of myocardium contractility, the status of muscle subjacent to the graft, the ITAG diameter and the flow competition. Despite all these factors, the FD<underline>&gt;</underline>50% at rest has shown to be safe when inferring the ITAG patency, due to its excellent accuracy, which was also verified by Nasu et al<sup>30</sup>. When the DF is analyzed during the DSE, its exceptional importance was to demonstrate that all ITAGs that persisted with DF&lt;50% presented total occlusion.  </p>
      <p>As patency alone is not enough to assess the graft, we sought to verify the functional status of these ITAGs and good accuracy was obtained when the CRI<underline>&gt;</underline>1.8. Several factors can influence the importance of the CRI, specifically when it is obtained at pre-stenotic level. It is worth mentioning, however, that among the ten cases from GI with CRI&lt;1.8, 8 already presented DPV at rest above the mean and, considering that the CRI is the division of the obtained DPV obtained at the DSE by the one obtained at rest, we speculate the relevance of this fact to justify these lower CRI values. The only case from GIII with CRI&gt;1.8 had already called our attention due to the low DVP at rest and DSE and mainly for presenting a DF of only 35% at the DSE.</p>
      <p>Revascularized patients with ITAG are often referred to the Service in order to undergo an echocardiogram (at rest or under stress), which allows the follow-up to be carried out by the database, as well as checking the results of a hemodynamic study. As the coronary angiography was a decision taken solely by the assistance physician, the patients were included in the present study according to the aforementioned methodology and our access to the performed coronary angiography. </p>
      <p>As our patients often presented lesions in more than one coronary, the comparison between flow abnormality of the ITAG and of the segmental contraction was not performed; however, in the study by Takeuchi M et al<sup>36</sup>, dobutamine and microbubble contrast were used for the direct evaluation of the non-revascularized ADA and an equivalence between CRI<underline>&lt;</underline>2 and the contractile abnormality was observed.  </p>
      <p>In the present study, the only patient from GIII in whom the contractile abnormality was not observed during stress, presented low-velocity diastolic flow and, mainly, a DF=25%, which, during stress, is compatible with a severely compromised flow.  </p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations</italic> &#150; We know that the blood velocity is only proportional to the volumetric blood flow when the sectional area of the vessel is kept constant<sup>37</sup>. However, as in the cited literature, we used the same diameter for the systole and the diastole. We did not perform angle correction and it is possible that the velocities at Doppler might have been underestimated, with direct influence on the output calculation by the ITAG. As the main parameters of the study (DF and CRI) are divisions that suffer the same influences, such underestimation loses its relevance. Another limitation was the difficulty to state whether disorders in other arterial territories were compromising the CRI of the coronary bed subjacent to the ITAG.</p>
      <p>In the present study, in which the ITAG was assessed in a region of easy and fast recording, concomitantly with a widely applied test such as the DSE, it was important to distinguish the ITAGs without lesion and ITAGs with relevant stenosis (GII) from those with total occlusion; however, we consider especially important to have been able to distinguish ITAGs without lesions from those with relevant stenosis. Therefore, we conclude, in the present study, that the echocardiography and the Doppler allow an adequate assessment of the ITAG at supraclavicular level. A DF <underline>&gt;</underline>50% at rest is an excellent way to demonstrate that the ITAG is pervious and a DF&lt;50% during DSE is excellent for the identification of total occlusion. A CRI <underline>&gt;</underline>1.8 showed good accuracy in assessing the functional status and detection of ITAGs without lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Jo&#227;o de Deus, 158/37</p>
          <p> 60040-350 - Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jsabreu@cardiol.br">jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received March 28, 2007; revised manuscript received May 21, 2007; accepted June 26, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
