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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BYy4hLhpmtK6LfXWXs9fFfM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos em pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zazula</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruklis</surname>
            <given-names>Heidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbieri</surname>
            <given-names>Giovano Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forte</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Yared</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Langowiski</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar Guarita de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>36</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A contagem total de leuc&#243;citos &#233; um marcador de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos (N/L) tem sido explorada como novo preditor de risco cardiovascular, mas seu papel diagn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; desconhecido. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor diagn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em pacientes admitidos com suspeita de SCA em uma Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 178 pacientes admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica, seguindo fluxograma diagn&#243;stico conforme aspectos cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais. Os diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos foram: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com (IAMEST) e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST (IAMSEST), angina inst&#225;vel (AI) e dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (NC). Contagens total e diferencial de leuc&#243;citos foram realizadas em amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico coletada na admiss&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com dor diagnosticada como n&#227;o-card&#237;aca apresentaram a menor rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (n = 45; 3,0 &#177; 1,6), seguidos por AI (n = 65; 3,6 + 2,9), IAMSEST (n = 33; 4,8 &#177; 3,7) e IAMEST (n = 35; 6,9 &#177; 5,7) (p &lt; 0,0001). A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L acima de 5,7 (quartil mais elevado) teve especificidade de 91,1%, com odds ratio de 4,51 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%], 1,51 a 13,45) para um diagn&#243;stico final de SCA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos em quartis menores. CONCLUS&#195;O: A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico final de pacientes admitidos com suspeita de SCA. Por ser um exame de baixo custo e com boa reprodutibilidade, novos estudos dever&#227;o elucidar se a rela&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ter import&#226;ncia nos fluxogramas diagn&#243;sticos atualmente empregados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>dor no peito</kwd>
        <kwd>neutr&#243;filos</kwd>
        <kwd>linf&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos em pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Denise Zazula; Daniel Pr&#233;coma-Neto; Aline Maria Gomes; Heidi Kruklis; Giovano Franco Barbieri; Rafael Yared Forte; Andr&#233; Ribeiro Langowiski; Giuseppe Facin; Luiz Cesar Guarita de Souza; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Hospital da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A contagem total de leuc&#243;citos &#233; um marcador de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos (N/L) tem sido explorada como novo preditor de risco cardiovascular, mas seu papel diagn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; desconhecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor diagn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em pacientes admitidos com suspeita de SCA em uma Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 178 pacientes admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica, seguindo fluxograma diagn&#243;stico conforme aspectos cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais. Os diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos foram: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com (IAMEST) e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST (IAMSEST), angina inst&#225;vel (AI) e dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (NC). Contagens total e diferencial de leuc&#243;citos foram realizadas em amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico coletada na admiss&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Pacientes com dor diagnosticada como n&#227;o-card&#237;aca apresentaram a menor rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (n = 45; 3,0 &#177; 1,6), seguidos por AI (n = 65; 3,6 + 2,9), IAMSEST (n = 33; 4,8 &#177; 3,7) e IAMEST (n = 35; 6,9 &#177; 5,7) (p &lt; 0,0001). A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L acima de 5,7 (quartil mais elevado) teve especificidade de 91,1%, com odds ratio de 4,51 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%], 1,51 a 13,45) para um diagn&#243;stico final de SCA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos em quartis menores. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico final de pacientes admitidos com suspeita de SCA. Por ser um exame de baixo custo e com boa reprodutibilidade, novos estudos dever&#227;o elucidar se a rela&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ter import&#226;ncia nos fluxogramas diagn&#243;sticos atualmente empregados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria, dor no peito, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, que envolve dislipidemia, hiperglicemia, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e outras causas de les&#227;o endotelial em sua patog&#234;nese<sup>1,2</sup>. A aterog&#234;nese representa um processo inflamat&#243;rio ativo desencadeado por essa inj&#250;ria endotelial e n&#227;o uma infiltra&#231;&#227;o passiva de l&#237;pides na parede arterial, como descrito inicialmente<sup>3,4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por tratar-se de uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria, alguns marcadores inflamat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido propostos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. Destes, a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) tem sido a mais estudada e com maior aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>5</sup>. Entretanto, seu valor preditivo foi recentemente questionado e a necessidade de novos marcadores complementares &#233; evidente<sup>6</sup>. A contagem total de leuc&#243;citos tamb&#233;m proporciona a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado inflamat&#243;rio, mas seu resultado, apesar do baixo custo e da ampla disponibilidade, ainda n&#227;o foi explorado ao seu m&#225;ximo valor preditivo. Dados recentes sugerem que alguns subtipos espec&#237;ficos de leuc&#243;citos t&#234;m maior valor preditivo na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, sendo esse valor ainda maior quando se emprega a raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero total de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos (N/L)<sup>7</sup>. Em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L &#233; preditora independente de mortalidade a longo prazo<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de dados iniciais demonstrarem a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L como preditora de risco cardiovascular a longo prazo, o papel desse &#237;ndice no diagn&#243;stico das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) ainda n&#227;o foi avaliado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor diagn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e suspeita de SCA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se estudo prospectivo com pacientes de ambos os sexos, com mais de 18 anos de idade, admitidos com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica na Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT) de um Hospital Terci&#225;rio de Curitiba, no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o. O recrutamento ocorreu de maneira consecutiva, ap&#243;s esclarecimento quanto &#224; pesquisa e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do sintoma de dor seguiu fluxograma diagn&#243;stico conforme aspectos cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>9</sup>. Os diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos foram: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMEST), IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSEST), angina inst&#225;vel (AI) e dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (NC). Quando necess&#225;rio, a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente, foi realizado, pr&#233;-alta, teste funcional na UDT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>C&#225;lculo Amostral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pela aus&#234;ncia de estudos pr&#233;vios semelhantes, foi realizado estudo piloto para o c&#225;lculo amostral, em que se detectou diferen&#231;a do n&#237;vel de N/L de 0,86 entre os grupos com SCA e com NC (desvio padr&#227;o, 1,47). A amostra foi ent&#227;o calculada para detectar essa diferen&#231;a com a = 0,05 e 1-b = 0,80, e resultou em 47 pacientes em cada grupo (NC e SCA). Os pacientes foram consecutivamente recrutados at&#233; que se atingisse o n&#250;mero em ambos os grupos (conseq&#252;entemente, mais pacientes com SCA foram inclu&#237;dos at&#233; que se atingisse o n&#250;mero adequado do grupo com NC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de trauma, cirurgia, neoplasia ou doen&#231;as infecciosas nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; admiss&#227;o, uso corrente de medica&#231;&#227;o imunossupressora (inclusive cortic&#243;ide) e indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-comunicativos ou incapazes de compreender o TCLE foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliou-se a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes. Dados cl&#237;nicos pesquisados inclu&#237;ram hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes melito (DM), dislipidemia, tabagismo, depress&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via com passado de angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RVM) e hist&#243;ria familiar precoce de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia e depress&#227;o foram definidas pela hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via das co-morbidades ou pelo relato de uso de medica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas. Hist&#243;ria familiar foi definida como relato de familiar de primeiro grau com antecedente de morte por causa cardiovascular, IAM ou RVM antes dos 55 anos de idade para homens e 65 anos para mulheres. Tabagismo foi definido como hist&#243;ria de uso de tabaco na admiss&#227;o ou nos seis meses pr&#233;vios &#224; consulta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises Laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A coleta para avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial foi realizada em amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico na admiss&#227;o dos pacientes, com retirada de aproximadamente 3 ml de sangue armazenado em tubo <italic>Vacu-tainer</italic> contendo &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac&#233;tico (ETDA), e incluiu hemograma e dosagens de creatina fosfoquinase e creatina fosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CKMB). A contagem total foi realizada utilizando-se analisador hematol&#243;gico <italic>Cell Dyn</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> pelo m&#233;todo da imped&#226;ncia. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos subtipos foi realizada manualmente, por meio de esfrega&#231;o em l&#226;mina. As vari&#225;veis de interesse foram a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e a contagem de linf&#243;citos. A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi obtida como produto da divis&#227;o da contagem total de neutr&#243;filos pela contagem de linf&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor diagn&#243;stico da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L nas SCA, considerou-se teste positivo quando o valor se enquadrava no quarto quartil (considerando os valores de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo) e negativo quando nos tr&#234;s quartis inferiores. Foram considerados portadores de SCA os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AI, IAMSEST e IAMEST. A partir dessas determina&#231;&#245;es (teste positivo, teste negativo, doen&#231;a presente e doen&#231;a ausente), foram calculados a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L no diagn&#243;stico de SCA, tendo tamb&#233;m sido determinada a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic curve</italic>).</p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre os dois grupos, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Para compara&#231;&#227;o envolvendo mais de dois grupos, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA. Quando a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o obedeceu &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana, testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos foram aplicados. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre as propor&#231;&#245;es, aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi determinada pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (ou Spearman, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi normal). As contagens total e diferencial, por apresentarem valores com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram categorizadas em quartis para a an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram recrutados 178 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 60 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 59% do sexo masculino. O fator de risco mais prevalente foi HAS, seguido por dislipidemia, DM e antecedente de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana familiar. Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ATC foi relatada por 25% dos pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico observado mais freq&#252;entemente foi o de AI, ocorrendo em 65 pacientes (36% dos casos), seguido pelos diagn&#243;sticos de IAMSEST, em 33 pacientes (19%), e de IAMEST, em 35 pacientes (20%), e 45 indiv&#237;duos (25%) receberam o diagn&#243;stico de NC. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes nos diferentes grupos diagn&#243;sticos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Contagem de Leuc&#243;citos e seus Subtipos Conforme o Diagn&#243;stico Final</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da contagem total de leuc&#243;citos, evidenciou-se aumento gradativo dos leuc&#243;citos, sendo menor nos pacientes com NC (8.825 &#177; 2.443) e maior nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMEST (10.804 &#177; 3.777) (p &lt; 0,005). De maneira semelhante &#224; contagem total, o n&#250;mero de neutr&#243;filos foi menor nos pacientes com NC (5.921 &#177; 2.304), intermedi&#225;rio nos pacientes com AI (6.096 &#177; 2.448) e IAMSEST (6.889 &#177; 3.187), e maior nos pacientes com IAMEST (9.391 &#177; 2.960). Entretanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de linf&#243;citos, foram observados valores menores no grupo IAMEST (1.684 &#177; 592), seguido de IAMSEST (1.794 &#177; 647), e maiores n&#237;veis no grupo NC (2.156 &#177; 782) (Graf. 1).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L esteve diretamente relacionada com o diagn&#243;stico final. Nos pacientes com IAMEST, essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi a mais alta: 6,9 &#177; 5,7. Nos pacientes com IAMSEST, a rela&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,8 &#177; 3,7 e naqueles com AI, foi de 3,6 &#177; 2,9. Nos pacientes nos quais foi descartada causa cardiol&#243;gica (NC), a rela&#231;&#227;o foi a mais baixa: 3,0 &#177; 1,6.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Valor Diagn&#243;stico do Teste N/L</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L acima de 5,7 (quartil mais elevado) apresentou sensibilidade de 31% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%]: 23-38%), com especificidade e VPP de 91,1% (IC 95%: 83-99%) para o diagn&#243;stico de SCA. A acur&#225;cia do teste foi de 53%. Uma curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para avaliar a capacidade da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em predizer a presen&#231;a de SCA. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC obtida foi de 63%.</p>
    <p>O valor diagn&#243;stico da contagem total de leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos e da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi tamb&#233;m estabelecido calculando-se o <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) para o diagn&#243;stico de SCA, comparando pacientes no quartil mais elevado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais. O OR da contagem total de leuc&#243;citos para os pacientes com SCA e NC foi de 1,23 (IC 95%: 0,55-2,75). Para a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, os valores foram de 2,14 (IC 95%: 0,88-5,23) e 0,47 (IC 95%: 0,22-1,003), respectivamente. Para a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L, o OR foi de 4,51 (IC 95%: 1,51-13,45) (graf. 2).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Considerando que o diagn&#243;stico de IAMEST &#233; basicamente eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, foram exclu&#237;dos os 35 pacientes com esse diagn&#243;stico, tendo sido tamb&#233;m realizado o c&#225;lculo de especificidade e sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico de SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST (AI e IAMSEST). A sensibilidade manteve-se baixa: 23% (IC 95%: 15-32%). Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L apresentou tamb&#233;m alta especificidade (91%; IC 95%: 83-99%) e alto valor preditivo positivo (85%; IC 95%: 72-99%) para o diagn&#243;stico de SCA sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o N/L e marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de avaliar se estava diretamente associado com a necrose mioc&#225;rdica, o &#237;ndice N/L foi correlacionado com a CKMB mais alta obtida na UDT. Houve fraca correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson r = 0,48), por&#233;m significativa (p &lt; 0,0001), entre as duas vari&#225;veis. Entretanto, nos 68 pacientes que apresentavam CKMB acima do limite superior da normalidade, as duas vari&#225;veis apresentaram fraca correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson r = 0,40; p = ns).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo demonstram que um &#237;ndice derivado de um exame simples, de baixo custo e universal cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es importantes quanto ao risco de os pacientes admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica estarem apresentando SCA. Em um pa&#237;s em que a falta de recursos impede o acesso de muitos indiv&#237;duos aos melhores m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L pode se tornar um par&#226;metro adicional na abordagem inicial dos pacientes com suspeita de SCA.</p>
    <p>Estima-se que 5% a 10% de todos os atendimentos emergenciais nas salas de emerg&#234;ncia nos Estados Unidos, anualmente, sejam decorrentes de dor no peito ou outros sintomas sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda<sup>10</sup>. No Brasil, n&#227;o h&#225; estimativas estat&#237;sticas a esse respeito. Apesar de existirem in&#250;meras causas de dor tor&#225;cica, as de origem do sistema cardiocirculat&#243;rio s&#227;o as que trazem maiores preocupa&#231;&#245;es aos pacientes e ao profissional de sa&#250;de. Na tentativa de melhorar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e otimizar gastos, as UDTs surgiram como uma nova forma de atendimento emergencial. M&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de baixo custo e alto valor preditivo no diagn&#243;stico das SCA v&#227;o ao encontro dos objetivos das UDTs.</p>
    <p>A dosagem elevada de leuc&#243;citos mostrou-se preditor independente de SCA na avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com dor tor&#225;cica sugestiva de doen&#231;a coronariana, mostrando haver evid&#234;ncias de que os leuc&#243;citos atuariam como marcadores do estado inflamat&#243;rio exacerbado<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, poucos estudos t&#234;m avaliado o papel dos subtipos de leuc&#243;citos na determina&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, e os resultados s&#227;o algo conflitantes. Em um estudo foi demonstrado que os mon&#243;citos s&#227;o as c&#233;lulas com maior poder preditor de risco<sup>12</sup>, enquanto em outros estudos os neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o apresentados como os maiores preditores de eventos<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os processos reparativos cicatriciais ap&#243;s IAM sugerem a caracter&#237;stica adaptativa dos neutr&#243;filos. Mais recentemente, prop&#244;s-se que em resposta aos quadros de isquemia haja aumento da vasculog&#234;nese, justificando um processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com maior n&#250;mero de neutr&#243;filos circulantes. Por outro lado, no contexto das SCA, a neutrofilia pode estar associada ao processo de forma&#231;&#227;o de agregados entre plaquetas e leuc&#243;citos no l&#250;men intravascular, determinando at&#233; mesmo aumento das &#225;reas de extens&#227;o de infarto<sup>15</sup>. Recentemente, em estudos com modelos animais, a invas&#227;o neutrof&#237;lica da placa ateroscler&#243;tica foi visualizada diretamente. Os neutr&#243;filos podem facilitar a ruptura de placa pela libera&#231;&#227;o de enzimas proteol&#237;ticas, derivados do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico e radicais super&#243;xido<sup>16</sup>. Assim, a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos neutr&#243;filos observada pode n&#227;o s&#243; refletir o estado inflamat&#243;rio exacerbado encontrado nos pacientes com aterosclerose, mas tamb&#233;m estar relacionada ao papel direto dessas c&#233;lulas na instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Considerando que a placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; constitu&#237;da por infiltrados de macr&#243;fagos e linf&#243;citos na camada subendotelial, poder-se-ia postular que, para a estabilidade entre os diversos constituintes da placa, aumentos da quantidade de c&#233;lulas polimorfonucleares estivessem acompanhados por aumento de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. Entretanto, observou-se que os pacientes com IAMEST apresentaram concentra&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos menor que os pacientes com IAMSEST, seguidos dos pacientes com AI e dos com pacientes com NC. Resultados de outros estudos prospectivos demonstram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es absoluta e relativa dos linf&#243;citos s&#227;o significativamente menores nos pacientes com eventos card&#237;acos e que esses pacientes apresentam maior risco de eventos card&#237;acos no futuro<sup>17-19</sup>. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o parece estar relacionada ao estresse fisiol&#243;gico presente nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, determinando aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de cortisol, o que resulta no decr&#233;scimo de linf&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi demonstrado que a contagem total de leuc&#243;citos elevada p&#243;s-angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) est&#225; associada a aumento de mortalidade<sup>7</sup>. Mais recentemente, investigou-se a utilidade da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L no seguimento de tr&#234;s anos nos pacientes encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ATC<sup>8</sup>. Neste estudo, houve associa&#231;&#227;o forte e independente da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L com a mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, de maneira independente da indica&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando que a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (mas n&#227;o a contagem total de leuc&#243;citos) aumentou a mortalidade a longo prazo. Esses achados ap&#243;iam a evid&#234;ncia de que os neutr&#243;filos estejam relacionados a processos isqu&#234;micos, particularmente os de fase aguda. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o foram avaliados os mecanismos de eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice N/L. Entretanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice N/L n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada &#224; necrose mioc&#225;rdica de per si, pois, nos pacientes que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de CKMB, a correla&#231;&#227;o desta com o &#237;ndice N/L foi fraca e sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Estudos em pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica poder&#227;o demonstrar se existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre esse &#237;ndice e a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana j&#225; estabelecida. Afiune e cols.<sup>21</sup> demonstraram, em nosso meio, que, dentre todos os subtipos de leuc&#243;citos, s&#227;o os mon&#243;citos que se associam a maior presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana. Uma possibilidade &#233; que o &#237;ndice N/L se apresente como melhor marcador de SCA que os subtipos isolados de leuc&#243;citos por refletir dois mecanismos distintos: a neutrofilia refletiria o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico e, conseq&#252;entemente, o maior risco cardiovascular, e a linfopenia seria o reflexo do estresse agudo presente nas SCA.</p>
    <p>A baixa sensibilidade do teste (31%) deixa claro que a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L n&#227;o ter&#225; papel diagn&#243;stico se usada isoladamente. Por outro lado, a alta especificidade e o alto valor preditivo positivo poder&#227;o ser de extrema valia em centros onde a avalia&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica por exames laboratoriais continua sendo unicamente realizada com a dosagem de CKMB. Os dados deste estudo sugerem que indiv&#237;duos admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e que apresentem eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L talvez necessitem de investigac&#227;o mais aprofundada, evitando assim a libera&#231;&#227;o inadvertida do paciente e, conseq&#252;entemente, complica&#231;&#245;es posteriores. Estudos de custo-efetividade dever&#227;o comprovar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes com IAMEST foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, apesar de se saber que o diagn&#243;stico e a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica dos mesmos dependem fundamentalmente apenas da eletrocardiografia. Entretanto, era importante que se conhecesse o comportamento da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em todos os espectros da SCA. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi o fato de a dosagem de troponina n&#227;o ter sido realizada nesses pacientes, e, portanto, o diagn&#243;stico foi estabelecido sem esse marcador de alta especificidade e sensibilidade. A dosagem de troponina permitiria ainda melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o dos grupos AI e IAMSEST. Como o estudo teve o tamanho de sua amostra calculado para detectar a diferen&#231;a entre pacientes com SCA e aqueles com NC, o papel do &#237;ndice N/L na diferencia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes tamb&#233;m foi limitado pelo tamanho da amostra. A detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as menores, como a que ocorre entre esses dois grupos, necessita, obviamente, de amostras maiores.</p>
    <p>A n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da dosagem de troponina &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o que comumente ocorre em servi&#231;os terci&#225;rios que prestam atendimento unicamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). &#201; justamente dessa impossibilidade que vem a relev&#226;ncia do estudo: propor um novo marcador de SCA, de baixo custo, ampla acessibilidade e independente de novas tecnologias. Este estudo, portanto, deve ser visto apenas como um gerador de novas hip&#243;teses. Futuros estudos de mecanismo poder&#227;o elucidar qual a correta fisiopatologia da eleva&#231;&#227;o dos neutr&#243;filos e, principalmente, da redu&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos nesses pacientes. Da mesma maneira, novos estudos dever&#227;o elucidar se a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L poder&#225; ter algum papel nos fluxogramas diagn&#243;sticos empregados atualmente nas UDT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Desembargador Ot&#225;vio do Amaral, 741/802 - Bigorrilho </p>
        <p> 80730-400 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jrochafaria@cardiol.br">jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jose.faria@pucpr.br">jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/03/07; revisado recebido em 04/07/07; aceito em 23/07/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">An assessment of neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio in patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Leukocytes total count is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular events. The ratio between neutrophils and lymphocytes (N/L) count has been investigated as a new predictor for cardiovascular risk, although its diagnostic role when assessing patients suspected of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) condition is not yet known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic power of N/L ratio in patients who have been admitted at a Chest Pain Unit (CPU) with the suspicion of ACS. METHODS: Evaluation was conducted in 178 patients admitted with chest pain. Diagnostic flowchart including clinical, electrocardiographic, and laboratory data. Diagnosis obtained was: acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with (AMI-STE) and with no segment T elevation (AMI-NSTE), unstable angina (UA ) and non-cardiac pain (NC). Total and differential leukocyte count was conducted in peripheral blood sample collected at admission. RESULTS: Patients diagnosed with non-cardiac pain reported the lowest N/L ratio (n=45; 3.0 &#177; 1.6), followed by UA (n=65; 3.6 &#177; 2.9), AMI-NSTE (n=33; 4.8 &#177; 3.7) and AMI-STE (n=35; 6.9 &#177; 5.7); p &lt; 0.0001. N/L ratio above 5.7 (highest quartile) reported 91.1% specificity, 4.51 odds ratio (CI 95% 1.51 to 13.45) for the final diagnosis of ACS when compared to the groups at lower quartiles. CONCLUSION: The N/L ratio presents correlation with final diagnosis of patients with suspicion of ACS at admission. Considering this is a low cost, good reproductibility test, new studies should ellucidate whether the ratio may be of relevance for diagnosis flowcharts currently in use.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>chest pain</kwd>
        <kwd>neutrophiles</kwd>
        <kwd>lymphocytes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An assessment of neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio in patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Denise Zazula; Daniel Pr&#233;coma-Neto; Aline Maria Gomes; Heidi Kruklis; Giovano Franco Barbieri; Rafael Yared Forte; Andr&#233; Ribeiro Langowiski; Giuseppe Facin; Luiz Cesar Guarita de Souza; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Catholic University of Paran&#225;, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia Hospital, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Leukocytes total count is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular events. The ratio between neutrophils and lymphocytes (N/L) count has been investigated as a new predictor for cardiovascular risk, although its diagnostic role when assessing patients suspected of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) condition is not yet known.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the diagnostic power of N/L ratio in patients who have been admitted at a Chest Pain Unit (CPU) with the suspicion of ACS.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Evaluation was conducted in 178 patients admitted with chest pain. Diagnostic flowchart including clinical, electrocardiographic, and laboratory data. Diagnosis obtained was: acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with (AMI-STE) and with no segment T elevation (AMI-NSTE), unstable angina (UA ) and non-cardiac pain (NC). Total and differential leukocyte count was conducted in peripheral blood sample collected at admission.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients diagnosed with non-cardiac pain reported the lowest N/L ratio (n=45; 3.0 &#177; 1.6), followed by UA (n=65; 3.6 &#177; 2.9), AMI-NSTE (n=33; 4.8 &#177; 3.7) and AMI-STE (n=35; 6.9 &#177; 5.7); p &lt; 0.0001. N/L ratio above 5.7 (highest quartile) reported 91.1% specificity, 4.51 odds ratio (CI 95% 1.51 to 13.45) for the final diagnosis of ACS when compared to the groups at lower quartiles.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The N/L ratio presents correlation with final diagnosis of patients with suspicion of ACS at admission. Considering this is a low cost, good reproductibility test, new studies should ellucidate whether the ratio may be of relevance for diagnosis flowcharts currently in use. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;90(1):30-35)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary arteriosclerosis; chest pain; neutrophiles; lymphocytes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is a multifactor condition involving dyslipedemia, hyperglycemia, smoking habits, hypertension and other endothelial lesion causes in its pathogenesis<sup>1,2</sup>. Atherogenesis is an active inflammatory process triggered by this endothelian injury, rather than a passive infiltration of lipids in the arterial wall as described earlier<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p> Since it is an inflammatory disease, some inflammatory markers have been proposed for the evaluation of the cardiovascular risk. From those, C-reactive protein (CRP) has deserved most studies and has been the most applicable in clinical practice<sup>5</sup>. However, its predictive value was recently questioned, and the need for new, complementary markers is obvious<sup>6</sup>. Total leukocyte count also promotes an assessment of inflammatory status, although its result - despite low cost and wide availability - has not been investigated to its optimal predictive value. Recent data have suggested that some specific subtypes of leukocytes have higher predictive value in assessing cardiovascular risk. Such value is even higher when N/L ratio is used - the total count of neutrophils and lymphocytes<sup>7</sup>. In patients submitted to angioplasty, N/L ratio is an independent predictor for long-term mortality<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p> Although preliminary data have shown that N/L ratio is a predictor for long-term cardiovascular risk, its role for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic power of N/L ratio in patients who have been admitted reporting chest pain and under the suspicion of ACS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective study was conducted with male and female patients over 18 years old who had been admitted with chest pain complaints at the Chest Pain Unit (CPU) of a Tertiary Hospital in Curitiba, Paran&#225; State, in the period between September, 2005 and December, 2006. The project was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Consecutive recruiting was carried out after the research was duly explained and Informed Consent duly signed. Pain symptoms assessment followed diagnostic flowchart including clinical and electrocardiographic data, as well as myocardial necrosis markers<sup>9</sup>. Diagnosis included: acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with segment T elevation (AMI-STE), AMI with no segment T elevation (AMI-NSTE), unstable angina (UA), and non-cardiac pain (NC). Whenever necessary, following assistant clinician's judgement, a functional test was conducted before patient's discharge at the Chest Pain Unit.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample Calculation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the absence of previous similar studies a pilot study was conducted for sample calculation. A 0.86 difference was detected in N/L level between the ACS groups and the non-cardiac pain group (standard deviation: 1.47). The sample was then calculated so as to detect the difference being a=0.05 and 1-b=0.80. The result was 7 patients in each group (1- non-cardiologic, and 2- ACS). Patients were recruited consecutively until the right number was reached in both groups (consequently, more ACS patients were included until the right number was reached in the non-cardiac pain group).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion Criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with a history of trauma, surgery, neoplasia, or infectious diseases in the 30 days prior to admission, as well as current use of immunosupressors (corticoid included) and non-communicative individuals, or those unable to fully understand the Informed Consent were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Evaluation included the presence of risk factors, prior medical history, and the use of concurrent medications. Clinical data under research included systemic hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (Dyslp), smoking, depression, previous history of coronary artery disease (CAD) involving coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization (MRV), and early family history of coronary artery disease. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and depression were defined by previous history of comorbidities or by the report on specific medications. Family history was defined as the report of death of first degree relative from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction or revascularization before the age of 55 for men and 65 for women. Smoking habits was defined as the history of tobacco use at admission or in the 6 months prior to visit.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory Analyses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory analyses collection was conducted in peripheral blood sample at patients' admission, with 3 ml of blood withdrawn and stored in <italic>Vacu-tainer</italic> vial with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (ETDA). They also included complete blood count and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine phosphokinase MB fraction dosing. Total blood count was carried out using <italic>Cell Dyn</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> hematology analyzer and impedance method. Subtypes differentiation was carried out manually through smear on plate. Variables of interest were neutrophils and lymphocytes count. N/L ratio was obtained by dividing total count of neutrophils by lymphocytes count.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the purpose of assessing diagnostic value of N/L ratio in acute coronary syndrome a test was considered positive when its value was in the fourth quartile (considering values for all patients enrolled in the study); and negative when in the lower three quartiles. Acute coronary syndrome patients were those diagnosed with UA , AMI-NSTE and AMI-STE. Based on those data (positive test, negative test, presence or absence of the disease) sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the N/L ratio were calculated for the diagnosis of ACS, in addition to determining the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve.</p>
      <p> Student t test was used for the purpose of comparing means from the 2 groups. ANOVA was used for the comparison of more than 2 groups. Whenever the variable did not follow Gaussian distribution, non-parametric tests were used. Chi-square test was used to compare ratios. The correlation between continuous variables was determined by Pearson's correlation test (or Spearman test whenever distribution was not normal). Considering values reported had normal distribution, total and differential count were logged in in quartiles for primary analysis. p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recruitment enrolled 178 patients. Average age was 60 &#177; 13 years; 59% males. Most prevalent risk factor was hypertension (HTN), followed by dyslipidemia (Dyslp.), Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous history of coronary angioplasty was reported by 25% of patients. Patients' clinical data can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Most frequently observed diagnosis was unstable angina (UA): 65 patients (36% of cases). AMI-NSTE was reported in 33 (19%) and AMI-STE in 35 (20%) patients. Forty-five individuals (25%) were diagnosed with non-cardiac pain (NC). Patients' clinical data from the different diagnosis groups can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Leukocyte count and Subtypes Following Final Diagnosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Total leukocyte count showed gradual incerase of leukocytes, lower in the NC (8,825 &#177; 2,443) and higher among patients diagnosed with AMI-STE (10,804 &#177; 3,777); p&lt;0.005. Similarly to total count, the number of neutrophils was lower among NC (5,921 &#177; 2,304), intermediate in UA patients (6,096 &#177; 2,448) and AMI-NSTE (6,889 &#177; 3,187) and higher among AMI-STE patients (9,391 &#177; 2,960). However, lower levels of lymphocytes could be observed in the AMI-STE group (1,684&#177; 592), followed by AMI-NSTE (1,794 &#177; 647). Highest levels could be observed in the NC group (2,156 &#177; 782) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> N/L ratio was directly associated to final diagnosis. That ratio was the highest among AMI-STE patients: 6.9 &#177; 5.7. Among AMI-NSTE patients the ratio was 4.8 &#177; 3.7, among those with UA it was 3.6 &#177; 2.9. The lowest ratio was found whenever a cardiologic cause was ruled out (NC) - 3.0 &#177; 1.6.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessing Diagnostic Value of N/L Test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Above 5.7 (highest quartile), the N/L ratio reported a 31% sensitivity (CI 95%: 23-38%) with specificity and 91.1% PPV (CI 95%: 83-99%) for the diagnosis of ACS. Test accuracy was 53%. ROC curve was constructed to assess the ability of N/L ratio to predict the presence of ACS. The under ROC curve area obtained was 63%.</p>
      <p> Total count of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, as well as N/L ratio were also calculated through Odds Ratio (OR) for ACS diagnosis by comparing patients in the highest quartile to all the others. OR for total leukocyte count for ACS and NC patients was 1.23 (CI 95% 0.55-2.75). Neutrophils and lymphocytes count: 2.14 (CI 95% 0.88-5.23) and 0.47 (CI 95% 0.22-1.003) respectively. As for N/L ratio, OR was 4.51 (CI 95% 1.51-13.45) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0031-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> Considering that AMI-STE diagnosis is essentially electrocardiographic, 35 patients who were diagnosed were excluded. Specificity and sensitivity were also calculated for the diagnosis of ACS with no ST elevation (UA and AMI-NSTE). Sensitivity was kept low: 23% (CI 95% 15 &#150; 32%). The N/L ratio, however, also reported high specificity - 91% (CI 95% 83 - 99%)- and high positive predictive value &#150; 85% (CI 95% 72 &#150; 99%) for the diagnosis of ACS with no ST elevation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>N/L Correlation and Myocardial Necrosis Marker</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the purpose to assess whether the N/L ratio was directly associated to myocardial necrosis, the study correlated N/L and the highest CKMB obtained at the Chest Pain Unit. The correlation was not strong (Pearson r=0.48) but significant (p&lt;0.0001) between the two variables. However, for the 68 patients who presented CKMB above the upper limit of normal levels the two variables presented poor correlation (Pearson r=0.40; p=ns).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings of the present study demonstrate that the ratio obtained from a universally known, simple, low-cost test provides relevant information regarding the risk of patients who are admitted with chest pain to also be presenting ACS. In a country where the lack of resources keeps the access of so many to the best diagnostic methods, the N/L ratio may be turned into an additional parameter for the preliminary approach of patients with suspicion of ACS. </p>
      <p> It has been estimated that from 5% to 10% of all emergency room assistance in the United States results from chest pain or other symptoms suggesting acute myocardial ischemia every year<sup>10</sup>. In Brazil no statistical estimate is available. Although chest pain may have a wide range of causes, those resulting from cardiocirculatory system are of highest concern to patients and health professionals. In an attempt to both improve diagnosis accuracy and optimize expenses, the Chest Pain Units have come to the scene as a new approach for emergency assistance. Low-cost and highly predictive diagnostic methods for ACS are the very objective of CPUs. </p>
      <p> High leukocyte count showed to be an independent predictor for ACS at the emergency room setting for individuals presenting chest pain suggestive of coronary heart disease, thus showing evidence that leukocytes would act as markers for exacerbated inflammatory conditions<sup>11</sup>. However, few studies have evaluated the role played by leukocytes subtypes in determining cardiovascular risk, and results are somewhat conflicting. One study demonstrated that monocytes are the highest predictive cells<sup>12</sup>, whereas others have demonstrated that neutrophils are the highest preditors<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Post-AMI healing processes suggest the adaptive characteristic of neutrophils. More recently, it was proposed that increased vasculogenesis may be the response to ischemia conditions, therefore explaining a chronic adaptation process with higher number of circulating neutrophils. On the other hand, in the ACS scenario, neutrophils may be associated to the formation of aggregates between platelets and leukocytes in the intravascular lumen, thus even determining the increase of infarction extension areas<sup>15</sup>. Recent studies with animal models have shown that neutrophilic invasion of the atherosclerotic plaque had direct visualization. Neutrophils may make plaque rupture easier through the release of protheolytic enzymes, arachidonic acid derivatives, and superoxide radicals<sup>16</sup>. Therefore, the higher count of neutrophils may not only mirror the exacerbated inflammatory condition found in atherosclerotic patients but also be associated to the role played by those cells in atherosclerotic plaque instability.</p>
      <p>Considering that the atherosclerotic plaque contains macrophage infiltrates and lymphocytes in its subendothelial layer, it could be postulated that the increase of polymorphonuclear cells is associated to the increase of mononuclear cells for the stability of the different plaque components. However, it has been observed that AMI-STE patients presented lower lymphocyte concentration as compared to AMI-NSTE patients, followed by those presenting UA and NC. Results from other prospective studies have demonstrated that absolute and relative lymphocyte concentrations are significantly lower in patients with cardiac events. They have also shown those patients to be exposed to higher risk of future cardiac events<sup>17-19</sup>. Such reduction seems to be related to the physiological stress of such conditions, thus determining cortisol production increase, which in its turn results in lymphocyte count decrease in peripheral blood<sup>20</sup>.  </p>
      <p> It has been demonstrated that increased total leukocyte count after coronary angioplasty is associated to higher mortality rate<sup>7</sup>. More recently, the relevance of N/L ratio has been investigated in the 3-year follow-up of coronary angioplasty patients<sup>8</sup>. The present study showed an independent, strong association between N/L ratio and mortality rate of patients submitted to percutaneous intervention (PI), irrespective of indication, thus showing that N/L ratio (but not total leukocyte count) increased mortality rate in the long run. Those findings support the evidence that neutrophils are associated to ischemic processes, particularly in acute phases. </p>
      <p> The present study has not evaluated N/L ratio increase mechanisms. However, the N/L ratio does not seem to be associated to myocardial necrosis <italic>per se</italic>, since in patients presenting increased CKMB its correlation with N/L was poor and had no statistical significance. Studies on chronic condition patients may demonstrate whether there is any correlation between this ratio and the already established coronary heart disease. Afiune et al<sup>21</sup> have demonstrated that among all leukocytes subtypes, the monocytes are the ones to be associated to the highest rate of coronary disease. One possibility is that the N/L ratio acts as a better marker for ACS than leukocytes isolated subtypes. Such possibility is based on two distinctive mechanisms: neutrophilia would reflect systemic inflammatory status, and as a consequence, higher cardiovascular risk, and lymphopenia would reflect the acute stress presented by ACS.  </p>
      <p> Low test sensitivity (31%) makes clear that the N/L ratio will not play a diagnostic role if used isolatedly. On the other hand, high specificity and high positive predictive value may be most invaluable at centers where myocardial necrosis evaluation through laboratory exams is still carried out exclusively through CKMB dosing. Our data are suggestive that individuals admitted with acute chest pain presenting significant N/L increase may need more detailed investigation to avoid inadverted patient discharge and consequent future complications. Cost-effectiveness studies are to confirm such hypothesis.  </p>
      <p> The present study does pose some limitations. Although it was a known fact that their diagnosis and therapeutic decision essentially depended on ECG, AMI-STE patients were included in the analysis. However, it was important for the authors to be aware of N/L ratio in all ACS spectrums. Another limitation was the fact that troponin dosing was not calculated in those patients. Therefore, diagnosis was obtained without that high specificity and sensitivity marker. Troponin dosing would also allow a more accurate evaluation of UA and AMI-NSTE groups. As study sample was calculated to detect the difference between ACS patients and those with non-cardiac pain, the role played by N/L in the differentiation of those patients was also limited by sample size. The detection of smaller differences &#150; such as the one between those groups &#150; obviously requires larger samples.  </p>
      <p> Non-dosing of troponin is a common limitation at tertiary services providing assistance to the National Health System (SUS) only. And that impossibility is exactly what shows the relevance of the present study: the proposal of a new ACS marker that is low cost, widely available and not new technology dependent. Therefore, the present study should be seen as a generator for new hypotheses only. Future mechanism studies may ellucidate the correct pathophysiology of neutrophil increase, and particularly lymphocytes reduction in these patients. Likewise, new studies should elucidate whether N/L ratio may play a role in diagnostic flowcharts currently in use at Chest Pain Units.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Desembargador Ot&#225;vio do Amaral, 741/802 - Bigorrilho</p>
          <p> 80730-400, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="jrochafaria@cardiol.br">jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jose.faria@pucpr.br">jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received March 19, 2007; revised manuscript received July 04, 2007; accepted July 23, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
