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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K3sDYzStfgr65KxfdkjvynB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil lip&#237;dico e intensidade de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penalva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huoya</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#231;al de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>24</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e dislipidemia nas s&#237;ndromes coronariana agudas tem sido pouco demonstrada por meio de estudos cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e intensidade de DAC em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. M&#201;TODOS: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados prontu&#225;rios de 107 pacientes consecutivos, admitidos no per&#237;odo de um ano com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento de ST, que realizaram cineangioronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial incluiu n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas. A intensidade de DAC foi determinada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero, grau e escore das obstru&#231;&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Teste t de Student, qui-quadrado e ANOVA com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida por p&lt;0,05. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Dos 107 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 94 (88%) tinham DAC e, destes, 50 (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e com predomin&#226;ncia de les&#245;es multiarteriais. Sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico, observou-se que 64 (59,8%) dos pacientes tinham CT&lt;200 mg/dl, 33 (30,8%) tinham HDL&lt; 40mg/dl e 38 (35,5%) com LDL&lt;100 mg/dl. Na an&#225;lise das cineangiocoronariografias: 94 (88%) pacientes tinham DAC, 84% com estenose &gt;70%. Na associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e DAC, observou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL foi superior nos grupos multiarterial e biarterial quando comparados ao grupo uniarterial (4,3&#177;2, 4,0&#177;1,7, 2,9&#177;1,6, respectivamente) com p ANOVA igual a 0,049. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL permaneceu um preditor significativo (p = 0,016). CONCLUS&#195;O: A rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL foi marcador de gravidade de DAC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, demonstrando que perfil lip&#237;dico pode ser um determinante de gravidade em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>cineangiocoronariografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perfil lip&#237;dico e intensidade de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafaela Andrade Penalva; Mar&#231;al de Oliveira Huoya; Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia; Gilson Soares Feitosa; Ana Marice Teixeira Ladeia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e dislipidemia nas s&#237;ndromes coronariana agudas tem sido pouco demonstrada por meio de estudos cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e intensidade de DAC em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados prontu&#225;rios de 107 pacientes consecutivos, admitidos no per&#237;odo de um ano com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento de ST, que realizaram cineangioronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial incluiu n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas. A intensidade de DAC foi determinada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero, grau e escore das obstru&#231;&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Teste t de Student, qui-quadrado e ANOVA com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida por p&lt;0,05. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 107 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 94 (88%) tinham DAC e, destes, 50 (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e com predomin&#226;ncia de les&#245;es multiarteriais. Sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico, observou-se que 64 (59,8%) dos pacientes tinham CT&lt;200 mg/dl, 33 (30,8%) tinham HDL&lt; 40mg/dl e 38 (35,5%) com LDL&lt;100 mg/dl. Na an&#225;lise das cineangiocoronariografias: 94 (88%) pacientes tinham DAC, 84% com estenose &gt;70%. Na associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e DAC, observou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL foi superior nos grupos multiarterial e biarterial quando comparados ao grupo uniarterial (4,3&#177;2, 4,0&#177;1,7, 2,9&#177;1,6, respectivamente) com p ANOVA igual a 0,049. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL permaneceu um preditor significativo (p = 0,016). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL foi marcador de gravidade de DAC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, demonstrando que perfil lip&#237;dico pode ser um determinante de gravidade em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana, arteriosclerose coronariana, dislipidemias, cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dislipidemia &#233; um fator de risco estabelecido para o surgimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), o que tem sido demonstrada por meio de in&#250;meros estudos cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>1-7</sup>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica elevada da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>8</sup>, e a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) tem sido apontada como um dos mais fortes fatores de risco independentes para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>9</sup>. Novas evid&#234;ncias indicam que aumentos modestos nos triglicer&#237;deos aumentam o risco de eventos coronarianos e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, como tamb&#233;m a forma&#231;&#227;o de novas les&#245;es<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; conhecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil lip&#237;dico e a doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva<sup>13-14</sup>, por&#233;m a literatura ainda &#233; escassa na determina&#231;&#227;o do papel dos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas como marcadores de gravidade da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Embora a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da SCA n&#227;o dependa exclusivamente da extens&#227;o de DAC<sup>15</sup>, o comprometimento obstrutivo e o n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos poder&#227;o interferir na estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Assim, infere-se que, se uma das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas for preditora do grau do comprometimento anat&#244;mico na cineangiocoronariografia, poder&#225; potencialmente influenciar na decis&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia de investiga&#231;&#227;o invasiva em pacientes com SCA.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil lip&#237;dico e a intensidade de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados prontu&#225;rios de 107 pacientes consecutivos, admitidos no per&#237;odo entre outubro de 2003 e setembro de 2004, com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento de ST, pertencentes ao banco de dados da Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT) do Hospital Santa Izabel (HSI), Salvador (BA) e que realizaram cineangioronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. O diagn&#243;stico de SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel de ST incluiu infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMSS) e angina inst&#225;vel (AI). O diagn&#243;stico de IAMSS foi identificado em pacientes que apresentaram dor tor&#225;cica retroesternal irradiada ou n&#227;o para pesco&#231;o, mand&#237;bula, epig&#225;strio, ombro e bra&#231;o esquerdo, com in&#237;cio s&#250;bito e dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos ou mais, sendo de intensidade e sintomatologia vari&#225;veis; ao ECG, verificou-se aus&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, por&#233;m com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica &#150; CK total e CK-MB. Constatou-se tamb&#233;m angina inst&#225;vel caracterizada por quadro cl&#237;nico de precordialgia com dura&#231;&#227;o entre 5 e 30 minutos, constrictiva, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo ou mand&#237;bula ou ombro direito, associada a sudorese fria, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos ou que tenha obtido al&#237;vio com o nitrato; por meio de quadro laboratorial baseado nos n&#237;veis de troponina T&gt; 0,01 e &lt; 0,1 com CPK-massa normal e altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma (ECG), observou-se o seguinte: invers&#227;o de T <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm, infradesnivelamento de ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm e supradesnivelamento transit&#243;rio de segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm (regress&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou com nitrato)<sup>16</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas incluiu identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para DAC e dados referentes a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, pulso radial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, terapia domiciliar, al&#233;m do resultado do ECG.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial incluiu dados referentes &#224;s medidas de colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (HDL) e triglic&#233;rides (TG), dosados pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico; o c&#225;lculo do colesterol LDL (LDL) foi realizado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald<sup>17</sup>; e calculou-se o colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (CTNHDL) pela diferen&#231;a entre CT e HDL. Segundo o protocolo da UDT, todos os exames foram realizados em amostra de sangue colhido na admiss&#227;o, no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do HSI. N&#227;o foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o os pacientes n&#227;o estarem em jejum. O perfil lip&#237;dico foi classificado de acordo III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemia e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todas as cineangioronariografias (CINES) foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de Judkins e analisadas de forma subjetiva por profissionais do Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do HSI. Com base nos laudos, foram anotados dados referentes ao porcentual de obstru&#231;&#245;es, separados em tr&#234;s categorias (&lt; 50%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 e &lt; 70%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%), e o n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, com identifica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para vasos principais e secund&#225;rios. A DAC foi definida pela presen&#231;a de qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o quantificada no laudo. Para a an&#225;lise da intensidade da DAC, consideraram-se dois crit&#233;rios: porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias comprometidas. Al&#233;m disso, para an&#225;lise quantitativa da DAC, foi utilizado o sistema de escore de Nikita e cols.<sup>19,20</sup>. As art&#233;rias principais (descendente anterior (DA), circunflexa (CX), coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE)) foram analisadas e pontuadas quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es nos segmentos proximal, medial e distal; as art&#233;rias secund&#225;rias receberam pontua&#231;&#227;o apenas pelo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o, independentemente da localiza&#231;&#227;o. A intensidade de DAC foi definida pela soma dos escores de todas as les&#245;es, sendo a pontua&#231;&#227;o para localiza&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;rias principais apenas les&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, a caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica idade foi avaliada por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o respectivo; as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas categ&#243;ricas (sexo, fatores de risco cardiovascular e uso de medicamentos) foram expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, utilizou-se a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias pelo teste ANOVA. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dias nos grupos com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#245;es foi feita utilizando o Teste t de Student. Definiu-se a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica por valor de p &lt; 0,05. Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a vari&#225;vel dependente foi o n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos; essa vari&#225;vel foi dicotomizada em 1 ou mais que 1 vaso acometido. As vari&#225;veis independentes foram as vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada. Os dados foram inseridos e analisados pelo <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 10.0.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Santa Izabel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 107 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 94 (88%) tinham DAC, e destes 50 (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e com predomin&#226;ncia de les&#245;es multiarteriais. As m&#233;dias de idade foram superiores nos grupos biarterial e multiarterial quando comparados ao grupo uniarterial (68 &#177; 9 vs. 61 &#177; 13 anos, p = 0,035). O diabete melito (DM) e a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo multiarterial (p = 0,004 e p = 0,042, respectivamente), e os demais fatores de risco n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. A angina inst&#225;vel representou a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais freq&#252;ente dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, apresentando porcentual de 73% dos pacientes no grupo uniarterial e 69% no grupo multiarterial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico, observou-se que 64 (59,8%) dos pacientes tinham CT &lt;200 mg/dl, 18 (16,8%) <underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl, 33 (30,8%) HDL &lt;40 mg/dl, 23 (21,5%) HDL &gt;60 mg/dl e 52 (48,6%) TG &lt;150 mg/dl. O valor m&#233;dio de CT, LDL, triglic&#233;rides e CNHDL foram respectivamente de 190,71 &#177; 55,12 mg/dl, 109,03 &#177; 49,42 mg/dl, 180,81 &#177; 95,99 mg/dl e 141,43 &#177; 56,55 mg/dl, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa nas vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas entre pacientes com e sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, observou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total/HDL foi superior no grupo multiarterial, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e p ANOVA igual a 0,049 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). O LDL-colesterol, embora tenha sido superior no grupo com DAC multiarterial quando comparado ao uniarterial, apresentando m&#233;dias de 115,98 &#177; 53,88 e 85,54 &#177; 32,31, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, tendo como vari&#225;vel dependente o n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos e como vari&#225;veis independentes a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL, HAS, DM e idade, observou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL permaneceu como um preditor significativo (p = 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, a HAS e idade tamb&#233;m foram preditores do n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, tendo o DM perdido a signific&#226;ncia ap&#243;s o ajuste (p = 0,75). </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os tr&#234;s graus de obstru&#231;&#227;o (&lt;50%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 e &lt;70%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%) para todas as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas avaliadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da DAC pelo sistema de escore, observou-se que a m&#233;dia do escore foi de 10,8 &#177; 4,6 entre os pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o e a mediana igual a 11 nesse mesmo grupo. Tendo como base a m&#233;dia e a mediana, as CINES foram classificadas em tr&#234;s faixas de escore: &lt; 6, <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 e &lt; 15, <underline>&gt;</underline> 15. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o por faixa de escore evidenciou que 12,8% (12) pacientes possu&#237;am escore menor que seis; 66% (62) entre seis e quinze; 21,3% (20) maior que quinze. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de DAC por meio do sistema de escore e o perfil lip&#237;dico para nenhuma das vari&#225;veis estudadas, contudo observou-se tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica nas fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas colesterol total, LDL-c e colesterol total n&#227;o-HDL a serem menores no grupo com escore <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise das CINES, verificou-se que a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo apresentava obstru&#231;&#245;es <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, em vasos principais com comprometimento multiarterial. Essa predomin&#226;ncia &#233; concordante com a descrita na literatura, demonstrando que a DAC compromete preferencialmente os vasos principais<sup>14</sup>, al&#233;m do que, com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, existe maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de comprometimento multiarterial<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial evidenciou que os valores m&#233;dios obtidos para o LDL e o TG foram superiores aos considerados de baixo risco para DAC, de acordo com a III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>18</sup>. Esses dados validam o perfil de alto risco de DAC obstrutiva dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o que a torna adequada para estabelecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e comprometimento anat&#244;mico das coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o permitiram a discrimina&#231;&#227;o para a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DAC, contudo constatou-se que a vari&#225;vel CT/HDL apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, estando mais elevada nos grupos com obstru&#231;&#245;es biarterial e multiarterial quando comparados aos grupos com obstru&#231;&#245;es uniarteriais. Vale ressaltar que, apesar de a hipertens&#227;o arterial e a idade se mostrarem como preditoras do n&#250;mero de vasos, a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL se manteve na an&#225;lise multivariada, de forma independente. No que se refere &#224; vari&#225;vel CT/HDL e &#224; sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a e gravidade da DAC, estudos cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos a correlacionaram com a progress&#227;o ou regress&#227;o da DAC<sup>3,21,22</sup>. Portanto, esse achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da medida da rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL como fator de risco individual de DAC, assim como um indicador de sua extens&#227;o e gravidade, mesmo na presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis de colesterol considerados normais, sugerindo que o desequil&#237;brio entre o n&#237;vel de CT e HDL tenha um papel mais significativo na fisiopatologia da aterog&#234;nese. &#201; importante considerar que a fun&#231;&#227;o protetora do HDL n&#227;o se restringe ao transporte reverso do colesterol, podendo tamb&#233;m transportar enzimas antioxidantes, quebrar fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas oxidadas e neutralizar seus efeitos pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios<sup>23</sup>. Vale ressaltar que, na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, 38,8% tinham HDL &lt; 40 mg/dl e apenas 21,5% apresentavam n&#237;veis considerados ateroprotetores.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do LDL, observou-se que essa vari&#225;vel foi crescente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos. Os uniarteriais apresentaram LDL de 85,54 &#177; 332,31 mg/dl, enquanto os multiarteriais, 115,98 &#177; 53,88 mg/dl (p = 0,077). Embora n&#227;o tenha sido observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, que pode ter decorrido do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes em cada subgrupo, a diferen&#231;a observada no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de LDL entre os dois grupos sugere importante valor cl&#237;nico, uma vez que os multiarteriais tinham n&#237;veis de LDL &gt;100 mg/dl, considerado de corte para preven&#231;&#227;o de DAC em pacientes de alto risco<sup>10</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos indicam que os n&#237;veis elevados de LDL correlacionam-se com a presen&#231;a e intensidade de DAC<sup>2,15,21</sup>. Korhonen e cols.<sup>4</sup> acrescentam que as concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de LDL est&#227;o associadas com um risco aumentado de DAC, e quanto mais vasos se apresentarem estenosados, maior ser&#225; o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de LDL no grupo, concordando, portanto, com os dados deste estudo.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, vale ressaltar que a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL, embora tenha se mostrado associada com maior n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, n&#227;o se associou, assim como as demais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, com o grau de estenose em pacientes com SCA sem supra de ST. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de as les&#245;es mais potencialmente inst&#225;veis e propensas &#224; ruptura serem freq&#252;entemente n&#227;o-oclusivas e muitas vezes n&#227;o diagnosticadas na angiografia<sup>24</sup>. Essas les&#245;es apresentam um grande n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico, com sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o ativa e acumula&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos no local da ruptura da placa<sup>24</sup>. Contudo, tem sido demonstrada aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL colesterol s&#233;rico e o LDL colesterol oxidado na placa em SCA<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da intensidade da DAC, pelo sistema de escore, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a para nenhuma das vari&#225;veis, embora as fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas colesterol total, LDL-c e colesterol total n&#227;o-HDL tenham apresentado uma discreta tend&#234;ncia a serem menores quando associadas ao escore menor que seis. O sistema de escore, por incluir em sua an&#225;lise o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o, pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma capacidade discriminativa restrista, visto que, de acordo com a literatura, o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233;, provavelmente, o fator mais importante para desencadear os quadros cl&#237;nicos de SCA<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo pode apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do seu modelo retrospectivo e de an&#225;lise das CINES realizada por v&#225;rios profissionais. Contudo, vale ressaltar que a poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o decorrente da variabilidade dos laudos n&#227;o compromete a validade dos resultados, por tratar-se de hospital especializado e de refer&#234;ncia na &#225;rea de cardiologia, onde os profissionais de hemodin&#226;mica desse centro possuem alta experi&#234;ncia na an&#225;lise de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Outro aspecto que pode ser considerado limitador &#233; a dosagem do perfil lip&#237;dico a partir de sangue colhido na admiss&#227;o, de acordo com o protocolo da UDT, n&#227;o tendo sido observado o jejum de 12 horas. Todavia, &#233; importante ressaltar que triglic&#233;rides s&#227;o basicamente a fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica que apresenta importante varia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial<sup>25,26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os crit&#233;rios usados para definir angina inst&#225;vel, embora tenham sido os vigentes no momento em que se iniciou a constru&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados, podem merecer uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o ante as defini&#231;&#245;es mais recentes que sugerem que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnT acima do percentil 99 (0,01) e abaixo do coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de 10% (0,03) como indicador de necrose deve ser avaliada no contexto cl&#237;nico<sup>27</sup>. Contudo, essa limita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o compromete o objetivo do trabalho, uma vez que os pacientes foram rigorosamente avaliados de acordo com os protocolos vigentes na UDT e por profissionais aptos para identificar presen&#231;a de necrose mioc&#225;rdica mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pouco claras.</p>
    <p>Ainda que a aterosclerose n&#227;o decorra simplesmente do ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;pides, neste estudo, que incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o apresentando DAC grave, caracterizada por comprometimento multiarterial e predomin&#226;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es &gt;70% e em vasos principais, o CT e a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL foram marcadores de gravidade de DAC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, demonstrando que o perfil lip&#237;dico pode ser um determinante de maior comprometimento anat&#244;mico tamb&#233;m em pacientes com SCA sem supra de ST. Assim, considerando que normalmente ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas algumas horas ap&#243;s os quadros de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>28</sup>, os dados deste estudo enfatizam a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico na admiss&#227;o desses pacientes, para identificar pacientes com maior risco potencial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica deste estudo a programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rafaela Andrade Penalva </p>
        <p> Rua Altino Seberto de Barros, 295/1004 - Itaigara </p>
        <p> 41825-010, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rafaelapenalva@yahoo.com.br">rafaelapenalva@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/12/06; revisado recebido em 29/6/07; aceito em 8/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid profile and intensity of atherosclerosis disease in acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and dyslipidemia in acute coronary syndromes has been rarely demonstrated in clinical and epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between lipid profile and severity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the authors reviewed medical records of 107 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation admitted within a one-year period and who had undergone coronary angiography during hospitalization. Laboratory evaluation included serum levels of lipid fractions. Severity of CAD was determined by evaluating the number, degree, and score of coronary artery obstructions. For statistical analysis, the Student&#8217;s t test, chi-square test and ANOVA with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05, as well as multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were included; 94(88%) had CAD, of which 50 (53.2%) were males with predominance of multivessel disease. As regards the lipid profile, 64(59.8%) patients were observed to have TC&lt;200mg/dl, 33(30.8%) had HDL&lt;40mg/dl, and 38(35.5%) had LDL&lt;100mg/dl. The analysis of coronary angiographies showed that 94(88%) patients had CAD, and 84% had &gt; 70% stenosis. In the association between lipid profile and CAD, we observed a higher TC/HDL ratio in the multivessel and two-vessel groups in comparison with the one-vessel group (4.3&#177;2, 4.0&#177;1.7, 2.9&#177;1.6, respectively) with ANOVA p=0.049. In the multivariate analysis, the TC/HDL ratio remained a significant predictor (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The TC/HDL ratio was a marker of severity of CAD in relation to the number of vessels affected, thus demonstrating that the lipid profile can be a determinant of severity in patients with ACS without ST-segment elevation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lipid profile and severity of atherosclerotic disease in acute coronary syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rafaela Andrade Penalva; Mar&#231;al de Oliveira Huoya; Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia; Gilson Soares Feitosa; Ana Marice Teixeira Ladeia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and dyslipidemia in acute coronary syndromes has been rarely demonstrated in clinical and epidemiological studies.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between lipid profile and severity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In this retrospective study, the authors reviewed medical records of 107 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation admitted within a one-year period and who had undergone coronary angiography during hospitalization. Laboratory evaluation included serum levels of lipid fractions. Severity of CAD was determined by evaluating the number, degree, and score of coronary artery obstructions. For statistical analysis, the Student's t test, chi-square test and ANOVA with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05, as well as multivariate analysis were performed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 107 patients were included; 94(88%) had CAD, of which 50 (53.2%) were males with predominance of multivessel disease. As regards the lipid profile, 64(59.8%) patients were observed to have TC&lt;200mg/dl, 33(30.8%) had HDL&lt;40mg/dl, and 38(35.5%) had LDL&lt;100mg/dl. The analysis of coronary angiographies showed that 94(88%) patients had CAD, and 84% had &gt; 70% stenosis. In the association between lipid profile and CAD, we observed a higher TC/HDL ratio in the multivessel and two-vessel groups in comparison with the one-vessel group (4.3&#177;2, 4.0&#177;1.7, 2.9&#177;1.6, respectively) with ANOVA p=0.049. In the multivariate analysis, the TC/HDL ratio remained a significant predictor (p = 0.016).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The TC/HDL ratio was a marker of severity of CAD in relation to the number of vessels affected, thus demonstrating that the lipid profile can be a determinant of severity in patients with ACS without ST-segment elevation. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;90(1):24-29)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary atherosclerosis; atherosclerosis; dyslipidemias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), and this has been demonstrated in several clinical and epidemiological studies<sup>1-7</sup>. High plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) concentrations are directly correlated with the development of coronary artery disease<sup>8</sup>, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) concentrations have been pointed out as one of the strongest independent risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease<sup>9</sup>. New evidences show that mild increases in triglycerides lead to increased risk of coronary events and progression of coronary artery disease, as well as to the formation of new lesions<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p> The relationship between lipid profile and obstructive coronary artery disease is well known<sup>13-14</sup>. However, studies on the role of lipoprotein levels as markers of severity of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) are still scarce in the literature. Although clinical manifestations of ACS do not depend exclusively on the extent of CAD<sup>15</sup>, the obstructive impairment and number of vessels affected can interfere with the therapeutic strategy. Therefore, we can presume that if one of the lipid fractions is predictive of the degree of anatomical impairment on coronary angiography, it will potentially be able to influence the decision of a strategy on invasive investigation in patients with ACS. </p>
      <p> Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of an association between lipid profile and severity of coronary atherosclerotic disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of 107 consecutive patients admitted between October, 2003 and September, 2004 with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation, and who had undergone coronary angiography during hospitalization. These medical records belonged to the database of the Chest Pain Unit (CPU) of Hospital Santa Izabel (HSI), city of Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. The diagnosis of ACS without ST-segment elevation included non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA). The diagnosis of NSTEMI was made in patients who presented with retrosternal chest pain radiating or not to the neck, jaw, epigastrium, shoulder and left arm, with a sudden onset and duration of 30 minutes or more and varying degrees and symptoms; these patients had no ST-segment elevation on ECG, but elevated levels of biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis &#150; total CK and CK-MB. Unstable angina was characterized by a constrictive chest pain with duration between 5 and 30 minutes, radiating to the left arm, jaw, or right shoulder, associated with cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, or relieved by nitrate; by laboratory tests based on troponin T levels &gt; 0.01 and &lt; 0.1 with normal CPK-mass and the following electrocardiographic (ECG) changes: T wave inversion <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0mm, ST-segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm and transient ST-segment elevation <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm (spontaneous reversal or with nitrate)<sup>16</sup>. The evaluation of clinical and epidemiological variables included the identification of risk factors for CAD and data regarding blood pressure, radial pulse, respiratory rate, outpatient therapy, as well as ECG results.</p>
      <p> Laboratory evaluation included data regarding the levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TG), as determined using the enzymatic method; LDL cholesterol (LDL), using the Friedewald formula<sup>17</sup>; and non-HDL cholesterol (NHDLC), as calculated by the difference between TC and HDL. According to the CPU protocol, all tests were performed in blood samples collected at admission in the HSI clinical laboratory. Failure to fast was not an exclusion criterion. The lipid profile was classified according to the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Guideline on the Prevention of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Cardiology Society<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p> All coronary angiographies (ANGI) were performed using Judkins technique and were subjectively analyzed by professionals from the Catheterization Service of HSI. Based on the angiography results, data regarding the percentage of obstructions were noted down separately into three categories (&lt; 50 %, <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 and &lt; 70%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%); the number of vessels affected, with specific identification of main and secondary vessels were also noted down. CAD was defined as the presence of any obstruction quantified angiographically. For the analysis of severity of CAD, two criteria were considered: percentage of obstruction and number of vessels affected. Also, the Nikita et al score system<sup>19,20</sup> was used for quantitative analysis of CAD. The main arteries (anterior descending &#150; AD, circumflex &#150; CX, right coronary &#150; RC, and left main coronary &#150; LMC) were analyzed and scored as for the presence of lesions in the proximal, medial or distal segments. The secondary arteries were scored only as for the degree of obstruction, regardless of its location. Severity of CAD was defined by the sum of scores of all lesions, and the score for location in main arteries was attributed only for lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> In the statistical analysis, the clinical characteristic age was assessed using the mean and respective standard deviation; the categorical clinical variables (gender, cardiovascular risk factors and use of medication) were expressed as proportions. To evaluate the association between lipid profile and number of vessels affected, the means were compared using the ANOVA test. The Student's t test was used to compare the means between the groups with or without the presence of obstructions. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Multivariate analysis was also performed. In the logistic regression, the dependent variable was the number of vessels affected; this variable was dichotomized in one or more than one vessel affected. The independent variables were the significant variables in the univariate analysis. Data were entered in and analyzed by the SPSS version 10.0 software program.  </p>
      <p> This study was submitted to and approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Hospital Santa Izabel.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 107 patients included, 94 (88%) had CAD, of whom 50 (53.2%) were males with a predominance of multivessel disease. Mean ages were higher in the two-vessel and multivessel groups in comparison with the one-vessel group (68&#177;9 vs. 61&#177;13 years, p=0.035). DM and hypertension were more frequent in the multivessel group (p=0.004 and p=0.042, respectively), and no differences between the groups were observed as for the other risk factors. Unstable angina was the most frequent clinical manifestation in this population, affecting 73% of the patients in the one-vessel group and 69% in the multivessel group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p> Analysis of the lipid profile showed that 64 (59.8%) of the patients had TC &lt;200md/dl, 18 (16.8%) had TC <underline>&gt;</underline> 240md/dl, 33(30.8%) had HDL &lt;40md/dl, 23 (21.5%) had HDL &gt;60mg/dl, and 52 (48.6%) had TG&lt;150mg/dl. The mean values of TC, LDL, triglycerides and NHDLC were 190.71&#177;55.12 md/dl, 109.03&#177;49.42 md/dl, 180.81&#177;95.99 md/dl and 141.43&#177;56.55 md/dl, respectively, with no significant difference in lipid variables between patients with and without obstruction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The analysis of the association between lipid profile and number of vessels affected showed that the total cholesterol/HDL ratio was higher in the multivessel group with a statistically significant difference, and p ANOVA equal to 0.049 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Although LDL-cholesterol had been higher in the multivessel CAD group in comparison with the one-vessel group with means of 115.98&#177;53.88 and 85.54&#177;32.31, respectively, no statistically significant difference was found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> In the multivariate analysis, using the number of vessels affected as the dependent variable and TC/HDL ratio, hypertension, DM and age as independent variables, we observed that the TC/HDL ratio remained as a significant predictor (p=0.01). In addition, hypertension and age were also predictive of the number of vessels affected; DM lost significance after adjustment (p=0.75).  </p>
      <p> The analysis of the association between lipid profile and percentage of obstruction did not show any difference between the three degrees of obstruction (&lt; 50 %, <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 and &lt; 70%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%) for any of the lipid variables analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The analysis of severity of CAD using the score system showed that the mean and median scores among patients with obstruction were 10.8&#177;4.6 and 11, respectively. Based on the mean and median, the ANGI were classified into three score ranges: &lt;6; <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 and &lt; 15; <underline>&gt;</underline> 15. The frequency of distribution by score range showed that 12.8% (12) of the patients had a score lower than six; 66% (62) between six and 15; and 21.3% (20) higher than 15. No difference between the groups was observed as regards the assessment of severity of CAD using the score system and lipid profile for any of the variables studied. However, the lipid fractions total cholesterol, LDL-C and NHDLC tended to be lower in the group with a score <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0024-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of ANGIO showed that most patients in this study population had obstructions <underline>&gt;</underline>70% in main vessels, with multivessel lesions. This predominance is consistent with that described in the literature, demonstrating that CAD preferably affects the main vessels<sup>14</sup>; also, with the progression of the disease, multivessel lesions are more frequently observed<sup>4</sup>. In addition, laboratory evaluation showed that the mean values obtained for LDL and TG were higher than those considered of low risk for CAD, according to the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Guideline on Prevention of Atherosclerosis of the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>18</sup>. These findings validate the high risk profile for obstructive CAD of these patients, which makes this population appropriate for the analysis of the association between lipid profile and anatomic impairment of the coronary arteries.  </p>
      <p> In this study, the mean levels of lipid variables did not allow the discrimination between the presence and absence of CAD; however, we demonstrated that the variable TC/HDL was associated with the number of vessels affected, and was higher in the two-vessel and multivessel groups when compared to the one-vessel group. It is noteworthy that although hypertension and age proved to be predictive of the number of vessels affected, the TC/HDL ratio was maintained in the multivariate analysis, in an independent form. As regards the variable TC/HDL and its relationship with the presence and severity of CAD, clinical and angiographic studies have correlated it with the progression or regression of CAD<sup>3,21,22</sup>. Therefore, this finding reinforces the importance of the measurement of the TC/HDL ratio as an individual risk factor for CAD, as well as an indicator of extent and severity of the disease, even in the presence of cholesterol levels considered normal, thus suggesting that the imbalance between TC and HDL levels plays a more important role in the pathophysiology of atherogenesis. It is important to consider that the atheroprotective function of HDL is not restricted to reverse cholesterol transport, but can also transport antioxidant enzymes, break down oxidized lipid fractions, and neutralize their proinflammatory effects<sup>23</sup>. It is noteworthy that 38.8% of our population had HDL &lt; 40md/dl, and only 21.5% had levels considered atheroprotective. </p>
      <p> The analysis of LDL showed that this variable increased with the number of vessels affected. Patients with one-vessel disease had LDL levels of 85.54&#177;332.31md/dl, whereas those with multivessel disease had levels of 115.98&#177;53.88 md/dl (p=0.077). Although no statistical significance had been observed, a datum which may have resulted from the small number of patients in each subgroup, the difference observed in serum LDL levels between the two groups suggests an important clinical value, since patients with multivessel disease had LDL levels &gt;100md/dl, which is considered the cut-off point for the prevention of CAD in high risk patients<sup>10</sup>. Several studies agree that high levels of LDL are correlated with the presence and severity of CAD<sup>2,15,21</sup>. Korhonen et al<sup>4</sup> study adds that high levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of CAD, and the more vessels obstructed, the higher the serum LDL level in the group, thus corroborating the findings of the present study.  </p>
      <p> In our study, it is noteworthy that although the TC/HDL ratio had proven to be associated with a higher number of vessels affected, it was not associated with the degree of stenosis in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS, unlike the other lipid variables. This can be explained by the fact that the lesions that are more potentially unstable and prone to rupture are frequently non-occlusive and not diagnosed by angiography<sup>24</sup>. On the other hand, these lesions have a large lipid nucleus with signs of active inflammation and macrophage accumulation at the site of plaque rupture<sup>24</sup>. However, the absence of a relationship between serum LDL-cholesterol and oxidized LDL-cholesterol in the plaque has been demonstrated in ACS<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p> The analysis of severity of CAD using the score system did not show differences for any of the variables, although the lipid fractions total cholesterol, LDL-c and non-HDL cholesterol had shown a slight trend to be lower when associated with a score lower than six. The score system included the degree of obstruction in its analysis, and this may have contributed to a restricted discriminative power, since, according to the literature, the degree of obstruction is probably not the most important of the factors which precipitate the manifestations of ACS<sup>24</sup>.  </p>
      <p> This study may have limitations resulting from its retrospective design, and from the fact that the ANGIO were analyzed by several different professionals. However, it is noteworthy that the possible limitation resulting from the variability of angiography results does not affect their validity, since the study was conducted in a specialized referral hospital for cardiology, where the catheterization team members are highly skilled in the analysis of coronary obstruction. Another aspect that could be considered a limitation was the determination of the lipid profile from blood drawn at admission to comply with the CPU protocol, thus failing to observe a 12-hour fast. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that triglycerides are basically the lipid fraction that has a significant postprandial variation<sup>25,26</sup>. In addition, although the criteria used to define unstable angina had been those valid at the moment the database was beginning to be created, they may deserve a reassessment in light of the more recent definitions suggesting that TnT elevation above the 99th percentile (0.01) and below the 10% coefficient of variation (0.03) as an indicator of necrosis should be evaluated within the clinical setting<sup>27</sup>. However, this limitation does not affect the objective of the study, since the patients were closely evaluated according to the current CPU protocols, and by professionals able to identify the presence of myocardial necrosis even in unclear clinical situations.  </p>
      <p> Even though atherosclerosis does not result simply from lipid accumulation, in this study, which included a population with severe CAD characterized by multivessel lesions and predominance of obstructions &gt; 70% and in main vessels, TC and the TC/HDL ratio were markers of severity of CAD in relation to the number of vessels affected, thus demonstrating that the lipid profile may be a determinant of a more significant anatomical impairment also in patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS. Therefore, considering that a reduction in lipid variables usually occurs a few hours after the manifestations of acute coronary syndrome<sup>28</sup>, the findings of this study emphasize the need for assessment of the lipid profile of these patients to be made at admission, so as to identify patients at a higher potential risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding </bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association </bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rafaela Andrade Penalva</p>
          <p> Rua Altino Seberto de Barros, 295/1004 - Itaigara</p>
          <p> 41825- 010, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rafaelapenalva@yahoo.com.br">rafaelapenalva@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 15, 2006; revised manuscript received June 29, 2007; accepted October 08, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
