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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">39zS3S3kRpHbHfXfvvLd4Cq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: uso de enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tabo&#227;o da Serra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Pirajussara</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Avan&#231;os na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) introduziram benef&#237;cios adicionais, como a t&#233;cnica sem uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI). A cirurgia de RM sem uso da CEC tem sido associada a melhora dos resultados imediatos e a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias, e o uso bilateral de enxertos de ATI oferece aumento de sobrevida e redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o emprego combinado desses avan&#231;os na cirurgia de RM. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 35 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a RM sem CEC, com enxertos bilaterais de ATIs, sendo a ATI esquerda dirigida para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior e a ATI direita anastomosada aos ramos da art&#233;ria circunflexa. As co-morbidades predominantes foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio em 71,4% dos pacientes, diabetes melito em 34,2% e insufici&#234;ncia renal em 14,2%. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma ou eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O n&#250;mero de pontes por paciente variou de 2 a 4 (mediana de 3 pontes/paciente). A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria esteve entre 3 e 12 dias (m&#233;dia de 4,7 + 1,7 dias). N&#227;o houve casos de infec&#231;&#227;o ou deisc&#234;ncia esternal, mas um paciente apresentou acidente vascular cerebral no quarto dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e faleceu. A dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento tardio foi de 4 a 48 meses. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos tardios, 31 pacientes est&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e 3 t&#234;m angina residual. CONCLUS&#195;O: A combina&#231;&#227;o desses avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mostrou-se eficaz e pode contribuir para a melhora dos benef&#237;cios a longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: uso de enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Walter Jos&#233; Gomes; Rodrigo P. Paez; Francisco A. Alves</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Geral de Pirajussara, OSS/SPDM - Tabo&#227;o da Serra, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Avan&#231;os na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) introduziram benef&#237;cios adicionais, como a t&#233;cnica sem uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI). A cirurgia de RM sem uso da CEC tem sido associada a melhora dos resultados imediatos e a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias, e o uso bilateral de enxertos de ATI oferece aumento de sobrevida e redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Apresentar a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o emprego combinado desses avan&#231;os na cirurgia de RM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 35 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a RM sem CEC, com enxertos bilaterais de ATIs, sendo a ATI esquerda dirigida para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior e a ATI direita anastomosada aos ramos da art&#233;ria circunflexa. As co-morbidades predominantes foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio em 71,4% dos pacientes, diabetes melito em 34,2% e insufici&#234;ncia renal em 14,2%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma ou eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O n&#250;mero de pontes por paciente variou de 2 a 4 (mediana de 3 pontes/paciente). A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria esteve entre 3 e 12 dias (m&#233;dia de 4,7 + 1,7 dias). N&#227;o houve casos de infec&#231;&#227;o ou deisc&#234;ncia esternal, mas um paciente apresentou acidente vascular cerebral no quarto dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e faleceu. A dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento tardio foi de 4 a 48 meses. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos tardios, 31 pacientes est&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e 3 t&#234;m angina residual. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A combina&#231;&#227;o desses avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mostrou-se eficaz e pode contribuir para a melhora dos benef&#237;cios a longo prazo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) &#233; o m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico mais eficaz de tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em determinados subgrupos de pacientes, particularmente os de maior risco<sup>1</sup>. Avan&#231;os na cirurgia de RM introduziram benef&#237;cios adicionais, como a t&#233;cnica sem uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI). </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de RM sem uso da CEC tem sido associada a melhora dos resultados imediatos e a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias<sup>2-4</sup>. Ademais, estudos observacionais na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada demonstraram que o uso bilateral de enxertos de ATI oferece benef&#237;cios adicionais ao paciente, melhorando os resultados a longo prazo. H&#225; aumento da sobrevida e diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, quando comparado ao enxerto &#250;nico de ATI e de veia safena<sup>5,6</sup>. Esses benef&#237;cios s&#227;o observados quando os enxertos bilaterais de ATI s&#227;o dirigidos para sistema da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e demonstrados mesmo em pacientes de maior risco, como diab&#233;ticos, idosos e aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>5-8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a introdu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o esqueletonizada das ATIs permitiu a expans&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ambos os enxertos de ATI, reduzindo os riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e de deisc&#234;ncia do esterno<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas t&#233;cnicas, portanto, pode prover vantagens adicionais ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico, reduzindo a morbidade perioperat&#243;ria e melhorando os resultados tardios. A seguir &#233; apresentada a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o emprego combinado desses avan&#231;os na cirurgia de RM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - Nesta s&#233;rie foram analisados 35 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos a cirurgia de RM sem uso de CEC, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enxertos bilaterais de ATIs, sendo a ATI esquerda dirigida para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA) e a ATI direita, passada retroa&#243;rtica atrav&#233;s do seio transverso, anastomosada aos ramos da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx). A casu&#237;stica compreende 28 pacientes do sexo masculino e 7 do sexo feminino, com idade variando entre 41 e 76 anos (m&#233;dia de 56,0 &#177; 8,6 anos). As co-morbidades associadas foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio em 25 pacientes (71,4%), diabetes melito em 12 (34,2%), insufici&#234;ncia renal em 5 (14,2%), sendo 2 em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica em 3 (8,5%), e cirrose hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a de Chagas e AIDS em um paciente cada (2,8%).</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, medida por ecocardiografia (m&#233;todo de Teichholz), variou entre 42% e 73% (m&#233;dia de 62,5 &#177; 9,4%). Todos os pacientes est&#227;o em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial continuado. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional. </p>
    <p><italic>T&#233;cnica</italic> - A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada foi previamente descrita<sup>11</sup>. Em s&#237;ntese, no in&#237;cio da opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada expans&#227;o plasm&#225;tica com uso de solu&#231;&#245;es cristal&#243;ides e col&#243;ides sint&#233;ticos, para otimizar a pr&#233;-carga e permitir a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica nos deslocamentos do cora&#231;&#227;o para exposi&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses. Suporte inotr&#243;pico, quando necess&#225;rio, &#233; obtido com o uso tempor&#225;rio de dobutamina administrada por bombas de infus&#227;o. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita com heparina em dose para manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado acima de 250 segundos.</p>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por esternotomia mediana e ambas as ATIs foram dissecadas de forma esqueletonizada, usando t&#233;cnica meticulosa para clipagem e sec&#231;&#227;o dos ramos arteriais, desde a origem at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Em todos os casos, a ATI esquerda foi usada para revascularizar a DA e a ATI direita, passada retroa&#243;rtica atrav&#233;s do seio transverso, foi anastomosada &#224; art&#233;ria marginal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Como estrat&#233;gia operat&#243;ria, a ATI esquerda &#233; sempre anastomosada inicialmente &#224; DA e, a seguir, &#233; revascularizada &#224; art&#233;ria descendente posterior. Essa seq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; seguida porque o deslocamento do cora&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rio para conseguir a exposi&#231;&#227;o dessas duas art&#233;rias &#233; de pequena magnitude e bem tolerado hemodinamicamente. Essas duas art&#233;rias revascularizadas e a conseq&#252;ente perfus&#227;o adequada das paredes anterior e inferior do cora&#231;&#227;o permitem, a seguir, a luxa&#231;&#227;o medial do cora&#231;&#227;o para exposi&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral e anastomose da ATI direita com a art&#233;ria marginal. Art&#233;rias diagonais foram revascularizadas sempre que poss&#237;vel com enxerto seq&#252;encial de ATI esquerda ou de veia safena (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente posterior, foram utilizados enxertos de veia safena ou de art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica direita. Em um paciente foi realizada, simultaneamente, plicatura fechada de aneurisma apical de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o e a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias s&#227;o obtidas com ajuda do estabilizador de suc&#231;&#227;o Octopus<sup>&#174;</sup>3 (Medtronic, Inc.), uso do ponto de Lima &#250;nico e algumas vezes do posicionador Starfish<sup>&#174;</sup> (Medtronic, Inc.), fixados no afastador OctoBase<sup>&#174;</sup> (Medtronic, Inc.) Recentemente, na &#250;ltima metade dessa s&#233;rie, tem sido utilizado um sistema de autotransfus&#227;o para recupera&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria de sangue.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No intra-operat&#243;rio, todos os pacientes toleraram bem as manobras de luxa&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o para a constru&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses, com 6 pacientes necessitando suporte inotr&#243;pico tempor&#225;rio com dobutamina para realiza&#231;&#227;o da anastomose com a art&#233;ria marginal. Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma ou eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, assim como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve caso que necessitou reexplora&#231;&#227;o mediastinal por sangramento. O n&#250;mero de pontes por paciente variou de 2 a 4, com mediana de 3 pontes/paciente. A ATI esquerda foi usada para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial da DA e diagonal em 7 pacientes. A art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica direita foi usada para revascularizar a art&#233;ria descendente posterior em 4 casos, e nos demais foram usados segmentos de veia safena reversa. N&#227;o houve infec&#231;&#227;o ou deisc&#234;ncia esternal, nem complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias significativas, exceto por um paciente que apresentou acidente vascular cerebral no quarto dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, evoluindo com grande infarto cerebral e &#243;bito no vig&#233;simo primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dois pacientes tiveram infec&#231;&#227;o superficial da incis&#227;o para retirada da veia safena. A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria variou entre 3 e 12 dias, com m&#233;dia de 4,7 &#177; 1,7 dias. </p>
    <p>O seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, de 4 a 48 meses (m&#233;dia de 19,2 &#177; 14,3 meses) de dura&#231;&#227;o, foi completado em todos os pacientes. No per&#237;odo de seguimento, todos os pacientes est&#227;o vivos, dos quais 31 est&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e 3 permanecem com angina (2 com angina classe II e 1 com angina classe III pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> &#150; CCS). Um paciente foi submetido a angioplastia em decorr&#234;ncia de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em uma art&#233;ria n&#227;o-revascularizada e continua em classe III (CCS). Cinco pacientes foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, 2 a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista e 3 por queixa de desconforto tor&#225;cico. No reestudo angiogr&#225;fico, os enxertos de ATI bilateral estavam p&#233;rvios em todos os casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas atuais refor&#231;am que a cirurgia de RM &#233; o m&#233;todo mais eficiente de tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. H&#225; maior sobrevida com melhor al&#237;vio do sintoma anginoso, portanto com melhora da qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>Indubitavelmente, as maiores contribui&#231;&#245;es na cirurgia de RM nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas foram a introdu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica sem emprego da CEC e a demonstra&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a longo prazo com o uso da ATI bilateral. </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC &#233; associada a complexa resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, que contribuem significativamente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias. Estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado que a cirurgia de RM sem CEC &#233; segura e eficiente, apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas (perioperat&#243;rias), quando comparada &#224; t&#233;cnica com uso da CEC<sup>12-15</sup>. Al&#233;m de evitar a CEC, h&#225; a vantagem de prescindir de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico total para infus&#227;o de cardioplegia. Desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, ocorreu grande mudan&#231;a na demografia dos pacientes encaminhados para cirurgia de RM, em grande parte relacionada com a idade avan&#231;ada desse grupo de pacientes. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas passaram a constituir expressivo n&#250;mero das morbidades p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. O pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico total tem sido responsabilizado por grande parte das complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas observadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia com CEC, em decorr&#234;ncia da emboliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>debris</italic> de ateroma<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#233;ries recentes demonstram que a RM sem CEC melhora significativamente a mortalidade e a morbidade em todos os subgrupos, em especial nos pacientes com maiores fatores de risco operat&#243;rio<sup>12-19</sup>. Ademais, a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar &#233; reduzida, com menor uso de recursos hospitalares e conseq&#252;ente menor custo, comparativamente &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, em estudo randomizado controlado comparando RM com e sem CEC, foi demonstrado que os pacientes submetidos a t&#233;cnica sem CEC apresentaram melhor resultado cl&#237;nico (menor necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica), menor perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e melhor fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do enxerto bilateral de ATI pode oferecer beneficio adicional ao paciente, conferindo maior sobrevida e menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, quando comparado ao enxerto de ATI &#250;nica. Esse significativo aumento da sobrevida ocorre quando ambos os enxertos de ATI s&#227;o colocados para as art&#233;rias do sistema coronariano esquerdo, isto &#233;, a ATI esquerda &#233; anastomosada &#224; DA e a ATI direita &#233; anastomosada aos ramos da Cx (art&#233;rias marginais). O efeito do uso de enxertos bilaterais de ATI manifesta-se como aumento m&#233;dio de sobrevida de 15% em 20 anos<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses benef&#237;cios se estendem tamb&#233;m a pacientes com maior risco, como diab&#233;ticos, idosos e com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>5-8</sup>. Particularmente em diab&#233;ticos, tem sido evidenciado que o uso bilateral de ATIs melhora a sobrevida a longo prazo e reduz a necessidade de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o posteriores<sup>20,21</sup>. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, os diab&#233;ticos corresponderam a um ter&#231;o dos pacientes operados. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, grandes estudos t&#234;m confirmado que o enxerto de ATI direita, atrav&#233;s do seio transverso e anastomosada aos ramos da Cx, tem excelente pat&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica a longo prazo, comparativamente &#224;queles da ATI esquerda para a DA<sup>22</sup>. A t&#233;cnica do uso da ATI direita direcionada pelo seio transverso para revascularizar a art&#233;ria marginal foi proposta por Puig e cols.<sup>23</sup>, no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980. </p>
    <p>Shah e cols.<sup>24</sup> estudaram a perviedade tardia de enxertos bilaterais de ATI em uma s&#233;rie de 1.434 pacientes. Com seguimento m&#233;dio de 80 meses, demonstraram que 96,3% dos enxertos de ATIs esquerdas e 90% das ATIs direitas anastomosadas &#224; art&#233;ria marginal estavam p&#233;rvias<sup>24</sup>. Na mesma experi&#234;ncia, com seguimento m&#233;dio de 99 meses, 61% dos enxertos de veia safena estavam funcionantes<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tem sido demonstrado que as propriedades do endot&#233;lio da ATI contribuem para essa melhora dos resultados. Os enxertos de ATI promovem maior libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico que os enxertos de art&#233;ria radial e veia safena<sup>26</sup>. Isso torna a ATI um " conduto vivo" , capaz de dilatar-se (adapta&#231;&#227;o do calibre) e, conseq&#252;entemente, aumentar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, respondendo &#224; demanda do leito coronariano e &#224; &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio suprido. Ademais, a produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de &#243;xido n&#237;trico pelo endot&#233;lio da ATI tem a capacidade de reduzir e prevenir o processo ateroscler&#243;tico do leito distal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria revascularizada com esse enxerto<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o esqueletonizada da ATI conforme utilizada nesta s&#233;rie oferece vantagens adicionais. A dissec&#231;&#227;o convencional como ped&#237;culo, em que s&#227;o retirados em conjunto ATI com f&#225;scia endotor&#225;cica, m&#250;sculo, veia e tecidos periadventiciais, reduz o suprimento sangu&#237;neo para o esterno e pode ser o fator causal de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. H&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m do aporte sangu&#237;neo dos m&#250;sculos intercostais e nervo fr&#234;nico, resultando em maior disfun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o esqueletonizada envolve dissec&#231;&#227;o meticulosa da ATI, com les&#227;o m&#237;nima aos tecidos adjacentes e preserva&#231;&#227;o dos troncos vasculares que mant&#234;m a irriga&#231;&#227;o esternal<sup>30-32</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, tem sido demonstrado que h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es esternais (infec&#231;&#227;o e deisc&#234;ncia), melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e menor incid&#234;ncia de dor e disestesia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, o que possibilita a expans&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica em pacientes de maior risco, como diab&#233;ticos e portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, sem que haja aumento do risco adicional de complica&#231;&#245;es esternais<sup>9,10,30</sup>. Outra vantagem da t&#233;cnica esqueletonizada &#233; que os enxertos de ATI apresentam fluxo sangu&#237;neo mais elevado e com maior comprimento, permitindo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de mais art&#233;ria coron&#225;rias, utilizando a t&#233;cnica seq&#252;encial, como visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref><sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nessa t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria, a ordem da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; fator determinante do sucesso da cirurgia. A primeira art&#233;ria a ser revascularizada foi sempre a DA, seguida da art&#233;ria descendente posterior ou diagonal e, por &#250;ltimo, os ramos da Cx. Isso se faz necess&#225;rio porque na luxa&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o para exposi&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral e visualiza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria marginal os outros segmentos card&#237;acos precisam estar revascularizados, para compensar a queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco com o deslocamento do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Outro fator importante para a qualidade t&#233;cnica desse procedimento &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estabilizadores. Neste caso foi usado o estabilizador de suc&#231;&#227;o Octopus<sup>&#174;</sup>3 (Medtronic, Inc.), que possibilita a imobiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de anastomoses de melhor qualidade. Recentemente, o uso do sistema posicionador Starfish<sup>&#174;</sup> (Medtronic, Inc.) tem possibilitado o deslocamento medial do cora&#231;&#227;o, com aparente atenua&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. </p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica direita tem sido utilizada para revascularizar os ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, principalmente a art&#233;ria descendente posterior, pelo posicionamento anat&#244;mico de suas estruturas. Isso torna poss&#237;vel revascularizar as tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias usando somente enxertos arteriais. Hirose e cols.<sup>33</sup> estudaram a pat&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica da art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica direita e apresentaram resultados de 98,7%, 91,1% e 84,4% em 1, 3 e 5 anos de seguimento, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Um sistema de recupera&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria de sangue, de execu&#231;&#227;o simples e baixo custo, desenvolvido em nosso servi&#231;o, tem permitido a recupera&#231;&#227;o quase total de sangue durante as cirurgias, reduzindo drasticamente a necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue hom&#243;logo na &#250;ltima metade dos pacientes operados. Transfus&#227;o de sangue durante cirurgia de RM tem sido associada a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de sobrevida a longo prazo<sup>34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Essa casu&#237;stica inicial demonstra que, em pacientes selecionados, a estrat&#233;gia de RM sem CEC usando a ATI direita anastomosada para a art&#233;ria marginal &#233; poss&#237;vel com sucesso t&#233;cnico. Ademais, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o adicional da art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica direita para revascularizar a art&#233;ria descendente posterior torna poss&#237;vel realizar a RM sem CEC usando apenas enxertos arteriais. Em tese, essa estrat&#233;gia de RM se aproxima do modelo ideal de qualidade, pelo aumento dos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos traduzidos pela superioridade dos enxertos arteriais sobre os venosos e sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o sem necessidade de CEC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, esses avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos, utilizados combinadamente na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, mostraram-se eficazes e podem contribuir para a melhora dos benef&#237;cios a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Walter Jos&#233; Gomes </p>
        <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080/608 </p>
        <p> 04038-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="wjgomes@cardiol.br">wjgomes@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="wjgomes.dcir@epm.br">wjgomes.dcir@epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/02/07; revisado recebido em 03/05/07; aceito em 04/06/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical myocardial revascularization: off-pump use of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Advances in surgical myocardial revascularization (MR) have introduced additional benefits with the off-pump (OP) technique and the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting. Off-pump surgical MR has been associated with improved immediate outcomes and reduced incidence of perioperative complications, and the use of bilateral ITA grafts provides increased survival and decreased cardiovascular events in the long term. OBJECTIVE: To present the initial experience with the combined use of these advances in surgical MR. METHODS: A total of 35 consecutive patients undergoing off-pump MR with bilateral ITA grafting were studied; the left ITA was directed toward the anterior descending artery and the right ITA was anastomosed to the circumflex artery branches. The predominant comorbidities were previous myocardial infarction in 71.4% of the patients, diabetes mellitus in 34.2%, and renal failure in 14.2%. RESULTS No patients presented electrocardiographic changes or enzyme elevation in the postoperative period. The number of bypasses per patient ranged from two to four (median of three bypasses/patient). Postoperative hospital stay ranged from three to 12 days (mean of 4.7 + 1.7 days). No cases of sternal dehiscence or infection were observed, but one patient suffered a stroke on the fourth postoperative day and died. Late follow-up lasted from four to 48 months. No late deaths occurred, 31 patients are asymptomatic, and three have residual angina. CONCLUSION: The combination of these technical advances in surgical myocardial revascularization proved efficient and able to contribute to improved benefits in the long term.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical myocardial revascularization: off-pump use of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Walter Jos&#233; Gomes; Rodrigo P. Paez; Francisco A. Alves</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Geral de Pirajussara, OSS/SPDM - Tabo&#227;o da Serra, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Advances in surgical myocardial revascularization (MR) have introduced additional benefits with the off-pump (OP) technique and the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting. Off-pump surgical MR has been associated with improved immediate outcomes and reduced incidence of perioperative complications, and the use of bilateral ITA grafts provides increased survival and decreased cardiovascular events in the long term.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To present the initial experience with the combined use of these advances in surgical MR.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 35 consecutive patients undergoing off-pump MR with bilateral ITA grafting were studied; the left ITA was directed toward the anterior descending artery and the right ITA was anastomosed to the circumflex artery branches. The predominant comorbidities were previous myocardial infarction in 71.4% of the patients, diabetes mellitus in 34.2%, and renal failure in 14.2%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No patients presented electrocardiographic changes or enzyme elevation in the postoperative period. The number of bypasses per patient ranged from two to four (median of three bypasses/patient). Postoperative hospital stay ranged from three to 12 days (mean of 4.7 + 1.7 days). No cases of sternal dehiscence or infection were observed, but one patient suffered a stroke on the fourth postoperative day and died. Late follow-up lasted from four to 48 months. No late deaths occurred, 31 patients are asymptomatic, and three have residual angina.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The combination of these technical advances in surgical myocardial revascularization proved efficient and able to contribute to improved benefits in the long term.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial revascularization; thoracic arteries; extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most efficient therapeutic method for the treatment of coronary artery disease in certain subgroups of patients, particularly those at a higher risk<sup>1</sup>. Advances in surgical MR have introduced additional benefits, such as the off-pump technique and the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting.</p>
      <p> Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) has been associated with improved immediate outcomes and reduced incidence of perioperative complications<sup>2-4</sup>. Furthermore, observational studies conducted in the past decade demonstrated that the bilateral use of ITA grafting provides patients with additional benefits, thus improving long-term outcomes. Increased survival and decreased risk of cardiovascular events are observed in comparison with single ITA and saphenous vein grafting<sup>5,6</sup>. These benefits are verified when bilateral ITA grafts are directed toward the left coronary artery system, and are demonstrated even in patients at a higher risk, as is the case of diabetics, elderly patients, and those with left ventricular dysfunction<sup>5-8</sup>. Additionally, the introduction of the skeletonized ITA harvesting enabled a wider use of both ITA grafts by reducing the risks of infectious complications and sternal dehiscence<sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore the combination of these techniques may provide additional advantages in the surgical treatment by reducing perioperative mortality and improving late outcomes. </p>
      <p>The initial experience with the combined use of these advances in surgical MR is presented.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - In this series, 35 patients consecutively undergoing off-pump surgical MR using bilateral ITA grafting were studied; the left ITA was directed toward the anterior descending artery (AD), and the right ITA was passed behind the aorta through the transverse sinus, and anastomosed to the circumflex artery (Cx) branches. The case series comprises 28 male patients and seven female patients, with age ranging from 41 to 76 years (mean of 56.0 &#177; 8.6 years). The associated comorbidities were previous myocardial infarction in 25 patients (71.4%), diabetes mellitus in 12 (34.2%), renal failure in five (14.2%) &#150; of which two were undergoing chronic hemodialysis, peripheral arterial disease in three (8.5%), and liver cirrhosis, Chagas disease and AIDS in one patient each (2.8%).</p>
      <p> Ejection fraction, as measured by echocardiography (Teichholz method), ranged from 42% to 73% (mean of 62.5 &#177; 9.4%). All patients are being followed-up on an outpatient basis. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. </p>
      <p><italic>Technique</italic> - The surgical technique used has been previously described<sup>11</sup>. In summary, plasma expansion is performed with crystalloid solutions and synthetic colloids in the beginning of the operation in order to optimize the preload and provide hemodynamic stability during heart displacement to expose the coronary arteries and perform the anastomoses. Inotropic support, when necessary, is achieved with the temporary use of dobutamine administered via infusion pumps. Heparin was used for anticoagulation, at a dose to keep activated clotting time above 250 seconds.  </p>
      <p>The operations were performed via median sternotomy and both ITAs were dissected in the skeletonized fashion using a meticulous technique for clipping and sectioning of the arterial branches from their origin up to the bifurcation. In all cases, the left ITA was used for grafting the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, and the right ITA was passed behind the aorta through the transverse sinus and anastomosed to the marginal artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As an operative strategy, the left ITA is always initially anastomosed to the LAD, and next is revascularized the posterior descending artery. This sequence is followed because the heart displacement necessary to obtain exposure of these two arteries is small and hemodinamically well tolerated. These two revascularized arteries and subsequent adequate perfusion of the anterior and inferior heart walls enable, in the sequence, a medial heart displacement to expose the lateral wall and anastomosis of the right ITA to the marginal artery. Whenever possible diagonal arteries were revascularized with sequential left ITA or saphenous vein grafts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). For posterior descending artery revascularization, saphenous vein or right gastroepiploic artery grafts were used. Closed plication of a left ventricular apical aneurysm was simultaneously performed in one patient.  </p>
      <p>Exposure and stabilization of the coronary arteries are obtained with the help of an Octopus<sup>&#174;</sup>3 suction stabilizer (Medtronic, Inc.), use of a single Lima stitch, and sometimes use of the Starfish<sup>&#174;</sup> positioner (Medtronic, Inc.) fixed to the OctoBase<sup>&#174;</sup> retractor (Medtronic, Inc.). More recently, in the second half of these series, an autotransfusion system was used for intraoperative blood retrieval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the intraoperative period the heart displacement maneuvers for anastomosis construction was well tolerated by all patients, with six of them requiring temporary inotropic support with dobutamine for the performance of the anastomosis with the marginal artery. No patient presented postoperative electrographic changes or enzyme elevation; likewise, no patient required mediastinal reexploration for bleeding. The number of bypasses per patient ranged from two to four, with a median of three bypasses per patient. Left ITA was used for sequential revascularization of the AD and diagonal in seven patients. The right gastroepiploic artery was used for revascularization of the posterior descending artery in four cases, and segments of reversed saphenous vein were used in the remaining cases. No sternal dehiscense or infection, nor significant postoperative complications were observed, except for one patient who suffered a stroke in the fourth postoperative day, and progressed with cerebral infarction and death on the twenty first postoperative day. Two patients had superficial wound infection in the site from which the saphenous vein was harvested. </p>
      <p> Postoperative hospital stay ranged from three to 12 days, with a mean of 4.7 &#177; 1.7 days. The postoperative follow-up lasted from four to 48 months (mean of 19.2 &#177; 14.3 months), and was completed in all patients. In the follow-up period, all patients are alive. Thirty one of them are asymptomatic, and three remain with angina (two with class II angina, and one with class III angina, according to the classification of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society &#150; CCS). One patient underwent angioplasty due to the progression of the coronary disease in a non-revascularized artery, and remains in class III (CCS). Five patients underwent postoperative coronary angiography, two at the cardiologist's discretion and three because of chest discomfort. In the repeat angiographic study, the bilateral ITA grafts were patent in all cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Current scientific evidence corroborates that surgical MR is the most efficient method for the treatment of coronary artery disease in patients at a higher risk for cardiovascular events<sup>1</sup>. Longer survival with improved relief of anginal symptoms - therefore an improved quality of life - is observed. </p>
      <p> Undoubtedly, the major contributions for surgical MR in the past decades were the introduction of the off-pump technique and the demonstration of long-term outcomes with the use of bilateral ITA.  </p>
      <p>The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a complex systemic inflammatory response and neurological changes that significantly contribute to the occurrence of perioperative complications. Recent studies have shown that off-pump surgical MR is safe and efficient, providing a reduction of immediate (perioperative) complications when compared to the on-pump technique<sup>12-15</sup>. In addition to avoiding CPB, there is also the advantage of not using total aortic clamping for infusion of cardioplegia. Since the 1990's, a significant change was observed in the demographics of patients referred for surgical MR, related, to a great extent, to the advanced age of this group of patients. As a consequence, neurological complications now account for a significant number of postoperative morbidities. Total aortic clamping has been deemed responsible for a great part of the neurological complications observed in the postoperative period of off-pump surgeries as a result of embolization of atheromatous debris<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recent series demonstrate that off-pump MR significantly improves mortality and morbidity in all subgroups, especially in patients with higher operative risk factors<sup>12-19</sup>. Furthermore, hospital stay is reduced, with lower use of hospital resources and consequent lower costs when compared to the conventional technique<sup>17-18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, a randomized controlled study comparing on-pump to off-pump MR demonstrated that patients undergoing the off-pump technique showed better clinical outcomes (lower need for blood transfusion and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation), shorter hospital stay and better cognitive function, with no difference in relation to graft patency<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of bilateral ITA grafting may give patients additional benefits, by providing longer survival and lower incidence of cardiovascular events when compared to single ITA grafting. This significant increase in survival occurs when both ITA grafts are grafted to the arteries of the left coronary system, that is, the left ITA is anastomosed to the LAD and the right ITA is anastomosed to the Cx branches (marginal arteries). The effect of the use of bilateral ITA grafting is a mean 15% increase in survival in 20 years<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>These benefits also extend to patients at a higher risk, such as diabetics, elderly patients and those with left ventricular dysfunction<sup>5-8</sup>. Particularly in diabetics, the use of bilateral ITAs has shown improved long-term survival and reduced need for further revascularization procedures<sup>20,21</sup>. In our case series, diabetics accounted for one third of the patients operated on.  </p>
      <p>More recently, large studies have confirmed that right ITA grafting through the transverse sinus and anastomosed to the Cx branches has an excellent long-term angiographic patency when compared to that of left ITA for the AD<sup>22</sup>. The technique of utilization of right ITA directed through the transverse sinus to revascularize the marginal artery was proposed by Puig et al<sup>23</sup> in the early 1980's. </p>
      <p>Shah et al<sup>24</sup> studied the late patency of bilateral ITA grafts in a series of 1434 patients. With a mean 80-month follow-up, the authors demonstrated that 96.3% of the left ITA grafts and 90% of the right ITA anastomosed to the marginal artery were patent<sup>24</sup>. In the same experience, with a mean 99-month follow-up, 61% of the saphenous vein grafts were patent<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ITA endothelial properties have been demonstrated to contribute to these improved outcomes. ITA grafts promote a nitric oxide release higher than those of the radial artery and saphenous vein grafts<sup>26</sup>. This makes the ITA an "live conduit" able to dilate (caliber adaptation) and, consequently, to increase blood flow in response to the coronary bed demand and to the myocardial area supplied. Furthermore, the increased production of nitric oxide by the ITA endothelium is able to reduce and prevent the atherosclerotic process in the distal bed of the coronary artery that was revascularized with this graft<sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>Skeletonized ITA harvesting, as was used in this series, provides additional advantages. The conventional pedicled dissection, in which the ITA is harvested with endothoracic fascia, muscle, vein, and periadventitial tissues, reduces the sternal blood supply and may be the cause of postoperative complications. There is also a reduction in the blood supply of the intercostal muscles and phrenic nerve, thus resulting in a more significant postoperative respiratory dysfunction<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>The skeletonization harvesting involves meticulous ITA dissection, with minimum damage to adjacent tissues and preservation of vascular trunks that account for the sternal blood supply<sup>30-32</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). As a consequence, less sternal complications (infection and dehiscense), improved preservation of the respiratory function and a lower incidence of postoperative pain and dysesthesia have been demonstrated. This enables a wider use of this technique in patients at a higher risk, such as diabetics and patients with chronic renal failure, without causing increased additional risk of sternal complications<sup>9,10,30</sup>. Another advantage of the skeletonization technique is that ITA grafts show a higher blood flow with greater length, thus permitting revascularization of more coronary arteries using the sequential technique, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref><sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0018-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In this operative technique, the order of revascularization is also a determinant factor for surgical success. The first artery to be revascularized has always been the AD, followed by the posterior descending or diagonal artery, and, finally, the Cx branches. This is necessary because during heart displacement for exposure of the lateral wall and visualization of the marginal artery the other heart segments need to be revascularized, to compensate the drop in cardiac output caused by the heart displacement.  </p>
      <p>Another important factor for the technical quality of this procedure is the use of stabilizers. In this case, we used the Octopus<sup>&#174;</sup>3 suction stabilizer (Medtronic, Inc.), which enables the immobilization of the coronary artery and performance of better quality anastomoses. Recently, the use of the Starfish<sup>&#174;</sup> positioning system (Medtronic, Inc.) has enabled medial heart displacement, with apparent reduction of the hemodynamic changes.  </p>
      <p>The right gastroepiploic artery has been used to revascularize the right coronary artery branches, mainly the posterior descending artery, because of the anatomic position of its structures. This makes it possible to revascularize the three coronary arteries using only arterial grafts. Hirose et al<sup>33</sup> studied the angiographic patency of the right gastroepiploic artery and showed results of 98.7%, 91.1% and 84.4% at one, three and five years of follow-up, respectively. </p>
      <p>An easy-to-use, low-cost intraoperative blood retrieval system developed in our service has allowed the retrieval of almost all the blood during surgeries, thus dramatically reducing the need for homologous blood transfusion in the second half of the series of patients operated on. Blood transfusion during surgical MR has been associated with a significant reduction in the long-term survival<sup>34</sup>. </p>
      <p>This initial case series demonstrates that, in selected patients, the off-pump MR strategy using the right ITA anastomosed to the marginal artery is possible and technically successful. Furthermore, the additional use of the right gastroepiploic artery to revascularize the posterior descending artery enables the performance of off-pump MR using only arterial grafts. In theory, this MR strategy is close to the optimal quality model, because of its clinical benefits translated into the superiority of the arterial grafts over venous grafts and its use without the need for ECC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, these technical advances used in combination during surgical myocardial revascularization have proven effective and may contribute for improved benefits in the long term.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Walter Jos&#233; Gomes</p>
          <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080/608</p>
          <p> 04038-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="wjgomes@cardiol.br">wjgomes@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="wjgomes.dcir@epm.br">wjgomes.dcir@epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 13, 2007; revised manuscript received May 03, 2007; accepted June 04, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
