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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MJfdZTqTbqshRfRgp9ry3XP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AIDS na inf&#226;ncia: acometimento card&#237;aco com e sem a terapia anti-retroviral tr&#237;plice combinada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Soares Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Reis dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Thalita Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Hugo S. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Marcelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Marylane Christian Feitosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane Gaspar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martag&#227;o Gesteira </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina - Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma em crian&#231;as com AIDS acompanhadas em servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia aos 18&#177;6 meses do diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AIDS. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, com corte aos 18&#177;6 meses do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS. Inclu&#237;das 93 crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AIDS por transmiss&#227;o vertical, sem doen&#231;a maligna, que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, realizaram ecocardiograma (eco). De forma explorat&#243;ria avaliaram-se as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nos pacientes sem uso (G1) e com uso (G2) de terapia combinada anti-retroviral. RESULTADOS: Quando do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, as crian&#231;as tinham em m&#233;dia 3,07 anos e 50,50% eram do sexo feminino. Esquema de terapia combinado com anti-retrovirais foi utilizado por 47 pacientes (G2). O acometimento card&#237;aco esteve presente em 40 crian&#231;as (43,00%). A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (G1:39,10%;G2:10,60%) e o aumento isolado de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (G1:6,60%;G2:14,90%) foram os achados mais freq&#252;entes. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os grupos sem e com terapia anti-retroviral combinada quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (RP=3,42; [1,41-8,26]; p =0,02) e de desnutri&#231;&#227;o (RP=1,79; [1,00-3,20]; p=0,04). CONCLUS&#195;O: O acometimento card&#237;aco foi freq&#252;ente nas crian&#231;as com AIDS, sendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda a altera&#231;&#227;o mais observada ao ecocardiograma. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com e sem tratamento tr&#237;plice combinado quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e de desnutri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida</kwd>
        <kwd>AIDS</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia anti-retroviral de alta atividade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>AIDS na inf&#226;ncia: acometimento card&#237;aco com e sem a terapia anti-retroviral tr&#237;plice combinada</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Silvia Reis dos Santos; Thalita Fernandes de Abreu; Ricardo Hugo S. de Oliveira; Denise Marcelino Baptista; Marylane Christian Feitosa Dantas; M&#225;rcia Fernanda Carvalho; Luciane Gaspar Guedes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martag&#227;o Gesteira / Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina &#150; Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma em crian&#231;as com AIDS acompanhadas em servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia aos 18&#177;6 meses do diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AIDS. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, com corte aos 18&#177;6 meses do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS. Inclu&#237;das 93 crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AIDS por transmiss&#227;o vertical, sem doen&#231;a maligna, que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, realizaram ecocardiograma (eco). De forma explorat&#243;ria avaliaram-se as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nos pacientes sem uso (G1) e com uso (G2) de terapia combinada anti-retroviral. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> Quando do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, as crian&#231;as tinham em m&#233;dia 3,07 anos e 50,50% eram do sexo feminino. Esquema de terapia combinado com anti-retrovirais foi utilizado por 47 pacientes (G2). O acometimento card&#237;aco esteve presente em 40 crian&#231;as (43,00%). A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (G1:39,10%;G2:10,60%) e o aumento isolado de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (G1:6,60%;G2:14,90%) foram os achados mais freq&#252;entes. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os grupos sem e com terapia anti-retroviral combinada quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (RP=3,42; [1,41-8,26]; p =0,02) e de desnutri&#231;&#227;o (RP=1,79; [1,00-3,20]; p=0,04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O acometimento card&#237;aco foi freq&#252;ente nas crian&#231;as com AIDS, sendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda a altera&#231;&#227;o mais observada ao ecocardiograma. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com e sem tratamento tr&#237;plice combinado quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e de desnutri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida, AIDS, crian&#231;a, cora&#231;&#227;o, terapia anti-retroviral de alta atividade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) constitui-se em um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial, com alta mortalidade e morbidade, atingindo pessoas jovens em plena fase produtiva e de reprodu&#231;&#227;o. No Brasil, acompanhando as tend&#234;ncias do mundo, observa-se aumento crescente da contamina&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres em idade reprodutiva levando ao aumento da transmiss&#227;o m&#227;e-filho<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Anormalidades card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as com AIDS t&#234;m sido descritas. Embora freq&#252;entemente subcl&#237;nicas, podem ser persistentes e/ou progressivas e tendem a ocorrer em fases tardias da doen&#231;a<sup>2-4</sup>. Esses achados s&#227;o considerados de mau progn&#243;stico, observando-se maior mortalidade nas crian&#231;as que apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A terapia HAART (<italic>Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy</italic>) modificou significativamente o curso da doen&#231;a, com aumento da sobrevida e melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com AIDS. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito das apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas card&#237;acas na fase p&#243;s-HAART. H&#225; relatos de aumento da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as arteriais vasculares perif&#233;ricas e de acometimento coronariano em adultos<sup>6</sup> e de redu&#231;&#227;o das miocardiopatias nas crian&#231;as<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplicabilidade dos dados antes publicados sobre envolvimento card&#237;aco nos pacientes em uso de inibidores de proteases &#233; desconhecida e &#233; necess&#225;rio verificar se essa nova terap&#234;utica modificou a incid&#234;ncia do envolvimento card&#237;aco<sup>10</sup>. O atual estudo teve por objetivo descrever as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cardiol&#243;gicas, os resultados dos exames laboratoriais que avaliam o estado imunol&#243;gico e os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos aos 18&#177;6 meses de diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, procurando relacion&#225;-los ao tipo de terapia anti-retroviral disponibilizada. De forma explorat&#243;ria, foram ainda analisadas poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre os achados dos pacientes sem terapia anti-retroviral combinada &#150; Grupo G1 &#150; e os dos pacientes com a terapia combinada &#150; Grupo G2 &#150; com o estado nutricional e com a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ao ecocardiograma. Dessa forma, este trabalho pretende contribuir para o conhecimento cient&#237;fico a respeito do acometimento card&#237;aco de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com Aids, com e sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia anti-retroviral tr&#237;plice combinada (HAART).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com coleta de dados retrospectiva, com corte aos 18&#177;6 meses do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, em centro de refer&#234;ncia pedi&#225;trico. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: crian&#231;as menores de 13 anos de idade na interna&#231;&#227;o entre os anos de 1990 e 2002, diagn&#243;stico de AIDS (classifica&#231;&#227;o C e/ou 3) por transmiss&#227;o vertical pelos crit&#233;rios definidos pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS)<sup>11</sup> e aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a maligna. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis do estudo foram: sexo, idade da crian&#231;a quando firmado o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV; classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica na &#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico; idade quando da defini&#231;&#227;o de classifica&#231;&#227;o C e/ou tr&#234;s em anos e idade na &#233;poca do ecocardiograma refer&#234;ncia, em anos. Aos 18&#177;6 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de AIDS: peso, hemat&#243;crito, presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas: cardiomegalia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (cansa&#231;o, taquipn&#233;ia n&#227;o explicada por infec&#231;&#227;o, dispn&#233;ia, ictus desviado para a esquerda, terceira bulha, hepatomegalia), hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (ventr&#237;culo direito palp&#225;vel, segunda bulha com componente pulmonar hiperfon&#233;tico, hepatomegalia; taquicardia persistente)<sup>12,13</sup>, hemat&#243;crito e contagem de linf&#243;citos CD4, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional foi realizado sob t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o usual<sup>14,15</sup>, com transdutores de 2,5 e 5,0 mHz. Em alguns casos foi necess&#225;ria seda&#231;&#227;o e as crian&#231;as foram estudadas em dec&#250;bito dorsal ou lateral esquerdo. A an&#225;lise seq&#252;encial foi utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e os cortes longitudinal e transversal para realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas pelo modo M. O exame foi realizado com registro simult&#226;neo de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de refer&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Todas as medidas e c&#225;lculos foram realizados a partir dos tra&#231;ados de modo M, em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos, seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>14,15</sup>. As seguintes medidas foram obtidas diretamente e analisadas: di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (Ao), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), cavidade ventricular direita (VD), dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VEd), dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VEs), espessura da parede posterior em di&#225;stole (PP) e espessura do septo interventricular em di&#225;stole (SIV). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas do ecocardiograma refer&#234;ncia, o indicador utilizado foi peso/idade com o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia publicado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>14,15</sup>. O Escore Z foi calculado baseado na m&#233;dia das medidas esperadas para crian&#231;as normais com o mesmo peso e idade divididos por um desvio padr&#227;o. Portanto, o Escore Z igual a zero representa o valor m&#233;dio normal ajustado e os limites superior e inferior da normalidade considerados foram +2 e -2.</p>
    <p>Para fins de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi calculado o porcentual de encurtamento sist&#243;lico do di&#226;metro do VE (D% VE), calculado pela f&#243;rmula: D% VE = (VEd - VEs) / VEd x 100, sendo considerados normais valores de D% VE de 28% a 40%<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, considerou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda porcentual de encurtamento sist&#243;lico do di&#226;metro do VE inferior a 28% associado a aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou presen&#231;a de hipocinesia localizada, sem outra causa que pudesse justific&#225;-la. A gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o foi quantificada pelo D% VE, ou seja, quanto menor o porcentual, mais grave o acometimento ventricular esquerdo. Valores de 28% at&#233; 25% foram considerados como disfun&#231;&#227;o leve, na maioria das vezes com o paciente assintom&#225;tico; menor que 25% at&#233; 19%, como disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada, geralmente j&#225; com sintomatologia cl&#237;nica, e valores inferiores a 19%, como disfun&#231;&#227;o grave, associada quase sempre a quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de maior gravidade<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Terapia anti-retroviral utilizada &#150; No momento em que se tornaram graves, as crian&#231;as poderiam estar sob tratamentos diferentes (dependendo da &#233;poca em que esse fato ocorreu): sem terapia anti-retroviral, terapia com um agente anti-retroviral, terapia com dois agentes anti-retrovirais, ou terapia com tr&#234;s agentes anti-retrovirais<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na abordagem explorat&#243;ria, altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda) e presen&#231;a de desnutri&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;ram as vari&#225;veis dependentes. O tipo de tratamento utilizado para a AIDS, respectivamente, sem (G1) e com terapia anti-retroviral combinada tr&#237;plice (G2) por seis meses ou mais antes do ecocardiograma refer&#234;ncia, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do MS<sup>11</sup>, foi a vari&#225;vel independente de an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram armazenados e analisados utilizando-se o programa EPIINFO vers&#227;o 6.04<sup>18</sup>, atrav&#233;s de estat&#237;stica descritiva (distribui&#231;&#227;o de freq&#252;&#234;ncias para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e medidas de tend&#234;ncia central para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas). Para a an&#225;lise das associa&#231;&#245;es, utilizou-se a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP); e para a infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica usou-se o teste do qui-quadrado e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC), com limite de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. </p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Unidade de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Das 387 crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV pelos crit&#233;rios do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de/CDC 1994, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2002, 288 tinham o diagn&#243;stico confirmado de transmiss&#227;o vertical e 183 eram graves (C e/ou 3). A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica aos 18&#177;6 meses da data em que havia sido confirmado o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico de AIDS (C e/ou 3) ocorreu em 93 crian&#231;as. Esses 93 pacientes constituem a amostra do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Nos 93 pacientes aqui avaliados, n&#227;o houve predile&#231;&#227;o pelo sexo, 47 eram do sexo feminino e 46 do sexo masculino. A idade m&#233;dia das crian&#231;as quando se firmou o diagn&#243;stico, foi de 3,07&#177;3,05 anos.</p>
    <p> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, observou-se que a maior parte das crian&#231;as estava eutr&#243;fica (64,50%), mas 35,50% das crian&#231;as apresentavam algum grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, e 14% delas tinham grave desnutri&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.- </p>
    <p>O valor m&#233;dio do hemat&#243;crito foi de 32,48&#177;3,56%, na popula&#231;&#227;o total. O hemat&#243;crito m&#233;dio nos pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o normal ao eco foi de 33,18&#177;3,34%, nos pacientes com aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao eco, o hemat&#243;crito m&#233;dio foi de 32,11&#177;4,10% e, naquelas com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, foi de 31,08&#177;3,27%. Portanto, essas varia&#231;&#245;es de hemat&#243;crito n&#227;o tiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica imunol&#243;gica no in&#237;cio do acompanhamento no IPPMG, observou-se que 70 (75,4%) crian&#231;as j&#225; eram consideradas graves. O comprometimento era moderado (Classe B e/ou 2) em 13 crian&#231;as (13,9%) e considerado leve (A e/ou 1) em 10 casos (10,7%). Na &#233;poca do estudo, todas as crian&#231;as aqui inclu&#237;das eram graves (crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o).</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do n&#237;vel de contagem porcentual de linf&#243;citos CD4 em data pr&#243;xima da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma foi de 17,65%&#177;11,56. O n&#237;vel de CD4, quando verificado no grupo de crian&#231;as sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca era de 10,39&#177;8,30 e aos 18&#177;6 meses 20,15&#177;11,71, diferente do verificado nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nos quais, na &#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, era de 8,21&#177;6,80, e quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, aos 18+/- 6 meses, verificou-se ser de 14,30&#177;11,86. </p>
    <p>Na &#233;poca da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma, a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas card&#237;acas foi de 24,73% (n=23 crian&#231;as): 12 crian&#231;as apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente diagnosticada, em sete pacientes havia aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca e em quatro o exame f&#237;sico sugeria o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Nessas crian&#231;as com prov&#225;vel hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi verificado que todas apresentavam infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias de repeti&#231;&#227;o e/ou pneumonia intersticial linfoc&#237;tica. </p>
    <p>O tipo de terapia institu&#237;da para cada paciente variou dependendo do ano de in&#237;cio do acompanhamento (as recomenda&#231;&#245;es e disponibilidade de medicamentos no Brasil diferiram com o passar dos anos) e da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no momento do diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>A profilaxia com AZT foi realizada em apenas tr&#234;s crian&#231;as no grupo aqui estudado; todas j&#225; no terceiro m&#234;s de vida estavam classificadas como C3 tendo iniciado a terapia combinada (tr&#237;plice). Quatro crian&#231;as, apesar de graves, n&#227;o receberam nenhuma terapia anti-retroviral nos primeiros 18&#177;6 meses de acompanhamento. </p>
    <p>At&#233; a &#233;poca do ecocardiograma (18&#177;6 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico firmado de Aids), nove crian&#231;as (9,70%) fizeram uso apenas de monoterapia e outras 25 inicialmente utilizaram a monoterapia, passando posteriormente ao esquema com dois agentes antiretovirais. Na monoterapia, o AZT(Azitromicina) foi utilizado sempre como primeiro agente e em oito casos houve a substitui&#231;&#227;o pelo ddI (Didanosina). O esquema com terapia dupla foi verificado em 51 crian&#231;as (54,80%) deste estudo (algumas passaram ao uso do esquema tr&#237;plice combinado pelo menos seis meses antes do ecocardiograma), sendo o regime com AZT + ddI inicialmente utilizado em 47 delas (92,10%). AZT + 3TC (Lamivudina) foi o primeiro esquema em quatro crian&#231;as. Em 16 crian&#231;as houve a substitui&#231;&#227;o do regime duplo inicial por intoler&#226;ncia ou fal&#234;ncia de resposta, assim prescrito: AZT + 3TC em 13 casos; ddI + 3TC em 2 casos e ddI + D4T em um caso. </p>
    <p>Em quarenta e sete crian&#231;as (50,50%) foi utilizada a terapia combinada ou terapia tr&#237;plice por pelo menos seis meses antes da data do ecocardiograma, conforme esquemas recomendados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de &#150; descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> &#150; (cinco desses pacientes haviam utilizado inicialmente a terapia dupla).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado aos 18&#177;6 meses de diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foi de 43,00%, sendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda a altera&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente, observada em 24,70% das crian&#231;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab.2</xref>). Hipocinesia septal foi verificada em quatro casos e &#237;nfero-dorsal em uma crian&#231;a. Em outro paciente havia um trombo intracavit&#225;rio. O aumento isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi confirmado em 10 crian&#231;as. Sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar foram observados em duas crian&#231;as. Nessa seleta popula&#231;&#227;o referenciada ao IPPMG, um caso de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, um de comunica&#231;&#227;o inter-atrial, um de insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve e um de prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral foram as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas isoladas observadas. Em um paciente o ecocardiograma revelou apenas pequeno derrame peric&#225;rdico e essa crian&#231;a apresentava naquele momento quadro cl&#237;nico de pneumonia. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, avaliada atrav&#233;s da medida do porcentual de encurtamento sist&#243;lico do di&#226;metro do VE (D% VE), estava deprimida em 21 crian&#231;as e, em duas outras, apesar do D% VE ser superior a 28%, o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi considerado em raz&#227;o de importante diminui&#231;&#227;o isolada da contratilidade do septo interventricular, sem outra causa para tal fato. Quando quantificada a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, verificou-se que a maioria das crian&#231;as apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o de grau moderado (52,20%); j&#225; a disfun&#231;&#227;o leve esteve presente em 39,10% dos pacientes e, em apenas dois pacientes (8,70%), a disfun&#231;&#227;o foi considerada grave no momento do exame.</p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios do D%VE estavam diminu&#237;dos no grupo (23 crian&#231;as) dos pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (24,52&#177;4,65%). J&#225; o grupo de pacientes com ecocardiograma normal (53 crian&#231;as) apresentava valores m&#233;dios de D%VE de 34,70&#177;3,90%.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> observam-se as m&#233;dias dos escores das cavidades card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma nos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o de VE normal e naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; evidenciam-se as anormalidades, com acentuado desvio nas medidas de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em s&#237;stole e em di&#225;stole, com escores superiores a +2.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o, os 93 casos foram separados em dois grupos, baseado na utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o do esquema combinado com tr&#234;s agentes por per&#237;odo superior a seis meses. O G1, que n&#227;o fez uso do esquema combinado com tr&#234;s agentes, foi constitu&#237;do por 46 crian&#231;as; e o G2, que usou a terapia tr&#237;plice, foi composto por 47 crian&#231;as. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa na idade de diagn&#243;stico entre os dois grupos: a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 2,67&#177;2,59 anos no G1 e de 3,46&#177;3,43 anos no G2 (p=0,21). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,45) entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade em que se estabeleceu a gravidade da AIDS (C e/ou 3): 3,76&#177;2,77 anos no G1, e 4,24&#177;3,36 anos no G2.</p>
    <p>Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva (RP = 3,42; IC = 1,41 - 8,26; p= 0,002) entre a aus&#234;ncia de tratamento anti-retroviral combinado e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ao ecocardiograma (total de 23 casos &#150; G1= 18; G2= 5), n&#227;o existente nas crian&#231;as com fun&#231;&#227;o de VE normal (total 53 casos &#150; G1 = 21; G2 = 32). Tamb&#233;m se verificou um maior n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as moderada ou gravemente desnutridas no grupo sem tratamento tr&#237;plice (21 dos 46), do que no grupo com tratamento, no qual, de 47 crian&#231;as, apenas 12 estavam desnutridas. Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (IC = 1,00 - 3,20; p= 0,004).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar do desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas e de programas de preven&#231;&#227;o e assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes portadores do v&#237;rus HIV nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, ainda h&#225; um n&#250;mero significativo de crian&#231;as contaminadas por esse v&#237;rus transmitido pela m&#227;e, nas estat&#237;sticas nacionais atuais<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O intervalo de 18 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, com varia&#231;&#227;o de &#177; seis meses, foi considerado o mais adequado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ao ecocardiograma pelas seguintes raz&#245;es:</p>
    <p>1. Exclui os pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva, que evoluem para o &#243;bito nos primeiros dois anos de vida<sup>20,21</sup> e que representam cerca de 20% dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que falecem antes da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e da disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o. Esses apresentam menor incid&#234;ncia de acometimento card&#237;aco que, quando presente, se manifesta de forma distinta dos 80% restantes<sup>16,22,23</sup>. Assim, priorizou-se estudar os pacientes que apresentam a forma de progress&#227;o lenta, verificada em grupo et&#225;rio mais velho (pr&#233;-escolar e escolar), com maior probabilidade de acometimento cardiol&#243;gico<sup>20,24 </sup>e de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>2. Uma vez que as crian&#231;as doentes chegam ao ambulat&#243;rio de DIP em m&#233;dia com tr&#234;s anos de idade, se o intervalo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica fosse maior que 24 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de AIDS, muitas crian&#231;as com acometimento card&#237;aco poderiam j&#225; ter evolu&#237;do para o &#243;bito<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>3. O intervalo de 18 meses permite a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia anti-retroviral combinada por pelo menos seis meses, o que n&#227;o ocorreria com intervalo menor. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional, os dados existentes na literatura se referem a estudos sem especificar a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica dos pacientes, dificultando, portanto, qualquer compara&#231;&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, neste estudo observou-se que a propor&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as desnutridas era menor no grupo com terapia combinada tr&#237;plice, conforme j&#225; citado<sup>2,26</sup>.- </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, presente em 12% das crian&#231;as, foi o diagn&#243;stico cardiol&#243;gico mais freq&#252;ente. Verificou-se que 11 das 23 crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pelo ecocardiograma n&#227;o tinham sintoma cl&#237;nico, fato esse verificado tamb&#233;m na literatura e n&#227;o s&#243; em crian&#231;as com AIDS<sup>12,13</sup>. Essa aus&#234;ncia de sintomas de ICC em grande n&#250;mero das crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda enfatiza a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o precoce desse exame naquelas com maior risco do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, uma vez que o tratamento cardiol&#243;gico adequado poderia contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Entretanto, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da ICC freq&#252;entemente se confundem com as apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a. Lipshultz e cols.<sup>26</sup> chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial desses quadros e recomendam em sua rotina que, em qualquer est&#225;gio do HIV+, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica deva ser considerada.</p>
    <p>As quatro crian&#231;as com exame f&#237;sico sugestivo de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) apresentavam quadro associado de pneumonia intersticial linfoc&#237;tica (LIP) e n&#227;o faziam uso da terapia combinada. Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar tem sido descrita no adulto e nas crian&#231;as com HIV, freq&#252;entemente como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, das infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias de repeti&#231;&#227;o, mas, ocasionalmente, como um processo prim&#225;rio de causa desconhecida<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o pode-se observar que os esquemas terap&#234;uticos estavam em conson&#226;ncia com as normas preconizadas para cada &#233;poca. N&#227;o foi objetivo deste estudo a avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas no ecocardiograma foi de 43%, sendo mais freq&#252;ente a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, presente em 24,70% das crian&#231;as com envolvimento grave da doen&#231;a aos 18&#177;6 meses de acompanhamento. Os dados publicados sobre essa preval&#234;ncia variam conforme a metodologia, a &#233;poca da coleta, o perfil das crian&#231;as estudadas e o tipo de terapia utilizada, indo desde 14%<sup>28</sup> de acometimento card&#237;aco no per&#237;odo neonatal, at&#233; incid&#234;ncias de 45% a 75%, nos pacientes graves sem tratamento<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda a m&#233;dia do porcentual de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 24,50%. Alguns fatos podem ter minimizado estes valores, tais como: a) exames que teriam sido realizados ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento da ICC; b) ao realizar o exame, aos 18&#177;6 meses de doen&#231;a grave, teriam sido exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam formas fulminantes, em geral mais graves da doen&#231;a, e que evoluem para o &#243;bito nos primeiros meses; c) por estar avaliando apenas um momento, formas transit&#243;rias de disfun&#231;&#227;o poderiam ter melhorado evolutivamente &#150; esse fato &#233; confirmado, quando se verificam crian&#231;as com exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos normais em uso de agente inotr&#243;pico positivo (em especial a digital), apesar de j&#225; terem apresentado doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica previamente documentada; d) &#233; ainda poss&#237;vel que neste estudo estejam inclu&#237;dos pacientes que j&#225; tiveram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e que evolutivamente normalizaram o ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>O aumento isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo esteve presente em 10,70% das crian&#231;as. Algumas anormalidades foram investigadas, nesse grupo de crian&#231;as, na tentativa de justificar esse dado, por&#233;m afastadas: a) presen&#231;a de anemia grave; b) arritmias card&#237;acas que levem &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do esvaziamento ventricular; c) exist&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural ou de endocardite infecciosa. Considerou-se mais prov&#225;vel que o aumento da cavidade ventricular esquerda fosse secund&#225;rio, como j&#225; descrito<sup>29,30</sup>, ao dano discreto ou transit&#243;rio da estrutura muscular mioc&#225;rdica e, nesse caso, estar-se-ia observando a fase de regress&#227;o de um envolvimento transit&#243;rio, ou o in&#237;cio de uma cardiopatia, que ainda n&#227;o preencheu os crit&#233;rios de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Em apenas duas crian&#231;as havia documenta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, n&#250;mero esse inferior aos com suspeita cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (quatro). Isso, provavelmente, se deve ao fato de que o quadro de HAP pode ser transit&#243;rio, ou mesmo revers&#237;vel, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento das doen&#231;as pulmonares, e da poss&#237;vel melhora cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia anti-retroviral. Blanchard e cols.<sup>31</sup> destacaram o retorno &#224; normalidade de alguns casos com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com o tratamento e a conseq&#252;ente melhora das altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares. Essa reversibilidade provavelmente &#233; a respons&#225;vel pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de casos aqui observados, j&#225; que, al&#233;m do controle das afec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias ter existido, o uso da terapia combinada tamb&#233;m levou a uma acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es de repeti&#231;&#227;o e da presen&#231;a de pneumonia linfoc&#237;tica intersticial.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia combinada com anti-retroviral j&#225; resultou em evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de melhora da qualidade de vida, e do aumento do tempo de sobrevida<sup>30,32</sup>, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, do ponto de vista &#233;tico, propor nenhum tipo de estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo em que haja um grupo controle sem uso da terapia, a fim de demonstrar os efeitos dos anti-retrovirais na evolu&#231;&#227;o do acometimento cardiol&#243;gico nessas crian&#231;as com AIDS.</p>
    <p>Os resultados aqui descritos sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#227;o-uso da terapia tr&#237;plice combinada com anti-retrovirais e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ao ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Este estudo n&#227;o se prop&#244;s a avaliar o efeito da terapia anti-retroviral no envolvimento card&#237;aco, an&#225;lise essa que j&#225; foi realizada por Plebani e cols.<sup>8</sup>, quando acompanharam por cinco anos 38 crian&#231;as com AIDS, adquirida por transmiss&#227;o vertical. Os autores observaram a resolu&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;via (documentada em cinco casos) com o in&#237;cio do tratamento e a aus&#234;ncia de novos eventos cardiovasculares ou altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas durante o per&#237;odo de administra&#231;&#227;o da terapia. Algumas hip&#243;teses podem ser levantadas diante dos resultados aqui apresentados, que sugerem menor incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes com AIDS tratados com terapia anti-retroviral combinada tr&#237;plice (HAART):</p>
    <p>a) a terapia anti-retroviral combinada tr&#237;plice poderia ser respons&#225;vel direta pela n&#227;o agress&#227;o ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco;</p>
    <p>b) a terapia anti-retroviral combinada tr&#237;plice poderia reverter o quadro pr&#233;vio de miocardiopatia dilatada e, como aqui se avaliou apenas um momento, n&#227;o se detectou a doen&#231;a inicial (conforme descrito por Plebani e cols.<sup>8</sup>). </p>
    <p> c) a terapia anti-retroviral combinada tr&#237;plice poderia retardar o aparecimento da miocardiopatia dilatada.</p>
    <p>A menor incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aqui verificada n&#227;o pode reduzir a preocupa&#231;&#227;o que se deve ter com as crian&#231;as HIV+ em uso de terapia anti-retroviral. Ao contr&#225;rio, maior aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada a elas, uma vez que estudos evolutivos de longa dura&#231;&#227;o em adultos v&#234;m descrevendo altera&#231;&#245;es cerebrovasculares, cardiovasculares e endoteliais secund&#225;rias provavelmente ao uso dos agentes e/ou &#224; pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, ap&#243;s per&#237;odos longos de vida<sup>33,34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um maior tempo de seguimento das crian&#231;as se faz necess&#225;rio para afastar a possibilidade de que, com o advento da terapia anti-retroviral combinada, tenha havido apenas retardo no aparecimento do acometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo de crian&#231;as com AIDS, os resultados confirmam os achados epidemiol&#243;gicos da literatura internacional para popula&#231;&#245;es carentes, nos quais o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a por transmiss&#227;o vertical em crian&#231;as ainda &#233; tardio, j&#225; existindo, em muitos casos, grave envolvimento cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, os resultados aqui descritos, embora realizados em crian&#231;as graves, selecionadas e que foram encaminhadas para acompanhamento em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia, sugerem menor acometimento cardiol&#243;gico, melhora do estado imunol&#243;gico e nutricional das crian&#231;as com AIDS, quando em uso da terapia tr&#237;plice anti-retroviral combinada (HAART), semelhante aos poucos estudos recentes publicados, com grupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes. Com futura avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva desse grupo, ainda sob acompanhamento, poder-se-&#225; melhor estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do acometimento cardiol&#243;gico pela AIDS, em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado em Medicina (&#225;rea de concentra&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia) de Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha </p>
        <p> Rua Bar&#227;o da Torre 287/101 - Ipanema </p>
        <p> 22411-002 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mccunha@rionet.com.br">mccunha@rionet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/07/06; revisado recebido em 10/04/07; aceito em 14/06/07.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">AIDS in childhood: cardiac involvement with and without triple combination antiretroviral therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram of children with AIDS followed up in a reference service at 18&#177;6 months of AIDS confirmed diagnosis. METHODS: A cross-section study with a cohort after 18&#177;6 months of AIDS diagnosis. The study included a total of 93 children with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS with vertical transmission, with no malignancies and who underwent echocardiogram (echo) during cardiologic evaluation. Cardiac abnormalities were assessed in patients who were not treated (G1) and patients who were treated (G2) with combination antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: When diagnosed with AIDS, the children were on average 3.07 years old and 50.50% were female. The combination regimen with antiretroviral agents was used by 47 patients (G2). Cardiac involvement was present in 40 children (43.00%). The presence of left ventricular dysfunction (G1: 39.10%; G2: 10.60%) and the isolated enlargement of left ventricle (G1: 6.60%; G2: 14.90%) were the most frequent findings. We observed a significant association between the groups without and with combination antiretroviral therapy asregards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (PR= 3.42; [1.41-8.26]; p = 0.02) and malnutrition (PR = 1.79; [1.00-3.20]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement was frequent in children with AIDS and left ventricular dysfunction was the most common abnormality on echocardiogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without triple combination treatment as regards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and malnutrition.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>AIDS</kwd>
        <kwd>acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>antiretroviral, highly active</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>AIDS in childhood: cardiac involvement with and without triple combination antiretroviral therapy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Silvia Reis dos Santos; Thalita Fernandes de Abreu; Ricardo Hugo S. de Oliveira; Denise Marcelino Baptista; Marylane Christian Feitosa Dantas; M&#225;rcia Fernanda Carvalho; Luciane Gaspar Guedes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martag&#227;o Gesteira / Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina &#150; Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram of children with AIDS followed up in a reference service at 18&#177;6 months of AIDS confirmed diagnosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-section study with a cohort after 18&#177;6 months of AIDS diagnosis. The study included a total of 93 children with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS with vertical transmission, with no malignancies and who underwent echocardiogram (echo) during cardiologic evaluation. Cardiac abnormalities were assessed in patients who were not treated (G1) and patients who were treated (G2) with combination antiretroviral therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> When diagnosed with AIDS, the children were on average 3.07 years old and 50.50% were female. The combination regimen with antiretroviral agents was used by 47 patients (G2). Cardiac involvement was present in 40 children (43.00%). The presence of left ventricular dysfunction (G1: 39.10%; G2: 10.60%) and the isolated enlargement of left ventricle (G1: 6.60%; G2: 14.90%) were the most frequent findings. We observed a significant association between the groups without and with combination antiretroviral therapy asregards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (PR= 3.42; [1.41-8.26]; p = 0.02) and malnutrition (PR = 1.79; [1.00-3.20]; p = 0.04).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Cardiac involvement was frequent in children with AIDS and left ventricular dysfunction was the most common abnormality on echocardiogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without triple combination treatment as regards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and malnutrition.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> AIDS; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; antiretroviral, highly active; child.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the major public health problems in the world, with high mortality and morbidity rates, affecting young people in their productive and reproductive years. In Brazil, following worldwide trends, there is increased contamination among women at childbearing age, which leads to increased cases of mother-child transmission<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p> Cardiac abnormalities in children with AIDS have been described. Although frequently subclinical, they can be persistent and/or progressive and tend to occur in the late stages of the disease<sup>2-4</sup>. These findings are considered poor prognostic factors, with a higher mortality in children presenting reduced percentage of left ventricle shortening<sup>5</sup>.  </p>
      <p>Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has significantly changed the course of the disease with increased survival and improved quality of life for AIDS patients. However, little is known about the clinical cardiac presentations in the post-HAART stage. There are reports of an increased incidence of peripheral artery diseases and coronary artery involvement in adults<sup>6</sup> as well as of a reduced incidence of cardiomyopathy in children<sup>7-9</sup>.  </p>
      <p>The applicability of data previously published about the cardiac involvement in patients using protease inhibitors is unknown, and it is necessary to verify if this new therapy has modified the incidence of cardiac manifestations<sup>10</sup>. This current study aims to describe the cardiac clinical manifestations, results of laboratory tests that evaluate the immunological status and echocardiographic findings after 18&#177;6 months of AIDS diagnosis, trying to relate them to the type of antiretroviral therapy available. On an exploratory basis, we also analyzed possible associations between the findings in patients without combination antiretroviral therapy &#150; G1 Group &#150; and patients on combination therapy &#150; G2 group &#150; with nutritional status and the presence of left ventricular dysfunction on echocardiogram. Therefore, this study intends to contribute to the scientific knowledge about the cardiac involvement of pediatric AIDS patients taking or not triple combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a descriptive study with retrospectively collected data, with a cohort at 18&#177;6 months of AIDS diagnosis, carried out in a pediatric reference center. The inclusion criteria were children aged under 13 years at hospital admission between 1990 and 2002, AIDS diagnosis (C and/or 3 category classification) by vertical transmission according to the criteria defined by the Ministry of Health (MS &#150; acronym in Portuguese)<sup>11</sup> and absence of malignant disease evidence. </p>
      <p> The study variables included sex, child age when diagnosed with HIV infection, clinical-immunological classification upon diagnosis, age at the time of definition of C and/or 3 category classification in years, and age upon reference echocardiogram. At 18+6 months after AIDS diagnosis: weight, hematocrit, and the presence of the following cardiologic manifestations: cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure (tiredness, tachypnea not explained by infection, dyspnea, ictus cordis deviated to the left, third heart sound, hepatomegaly), pulmonary artery hypertension (palpable right ventricle, second heart sound with hyperphonetic pulmonary component, hepatomegaly; persistent tachycardia)<sup>12,13</sup>, hematocrit and CD4 lymphocyte count, in addition to echocardiogram evaluation.</p>
      <p>Bidimensional echocardiogram was performed with the usual standard technique<sup>14,15</sup>, with 2.5 and 5.0 mHz transducers. Sedation was necessary in some cases and children were assessed in supine position or left lateral decubitus. Sequence analysis was applied to evaluate possible congenital cardiopathies and longitudinal and cross sections were used for mode M measurements. The examination was performed with simultaneous registration of a reference ECG lead. </p>
      <p>All measurements and calculations were performed based on M-mode tracings in three cardiac cycles, following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>14,15</sup>. The following measurements were directly obtained and analyzed: diameter of aortic root (Ao), diameter of left atrium (LA), diameter right ventricle (RV), diastolic dimension of left ventricle (LVd), systolic dimension of left ventricle (LVs), thickness of posterior wall (PW) during diastole and thickness of interventricular septum (IVS) during diastole. In assessing the reference echocardiogram measurements, the indicator used was weight/age, with the reference pattern published by the American Heart Association<sup>14,15</sup>. The Z score was calculated with base on the mean of expected measurements in normal children with the same weight and age divided by a standard deviation. Therefore, a Z- score of zero represents the adjusted normal mean value and the upper and lower limits considered were +2 and -2.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the ventricular function we calculated the percentage of systolic LV diameter shortening (D% LV) calculated by the equation: D% LV= (LVd - LVs) / LVd x 100, with normal values considered being D% LV between 28% and 40%<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, left ventricular dysfunction was the percentage of systolic LV diameter shortening lower than 28%, associated with increased left ventricle volume and/or presence of localized hypokinesia with no other explainable cause. The severity of dysfunction was quantified by D% LV, that is, the lower the percentage, the more severe the left ventricular involvement. Values of 28% to 25% were considered mild dysfunction and, in most cases, patients were asymptomatic; values &lt;25% and up to 19% were considered as moderate dysfunction, usually with clinical symptoms, and values lower than 19% were considered as severe dysfunction, almost always associated with a clinical picture of more severe heart failure<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Antiretroviral therapy used &#150; when the clinical status became severe, children could be on different treatments (depending on the time when this fact occurred): with no antiretroviral therapy, therapy with one antiretroviral agent, therapy with two antiretroviral agents or therapy with three antiretroviral agents<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the exploratory approach, cardiac abnormality (left ventricular dysfunction) and presence of malnutrition were the dependent variables. The type of AIDS treatment, respectively without (G1) and with triple antiretroviral therapy combination (G2) for a period equal to or longer than six months before the baseline echocardiogram, as per MS<sup>11</sup> recommendations, was the independent variable considered.  </p>
      <p>The data were stored and analyzed using the software EPIINFO version 6.04<sup>18</sup>, by means of descriptive statistics (distribution of frequencies for categorical variables and measurements of central trend for continuous variables). For analysis of association, we used the prevalence ratio (PR) and, for statistical inference, the chi-square test and confidence interval (CI) with a significance limit of 0.05 were considered. </p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Unit.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of 387 children with a confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection as per criteria of the Ministry of Health/CDC 1994, from January 1990 to December 2002, 288 children had a confirmed diagnosis of vertical transmission and 183 children had severe cases of the disease (C and/or 3 classification). The echocardiographic evaluation at 18&#177;6 months after clinical-immunological diagnosis of AIDS had been confirmed (C and/or 3) was carried out in 93 children. These children comprise the sample of this study. </p>
      <p> In 93 patients analyzed, there was no prevalence of sex - 47 females and 46 males. Mean age of children was 3.07&#177;3.05 years upon confirmation of diagnosis.  </p>
      <p>As to body weight evaluation, most children were well nourished (64.50%), but 35.50% of them presented some degree of malnutrition and 14% had severe clinical malnutrition.  </p>
      <p>The mean hematocrit value was 32.48&#177;3.56% in the total population. The mean hematocrit in patients with a normal heart at echocardiogram was 33.18&#177;3.34%; in patients with enlarged left ventricle at echocardiogram the mean hematocrit was 32.11&#177;4.10% and, in children with left ventricular dysfunction it was 31.08&#177;3.27%. Therefore, these variations in hematocrit did not have statistical significance. As regards the clinical-immunological classification at the beginning of follow-up at the IPPMG, 70 (75.4%) children already presented severe cases of the disease. Thirteen children had moderate involvement (Class B and/or 2) (13.9%) and 10 (10.7%) had mild condition (A and/or 1). During the study, all the children presented severe cases of the disease (inclusion criterion).  </p>
      <p>The mean percentage count of CD4 lymphocytes in a date close to the echocardiogram was 17.65%&#177;11.56. The level of CD4 lymphocytes in children with no cardiac disease was 10.39&#177;8.30 and at 18&#177;6 months it was 20.15&#177;11.71, as opposed to patients with left ventricular dysfunction, who presented values of 8.21&#177;6.80 upon AIDS diagnosis, and 14.30&#177;11.86 at 18&#177;6 months at the time of echocardiographic examination.  </p>
      <p>When echocardiography was performed, the prevalence of clinical cardiac abnormalities was 24.73% (n= 23 children): 12 children presented clinically diagnosed heart failure; 7 patients had enlarged cardiac area and four had a physical examination suggestive of pulmonary artery hypertension. All children with probable pulmonary artery hypertension presented repeat respiratory infections and/or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. </p>
      <p>The type of therapy administered to each patient varied according to the year the follow-up started (recommendations and availability of drugs in Brazil have shown differences along the years) and the clinical presentation upon diagnosis.  </p>
      <p>Prophylaxis with AZT was carried out in only three children in the group studied; they had been classified as C3 since the age of three months, which was when they started combination therapy (triple therapy). Four children, although presenting severe cases of the disease, did not receive any antiretroviral therapy in the first 18&#177;6 months of follow-up.  </p>
      <p>Up to the time of echocardiogram (18&#177;6 months after confirmed AIDS diagnosis), nine children (9.70%) received only monotherapy and 25 children were first on monotherapy and later were switched to two antiretroviral agent regimen. In monotherapy, AZT (azithromycin) was always used as the first agent and in eight cases it was replaced by ddI (didanosin). The double-agent therapy was used in 51 children (54.80%) in this study (some children were switched to the triple combination regimen at least six months before echocardiogram), and the regimen containing AZT + ddI was initially used in 47 of those children (92.10%). AZT + 3TC (lamivudine) was the first regimen in four children. In 16 children, the initial double regimen was replaced due to intolerance or no response. The double regimens were as follows: AZT + 3TC in 13 cases; ddI + 3TC in two cases and ddI + D4T in one case. In 47 children (50.50%) combination therapy or triple therapy was used for at least six months before echocardiogram, according to the regimens recommended by the Ministry of Health, described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> (five of these patients had initially used the double therapy).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the echocardiographic examination performed 18&#177;6 months after diagnosis of AIDS, the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities was 43.00%, and left ventricular dysfunction was the most frequent abnormality, observed in 24.70% of children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Septal hypokinesia was found in four cases and inferior-posterior hypokinesia, in one children. Another patient presented an intracavitary thrombus. Isolated enlargement of left ventricle was confirmed in 10 children.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The echocardiographic signs of pulmonary artery hypertension were detected in two children. In this selected population referred to the IPPMG, the isolated congenital cardiomyopathies observed were: interventricular communication, interatrial communication, mild mitral insufficiency and mitral valve prolapse (one case of each abnormality). In one patient, the echocardiogram showed only a small pericardial effusion, in a child who presented a clinical picture of pneumonia. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular function, evaluated through the percentage of systolic left ventricle diameter shortening (D% LV), was decreased in 21 children and, in two other children, although D% LV was &gt;28%, the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction was considered in light of the marked isolated reduction in interventricular septum contractility without another cause for this fact. When severity of myocardial dysfunction was assessed, it was noticed that most children presented moderate grade dysfunction (52.20%); mild dysfunction was present in 39.10% of patients and, in only two patients (8.70%), dysfunction was considered severe upon examination.</p>
      <p>The mean values of D%LV were decreased in the group (23 children) of patients with left ventricular dysfunction (24.52&#177;4.65%). On the other hand, the group of patients with normal echocardiogram (53 children) presented mean values of D%LV of 34.70&#177;3.90%. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the mean scores of cardiac cavities at echocardiogram in patients with normal LV function and in patients with left ventricular dysfunction; the abnormalities are evidenced with a marked shift of the left ventricular measurements in systole and diastole with scores &gt;+2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0011-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>For analysis of association, the 93 cases were separated into two groups, with base on the use or not of triple combination regimen for more than six months. Group 1, who did not use the triple combination regimen, was composed of 46 children, and G2, in which the triple therapy was used, comprised 47 children. No significant difference was noticed as to age at diagnosis between the two groups: the mean age was 2.67&#177;2.59 years in G1 and 3.46&#177;3.43 in G2 (p=0.21). There was also no significant difference (p=0.45) between the groups in terms of age when AIDS severity was established (C and/or 3): 3.76&#177;2.77 years old in G1 and 4.24&#177;3.36 years old in G2. </p>
      <p>There was a positive association (PR = 3.42; CI = 1.41 &#150; 8.26; p= 0.002) between the absence of combined antiretroviral treatment and the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in the echocardiogram (total of 23 cases &#150; G1 = 18; G2 = 5). And no association in children with normal LV function (total of 53 cases &#150; G1 = 21; G2 = 32). Also, there was a higher number of moderately or severely malnourished children in the group without triple treatment (21 out of 46) than in the treatment group in which, in a total of 47 children, only 12 were malnourished. This difference was statistically significant (CI = 1.00 &#150; 3.20; p = 0.004).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In spite of the development of policies and prevention and care programs for HIV patients in the last decades, in the current national statistics there is still a significant number of children contaminated by this virus transmitted by the mother<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p> The interval of 18 months after diagnosis of AIDS, with a variation of &#177;6 months, was considered the most appropriate to assess cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram for the following reasons:</p>
      <p>1. It excludes patients with the rapidly progressive form, who evolve to death within the first two years of life<sup>20,21 </sup>and represent about 20% of pediatric patients that die before the first cardiologic evaluation and use of medication. They present a lower incidence of cardiac involvement which when present, manifests itself in a form distinct from the remaining 80%<sup>16,22,23</sup>. Therefore, the priority was to study patients with slow progression seen in the older age group (pre-school and school age) with higher probability of cardiac involvement<sup>20,24 </sup>and therapeutic intervention<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>2. Since sick children come to the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases outpatient clinic, in average, at the age of 3 years, if the interval for echocardiographic evaluation were longer than 24 months after AIDS diagnosis, many children with cardiac involvement could already have evolved to death<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>3. The 18-month interval allows the use of combined antiretroviral therapy for at least six months, which would not occur in a shorter interval. </p>
      <p>As to nutritional status, the data in the literature are related to studies but do not specify the clinical-immunological classification of patients, thus hindering comparisons. In this study, the exploratory analysis showed that the proportion of malnourished children was lower in the group with triple combination therapy, as above mentioned<sup>2</sup>,<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>As to the clinical presentation, heart failure was present in 12% of children and represented the most frequent cardiologic diagnosis. It was noticed that 11 out of 23 children diagnosed with left ventricular dysfunction on the echocardiogram had no clinical symptoms, and this fact is corroborated by the literature and not only in children with AIDS<sup>11,13</sup>. The absence of congestive heart failure (CHF) symptoms in a great number of children with an echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction emphasizes the need of an early performance of this examination in those at higher risk of developing heart disease, since the appropriate cardiac treatment could contribute to a better quality of life. However, CHF presentations are frequently confused with clinical presentations of the disease itself. Lipshultz et al<sup>26</sup> draw attention to the differential diagnosis of these clinical pictures and recommend routinely carrying out cardiologic evaluation in any stage of HIV infection.  </p>
      <p>Four children had a physical examination suggestive of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), presented an associated lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) and were not receiving the combination therapy. Pulmonary artery hypertension has been frequently described in adults and children with HIV as a consequence of left ventricular dysfunction and repeat respiratory infections but also, occasionally, as a primary process of unknown cause<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this investigation it is possible to observe that the drug regimens were in accordance with the standards recommended for each period. This study did not aim to evaluate the quality of drug regimens.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram was 43%; left ventricular dysfunction was the most frequent abnormality found and affected 24.70% of children with severe disease at 18&#177;6 month follow-up. The data published about this prevalence vary according to the methodology used, time of collection, profile of children studied and type of therapy used, ranging from 14%<sup>28</sup> of cardiac involvement in the neonatal period to incidences as high as 45% to 75% in naive severe patients<sup>29</sup>.  </p>
      <p>In patients with left ventricular dysfunction, the mean percentage of left ventricular shortening was 24.50%. Some facts may have minimized these values, such as: a) examinations that might have been performed after initiating CHF treatment; b) when undergoing the examination, at 18&#177;6 months of severe disease, patients with fulminant disease and with generally more severe forms of the disease who evolve to death in the first couple of months might have been excluded; c) due to the analysis of only one time interval, transient forms of dysfunction could have improved during the clinical course &#150; this fact is confirmed when it is possible to notice children with normal echocardiographic examinations while using any positive inotropic agent (especially digitalis), in spite of having presented a previously documented myocardial disease; d) it is also possible that this study includes patients who have already had left ventricular dysfunction and attained normal echocardiographic results during the clinical course. </p>
      <p>The isolated enlargement of the left ventricle was present in 10.70% of children. Some abnormalities were investigated in this group of children in an attempt to justify this datum, but were ruled out: a) presence of severe anemia; b) cardiac arrhythmias leading to decreased ventricular emptying; c) existence of structural cardiopathy or infectious endocarditis. As previously described<sup>29,30</sup>, an enlarged left ventricular cavity was deemed the most probable factor, secondary to mild or transient damage of the myocardial structure and, in this case, we would have the regression phase of a transient involvement or the beginning of a cardiopathy, which had not yet met the criteria for left ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Only two children had documented pulmonary hypertension, less than those with clinical suspicion of pulmonary artery hypertension (four cases). This is probably due to the fact that PAH can be transient or even reversible after treatment of pulmonary diseases; moreover, patients may have improved clinically after introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Blanchard et al<sup>31</sup> pointed out the return to normality of certain cases of pulmonary hypertension with treatment, and the resulting improvement of pulmonary abnormalities. This reversibility is probably responsible for the few cases observed in this study because, in addition to control of respiratory conditions, the use of combination therapy also led to a marked reduction of repeat infections and the presence of interstitial lymphocytic pneumonia. </p>
      <p>Since the use of antiretroviral combination therapy has already resulted in clinical and laboratory evidence of improved quality of life and longer survival<sup>30,32</sup>, it is not possible, from the ethical point of view, to propose any type of prospective clinical trial with a naive control group, in order to show the effects of antiretroviral agents in the clinical course of cardiologic involvement in these AIDS children. </p>
      <p>The results described suggest an association between the non use of triple combination antiretroviral therapy and the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in the echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>This study did not aim to evaluate the effect of antiretroviral therapy in cardiac involvement, an analysis that had already been carried out by Plebani et al<sup>8</sup>, in which 38 children with vertically transmitted AIDS were followed up for five years. The authors observed the resolution of previous left ventricular dysfunction (documented in five cases) upon initiating treatment and absence of new cardiovascular events or metabolic abnormalities during administration of therapy. Some hypotheses may be advanced in light of the results presented here, suggesting a lower incidence of left ventricular dysfunction in AIDS patients treated with triple combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART): </p>
      <p>a) triple combination antiretroviral therapy could be directly responsible for non aggression to the cardiac muscle;</p>
      <p>b) triple combination antiretroviral therapy could revert the previous picture of dilated cardiomyopathy and, since only one interval was evaluated here, an initial disease was not detected (according to description of Plebani et al<sup>8</sup>).  </p>
      <p>c) triple combination antiretroviral therapy could delay the emergence of dilated cardiomyopathy. </p>
      <p>The lower incidence of left ventricular dysfunction observed should not reduce caution in the case of HIV+ children being treated with antiretroviral therapy. On the contrary, they should receive more attention, since long-term evolutionary studies in adults have described cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and endothelial abnormalities, probably secondary to the use of the agents and/or to the disease itself after long periods of life<sup>33,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>A longer follow-up time of children is necessary to rule out the possibility that, with the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, there is only a delay in the onset of cardiac manifestations.</p>
      <p>In this study of children with AIDS, the results confirm the epidemiological findings of the international literature in poor populations, in which diagnosis of vertically transmitted disease in children is still late; in many cases, severe clinical and immunological involvement is already present. </p>
      <p>Likewise, the results described, although coming from children with severe disease who were selected and referred for follow-up in a reference service, suggest lower cardiologic involvement, improvement of immunological and nutritional status of children with AIDS when treated with triple combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART), similarly to the few studies recently published with specific groups of patients. With a future prospective analysis of this group, still being followed up, it will be possible to better study the clinical course of cardiologic involvement caused by AIDS in our midst.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria do Carmo Soares Alves Cunha</p>
          <p> Rua Bar&#227;o da Torre 287/101 &#150; Ipanema</p>
          <p> 22411-002 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mccunha@rionet.com.br">mccunha@rionet.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 24, 2006; revised manuscript received April 10, 2007; accepted June 14, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
