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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pRk63733866G6tbyR7VcM8p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008000100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09000102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008000100002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com tetrofosmin marcado com Tecn&#233;cio-99m sincronizada com o ciclo card&#237;aco (" Gated SPECT" ) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com diabete melito e suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pantoja</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cwajg</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cintilab</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>90</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>2</fpage>
      <lpage>10</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em diab&#233;ticos, tornando-se primordial a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos sob maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com " gated SPECT" em pacientes com diabete melito (DM) e suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 232 pacientes diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com " gated SPECT" . Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o (escores e n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados) e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volumes e contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo). Foram considerados eventos cardiovasculares futuros ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito card&#237;aco, s&#237;ndrome coronariana isqu&#234;mica aguda, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise uni e multivariada pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla (p &lt; 0,05). RESULTADOS: Estiveram associados com desfechos futuros na an&#225;lise univariada: idade (p=0,02); angina de peito (p=0,01); tratamento com insulina (p=0,02); anormalidades na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (p&lt;0,0001); n&#250;mero de segmentos envolvidos (p=0,0001); escores de perfus&#227;o (p=0,0001); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,004); volume sist&#243;lico final (p=0,03) e achado de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar na contratilidade do VE (p&lt;0,0001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo masculino (p=0,007), a idade (p=0,03), a angina (p=0,001), o uso de insulina (p=0,007) e o SDS &gt; 3 (p=0,0001) e o n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados &gt; 3 (p=0,0001) foram preditores de eventos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com " gated SPECT" adiciona informa&#231;&#245;es independentes para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em pacientes com diabete melito e suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Diabete melito</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com tetrofosmin marcado com Tecn&#233;cio-99m sincronizada com o ciclo card&#237;aco (" Gated SPECT" ) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com diabete melito e suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos; Mauricio da Rocha Pantoja; Eduardo Cwajg</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cintilab, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em diab&#233;ticos, tornando-se primordial a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos sob maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com " gated SPECT" em pacientes com diabete melito (DM) e suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 232 pacientes diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com " gated SPECT" . Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o (escores e n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados) e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volumes e contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo). Foram considerados eventos cardiovasculares futuros ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito card&#237;aco, s&#237;ndrome coronariana isqu&#234;mica aguda, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise uni e multivariada pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Estiveram associados com desfechos futuros na an&#225;lise univariada: idade (p=0,02); angina de peito (p=0,01); tratamento com insulina (p=0,02); anormalidades na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (p&lt;0,0001); n&#250;mero de segmentos envolvidos (p=0,0001); escores de perfus&#227;o (p=0,0001); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,004); volume sist&#243;lico final (p=0,03) e achado de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar na contratilidade do VE (p&lt;0,0001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo masculino (p=0,007), a idade (p=0,03), a angina (p=0,001), o uso de insulina (p=0,007) e o SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 (p=0,0001) e o n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 (p=0,0001) foram preditores de eventos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com " gated SPECT" adiciona informa&#231;&#245;es independentes para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em pacientes com diabete melito e suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Diabete melito, arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria, tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na atualidade, existe uma epidemia mundial de diabete melito (DM) abrangendo cerca de 200 milh&#245;es de pessoas, e esse n&#250;mero tende a aumentar<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A American Heart Association (AHA) considera que o diabetes &#233; um fator de risco maior para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>3,4 </sup>.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular, sobretudo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), &#233; a principal causa de morte em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos<sup>2,5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos afirmam que o risco de morte card&#237;aca entre portadores de diabetes mellitus na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida &#233; semelhante ao n&#227;o-diab&#233;tico com DAC estabelecida<sup>2,3-6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O cen&#225;rio adverso dessa doen&#231;a refor&#231;a a necessidade de detectar e estratificar precocemente a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Existem v&#225;rios m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC, dentre eles, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A cardiologia nuclear, nos seus 30 anos de experi&#234;ncia em uso cl&#237;nico, tornou-se uma ferramenta segura e eficaz na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, entretanto, existem poucos dados dispon&#237;veis a respeito do papel da imagem de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (" gated SPECT" ) em diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com " gated SPECT" e tetrofosmin marcado com Tecn&#233;cio-99m (tetrofosmin-99m Tc) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso universo com DM e suspeita cl&#237;nica de DAC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, formulado a partir do banco de dados do Laborat&#243;rio de Cardiologia Nuclear Cintilab, Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2000 a abril de 2002, foram realizadas 5.967 cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas tomogr&#225;ficas de perfus&#227;o, das quais 583 em diab&#233;ticos sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC. </p>
    <p>No momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, foram colhidos e cadastrados dados como: data da realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia; idade; sexo; peso; altura; &#237;ndice de massa corporal; hist&#243;ria de fatores de risco para DAC; hist&#243;ria de sintomas card&#237;acos; tipo de estresse realizado; laudo da cintilografia; dados de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica; exames laboratoriais; e uso de medicamentos de cada paciente. </p>
    <p>Consideraram-se como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o os pacientes com: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo de terceiro grau; hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome coronariana isqu&#234;mica aguda ou cr&#244;nica; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea ou de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; estresse f&#237;sico com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima do esfor&#231;o inferior a 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca prevista para a faixa et&#225;ria; exame cintilogr&#225;fico de perfus&#227;o sincronizada ao ECG de qualidade t&#233;cnica insatisfat&#243;ria; e exame cintilogr&#225;fico de perfus&#227;o com uso de t&#225;lio-201 e ou sestamibi marcado com Tecn&#233;cio-99m. Esses crit&#233;rios foram estabelecidos para minimizar poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias na avalia&#231;&#227;o da imagem cintilogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o sincronizada ao ciclo card&#237;aco " gated SPECT" de estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol) e repouso, em dias separados, com tetrosfomin-99m Tc.</p>
    <p>A fase de estresse foi feita com o estresse f&#237;sico ou com estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol, de acordo com a solicita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente. Os pacientes foram orientados a suspender cafe&#237;na e medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular 48 horas antes do exame. De in&#237;cio, foram realizadas pun&#231;&#227;o venosa perif&#233;rica em um dos membros superiores, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o arterial e do eletrocardiograma (ECG). Para cada fase do exame os pacientes receberam uma dose de 555 a 740 MBq de tetrofosmin-99m Tc e as imagens iniciadas 45-90 minutos ap&#243;s.</p>
    <p>O estresse f&#237;sico foi realizado por meio de teste ergom&#233;trico com o protocolo de Bruce. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste foram os seguintes: exaust&#227;o muscular; surgimento de angina do peito ou equivalente anginoso; presen&#231;a de arritmia card&#237;aca grave e ou decl&#237;nio da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica superior a 10 mmHg de um est&#225;gio do teste para outro. Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos do teste ergom&#233;trico foram classificados em negativo (sem altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST), positivo (infradesnivelamento do segmento ST igual ou maior que um mil&#237;metro a 80 milissegundos do ponto J) e inconclusivo (eletrocardiograma basal alterado).</p>
    <p>O estresse farmacol&#243;gico foi feito com dipiridamol na dose de 0,56 mg/kg em administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa durante quatro minutos, com inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador quatro minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o do agente de estresse. Caso o paciente apresentasse rea&#231;&#227;o adversa ao dipiridamol eram infundidos 240 mg de aminofilina.</p>
    <p>As imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas em duas gama c&#226;mara tomogr&#225;ficas Starcam 3200 e Millenium VG GE Medical Systems com um arco de rota&#231;&#227;o de 180 graus. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente, entre os dois equipamentos dispon&#237;veis no servi&#231;o. As imagens de estresse foram adquiridas sincronizadas ao ECG do paciente.</p>
    <p>O processamento das imagens foi feito com a retroproje&#231;&#227;o filtrada utilizando filtro de " Hanning" ordem 0.83 (esfor&#231;o e repouso) gerando tr&#234;s planos de corte tomogr&#225;ficos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: o curto eixo, o longo eixo vertical e o longo eixo horizontal<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A imagem da fase de esfor&#231;o foi dividida em oito quadros baseados no intervalo R-R do eletrocardiograma. As imagens de cada quadro eram somadas e reconstru&#237;das usando a retroproje&#231;&#227;o filtrada e utilizando filtro " Butterworth" ordem 5 para as imagens sincronizadas ao ECG. Na imagem reconstru&#237;da era ent&#227;o aplicado o programa do Cedars Quantitative " Gated SPECT" <sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o foi realizada de modo qualitativo e quantitativo, por mais de um observador experiente, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o, denominou-se subjetivamente (visual) um valor num&#233;rico para cada um dos 17 segmentos em ambas as fases que variava de 0 (capta&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea), 1 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o leve), 2 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada), 3 (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o acentuada) e 4 (aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o). A soma dos escores atribu&#237;dos aos 17 segmentos na fase de estresse (SSS) e repouso (SRS) permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa da intensidade e extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>9</sup>. A diferen&#231;a entre os escores de estresse e repouso (SDS) representa o grau de reversibilidade do defeito de capta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A fim de quantificar a extens&#227;o da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<italic>Perfusion Defect Size</italic>- PDS) foi utilizado um programa denominado " CEqual<sup>&#174;</sup>" <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao fim do processamento do " gated SPECT" , eram apresentados os resultados dos volumes diast&#243;lico (VDF) e sist&#243;lico final (VSF) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FEVE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Admitiram-se como valores dentro dos limites da normalidade: um VDF at&#233; 140 ml, VSF at&#233; 70 ml e FEVE superior a 45%<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>As imagens sincronizadas ao ECG foram avaliadas subjetivamente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua contratilidade (movimenta&#231;&#227;o e espessamento sist&#243;lico), sendo cada segmento classificado qualitativamente quanto &#224; sua movimenta&#231;&#227;o em normal, hipocin&#233;tico, acin&#233;tico e discin&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>Consideraram-se normais aqueles exames que mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea do radiotra&#231;ador por todo o mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nas imagens de estresse e repouso e com movimenta&#231;&#227;o e espessamento sist&#243;lico normal. Os defeitos de perfus&#227;o fixos, presentes em ambas as imagens, e com d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til segmentar e com espessamento sist&#243;lico reduzido foram interpretados como fibrose. Os defeitos de perfus&#227;o ditos transit&#243;rios, presentes no estresse e ausentes no repouso, com amplitude de movimento e espessamento normal como isquemia. Quando a recupera&#231;&#227;o desses defeitos era apenas parcial e com d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til, configurava-se a exist&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de fibrose e isquemia. </p>
    <p>A fim de afastar a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do laudo do exame na conduta m&#233;dica, o in&#237;cio do acompanhamento ocorreu seis meses ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o do &#250;ltimo paciente. Os pacientes foram acompanhados conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel, n&#227;o ocorrendo nenhuma interfer&#234;ncia na terap&#234;utica adotada ou na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames.</p>
    <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e da cintilografia foram obtidos retrospectivamente mediante revis&#227;o do banco de dados do servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p>Com o prop&#243;sito de avaliar o progn&#243;stico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o foram considerados como eventos cardiovasculares hist&#243;ria de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita ou n&#227;o; s&#237;ndrome coronariana isqu&#234;mica aguda (SCIA) com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) e de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE). Apenas o primeiro evento ocorrido foi inclu&#237;do para an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>O seguimento da amostra foi feito mediante o contato telef&#244;nico com o paciente, o familiar ou com o m&#233;dico assistente. Durante o contato, pesquisava-se por meio de um question&#225;rio a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s a cintilografia.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas por porcentagens e comparadas utilizando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. A idade foi expressa pela m&#233;dia e mediana. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar a m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos com cintilografia normal ou anormal.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, foram estipuladas como estatisticamente significativas as vari&#225;veis com um valor de p&lt;0,05 e como tend&#234;ncia o valor 0,05 <underline>&lt;</underline> p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,1. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi efetuada pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. A sele&#231;&#227;o das co-vari&#225;veis do modelo foi feita de acordo com a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, a partir do valor de p obtido na an&#225;lise univariada. Para o modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 10%. Para cada vari&#225;vel, determinaram-se o coeficiente, o erro padr&#227;o, p valor, a raz&#227;o de chance e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (95%). Com esses objetivos, um valor de valor de p&lt;0,05 foi estatisticamente significativo e 0,05 <underline>&lt;</underline> p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,1 considerado como tend&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Calcularam-se a sensibilidade, a especificidade e os valores preditivos positivo e negativo da cintilografia para predizer eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>Foi compilada uma curva de sobrevida atuarial pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. A diferen&#231;a entre as curvas de sobrevida para os diferentes subgrupos foi estaticamente baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo " log rank" .</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 583 pacientes diab&#233;ticos, foram exclu&#237;dos 310 pacientes. Da amostra final com 273 diab&#233;ticos com suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana submetidos &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica obteve-se o seguimento de 232 pacientes (85,0%).</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o contatada e de fato estudada foi ent&#227;o constitu&#237;da de 121 mulheres (52,2%) e 111 homens (47,8%), com m&#233;dia e mediana da idade, respectivamente, de 62 e 63 anos (36 a 90 anos) representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular apresentaram a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: 74,1% de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; 59,2% de dislipidemia; 10,4% de tabagismo; e 61,5% de hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a coronariana. </p>
    <p>Na ocasi&#227;o da cintilografia, 34 tinham hist&#243;ria de angina t&#237;pica; 63, de angina at&#237;pica; e 135 pacientes n&#227;o tinham angina. Apenas 29 pacientes (12,5%) faziam uso de insulina. </p>
    <p>A fase de estresse foi feita com o estresse f&#237;sico em 138 pacientes (59,5%) e com estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol em 94 pacientes (40,5%). Dos 138 pacientes submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico, 50 tinham o ECG de esfor&#231;o negativo para isquemia, 69, positivo e 19, inconclusivo. </p>
    <p>A cintilografia foi anormal em 18,1% dos pacientes, e desses, apenas 22 eram assintom&#225;ticos (16,4%). O aspecto de imagem encontrado foi de isquemia em 30 doentes, isquemia com fibrose em 11, e fibrose em 1. </p>
    <p>A FEVE variou de 19% a 94%, com valor m&#233;dio de 61,1%. A contratilidade global e segmentar do VE foi considerada normal em 90,9 % dos exames. </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref> exp&#245;em o perfil das principais vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e categ&#243;ricas analisadas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 28,9 &#177; 6,9 meses (variando de 10,9 a 45,9 meses). </p>
    <p>Ao se analisar o tipo de laudo da cintilografia (normal x anormal) observou-se que o grupo com perfus&#227;o anormal apresentou m&#233;dia da idade (p=0,04) significativamente maior que o grupo com perfus&#227;o normal. </p>
    <p>Aconteceram 32 eventos cardiovasculares (14% da amostra) ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>: um &#243;bito card&#237;aco; seis s&#237;ndromes coronarianas isqu&#234;micas agudas; 12 interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas; 11 cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; e dois acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos. </p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 32 pacientes com eventos cardiovasculares, 20 (62,5%) foram do sexo masculino (p=0,07) e 12 (37,5%), do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia da idade do grupo com eventos card&#237;acos foi de 66 anos (p=0,02). No grupo de pacientes com eventos, apenas 37,5% dos pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos e 62,5% tinham queixas anginosas (p=0,01). A presen&#231;a de angina (p=0,01) e o uso de insulina (p=0,01) tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com evento card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">graf. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia anormal no grupo com evento card&#237;aco foi significativamente maior que no grupo sem evento. Dos 190 pacientes com cintilografia normal, apenas 14 apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos. Observou-se que no grupo com evento card&#237;aco os par&#226;metros da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o eram compat&#237;veis com doen&#231;a coronariana mais grave e extensa. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">graf. 2</xref> representa esses achados.</p>
    <p>As propor&#231;&#245;es de altera&#231;&#227;o na contratilidade ventricular e nos volumes do VE foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes com evento cardiovascular como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> (ambos com valor p&lt;0,0001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram preditores independentes de eventos cardiovasculares: o SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3; a presen&#231;a de angina; o sexo masculino; os diab&#233;ticos em uso de insulina; e a idade crescente. Com base em informa&#231;&#245;es de tiroc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico incluiu-se no modelo para an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica o n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados na imagem de perfus&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 segmentos. Observou-se assim que o n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, o uso de insulina, a presen&#231;a de angina, o sexo masculino e idade crescente tamb&#233;m foram estatisticamente significantes para predizer eventos card&#237;acos. As curvas de sobrevida livres de evento segundo o SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, sexo, n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, uso de insulina e a presen&#231;a de angina se encontram nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">graf. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05">5</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foram calculados a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e negativo e a acur&#225;cia para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, que foram, respectivamente, de 56,3%, 88,4%, 43,9%, 92,6% e 84%. Nessa amostra salientou-se o alto valor preditivo negativo da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com " gated SPECT" .</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diabete melito (DM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica sist&#234;mica que acomete aproximadamente cerca de 5% a 8% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial<sup>11,12</sup>. Existe uma epidemia mundial da doen&#231;a e estima-se que ao final de 2030 haver&#225; 360 milh&#245;es de diab&#233;ticos no mundo<sup>12,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O DM pode ser definido como um conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas caracterizadas por hiperglicemia resultante do d&#233;ficit de secre&#231;&#227;o associado ou n&#227;o a resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina<sup>12</sup>. J&#225; foram descritos v&#225;rios processos etiopatog&#234;nicos para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a, desde destrui&#231;&#227;o auto-imune, infecciosa e medicamentosa das c&#233;lulas pancre&#225;ticas produtoras de insulina at&#233; redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta tissular &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina. Freq&#252;entemente, coexistem os d&#233;ficits de produ&#231;&#227;o e da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina, prejudicando a identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa prim&#225;ria da hiperglicemia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 65% a 70% das mortes em diab&#233;ticos ocorrem por doen&#231;a cardiovascular. O DM aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em at&#233; quatro vezes<sup>15,16</sup>. Os diab&#233;ticos sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana t&#234;m o mesmo risco futuro de morte card&#237;aca que um n&#227;o-diab&#233;tico com infarto pr&#233;vio<sup>8,17</sup>. Entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida, o diabetes tamb&#233;m aumenta o risco de eventos card&#237;acos isqu&#234;micos e morte card&#237;aca<sup>8,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esses dados nos possibilitam afirmar que o diabetes &#233; uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>A g&#234;nese da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nos diab&#233;ticos &#233; multifatorial, englobando anormalidades no endot&#233;lio, na c&#233;lula muscular lisa e nas plaquetas. Os principais mecanismos incluem dist&#250;rbios de metabolismo, do estresse oxidativo, da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, da coagula&#231;&#227;o e da resposta inflamat&#243;ria<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A cardiologia nuclear disp&#245;e de reconhecida experi&#234;ncia e tem sua contribui&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana bem estabelecida. A principal raz&#227;o de realizar o presente estudo surgiu ao se constatar a escassez de publica&#231;&#245;es envolvendo a cardiologia nuclear, em especial com a t&#233;cnica de " gated SPECT" e o progn&#243;stico do paciente diab&#233;tico. As refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas sobre o tema abrangem estudos em pacientes com v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, o que dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre eles. Alguns trabalhos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com diabete tipo 1 e 2, popula&#231;&#245;es com ou sem diabete, com ou sem doen&#231;a coronariana conhecida, com ou sem sintomas. Em sua maioria, os trabalhos com cintilografia foram realizados com diferentes radiois&#243;topos, t&#233;cnicas e protocolos de estresse. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo, avaliamos 232 diab&#233;ticos, com ou sem sintomas card&#237;acos, e sem doen&#231;a coronariana conhecida, por meio da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse (f&#237;sico e farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol) sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (entre 10 e 46 meses), a taxa total de eventos cardiovasculares encontrada neste estudo foi de 14%. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a distribui&#231;&#227;o populacional da DAC predomina no sexo masculino, e a partir da sexta d&#233;cada de vida<sup>18</sup>. Nessa amostra, verificou-se que a mediana da idade foi de 63 anos e houve uma maior taxa de eventos em homens (62,5%). Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, tanto a idade crescente quanto o sexo masculino foram vari&#225;veis independentes de eventos cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da DAC no diab&#233;tico &#233; complexa<sup>19</sup>. O aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular em diab&#233;ticos se deve n&#227;o s&#243; ao estado de diabetes, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; agrega&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como a obesidade, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e a dislipidemia, entre outros<sup>6,7</sup>. A HAS &#233; duas vezes mais freq&#252;ente entre os diab&#233;ticos do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. O diab&#233;tico comumente &#233; portador de dislipidemia. As altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas mais freq&#252;entes s&#227;o a hipertrigliceridemia e o colesterol HDL baixo<sup>1,6,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante &#233; que a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana no diab&#233;tico pode ser at&#237;pica ou " silenciosa" , dificultando o manejo clinico. Muito se discute sobre a poss&#237;vel denerva&#231;&#227;o e a menor sensibilidade &#224; dor do diab&#233;tico, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; conclus&#245;es definitivas de sua exist&#234;ncia. Os portadores de diabetes, especialmente aqueles com neuropatia, t&#234;m menor sensibilidade para dor e podem apresentar manifesta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem referir angina<sup>16,18</sup>. A escassez de sintomas anginosos t&#237;picos pode retardar o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo da isquemia silenciosa em diab&#233;ticos ainda &#233; desconhecido, mas a principal hip&#243;tese &#233; de atenua&#231;&#227;o dos impulsos sensoriais da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em decorr&#234;ncia da neuropatia auton&#244;mica<sup>20</sup>. A angina de peito resulta da estimula&#231;&#227;o de fibras aferentes dos nervos simp&#225;ticos card&#237;acos<sup>20</sup>. As varia&#231;&#245;es de intensidade de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, de limiar da dor e de destrui&#231;&#227;o de fibras nociceptivas podem explicar as varia&#231;&#245;es na percep&#231;&#227;o da dor. &#201; prov&#225;vel que a neuropatia auton&#244;mica diab&#233;tica interfira na transmiss&#227;o dos impulsos card&#237;acos sensoriais aferentes. </p>
    <p>Logo, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica do diab&#233;tico pormenorizar a anamnese e valorizar na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica a presen&#231;a de sintomas t&#237;picos e at&#237;picos, mesmo que frustros. </p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia de pesquisar a exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana em todos os diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o &#233; custo efetivo. A <italic>American Diabetes Association</italic> (ADA) recomenda o teste de esfor&#231;o em diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica ou cerebral, altera&#231;&#245;es menores ao ECG ou presen&#231;a de dois ou mais fatores de risco. A ADA indica realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica na evid&#234;ncia de isquemia ou de infarto no ECG<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, ainda n&#227;o se conhece a real efic&#225;cia da preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos e do tratamento da doen&#231;a coronariana em indiv&#237;duos sem sintomas<sup>6,12</sup>. Na literatura, a taxa de preval&#234;ncia de isquemia silenciosa em diab&#233;ticos varia de 9% a 48%<sup>12</sup>. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o deve-se a diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o e de diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>No estudo <italic>Milan Study on Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Group</italic><sup>21 </sup>(MiSAD), foi avaliada a preval&#234;ncia de isquemia silenciosa em diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o-insulino-dependentes. A preval&#234;ncia de isquemia pela ergometria foi de 12,1% e de 6,4% pela cintilografia.</p>
    <p>No nosso trabalho foi encontrada uma taxa de isquemia silenciosa de 16,4%. As evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis referem taxas de isquemia silenciosa em torno de 4 a 57 % pela cintigrafia. Estas varia&#231;&#245;es se devem &#224;s diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Possivelmente, essa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tinha a mesma gravidade de doen&#231;a, visto serem pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC e com percentual reduzido de cintigrafia positiva.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, 41,8% dos doentes encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio para realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia apresentavam dor precordial, e em apenas 14,7% a dor foi considerada t&#237;pica. A presen&#231;a de angina de peito foi uma vari&#225;vel independente para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (p=0,001). Esses resultados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica minuciosa e da valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas no manuseio do paciente diab&#233;tico.</p>
    <p>O DM em tratamento com insulina reflete a presen&#231;a de uma doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada e de maior gravidade<sup>12</sup>. Nessa amostra, essa vari&#225;vel teve significado estat&#237;stico como um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico (p=0,02).</p>
    <p>Nessa coorte, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica demonstra com clareza que a presen&#231;a de uma cintilografia normal para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana influi positivamente na sobrevida livre de eventos. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de um laudo cintilogr&#225;fico anormal (isquemia, fibrose e fibrose associada &#224; isquemia) para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana e a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco teve relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pela an&#225;lise univariada (p&lt;0,0001). Giri e cols.<sup>22 </sup>realizaram estudo multic&#234;ntrico em uma grande coorte e conclu&#237;ram que a presen&#231;a de uma cintilografia anormal e a extens&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o foram os principais preditores de eventos card&#237;acos entre mulheres diab&#233;ticas. </p>
    <p>Outros autores j&#225; afirmaram<sup>23,28</sup> que o escore de perfus&#227;o da fase de estresse (SSS) e de reversibilidade (SDS) e o n&#250;mero de segmentos alterados s&#227;o importantes preditores de eventos card&#237;acos. Como descrito na literatura, este estudo confirmou pela an&#225;lise uni e multivariada que a extens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es cintilogr&#225;ficas de perfus&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos card&#237;acos. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o n&#250;mero de segmentos na perfus&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 e SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 foram preditores independentes de complica&#231;&#245;es durante o seguimento (p=0,0001). Algumas publica&#231;&#245;es referem-se ao padr&#227;o cintilogr&#225;fico de isquemia como um marcador de redu&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida e um determinante para evento isqu&#234;mico mioc&#225;rdico<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1995, uma nova metodologia, nomeada como " gated SPECT" foi introduzida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>29</sup>. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o de forma sincronizada ao ciclo card&#237;aco (" gated SPECT" ) por interm&#233;dio de um sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico possibilita, em um &#250;nico estudo, avaliar simultaneamente a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a fun&#231;&#227;o global e segmentar e os volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>29,31,32</sup>. Um dos principais benef&#237;cios do " gated SPECT" &#233; o aux&#237;lio na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o e defeitos fixos reais de perfus&#227;o (fibrose), aumentando assim a especificidade e a acur&#225;cia dos resultados do estudo da perfus&#227;o<sup>10,30,33-36</sup>. </p>
    <p>O " gated SPECT" comprovadamente tem valor diagn&#243;stico adicional &#224; cl&#237;nica e ao teste de esfor&#231;o<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o c&#225;lculo da FE do VE obtida pelo " gated SPECT" &#233; &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para eventos card&#237;acos futuros<sup>36</sup>. </p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda como determinante de sobrevida &#233; inquestion&#225;vel<sup>37,38</sup>. Nessa amostra, a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular teve associa&#231;&#227;o com evento card&#237;aco, assim como os valores de FEVE, VDF e VSF. Essas vari&#225;veis foram encaminhadas para a an&#225;lise multivariada e n&#227;o tiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no modelo. Talvez em popula&#231;&#245;es maiores e com taxa de eventos superiores &#224; nossa esses par&#226;metros se demonstrassem estatisticamente importantes. </p>
    <p>Nesta pesquisa, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reproduzir, especificamente, a sensibilidade, especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e o negativo citados na literatura<sup>29,30</sup>. Possivelmente, as discord&#226;ncias com as publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores se devem &#224;s diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra e &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao desenho do estudo. Outro aspecto relevante &#233; que se acredita que em muitas publica&#231;&#245;es a sensibilidade da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; superestimada<sup>39-41</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns fatores espec&#237;ficos do paciente diab&#233;tico podem interferir na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva e acur&#225;cia da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. A freq&#252;ente associa&#231;&#227;o do diabetes mellitus com os fatores de risco para DAC pode dificultar a valoriza&#231;&#227;o de determinados aspectos da imagem. &#201; o caso da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, que pode causar falso-positivo na cintilografia<sup>42</sup>. A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular semelhantes &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>A dissocia&#231;&#227;o anatomocintilogr&#225;fica parece ser mais freq&#252;ente em diab&#233;ticos. Provavelmente essas peculiaridades se devem &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular que n&#227;o &#233; vis&#237;vel anatomicamente. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode interferir na capacidade vasodilatadora do vaso, conduzindo a uma cintilografia alterada, sem altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (" falso-positivo" ). </p>
    <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es no presente trabalho. O fato de ser uma investiga&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva j&#225; &#233; uma restri&#231;&#227;o. Nesta casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar com detalhes a gravidade do diabetes. A presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a de base, o tempo de doen&#231;a, o grau de controle glic&#234;mico s&#227;o fatores importantes e que podem modificar os resultados. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi a impossibilidade de obter informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>Assim, parece-nos que o grande dilema que envolve a DAC no diab&#233;tico &#233; a distin&#231;&#227;o entre os doentes de baixo e alt&#237;ssimo risco, uma vez que a simples presen&#231;a de diabetes configura uma situa&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p>Baseados nos resultados deste estudo, consideramos que o " gated SPECT" pode contribuir de modo significativo para o manuseio cl&#237;nico do paciente diab&#233;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstra que a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de esfor&#231;o com " gated SPECT" tem valor adicional na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es futuras em pacientes com diabete melito e suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos pacientes que participaram deste estudo. Aos doutores Elizabeth Costa, Luiz Cl&#225;udio Baldi, Gustavo Gavina, Sergio Doedge Gaspar, que colaboraram na coleta de dados. A todos os funcion&#225;rios do Laborat&#243;rio Cintilab. </p>
    <p>Aos professores F&#225;tima Lucia Concei&#231;&#227;o, Aristarco Siqueira, Ivan da Costa Barros e Jo&#227;o Manoel Pedrosa, que enriqueceram este artigo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Bar&#227;o de Lucena, 43/102 - Botafogo </p>
        <p> 22260-020 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mmsales@oi.com.br">mmsales@oi.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 24/10/06; revisado recebido em 22/5/07; aceito em 16/8/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of Tc-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion gated SPECT in patients with diabetes mellitus and suspected coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death among diabetic patients, which makes it crucial to identify the individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of scintigraphy with gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and suspected coronary artery disease. METHODS: Retrospective study with 232 diabetic patients submitted to scintigraphy with gated SPECT. Perfusion Gated SPECT (scores and number of altered segments) as well as ventricular function parameters (ejection fraction, left ventricle (LV) volume and contractility) were evaluated. Cardiac death, acute ischemic coronary syndrome, revascularization procedures or encephalic vascular accident were considered future cardiovascular events. The uni- and multivariate analyses were carried out by the multiple logistic regression model (p&lt; 0.05). RESULTS: At the univariate analysis, age (p=0.02), chest angina (p=0.01), insulin therapy (p=0.02), myocardial perfusion abnormalities (p&lt;0.0001), the number of segments involved (p=0.0001), the perfusion scores (p=0.0001), the ejection fraction (p=0.004), the final systolic volume (p=0.03) and the finding of segmental alteration at the left ventricle contractility (p&lt;0.0001) were associated with future events at the univariate analysis. At the multivariate analysis, the male sex (p=0.007), age (p=0.03), angina (p=0.001), insulin therapy (p=0.007) and the SDS &gt; 3 (p=0.0001) and the number of altered segments &gt; 3 (p=0.0001) were predictors of cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The myocardial scintigraphy with gated SPECT adds independent information to the stratification of the risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with DM and suspected coronary artery disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>tomography, emission-computed</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of Tc-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion gated SPECT in patients with diabetes mellitus and suspected coronary artery disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos; Mauricio da Rocha Pantoja; Eduardo Cwajg</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cintilab, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death among diabetic patients, which makes it crucial to identify the individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the prognostic value of scintigraphy with gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and suspected coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Retrospective study with 232 diabetic patients submitted to scintigraphy with gated SPECT. Perfusion Gated SPECT (scores and number of altered segments) as well as ventricular function parameters (ejection fraction, left ventricle volume and contractility) were evaluated. Cardiac death, acute ischemic coronary syndrome, revascularization procedures or encephalic vascular accident were considered future cardiovascular events. The uni- and multivariate analyses were carried out by the multiple logistic regression model (p&lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the univariate analysis, age (p=0.02), chest angina (p=0.01), insulin therapy (p=0.02), myocardial perfusion abnormalities (p&lt;0.0001), the number of segments involved (p=0.0001), the perfusion scores (p=0.0001), the ejection fraction (p=0.004), the final systolic volume (p=0.03) and the finding of segmental alteration at the LV contractility (p&lt;0.0001) were associated with future events at the univariate analysis. At the multivariate analysis, the male sex (p=0.007), age (p=0.03), angina (p=0.001), insulin therapy (p=0.007) and the SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 (p=0.0001) and the number of altered segments <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 (p=0.0001) were predictors of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The myocardial scintigraphy with gated SPECT adds independent information to the stratification of the risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with DM and suspected coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Diabetes Mellitus; coronary arteriosclerosis; tomography, emission-computed; prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a current worldwide epidemic of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting around 200 million people and this number tends to increase<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The American Heart Association (AHA) considers diabetes a higher risk factor for cardiovascular disease<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiovascular disease, especially the coronary artery disease (CAD), is the main cause of death among diabetic individuals<sup>2,5</sup>. Additionally, some studies state that the risk of cardiac death in patients with diabetes mellitus in the absence of known cardiovascular disease is similar to that of the non-diabetic individuals with established CAD<sup>2,3-6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The adverse scenario of this disease supports the need for early detection and stratification of the presence of coronary artery disease. There are several non-invasive methods for the stratification of CAD and among them, the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>Nuclear Cardiology, throughout its thirty years of experience in clinical use, has become a safe and effective tool for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>However, there are scarce available data in literature on the role of myocardial perfusion gated SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) in diabetic individuals. </p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of myocardial scintigraphy with gated SPECT using Tc-99m Tetrofosmin in a cohort of Brazilian patients with diabetes mellitus suspected to have CAD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethical and Research Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>It is a retrospective study, formulated from the database of the Nuclear Cardiology Laboratory, Cintilab, Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>A total of 5,967 scintigraphies were performed from February 2000 to April 2002, of which 583 were carried out in diabetic individuals with no previous diagnosis of CAD.</p>
      <p>At the moment of the examination, data such as: date of the examination (scintigraphy), age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), history of risk factors for CAD, history of cardiac symptoms, type of stress performed, scintigraphy results, clinical history data, laboratory assessment and use of medications, were collected and recorded for each patient. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria included: third-degree left bundle block; history of acute or chronic ischemic coronary syndrome; percutaneous coronary intervention or myocardial revascularization surgery; physical stress with maximum stress heart rate &lt; 85% of the predicted heart rate for the age range; unsatisfactory technical results at the ECG-gated perfusion scintigraphy using Thallium-201 and/or Tc-99m sestamibi. These criteria were established to minimize possible interferences at the scintigraphy image assessment. </p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to a stress myocardial perfusion gated SPECT (physical stress or pharmacological stress with dipiridamol) and at rest, in separate days, with 99mTc-tetrofosmin.</p>
      <p>The stress phase was carried out with physical stress or pharmacological stress with dipiridamol, according to the assistant physician's recommendation. The patients were requested to avoid caffeine and cardiovascular action medications in the 48 hours prior to the test.</p>
      <p>Initially, a peripheral venipuncture was carried out in one of the upper limbs. The heart rate, blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were continuously monitored. For each phase of the test, the patients received a dose of 555 to 740 MBq of 99mTc-tetrofosmin and the imaging capture was initiated 45-90 minutes later.</p>
      <p>The physical stress was attained by the Bruce-protocol stress test. The criteria for test interruption were: muscular exhaustion, onset of chest angina or angina equivalent symptoms, presence of severe cardiac arrhythmia or systemic arterial pressure decline &gt; 10 mmHg from a test phase to the subsequent one. The electrocardiographic findings of the ergometric test were classified as negative (without ST-segment alteration), positive (ST-segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm at 80 ms from J point) and inconclusive (altered basal ECG).</p>
      <p>The pharmacological stress was attained with dipiridamol, 0.56 mg/Kg i.v., for 4 minutes, with injection of the radiotracer 4 minutes after the end of the stress agent infusion. If the patient presented an adverse reaction to dipiridamol, 240 mg of aminophilin was administered. </p>
      <p>The scintigraphic images were carried out in two tomographic gamma-chambers Starcam 3200 and Millennium VG GE Medical Systems with a rotation arch of 180&#186;. The patients were randomly distributed between the two equipments available at the Service. The stress images were acquired in synchronization with the patient's ECG.</p>
      <p>Image processing was carried out with filtered retroprojection, using a Hanning filter order 0.83 (stress and resting), generating three planes of tomographic slice images of the left ventricle: the short axis, the long vertical axis and the long horizontal axis<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The image of the stress test was divided in 4 pictures based on the R-R interval of the ECG. The images from each picture were added and reconstructed using filtered retroprojection and a Butterworth filter order 5 for the images synchronized with the ECG. The Cedars Quantitative "Gated SPECT"<sup>&#174;</sup> program was then applied to the reconstructed image.</p>
      <p>The interpretation of the perfusion scintigraphy images was carried out quantitative and qualitatively, by more than one experienced observer, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC)<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>For the quantification of the perfusion scintigraphy, a numerical value was subjectively (visually) assigned to each of the 17 segments in both phases that varied from 0 (homogenous uptake); 1 (mild hypouptake); 2 (moderate hypouptake); 3 (accentuated hypouptake) and 4 (absence of uptake). The addition of the scores attributed to the 17 segments at the stress phase (SSS) and resting (SRS) allows the semi-quantitative evaluation of the intensity and extension of the coronary disease<sup>9</sup>. The difference between the stress and resting scores (SDS) represents the degree of reversibility of the uptake defect. </p>
      <p>In order to quantify the extension of hypouptake in relation to the left ventricle (LV) volume (Perfusion Defect Size- PDS) a program called CEqual<sup>&#174;</sup> was used<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the end of the processing of the gated SPECT, the results of the left ventricle final diastolic volume (FDV), final systolic volume (FSV) and ejection fraction (LVEF) were presented. The values admitted as being within the normal range were: FDV up to 140 ml, FSV up to 70 ml and LVEF &gt; 45%<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The images synchronized to the ECG were evaluated subjectively regarding their contractility (systolic movement and thickening) and each segment was classified qualitatively regarding its movement as: normal, hypokinetic, akinetic or dyskinetic.</p>
      <p>Results that were considered normal were those that showed a homogenous distribution of the radiotracer throughout the LV myocardium at the stress and resting images and with normal systolic movement and thickening. The fixed perfusion defects, present in both images and with a segmental contractile deficit and systolic thickening were interpreted as fibrosis. The so-called transient perfusion defects, present at the stress phase and absent at the resting phase, with normal range of movement and thickening, were considered to be ischemia. When the recovery of these defects was only partial, with a contractile deficit, it configured the simultaneous existence of fibrosis and ischemia.</p>
      <p>In order to rule out the possible influence of the test results on the clinical procedures, the start of the follow-up occurred six months after the inclusion of the last patient. The patients were followed according to the recommendations made by the physician in charge of the patients, with no interference on the adopted therapeutics or test performance.</p>
      <p>The demographic, clinical history and scintigraphy data were obtained retrospectively, through the review of the Service database.</p>
      <p>Aiming at evaluating the prognosis of this population, the following were considered as cardiovascular events: history of sudden cardiac death or not; acute ischemic coronary syndrome (AICS) with or without ST-segment depression; myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and encephalic vascular accident (EVA).</p>
      <p>The follow-up of the sample was carried out by telephone contact with the patient, family member or the assistant physician. During the contact, a questionnaire was used to verify the occurrence of cardiovascular events after the scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>The categorical variables were expressed through percentages and compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Age was expressed by the mean and the median. Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the age mean between the groups with normal or altered scintigraphy results. </p>
      <p>At the univariate analysis, variables with a p value &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant and a trend value of 0.05 <underline>&lt;</underline> p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.1. The multivariate analysis was performed by the multiple logistic regression model. The selection of the model co-variables was carried out according to the statistical significance, from a <italic>p</italic> value obtained at the univariate analysis. For the logistic regression analysis model, a statistical significance level of 10% was considered. The coefficient, standard error, <italic>p</italic> value, chance ratio and confidence interval (95%) were determined for each variable. Considering these objectives, a <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was statistically significant and 0.05 <underline>&lt;</underline> p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.1 was considered as trend.</p>
      <p>The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the scintigraphy were calculated in order to predict cardiac events. </p>
      <p>An actuarial survival curve was compiled through the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference between the survival curves for the different subgroups was statistically based on the log rank evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 583 diabetic patients, 310 were excluded from the study. Of the final sample of 273 diabetic patients with suspected coronary artery disease submitted to myocardial scintigraphy, follow-up was attained in 232 (85%) of them. </p>
      <p>The contacted population that was in fact studied consisted of 121 women (52.2%) and 111 men (47.8%), with mean and median age of 62 and 63 years, respectively, ranging from 36 to 90 years, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The risk factors for the cardiovascular disease were distributed as follows: 74.1% of systemic arterial hypertension; 59.2% of dyslipidemia; 10.4% of cigarette-smoking and 61.5% of family history for coronary history. </p>
      <p>At the time of the scintigraphy, 34 patients had a history of typical angina, 63 of atypical angina, and 135 had no angina. Only 29 patients (12.5%) used insulin. </p>
      <p>The stress phase was carried out through physical stress in 138 patients (59.5%) and through pharmacological stress with dipiridamol in 94 patients (40.5%). Of the 138 patients submitted to the ergometric stress test, 50 patients had a stress ECG result that was negative for ischemia, 69 had a positive result and 19 had an inconclusive result. </p>
      <p>The scintigraphy result was abnormal in 18.1% of the patients, with only 22 of them being asymptomatic (16.4%). The image aspect observed was that of ischemia in 30 patients, ischemia plus fibrosis in 11 and fibrosis in 1 patient. </p>
      <p>The left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) varied from 19 to 94%, with a mean of 61.1%. Global and segmental contractility of LV was considered normal in 90.9% of the assessments. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref> show the profile of the main numerical and categorical variables analyzed in this population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean follow-up duration was 28.9 &#177; 6.9 months (ranging from 10.9 to 45.9 months). </p>
      <p>When the scintigraphy results are analyzed (normal x abnormal) it was observed that the group with abnormal perfusion presented a significantly higher mean age (p=0.04) when compared to the group with normal perfusion. </p>
      <p>Thirty-two cardiovascular events occurred (14% of the sample), which are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref>: 1 cardiac death, 6 acute ischemic coronary syndromes, 12 percutaneous coronary interventions, 11 myocardial revascularization surgeries and 2 encephalic vascular accidents.</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 32 patients with cardiovascular events, 20 (62.5%) were males (p=0.07) and 12 (37.5 %) were females. The mean age of the group with cardiac events was 66 years (p= 0.02). In the group of patients with events only 37.5% of the patients were asymptomatic and 62.5% had angina complaints (p=0.01). The presence of angina (p=0.01) and insulin use (p=0.01) were associated with cardiac event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The proportion of abnormal scintigraphies in the group with cardiac events was significantly higher than in the group without them. Of the 190 patients with normal scintigraphy, only 14 presented cardiac events. It was observed that in the group with cardiac events, the perfusion scintigraphy parameters were compatible with more severe and extensive coronary disease, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The proportion of alterations in the ventricular contractility and in the LV volumes was significantly higher in the group of patients with cardiovascular event as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> (both with p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The independent predictors of cardiovascular events were: SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, the presence of angina, male sex, insulin use and older age. Based on the information of clinical rationale, the number of altered segments at the perfusion image <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 segments was included in the model for the logistic regression analysis. Hence, it was observed that the number of altered segments <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, insulin use, presence of angina, male sex and older age were also statistically significant to predict cardiac events. The event-free survival curves according to the SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, sex, number of altered segments <underline>&gt;</underline> 3, insulin use and presence of angina are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">Graphics 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04-body2">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05-body2">5</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-90-01-0002-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy for the occurrence of cardiovascular events were calculated and were 56.3%, 88.4%, 43.9%, 92.6% and 84%, respectively. In this sample, it was noteworthy the high negative predictive value of the perfusion myocardial scintigraphy with gated SPECT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease that affects approximately 5 to 8% of the world's population<sup>11,12</sup>. There is a current worldwide epidemic of this disease and it is estimated that by the end of 2030, there will be 360 million diabetics in the world <sup>12,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus can be defined as a set of metabolic alterations characterized by hyperglycemia caused by a deficit in insulin secretion associated or not to resistance to insulin action<sup>12</sup>. Many etiopathogenic processes have been described for the development of the disease, from the autoimmune, infectious or drug-induced destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic cells to the decreased tissue response to insulin action. </p>
      <p>Frequently, the insulin production and action deficits co-exist, impairing the identification of the primary cause of hyperglycemia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Around 65 to 70% of the deaths among diabetics are due to cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus increases up to 4-fold the risk of developing coronary artery disease <sup>15,16</sup>. The diabetic individuals without coronary artery disease have the same future risk of cardiac death that a non-diabetic individual with a previous infarction has <sup>8,17</sup>. Among the patients with established coronary disease, diabetes also increases the risk of ischemic cardiac events and sudden death<sup>8,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>These data allow us to state that diabetes is a cardiovascular disease<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The genesis of the atherosclerotic disease in diabetics is multifactorial, comprehending endothelium, smooth muscle cell and platelet abnormalities. The main mechanisms include metabolism disorders, oxidative stress, endothelial function, coagulation and inflammatory response<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nuclear Cardiology has renowned experience and has contributed to the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of the well-established coronary artery disease. The main reason for carrying out the present study arose upon verifying the scarceness of publications involving Nuclear Cardiology, especially the gated SPECT technique, and the diabetic patient's prognosis. The literature data on the subject comprehend studies in patients with several different characteristics and this fact hinders the comparability among them. Some studies included patients with type-1 or type-2 diabetes, populations with or without diabetes, with or without known coronary disease, with or without symptoms. Most of the studies that included scintigraphic assessment were performed with different radiotracers, techniques and stress protocols.</p>
      <p> The present retrospective study evaluated 232 diabetic patients, with or without cardiac symptoms without known coronary disease, through stress myocardial scintigraphy (physical stress or dipiridamol-induced pharmacological stress), synchronized to the ECG. During the follow-up period (between 10 and 46 months), the total rate of cardiovascular events found in this study was 14%. </p>
      <p>It is known that the population distribution of CAD predominates in the male sex and from the sixth decade of life<sup>18</sup>. In this sample, it was observed that the age median was 63 years and there was a higher rate of events among males (62.5%). The multivariate analysis showed that both older age and male sex were independent variables of cardiovascular events. </p>
      <p>The diagnostic evaluation of the CAD in the diabetic patients is complex<sup>19</sup>. The increase in cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients is due not only to the diabetic status, but also to the aggregation of several cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and dyslipidemia, among others<sup>6,7</sup>. SAH is two-fold more frequent among diabetics than in the general population. The diabetic patient commonly has dyslipidemia. The most frequent lipidic alterations are hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol<sup>1,6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect is that the coronary disease in the diabetic patient can present as atypical or "silent", which makes it difficult to manage the disease clinically. </p>
      <p>Much is discussed about the possible denervation and lower pain sensitivity observed in the diabetic patient, but there are no definite conclusions about their existence. Diabetic individuals, especially those with neuropathy, have lower pain sensitivity and can present atypical manifestations of AMI without referring angina<sup>16,18</sup>. The scarcity of typical angina symptoms can hinder the ischemic disease diagnosis<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism of silent ischemia in diabetic individuals is still unknown, but the main hypothesis is that of attenuation of the sensory impulses of myocardial ischemia due to the autonomic neuropathy<sup>20</sup>. The chest angina results from the stimulation of the afferent fibers of the cardiac sympathetic nerves<sup>20</sup>. The variation of the intensity of myocardial ischemia, pain threshold and destruction of the nociceptive fibers can explain the variations in pain perception. It is likely that the autonomic diabetic neuropathy interferes in the transmission of the afferent cardiac sensory impulses. </p>
      <p>Hence, it is crucial, when performing a cardiologic evaluation in the diabetic patient, to carry out a detailed anamnesis and consider the presence of typical and atypical symptoms in the clinical history, even if they are minor. </p>
      <p>The strategy to investigate the existence of coronary disease in all diabetic patients is not cost-effective. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the stress test in asymptomatic diabetic patients in the presence of peripheral or cerebral vascular disease, minor alterations at the ECG or the presence of two or more risk factors. The ADA recommends the myocardial scintigraphy if there is any evidence of ischemia or infarction at the ECG<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>To date, the real efficacy of clinical event prevention and treatment of coronary disease in asymptomatic individuals is still unknown<sup>6,12</sup>. In the literature, the prevalence of silent ischemia in diabetic individuals varies from 9 to 48%<sup>12</sup>. This variation is due to differences among the studied populations, as well as selection and diagnosis criteria.</p>
      <p>The "Milan Study on Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Group"<sup>21 </sup>(MiSAD), evaluated the prevalence of silent ischemia in non-insulin dependent diabetic individuals; the prevalence of ischemia detected by ergometry and by scintigraphy was 12.1% and 6.4%, respectively. </p>
      <p><italic>Our study disclosed an incidence of 16.4% of silent ischemia, whereas the available evidence reports an incidence of 4 to 57% of silent ischemia at the scintigraphy. These variations are due to the differences in sample selection. It is likely that this population did not have the same degree of disease severity, considering that these were patients with no previous history of CAD and a small percentage of positive scintigraphies</italic>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, 41.8% of the patients referred to the laboratory for a scintigraphy presented precordial pain, which was considered typical in only 14.7% of them. The presence of chest angina was an independent variable for the occurrence of cardiovascular events (p=0.001). These results reinforce the importance of the detailed clinical investigation and taking symptoms into account when managing the diabetic patient. </p>
      <p>The diabetes mellitus treated with insulin reflects the presence of a more advanced and more severe disease<sup>12</sup>. In this sample, this variable presented statistical significance as a marker of worse prognosis (p=0.02).</p>
      <p>In this cohort, the statistical analysis clearly shows that the presence of a normal scintigraphy for the diagnosis of CAD positively influences the event-free survival. The association between the presence of an abnormal scintigraphy result (ischemia, fibrosis or fibrosis associated to ischemia) for the diagnosis of CAD and the occurrence of cardiac events presented statistical significance at the univariate analysis (p &lt; 0.0001). Giri and cols.<sup>22 </sup>carried out a multicenter study in a large cohort and concluded that the presence of an abnormal scintigraphy result and the extension of the perfusion defect were the main predictors of cardiac events among diabetic women. </p>
      <p>Other authors have stated<sup>23,28</sup> that the score of perfusion at the stress phase (SSS) and that of the reversibility (SDS) as well as the number of altered segments are important predictors of cardiac events. As described in the literature, this study confirmed through the uni- and multivariate analyses that the extension of the scintigraphic alterations of perfusion and the presence of myocardial ischemia were correlated with cardiac events. At the multivariate analysis, the number of segments at the perfusion <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 and SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 were independent predictors of complications during the follow-up (p=0.0001). Some reports refer to the ischemia scintigraphic pattern as a marker of survival reduction and a determinant for myocardial ischemic event <sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1995, a new methodology, called "gated SPECT", was introduced in clinical practice<sup>29</sup>. The acquisition of the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy images synchronized with the cardiac cycle ("gated SPECT") through an electrocardiographic signal, would allow a single study to simultaneously evaluate myocardial perfusion, the global and segmental function and the left ventricle (LV) volumes<sup>29,31,32</sup>. One of the main benefits of the gated SPECT is to help the differentiation between attenuation artifacts and real fixed perfusion defects (fibrosis), thus increasing the specificity and accuracy of the results of the perfusion study<sup>10,30,33-36</sup>. </p>
      <p>The gated SPECT has been proven to have an additional diagnostic value to the clinical one and to the stress test<sup>10</sup>. Additionally, the calculation of the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained through the gated SPECT is useful in the risk stratification for future cardiac events<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>The importance of the LV function as a determinant of survival is unquestionable<sup>37,38</sup>. In this sample, the presence of alterations in the ventricular contractility was associated with cardiac events, as well as the values of LVEF, FDV and FSV. These variables were submitted to the multivariate analysis and did not show statistical significance in the model. Perhaps in larger populations and with a higher rate of events, these parameters would be statistically significant. </p>
      <p>In the present study, it was not possible to reproduce, specifically, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value mentioned in the literature<sup>29,30</sup>. Possibly, the discordance with the previous publications might be due to the differences regarding the sample selection and the inherent limitations of the study. Another relevant aspect is the fact that, it is believed that the myocardial scintigraphy sensitivity is overestimated in many publications<sup>39,41</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some factors that are specific of the diabetic patient can interfere with the non-invasive assessment and accuracy of the myocardial scintigraphy. The frequent association between diabetes mellitus and risk factors for CAD can make it difficult to take certain image aspects into account. Such is the case of LV hypertrophy secondary to systemic arterial hypertension, which can cause a false-positive result at the scintigraphy <sup>42</sup>. The diabetic cardiomyopathy can lead to myocardial perfusion and ventricular contraction alterations that are similar to ischemic disease. </p>
      <p> The anatomo-scintigraphic dissociation seems to be more frequent among diabetics. These characteristics are probably due to the microvascular dysfunction , which is not visible anatomically. The endothelia dysfunction can interfere in the vasodilation capacity of the vessel, leading to an altered scintigraphy, without anatomical alteration ("false-positive" result).</p>
      <p>There are some limitations to the present study. The fact that it was a retrospective study is itself a limitation. It was not possible to evaluate with details the severity of the diabetes in this cohort. The presence of complications of the underlying disease and the degree of glycemia control are important factors that can influence the results. Another limitation was the impossibility to obtain information on the coronary circulation anatomy. </p>
      <p>Therefore, it seems that the great dilemma involving CAD in the diabetic patient is the differentiation between the low and very high-risk individuals, as the presence of diabetes itself constitutes an intermediate risk situation for cardiovascular complications. </p>
      <p>Based on the results of the present study, we consider that gated SPECT can significantly contribute to the clinical management of the diabetic patient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrates that the myocardial perfusion gated SPECT has an additional value in the risk stratification of future complications in patients with diabetes mellitus and suspected coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the patients that participated in this study, to Doctors Elizabeth Costa, Luiz Cl&#225;udio Baldi, Gustavo Gavina, Sergio Doedge Gaspar, who collaborated in data collection and to the staff of Cintilab Laboratory. </p>
      <p>To Professors F&#225;tima Lucia Concei&#231;&#227;o, Aristarco Siqueira, Ivan da Costa Barros and Jo&#227;o Manoel Pedrosa, who have greatly contributed to this manuscript.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">41. Lauer MS. Coronary artery disease in diabetes: Wich (if any) test is best. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005; 72 (1): 6, 8-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">42. George A. Beller. The epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes: implications for noninvasive cardiovascular imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004; 11: 105-6.  </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos</p>
          <p> Rua Bar&#227;o de Lucena, 43/102 - Botafogo</p>
          <p> 22260020 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mmsales@oi.com.br">mmsales@oi.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 24, 2006; revised manuscript received May 22, 2007; accepted August 16, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
