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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tgHcj36rBn8xbgLSkrGMHPd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900615</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte s&#250;bita de atletas: fato novo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dioguardi</surname>
            <given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e169</fpage>
      <lpage>e170</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Morte s&#250;bita de atletas. Fato novo? </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nabil Ghorayeb; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz; Giuseppe Dioguardi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Exerc&#237;cio, cora&#231;&#227;o, esportes, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Recorrente, fen&#244;meno de m&#237;dia globalizada, <italic>d&#233;j&#224; vu</italic>, o adjetivo utilizado pode desvalorizar o fato principal: as mortes paradoxais de jovens aparentemente saud&#225;veis durante atividades esportivas profissionais ou mesmo amadoras de lazer.</p>
    <p>A pergunta leiga "Por que aconteceu?" se estende a eventos cient&#237;ficos diversos, em que se tenta explicar o surpreendente epis&#243;dio. Historicamente, h&#225; anos publica&#231;&#245;es nos esclarecem sobre morte s&#250;bita no esporte<sup>1,2,3</sup>. Detalhada metan&#225;lise foi publicada pelo Comit&#234; Ol&#237;mpico internacional com sede em Lausanne, Su&#237;&#231;a, baseada em <italic>Medline</italic> (OVID Web, 1966-2004), <italic>PubMed</italic> (1966-2004), <italic>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</italic>, <italic>EBM Reviews &#150; ACP Journal Club</italic>, <italic>Cinahl</italic> (1982-2004), <italic>Heracles</italic>, <italic>Web of Science</italic>, <italic>Scopus</italic> (1960-2004), e seus dados indicaram que de 1966 a 2004 foram relatadas 1.101 mortes s&#250;bitas de jovens atletas com menos de 35 anos, numa m&#233;dia de 29 por ano<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essas mortes foram mais freq&#252;entes no futebol e basquete (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). A incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatias benignas ou de potencial maligno, catalogada em mais de trinta anos de avalia&#231;&#245;es de atletas de variadas modalidades esportivas, desde adolescentes a veteranos idosos, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, de iniciantes da pr&#225;tica esportiva at&#233; 14 anos de clubes sociais paulistas e de garotos at&#233; 18 anos que necessitavam de "exame m&#233;dico" para habilitar-se a treinar futebol profissional nos clubes da divis&#227;o principal de S&#227;o Paulo, nos mostra um retrato que poderia explicar os eventos fatais no esporte.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig14g1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e169-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As anormalidades encontradas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes variaram de 17,7% a 21%. Em atletas em atividade, amadores e profissionais at&#233; 35 anos, esse &#237;ndice foi de 8,2%. Seguramente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o<sup>5-8</sup> deve ser obrigat&#243;ria, um competente "marcador de risco" dos poss&#237;veis problemas cardiovasculares na pr&#225;tica f&#237;sico-esportiva. Entretanto, o exame de pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; um certificado de seguran&#231;a total.</p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o acerca do afastamento de atletas, tempor&#225;rio ou definitivo, tem que ser colegiada e representa uma prote&#231;&#227;o a esses profissionais.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, as situa&#231;&#245;es que podemos chamar de confus&#245;es ou exageros &#233;tico-cient&#237;ficos, como as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas extremas consideradas, em princ&#237;pio, cardiopatias, levam a traumas psicol&#243;gicos e sociais de penosa revers&#227;o ou ao fato inverso de cardiopatias confundidas com adapta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Diretrizes internacionais<sup>9</sup>, italianas<sup>7</sup> e publica&#231;&#245;es brasileiras<sup>10</sup> formam a razo&#225;vel base das consultas cient&#237;ficas em nosso meio. Os problemas detectados em atletas, pelas caracter&#237;sticas peculiares dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o levados a discuss&#245;es em grupo, e segundas opini&#245;es s&#227;o muito freq&#252;entes, o que deixa a certeza de que as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m um caminho longo e lento. O que se v&#234;, e deve ser evitado, s&#227;o as decis&#245;es apressadas, em que o segredo &#233;tico chega a ser esquecido. Por serem, seguramente, casos isolados de atletas com cardiopatia, as condutas ainda s&#227;o baseadas em experi&#234;ncias pessoais.</p>
    <p>A literatura cient&#237;fica n&#227;o tem um n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes para permitir uma conduta baseada em evid&#234;ncias, e isso nos deixa vulner&#225;veis a decis&#245;es incorretas, e como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia h&#225; o risco de morte s&#250;bita durante a atividade f&#237;sico-esportiva. Por isso, a conduta deve ser individualizada e n&#227;o devemos poupar exames, enquanto n&#227;o tivermos certeza do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento peri&#243;dico, trimestral/semestral, nas cardiopatias de risco com repeti&#231;&#245;es dos exames &#233; desej&#225;vel. Discuss&#245;es e pol&#234;micas a respeito de libera&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica de esporte profissional n&#227;o deixar&#227;o de existir. A prote&#231;&#227;o do paciente atleta e o respeito ao profissional m&#233;dico s&#227;o os pilares dessa &#225;rea de trabalho, como em qualquer outra &#225;rea da medicina. Por isso, toda e qualquer decis&#227;o pol&#234;mica deve ter o respaldo de uma junta m&#233;dica experiente.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica detalhada e rotineira de pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o para atletas &#233; a &#250;nica maneira de minimizar o risco da morte s&#250;bita, que continuar&#225;, sem d&#250;vida, a ocorrer, mas em muito menor quantidade. Como ocorre na fisiopatologia e epidemiologia, a morte s&#250;bita no esporte tem na cardiopatia a sua principal causa (90%) e seu evento mais freq&#252;ente (85%) &#233; a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em raz&#227;o disso, &#233; fundamental que haja equipes treinadas no suporte b&#225;sico de vida que disponham de desfibriladores semi-autom&#225;ticos em <italic>todos</italic> os eventos esportivos. Essas s&#227;o as condi&#231;&#245;es imprescind&#237;veis e m&#237;nimas para permitir um gerenciamento &#233;tico do risco da morte s&#250;bita em atletas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Nabil Ghorayeb </p>
        <p> Rua Safira, 326/181 - Aclima&#231;&#227;o </p>
        <p> 01532-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ghorayeb@cardiol.br">ghorayeb@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nghorayeb@terra.com.br">nghorayeb@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 07/10/2007; revisado recebido em 09/10/2007; aceito em 09/10/2007.</p>
  </body>
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            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>CAP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baptista</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sudden death of athletes: a new fact?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sudden death of athletes &#150; a new fact? </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nabil Ghorayeb; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz; Giuseppe Dioguardi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Exercise; heart; sports; death, sudden cardiac.</p>
      <p>A recurring theme, a phenomenon of globalized media, <italic>d&#233;j&#224; vu</italic>, no matter what terms are used to describe the sudden cardiac death of athletes, they tend to draw attention away from the main theme - the seeming paradox of the sudden death of young and apparently healthy people in the course of professional or even amateur leisure sports activities.</p>
      <p>The layperson's question "Why did it happen?" extends to diverse scientific events that attempt to explain such surprising episodes. Publications have been informing us about sudden death in sports<sup>1,2,3</sup> for years. The International Olympic Committee with headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, published a detailed meta-analysis based on data from <italic>Medline</italic> (OVID Web, 1966-2004), <italic>PubMed</italic> (1966-2004), <italic>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</italic>, <italic>EBM Reviews &#150; ACP Journal Club</italic>, <italic>Cinahl</italic> (1982-2004), <italic>Heracles</italic>, <italic>Web of Science</italic>, and <italic>Scopus</italic> (1960-2004). The data show that from 1966 to 2004, 1101 young athletes (under 35 years of age) were reported to have died suddenly &#150; an average of 29 per year<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Such deaths were more frequent in soccer and basketball (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra1-body2">graphic 1</xref>). The occurrence of benign or potentially malignant heart diseases cataloged over more than thirty years of evaluations of athletes ranging from adolescents to elderly veterans in various sporting modalities at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, of children up to 14 years of age at social clubs in S&#227;o Paulo, and of boys up to 18 years of age who needed a "medical exam" to enable them to train professional soccer in S&#227;o Paulo's major league clubs, painted a picture that could explain the fatal events in sports.</p>
      <fig id="gra1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e169-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Abnormalities were found in 17.7 to 21% of children and teens. The rate of abnormalities among active amateur and professional athletes up to 35 years of age was 8.2%. Certainly, pre-participation medical examination<sup>5-8</sup> - a competent "risk marker" of possible cardiovascular problems in the practice of physical activities and sports - should be mandatory. However, pre-participation medical examination does not constitute a total safety certificate.</p>
      <p>Decisions as to whether athletes should be spared temporarily, or even excluded definitively, must be collegiate and must actually constitute protection for these professionals.</p>
      <p>In addition, situations that we might call confusions or ethical-scientific exaggerations, such as the extreme physiological adaptations considered, in principle, to be heart diseases, lead to psychological and social traumas that are difficult to revert, or even to the opposite, to heart diseases being confused with adaptations.</p>
      <p>International<sup>9</sup> and Italian<sup>7</sup> guidelines and Brazilian publications<sup>10</sup> make up a reasonable base for scientific consultations in our country. The problems detected in athletes, due to characteristics peculiar to this population, are the subject of group discussions, and second opinions are very frequent. This fact leaves us with the certainty that alterations found in pre-participation examinations have a long and slow path to trail. What one sees, and what must be avoided, are hasty decisions that go so far as to disregard the ethics of patient confidentiality. As these are assuredly isolated cases of athletes with heart disease, how best to manage them continues to be based on personal experience.</p>
      <p>Scientific literature lacks a sufficient number of patients to allow an evidence-based approach. This leaves us vulnerable to incorrect decisions, and consequently, to the risk of sudden cardiac death during the practice of physical activities/sports. Therefore, management must be individualized and until we are absolutely sure of the diagnosis, testing cannot be spared.</p>
      <p>Periodic follow-up (quarterly/six-monthly) on life-threatening heart diseases with repetition of tests is desirable. Discussion and controversy as to whether or not to allow the practice of professional sports will never cease to exist. Protection of the athlete-patient and respect for medical professionals are the pillars of this field of work, just like in any other field of medicine. Thus, any and all controversial decisions must be supported by an experienced panel of doctors.</p>
      <p>Detailed and routine clinical evaluation of pre-participation medical examinations for athletes is the only way to minimize the risk of sudden death which will, undoubtedly, continue to occur, but much less frequently. As is the case in pathophysiology and epidemiology, heart disease is the main cause of sudden death in sports (90%), and its most frequent event (85%) is ventricular fibrillation. For this reason, the presence of trained basic life support teams equipped with semi-automatic defibrillators is absolutely essential at ALL sporting events. These are the minimum indispensable conditions for allowing ethical management of the risk of sudden cardiac death in athletes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Nabil Ghorayeb</p>
          <p> Rua Safira, 326/181 - Aclima&#231;&#227;o</p>
          <p> 01532-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="ghorayeb@cardiol.br">ghorayeb@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nghorayeb@terra.com.br">nghorayeb@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received October 07, 2007; revised manuscript received October 9, 2007; accepted October 9, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
