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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FjkyCTqkZPBvhSsHdzQNSYy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900614</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia restritiva por dep&#243;sito de desmina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e165</fpage>
      <lpage>e168</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>As cardiomiopatias restritivas podem possuir diversas etiologias, entre elas destacam-se as doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito por diferentes materiais, como por desmina. As desminopatias s&#227;o patologias incomuns, que evoluem com dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, miopatias perif&#233;ricas e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O presente relato descreve paciente com bloqueio &#225;trio ventricular total como evento inicial, sendo acometido posteriormente por altera&#231;&#245;es musculares esquel&#233;ticas e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o foi definido diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia restritiva por ac&#250;mulo de desmina.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito</kwd>
        <kwd>desmina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cardiomiopatia restritiva por dep&#243;sito de desmina </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As cardiomiopatias restritivas podem possuir diversas etiologias, entre elas destacam-se as doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito por diferentes materiais, como por desmina. As desminopatias s&#227;o patologias incomuns, que evoluem com dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, miopatias perif&#233;ricas e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O presente relato descreve paciente com bloqueio &#225;trio ventricular total como evento inicial, sendo acometido posteriormente por altera&#231;&#245;es musculares esquel&#233;ticas e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o foi definido diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia restritiva por ac&#250;mulo de desmina.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia restritiva, doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito, desmina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As cardiomiopatias constituem um grupo de desordens em que o comprometimento prim&#225;rio est&#225; no pr&#243;prio mioc&#225;rdio. A defini&#231;&#227;o mais recentemente publicada<sup>1</sup> &#233; que elas comp&#245;em um grupo heterog&#234;neo de doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio, associadas com disfun&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ou mec&#226;nica, que usualmente exibem hipertrofia ventricular inapropriada ou mesmo dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras, comumente por causa gen&#233;tica. A defini&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica de uma cardiomiopatia usualmente exige a realiza&#231;&#227;o de proped&#234;utica ampla. N&#227;o &#233; incomum a rotula&#231;&#227;o como idiop&#225;tica de uma doen&#231;a n&#227;o completamente investigada.</p>
    <p>Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a cardiomiopatia restritiva, especificamente abordando uma etiologia infreq&#252;ente, o dep&#243;sito de desmina. A cardiomiopatia restritiva caracteriza-se por restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento diast&#243;lico e distensibilidade ventricular, determinando um padr&#227;o hemodin&#226;mico t&#237;pico. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pode encontrar-se preservada, os volumes diast&#243;licos s&#227;o normais ou diminu&#237;dos, espessura ventricular normal ou aumentada e dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial encontra-se quase sempre presente. Dispn&#233;ia, edema, palpita&#231;&#227;o e distens&#227;o venosa jugular s&#227;o os sintomas mais encontrados. O diagn&#243;stico pode ser feito por ecocardiografia, mas invariavelmente h&#225; a necessidade de outros m&#233;todos, como a tomografia computadorizada e a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, para se realizar o diagn&#243;stico diferencial, principalmente com a pericardite constritiva<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente masculino, 21 anos, estudante, solteiro, chegou relatando que, h&#225; um ano, vem apresentando cansa&#231;o progressivo aos esfor&#231;os e dispn&#233;ia durante a noite. N&#227;o havia relato de outras doen&#231;as associadas, exceto por quadro de s&#237;ncope com implante de marcapasso definitivo, ocorrido um ano antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com diagn&#243;stico, &#224; &#233;poca, de bloqueio atrioventricular total.</p>
    <p>O paciente estava em uso de carvedilol (12,5 mg/dia), digoxina (0,25 mg/dia), furosemida (40 mg/dia) e espironolactona (25 mg/dia). Trazia um ecocardiograma recente mostrando fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 55%, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DD) e sist&#243;lico (DS) de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de 52 e 37 mm (respectivamente), di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) de 50 mm e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) de 45 mmHg. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se est&#225;vel hemodinamicamente, com sinais de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica e pulmonar. O paciente teve a dose de furosemida aumentada para 60 mg/dia e orienta&#231;&#227;o de restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica rigorosa. Foi solicitado retorno ambulatorial em dois meses.</p>
    <p>Durante os dois anos seguintes, o paciente evoluiu com epis&#243;dios intermitentes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Procurou outro servi&#231;o m&#233;dico, quando se encontrava em classe funcional III (NYHA). Na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica havia relato de fraqueza muscular proximal de membros inferiores e da musculatura do pesco&#231;o j&#225; havia dois anos, al&#233;m de disfagia. Ao exame f&#237;sico, encontrava-se eupn&#233;ico em repouso, mas novamente com sinais de congest&#227;o. O ecocardiograma com FE: 43%, DD: 56 mm, e insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve. Os principais exames laboratoriais n&#227;o apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato, que mostrou discreta hipercapta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco em &#225;reas card&#237;aca e hep&#225;tica. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, &#224; ergoespirometria, foi de 19,6 ml/kg/minuto. O ecocardiograma mostrou AE: 50 mm, DD: 59 mm, FE: 35%, PSAP: 51 mmHg, sem dissincronias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrava sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e o eletrocardiograma de repouso, apenas o ritmo de marcapasso. Os exames laboratorias indicavam icter&#237;cia por ac&#250;mulo de bilirrubina indireta, TGO 50 u/l, TGP 63 u/l, discrasia de coagula&#231;&#227;o (INR 1,6; TP 47%) e BNP de 1.028 pg/ml. Diante desses resultados, foi aventada a possibilidade de cardiomiopatia restritiva e solicitado estudo hemodin&#226;mico com bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref> mostra fragmentos de endoc&#225;rdio biopsiados, &#224; microscopia eletr&#244;nica, indicando &#225;reas de fibrose e espessamento endoc&#225;rdico com infiltra&#231;&#227;o de desmina. Os dados hemodin&#226;micos (VD: 57 x 13 x 23,2 mmHg; AD: 23 mmHg m&#233;dia; AO: 120 x 82 mmHg; VE: 120 x 23 x 45 mmHg) confirmaram a hip&#243;tese de cardiomiopatia restritiva. A conduta adotada foi aumentar as doses de carvedilol e furosemida, al&#233;m da proposta de rastreamento gen&#233;tico de toda a fam&#237;lia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e165-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e165-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As miopatias relacionadas &#224; desmina s&#227;o doen&#231;as de baixa preval&#234;ncia. A desmina &#233; o filamento intermedi&#225;rio mais importante da musculatura esquel&#233;tica e card&#237;aca. Tem a fun&#231;&#227;o de manter a estrutura e a integridade funcional das miofibrilas, funcionando como um citoesqueleto prot&#233;ico ligando as bandas Z &#224; membrana plasm&#225;tica<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As desminopatias prim&#225;rias s&#227;o causadas por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da desmina. O espectro cl&#237;nico &#233; bastante amplo: fraqueza muscular em tronco, regi&#227;o cervical, e o sintoma inicial pode at&#233; acometer musculatura respirat&#243;ria. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas podem ocorrer na forma de cardiomiopatia restritiva, doen&#231;as do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, arritmias e morte s&#250;bita<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas sofridas pela desmina tamb&#233;m podem desencadear o modelo mais comum de cardiomiopatia, a dilatada. A preval&#234;ncia estimada de muta&#231;&#245;es do gene da desmina encontradas em cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica &#233; de 1% a 2%, sendo muitas delas respons&#225;veis por esse fen&#243;tipo<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>As cardiomiopatias por desmina s&#227;o diagnosticadas apenas por meio de estudos ultra-estruturais, isso porque os achados imuno-histoqu&#237;micos de microfilamentos de desmina no sarcoplasma podem n&#227;o ser suficientes para se diferenciarem de padr&#245;es anormais encontrados em cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas e dilatadas.</p>
    <p>Diversas muta&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram identificadas. Arbustini e cols.<sup>6</sup>, em um estudo envolvendo quatro pacientes n&#227;o relacionados, encontraram tr&#234;s novas muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas (R16C, T453I e 10 bp), al&#233;m de uma muta&#231;&#227;o j&#225; catalogada (R406W). A doen&#231;a, nesse trabalho, foi autoss&#244;mica dominante em duas fam&#237;lias, recessiva em uma e associada a uma muta&#231;&#227;o nova em outra. Oliv&#233; e cols.<sup>7</sup> estudaram dez pacientes provenientes, de seis fam&#237;lias n&#227;o relacionadas, portadores da doen&#231;a. O padr&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica foi vari&#225;vel: autoss&#244;mico dominante em tr&#234;s fam&#237;lias, autoss&#244;mica recessiva em uma, e n&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria familiar em dois casos. Clinicamente a desminopatia tamb&#233;m teve comportamento n&#227;o-uniforme: dois pacientes iniciaram com cardiomiopatia, um paciente com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, e os demais apresentaram fraqueza muscular em pernas. Ao todo, quatro pacientes tiveram comprometimento card&#237;aco. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da enzima CK pouco se alterou. As bi&#243;psias musculares selaram os diagn&#243;sticos, mostrando inclus&#245;es citoplasm&#225;ticas de desmina imunorreativas<sup>7</sup> .</p>
    <p>As principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es descritas da cardiomiopatia restritiva por dep&#243;sito de desmina foram encontradas no caso aqui descrito. Os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o determinantes na suspei&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e, no presente caso, constatamos que a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o foi exatamente o bloqueio atrioventricular total. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o relevantes os sinais de comprometimento da musculatura esquel&#233;tica. O paciente em discuss&#227;o apresentava paresia proximal de membros inferiores e de regi&#227;o cervical, aumentando a possibilidade do diagn&#243;stico. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca teve predom&#237;nio inicial de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, seguida mais tardiamente pela altera&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, al&#233;m de uma despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio obtido durante a ergoespirometria e a restri&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica que o paciente apresentava.</p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da cardiomiopatia, nesse caso, trouxe a obrigatoriedade de se investigar a fam&#237;lia. Na anamnese n&#227;o havia relatos de outros portadores de IC. A conduta cl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi alterada. N&#227;o h&#225; tratamento espec&#237;fico para as desminopatias. O paciente continuar&#225; sendo acompanhado clinicamente. A hip&#243;tese de transplante card&#237;aco n&#227;o &#233; descartada, como alternativa futura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente relato ilustra a import&#226;ncia de se tentar definir com precis&#227;o o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico das cardiomiopatias. A rotula&#231;&#227;o como idiop&#225;tica, ou a classifica&#231;&#227;o, muitas vezes sem fundamentos consistentes, em categorias inespec&#237;ficas, reduz as possibilidades de tratamento, interfere na defini&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e n&#227;o permite conclus&#245;es fidedignas sobre dados estat&#237;sticos.</p>
    <p>As desminopatias n&#227;o s&#227;o doen&#231;as habituais e o diagn&#243;stico pouco influencia na conduta farmacol&#243;gica, visto que n&#227;o possuem tratamento espec&#237;fico. A import&#226;ncia de se estabelecer diagn&#243;sticos como esse reside na possibilidade de rastreamento e preven&#231;&#227;o de novos casos, al&#233;m de possibilitar o conhecimento de incomuns doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Christiano Pereira Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Charles Spencer Chaplin, 85/21 </p>
        <p> 05642-010, Vila Andrade - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 19/03/07; revisado recebido em 11/05/07; aceito em 26/07/07.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Desmin-related restrictive cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathies may have different etiologies, among which we can point out storage diseases by accumulation of different materials such as desmin. Desminopathies are uncommon diseases that progress with conduction abnormalities, peripheral myopathies, and ventricular dysfunction. The present report describes a patient with complete atrioventricular block as the initial event; he later developed skeletal muscle alterations and heart failure. The investigation led to the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy due to desmin accumulation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>storage disease</kwd>
        <kwd>desmin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Desmin-related restrictive cardiomyopathy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathies may have different etiologies, among which we can point out storage diseases by accumulation of different materials such as desmin. Desminopathies are uncommon diseases that progress with conduction abnormalities, peripheral myopathies, and ventricular dysfunction. The present report describes a patient with complete atrioventricular block as the initial event; he later developed skeletal muscle alterations and heart failure. The investigation led to the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy due to desmin accumulation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, restrictive; storage disease; desmin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiomyopathies constitute a group of disorders in which the heart muscle itself is primarily involved. The definition more recently published<sup>1</sup> is that they comprise a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases associated with electrical or mechanical dysfunction that usually exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or even chamber dilatation, generally due to genetic causes. A thorough investigation is usually required to establish the etiology of a cardiomyopathy. It is not unusual to label a not fully investigated disease as idiopathic.</p>
      <p>The objective of this report is to discuss restrictive cardiomyopathies, specifically addressing an uncommon etiology &#150; the desmin storage. Restrictive cardiomyopathies are characterized by a reduction in diastolic filling and in ventricular distensibility, which determine a typical hemodynamic pattern. Ejection fraction may be preserved, diastolic volumes are normal or decreased, ventricular thickness is normal or increased and atrial dilatation is almost always present. Dyspnea, edema, palpitation and jugular venous distension are the symptoms most frequently found. The diagnosis may be made using echocardiography, but invariably additional methods such as CT-scan and MRI are necessary to establish a differential diagnosis, especially with constrictive pericarditis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male patient, 21 years old, student, single, complained that he had been presenting progressive exertional shortness of breath and nocturnal dyspnea for one year. He denied other associated diseases, except for syncope with permanent pacemaker implantation one year before the onset of symptoms of heart failure. At that time he was diagnosed with complete atrioventricular block.</p>
      <p>The patient was taking carvedilol (12.5 mg/day), digoxin (0.25 mg/day), furosemide (40 mg/day) and spironolactone (25 mg/day). He had a recent echocardiogram showing left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 55%, left ventricular (LV) diastolic (DD) and systolic (SD) diameter of 52 and 37 mm, respectively, left atrial (LA) diameter of 50 mm, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) of 45 mmHg. On physical examination, he was hemodynamically stable with signs of systemic and pulmonary congestion. His furosemide dose was increased to 60 mg/day and he was advised to follow a strict fluid restriction. A two-month outpatient follow-up visit was scheduled .</p>
      <p>For the following two years, the patient progressed with intermittent episodes of decompensation. He sought another medical service when he was in NYHA functional class III. His medical history revealed muscle weakness in proximal lower limbs and neck, as well as dysphagia for two years. On physical examination, he had no respiratory distress at rest, but once more showed signs of congestion. His echocardiogram showed EF = 43%, DD = 56mm, with mild mitral regurgitation. Results of the major laboratory tests were within normal range.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy, which showed a slightly high uptake of the radionuclide in cardiac and hepatic areas. Peak oxygen consumption on cardiopulmonary exercise test was 19.6 ml/kg/minute. Echocardiogram revealed LA: 50 mm, DD: 59 mm, EF: 35%, SPAP: 51 mmHg, with no dyssynchrony (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Chest radiograph showed signs of pulmonary congestion, and resting electrocardiogram showed only the pacemaker rhythm. Laboratory tests indicated jaundice due to indirect bilirubin accumulation, AST 50 u/l, ALT 63 u/l, coagulation disorder (INR 1.6; PT 47%) and BNP of 1,028 pg/ml. In light of these results, the possibility of restrictive cardiomyopathy was considered, and a hemodynamic study with endomyocardial biopsy was requested. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows endocardial biopsy fragments on electron microscopy with areas of fibrosis and endocardial thickening with desmin deposits. The hemodynamic data (RV: 57 x 13 x 23.2 mmHg; RA: mean 23 mmHg; Ao: 120 x 82 mmHg; LV: 120 x 23 x 45 mmHg) confirmed the hypothesis of restrictive cardiomyopathy. The carvedilol and furosemide doses were increased, and a genetic screening of the whole family was recommended.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e165-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_13f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-e165-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Desmin-related myopathies are diseases with a low prevalence. Desmin is the most important intermediate filament of the skeletal and cardiac muscle. Its function is to keep the structure and functional integrity of myofibrils, thus working as a protein cytoskeleton linking the Z bands to the plasma membrane<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Primary desminopathies are caused by mutations in the desmin gene. The clinical spectrum is quite broad: muscle weakness in the trunk, neck region and even affecting the respiratory muscles may be the initial symptom. Cardiac manifestations may occur in the form of restrictive cardiomyopathy, conduction system abnormalities, arrhythmias and sudden death<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Genetic alterations affecting desmin may also trigger a more common model of cardiomyopathy &#150; the dilated cardiomyopathy. The estimated prevalence of desmin gene mutations in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is between 1% and 2%, and many of them are capable of causing this phenotype<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Desmin cardiomyopathies are diagnosed only with ultrastructural studies, because immunohistochemical findings of sarcoplasmic desmin microfilaments may not be enough to differentiate abnormal patterns found in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies.</p>
      <p>Several mutations have already been identified. Arbustini et al<sup>6</sup> studied four unrelated patients and found three new gene mutations (R16C, T453I and 10 bp), and one known mutation (R406W). In that study, the disease was autosomal dominant in two families, recessive in one, and associated with a de novo mutation in another one. Oliv&#233; et al<sup>7</sup> studied ten patients from six unrelated families diagnosed with the disease. The pattern of genetic presentation was variable: autosomal dominant in three families, autosomal recessive in one; there was no family history in two cases. Clinically, desminopathy also had a non-uniform behavior: two patients presented with cardiomyopathy, one patient with respiratory failure, and the remaining patients with lower limb weakness. A total of four patients had cardiac involvement. Serum levels of CK were slightly abnormal. Muscle biopsies confirmed the diagnoses by showing intracytoplasmic desmin-immunoreactive inclusions<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The major manifestations described in desmin accumulation restrictive cardiomyopathy were found in the present case. Conduction disturbances are determinant for diagnostic suspicion, and in the present case we verified that the first manifestation was precisely complete atrioventricular block. Signs of skeletal muscle involvement are also relevant. The patient discussed presented proximal paresis of the lower limbs and neck region, thus increasing the likelihood of the diagnosis. Initially, the heart failure was predominantly characterized by a diastolic dysfunction, later followed by systolic dysfunction, in addition to a disproportion between oxygen consumption obtained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test and the physical restriction that the patient presented.</p>
      <p>When the etiology of the cardiomyopathy was defined, in this case, family investigation became mandatory. History taking did not reveal other family members with heart failure . The clinical management was not modified. There is no specific treatment for desminopathies. The patient will continue to be clinically followed up. The possibility of heart transplantation has not been ruled out as a future alternative.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present report shows the importance of attempting to accurately define the etiologic diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. Labeling cardiomyopathies as idiopathic, or classifying them into unspecific categories, frequently on inconsistent grounds, reduces the treatment possibilities, interferes in the definition of prognosis, and does not allow reliable conclusions on statistical data.</p>
      <p>Desminopathies are not common diseases, and the diagnosis has little influence on the pharmacological treatment, since there is no specific therapy. The importance of making such a diagnosis lies in the possibility of screening and preventing new cases, in addition to enabling the knowledge on uncommon diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Christiano Pereira Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Charles Spencer Chaplin, 85/21 - Vila Andrade</p>
          <p> 05642-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received March 19, 2007; revised manuscript received May 11, 2007; accepted July 26, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
