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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">33rzqSWjrQGgVyQt7SLyTQF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e microalbumin&#250;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stamm</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meinerz</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jacqueline Consuelo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>415</fpage>
      <lpage>420</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria e de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e sua associa&#231;&#227;o, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos em tratamento. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no per&#237;odo de abril a agosto de 2006, com 153 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria foi de 13,7% (21/153), sendo os grupos com e sem microalbumin&#250;ria semelhantes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. A preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo foi de 48,4%, com predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es card&#237;acas. As les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo com microalbumin&#250;ria [76,2% (16/21) versus 43,9% (58/132)], com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p=0,006). Isso tamb&#233;m foi observado nas les&#245;es card&#237;acas, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o total (p=0,003) quanto no grupo geri&#225;trico (p=0,006). CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; de 13,7% e a de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo &#233; de 48,4%, havendo associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante. A microalbumin&#250;ria tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a les&#245;es card&#237;acas, inclusive na popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Albumin&#250;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#243;rg&#227;os-alvo</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e microalbumin&#250;ria </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria Stamm; Gisele Meinerz; Jacqueline Consuelo da Silva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Identificar a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria e de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e sua associa&#231;&#227;o, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos em tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no per&#237;odo de abril a agosto de 2006, com 153 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria foi de 13,7% (21/153), sendo os grupos com e sem microalbumin&#250;ria semelhantes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. A preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo foi de 48,4%, com predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es card&#237;acas. As les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo com microalbumin&#250;ria [76,2% (16/21) versus 43,9% (58/132)], com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p=0,006). Isso tamb&#233;m foi observado nas les&#245;es card&#237;acas, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o total (p=0,003) quanto no grupo geri&#225;trico (p=0,006). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; de 13,7% e a de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo &#233; de 48,4%, havendo associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante. A microalbumin&#250;ria tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a les&#245;es card&#237;acas, inclusive na popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Albumin&#250;ria, hipertens&#227;o, &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; hoje definida como uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) igual ou superior a 140 mmHg, e/ou uma press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) igual ou superior a 90 mmHg em adultos a partir de 18 anos<sup>1-4</sup>. Ao longo do tempo sua classifica&#231;&#227;o foi modificando-se, &#224; medida que novos estudos avaliaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis tensionais.</p>
    <p>Grande import&#226;ncia vem sendo conferida &#224; microalbumin&#250;ria como um marcador progn&#243;stico de risco cardiovascular e/ou renal nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>5,6</sup>, nos hipertensos<sup>6-10</sup> e na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>11-13</sup>. Estudos demonstram que a associa&#231;&#227;o de microalbumin&#250;ria com eventos cardiovasculares e les&#227;o renal ocorre de forma cont&#237;nua, ou seja, quanto maior a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina, maior o risco de desenvolver essas condi&#231;&#245;es<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; definida como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina, que ultrapassa o considerado normal sem atingir os n&#237;veis m&#237;nimos detect&#225;veis pelos m&#233;todos laboratoriais de rotina, ou seja, uma excre&#231;&#227;o de albumina entre 30 e 300 miligramas em 24 horas<sup>5,15-17</sup>. Esses pontos de corte foram definidos a partir de estudos que mostraram a curva de risco para desenvolver nefropatia em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>18</sup>, e v&#234;m sendo questionados por alguns autores<sup>12,19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo pelo qual ocorre o aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido e as raz&#245;es pelas quais essa excre&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada ao aumento de risco cardiovascular ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidas. A explica&#231;&#227;o que prevalece &#233; a de que a microalbumin&#250;ria representa uma disfun&#231;&#227;o generalizada do endot&#233;lio vascular com aumento da sua permeabilidade, permitindo o vazamento de albumina atrav&#233;s da membrana glomerular<sup>17,18,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora existam diverg&#234;ncias entre os estudos, em geral a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria varia entre 20% e 30% em pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o-tratados, e chega a at&#233; 25% em pacientes que recebem tratamento anti-hipertensivo<sup>7,8,10,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da import&#226;ncia dos fatores de risco na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com HAS e do valor progn&#243;stico atribu&#237;do &#224; microalbumin&#250;ria, o presente estudo visa identificar a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esse marcador de risco e as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos em tratamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, conduzido no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna e no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de abril a agosto de 2006.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram convidados para entrevista a partir do comparecimento &#224; consulta previamente agendada nos referidos ambulat&#243;rios e ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o de seus prontu&#225;rios, o que permitiu selecionar apenas os portadores de HAS sem diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito. Dessa forma, dos 201 pacientes que concordaram em participar da pesquisa, 153 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, constituindo a amostra final.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os pacientes portadores de HAS essencial, em tratamento anti-hipertensivo, de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, que concordaram em participar do estudo e forneceram uma amostra isolada da primeira urina da manh&#227;. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e/ou laboratorial de HAS secund&#225;ria, os com diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito e os portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam exame parcial de urina com sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio ou com protein&#250;ria.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), tabagismo, sedentarismo, presen&#231;a de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, perfil lip&#237;dico, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, dura&#231;&#227;o da HAS, presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria. A partir da idade, os pacientes foram divididos em geri&#225;tricos (com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos) e n&#227;o-geri&#225;tricos (idade inferior a 60 anos).</p>
    <p>Foi considerada microalbumin&#250;ria a raz&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de albumina e de creatinina urin&#225;rias dentro do intervalo de 30 a 300 miligramas de albumina por grama de creatinina. A pesquisa de albumin&#250;ria foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de nefelometria (Behring Nefelometro 100, Dade Behring&#174;), e a creatinina urin&#225;ria foi mensurada pela t&#233;cnica de Jaff&#233;. Ap&#243;s as devidas convers&#245;es de unidade, foi obtida a raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina, exceto quando a concentra&#231;&#227;o de albumina urin&#225;ria foi inferior a 12 mg/l (limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o pelo equipamento).</p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa Epi Info&#174; v.6.04. O teste de qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) foi utilizado para comparar as preval&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (p&lt;0,05). A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com estat&#237;stica F foi utilizada para comparar as m&#233;dias entre os grupos, com o mesmo intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de abril a agosto de 2006 foram entrevistados 201 pacientes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna e do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio, dentre os quais 153 preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Desses, 21 apresentaram microalbumin&#250;ria (13,7%).</p>
    <p>Os grupos com normoalbumin&#250;ria e com microalbumin&#250;ria foram semelhantes, com predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino [91/132 (68,9%) <italic>versus</italic> 12/21 (57,1%)] e da cor branca [116/132 (87,8%) <italic>versus</italic> 18/21 (85,7%)], e com idade m&#233;dia de 60,7&#177;13 anos para os normoalbumin&#250;ricos e de 63,9&#177;12,7 anos para os microalbumin&#250;ricos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, o tabagismo [29,5% (39/132) <italic>versus</italic> 28,6% (6/21)], o sedentarismo [59,1% (78/132) <italic>versus</italic> 47,6% (10/21)] e a obesidade [31,8% (42/132) <italic>versus</italic> 23,8% (5/21)] foram mais prevalentes no grupo normoalbumin&#250;rico, enquanto a dislipidemia foi mais prevalente no grupo com microalbumin&#250;ria [52,4% (11/21) <italic>versus</italic> 34,8% (46/132)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). Dentre os l&#237;pides, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante somente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HDL-colesterol (46,0&#177;12,9 mg/dl nos normoalbumin&#250;ricos <italic>versus</italic> 39,7&#177;10,2 mg/dl nos microalbumin&#250;ricos; p=0,03).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto &#224; PAS (143,3&#177;18,3 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 142,5&#177;21,5 mmHg), &#224; PAD (88,0&#177;12,0 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 86,2&#177;10,7 mmHg) e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da HAS (116,3&#177;104,4 meses <italic>versus</italic> 114,9&#177;139,6 meses) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo foi de 48,4% (74/153) na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo maior no grupo com microalbumin&#250;ria [76,2% (16/21) <italic>versus</italic> 43,9% (58/132) nos normoalbumin&#250;ricos], com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As les&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes nos pacientes estudados foram as card&#237;acas [41,8% (64/153)], particularmente a angina e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) [41/153 (26,8%)] e a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) [21/153 (13,7%)], seguidas por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) [17/153 (11,1%)]. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) [10/153 (6,5%)], doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica [10/153 (6,5%)] e retinopatia hipertensiva [2/153 (1,3%)] foram menos prevalentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>As les&#245;es card&#237;acas apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a microalbumin&#250;ria (p=0,003), estando presentes em 71,4% (15/21) destes pacientes, enquanto apenas 37,1% (49/132) dos normoalbumin&#250;ricos apresentaram este tipo de les&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Metade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da pelo grupo geri&#225;trico [51% (78/153)] e a outra metade pelo n&#227;o-geri&#225;trico [49% (75/153)], sendo a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria semelhante entre os grupos [15,4% (12/78) <italic>versus</italic> 12,0% (9/75)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante (p=0,006) entre a presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria e de les&#245;es card&#237;acas no grupo geri&#225;trico, e essa n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo n&#227;o-geri&#225;trico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tab. 5</xref>). Aplicando-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, observamos que a microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; o fator com maior associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#227;o card&#237;aca (p=0,005), e n&#227;o a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por grande parte das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares no Brasil, representando um custo socioecon&#244;mico muito elevado. No ano de 2003, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram respons&#225;veis por 27,4% dos &#243;bitos ocorridos no pa&#237;s, existindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre a mortalidade cardiovascular e os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se que aproximadamente 20% a 40% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira t&#234;m n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos iguais ou superiores a 140 x 90 mmHg<sup>1,2</sup>, entende-se a import&#226;ncia dessa entidade e a necessidade de se estudar os fatores a ela relacionados.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria foi inicialmente definida como um valor de excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina que estaria relacionado a um maior risco de desenvolver nefropatia em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>18</sup>. Os estudos realizados posteriormente demonstraram que a microalbumin&#250;ria tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um pior desfecho cardiovascular, mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>18,24</sup>; embora o mecanismo ainda n&#227;o tenha sido elucidado, acredita-se que seja a manifesta&#231;&#227;o renal de uma desordem generalizada do endot&#233;lio vascular, com altera&#231;&#227;o de sua permeabilidade<sup>17,18,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estabelecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre microalbumin&#250;ria e pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular, diversos autores tentaram demonstrar quais seriam as vari&#225;veis associadas a ela, para ent&#227;o definir um perfil de pacientes de maior risco e as poss&#237;veis estrat&#233;gias para impedir ou diminuir a progress&#227;o para doen&#231;a renal e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Primeiramente, devemos lembrar que existem varia&#231;&#245;es individuais na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina durante o dia e em dias diferentes. Assim, o diagn&#243;stico de microalbumin&#250;ria s&#243; deve ser estabelecido quando duas de tr&#234;s amostras da primeira urina da manh&#227; apresentam uma rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina alterada<sup>16,24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os fatores que podem aumentar transitoriamente a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina temos exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico extenuante, infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, doen&#231;as febris agudas e fluxo vaginal<sup>24-26</sup>. A gesta&#231;&#227;o que cursa com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ou com diabete gestacional tamb&#233;m apresenta aumentos expressivos na albumin&#250;ria<sup>26</sup>. Esses fatores devem ser considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o do resultado do exame.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre microalbumin&#250;ria e sexo, ra&#231;a, idade, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, fra&#231;&#245;es do colesterol, tabagismo e IMC<sup>19,27</sup>, mas a maioria dos trabalhos n&#227;o exibe concord&#226;ncia quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
    <p>Exemplificando, Agrawal e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o com idade, sexo masculino, dura&#231;&#227;o da HAS, tempo de tratamento e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, enquanto Nakamura e cols.<sup>10</sup>, Clausen e cols.<sup>11</sup> e Redon e cols.<sup>28</sup> n&#227;o observaram essa rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Outros tr&#234;s estudos com pacientes hipertensos sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo tamb&#233;m apresentaram resultados divergentes. No de Palatini e cols.<sup>29</sup> n&#227;o foi observada rela&#231;&#227;o com tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, idade, hist&#243;ria familiar prematura de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou dura&#231;&#227;o de HAS, enquanto no de Leoncini e cols.<sup>30</sup> houve associa&#231;&#227;o com idade, IMC, tabagismo, HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. No de Pontremoli e cols.<sup>31</sup> houve rela&#231;&#227;o com sexo masculino, PAS, PAD, HDL-colesterol e IMC, mas n&#227;o com hist&#243;ria familiar prematura de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tabagismo ou sedentarismo.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, os grupos com e sem microalbumin&#250;ria foram semelhantes, apresentando diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante somente quanto aos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol, e os pacientes microalbumin&#250;ricos apresentaram com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia valores inferiores a 40 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto em que se observa grande variabilidade de resultados &#233; na preval&#234;ncia da microalbumin&#250;ria. Na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa n&#227;o-tratada considera-se que a preval&#234;ncia seja de 20% a 30%, e nos hipertensos em tratamento de at&#233; 25%<sup>22,23</sup>, embora alguns autores aceitem valores entre 7% e 40%<sup>15,25</sup>. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada por diferen&#231;as nos m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o da albumina urin&#225;ria, por erros na coleta de urina (quando realizada por per&#237;odo de tempo), ou por varia&#231;&#245;es na faixa et&#225;ria, etnia ou comorbidades nos grupos estudados<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudos transversais, Jensen e cols.<sup>32</sup> encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 4,7% em hipertensos em tratamento, enquanto Palatini e cols.<sup>29</sup>, Pontremoli e cols.<sup>31</sup> e Leoncini e cols.<sup>30</sup> encontraram, respectivamente, 6,1%, 6,7% e 9% em hipertensos n&#227;o-tratados.</p>
    <p>Em contrapartida, Agewall e cols.<sup>7</sup> observaram microalbumin&#250;ria em 25% dos seus pacientes recebendo tratamento anti-hipertensivo, e Agrawal e cols.<sup>8</sup>, uma preval&#234;ncia pr&#243;xima a 30%, em um estudo envolvendo hipertensos tratados ou n&#227;o. Em um estudo prospectivo, Redon e cols.<sup>28</sup> acompanharam um grupo de hipertensos por aproximadamente 2,7 anos e observaram a progress&#227;o para microalbumin&#250;ria em 11,7% (22/187).</p>
    <p>No nosso trabalho, a preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria foi de 13,7%, um resultado dentro da faixa esperada para o tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e independente entre a microalbumin&#250;ria e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tanto em pacientes hipertensos<sup>7,8</sup> quanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1997, Jensen e cols.<sup>32</sup> publicaram trabalho demonstrando que a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina (e n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria) estava relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular, e que os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial mais elevados foram encontrados nos pacientes com maior excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina. Em 2000, os mesmos autores<sup>9</sup> publicaram um estudo em que acompanharam pacientes hipertensos por 10 anos, e observaram desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a coronariana isqu&#234;mica em 28% dos pacientes que tinham microalbumin&#250;ria no in&#237;cio do estudo, enquanto essa taxa era de apenas 8% nos normoalbumin&#250;ricos.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a microalbumin&#250;ria (p=0,006), sendo encontradas em aproximadamente 3/4 dos pacientes desse grupo (76,2% <italic>versus</italic> 43,9% no grupo normoalbumin&#250;rico). As les&#245;es card&#237;acas foram as mais prevalentes e mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significante com a microalbumin&#250;ria (p=0,003), com uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 71,4% nos pacientes desse grupo.</p>
    <p>Nakamura e cols.<sup>10</sup> acompanharam pacientes hipertensos com idade superior a 65 anos durante oito anos, sendo 111 pacientes normoalbumin&#250;ricos e 33 com microalbumin&#250;ria. A incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular no grupo com microalbumin&#250;ria foi superior (18% <italic>versus</italic> 7%), e os valores da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>No grupo dos microalbumin&#250;ricos geri&#225;tricos, a maioria (83,3%) apresentou algum tipo de les&#227;o card&#237;aca; nos indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 60 anos, a an&#225;lise bivariada n&#227;o evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o entre microalbumin&#250;ria e les&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que a vari&#225;vel que corroborou a exist&#234;ncia de les&#227;o card&#237;aca foi a microalbumin&#250;ria e n&#227;o a faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Por ser um estudo transversal, n&#227;o podemos estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre microalbumin&#250;ria e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo ou, mais especificamente, les&#245;es card&#237;acas, mas se pode inferir uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es, o que tamb&#233;m indicam as diversas pesquisas sobre o tema.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; a amostra, que por ser de conveni&#234;ncia impede que os resultados sejam extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral, mas permite inferir que esses est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura m&#233;dica na &#225;rea.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo somam-se aos encontrados em outras pesquisas e poder&#227;o motivar o surgimento de novos trabalhos que nos permitam conhecer melhor a associa&#231;&#227;o entre microalbumin&#250;ria e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria apresenta-se como uma importante ferramenta auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente hipertenso, devendo ser mais estudada e explorada na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. N&#227;o &#233; causa de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, mas a sua presen&#231;a ajuda a identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de desenvolv&#234;-la, o que implica que devam ser acompanhados com mais aten&#231;&#227;o e receber tratamento agressivo para os outros fatores de risco concomitantes<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos em tratamento atendida no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna e no Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de abril a agosto de 2006, podemos concluir em rela&#231;&#227;o aos objetivos propostos:</p>
    <p>1. A preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; de 13,7% e a de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo &#233; de 48,4%;</p>
    <p>2. Existe associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre microalbumin&#250;ria e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o se mant&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es card&#237;acas em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, bem como no grupo geri&#225;trico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria Stamm </p>
        <p> Rua: Germano Wendhausen, 32/101 - Edif&#237;cio Domus - Centro </p>
        <p> 88015-460 - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="stamm@ativanet.com.br">stamm@ativanet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 20/03/07; revisado recebido em 25/05/07; aceito em 14/06/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viazzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tirotta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Jensen JS,    Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Clausen P, Appleyard M, Jensen G. Microalbuminuria    and its relation to cardiovascular disease and risk factors: a population-based    study of 1254 hypertensive individuals. J Hum Hypertens. 1997; 11 (11): 727-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Microalbuminuria and its relation to cardiovascular disease and risk factors: a population-based study of 1254 hypertensive individuals</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>727</fpage>
          <lpage>732</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldt-Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borch-Johnsen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleyard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Systemic hypertension and microalbuminuria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of microalbuminuria and target organ lesions and their association in a hypertensive population undergoing treatment. METHODS: This observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between April and August 2006, and included 153 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment at the Internal Medicine and Cardiology Outpatient Clinics at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 13.7% (21/153). The clinical and demographic characteristics of groups with and without microalbuminuria were similar. The prevalence of target organ lesions was 48.4%, of which most were cardiac lesions. Target organ lesions were found more often in the microalbuminuria group [76.2% (16/21) versus 43.9% (58/132)] with a significant statistical difference (p=0.006). This was also observed in the cardiac lesions, for both the total population (p=0.003) and the geriatric group (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study population was 13.7% and that of target organ lesions was 48.4%; a statistically significant association was found. Microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiac lesions, including in the geriatric population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>albuminuria</kwd>
        <kwd>target organs</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Systemic hypertension and microalbuminuria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria Stamm; Gisele Meinerz; Jacqueline Consuelo da Silva</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>To identify the prevalence of microalbuminuria and target organ lesions and their association in a hypertensive population undergoing treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between April and August 2006, and included 153 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment at the Internal Medicine and Cardiology Outpatient Clinics at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> This observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between April and August 2006, and included 153 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment at the Internal Medicine and Cardiology Outpatient Clinics at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study population was 13.7% and that of target organ lesions was 48.4%; a statistically significant association was found. Microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiac lesions, including in the geriatric population.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hypertension; albuminuria; target organs; risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic hypertension (SH) is currently defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mmHg in adults 18 years of age or older<sup>1-4</sup>. Throughout time this classification has been modified, as new studies evaluate patient evolution in accordance with blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>Great importance has been given to microalbuminuria as a prognostic marker of cardiovascular and/or renal risk in diabetics<sup>5,6</sup>, hypertensives<sup>6-10</sup> and the population as a whole<sup>11-13</sup>. Studies have demonstrated an ongoing association of microalbuminuria with cardiovascular events and kidney lesions, that is, the higher the urinary albumin excretion the greater the risk to develop these conditions<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria is defined as elevated urinary albumin excretion, exceeding normal levels without reaching the minimum levels that can be detected by routine laboratory methods, that is, an albumin excretion between 30 and 300 milligrams in 24 hours<sup>5,15-17</sup>. These cut-off points were defined based on studies that show the risk curve to develop nephropathy in diabetic patients<sup>18</sup>, and has been questioned by some authors<sup>12,19-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism that causes increased urinary albumin excretion is not well defined, and the reasons why this excretion is associated with increased cardiovascular risk have not yet been established. The prevailing explanation is that microalbuminuria represents a generalized dysfunction of vascular endothelium, increasing permeability and causing the leakage of albumin through the glomerular membrane<sup>17,18,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even though there are disparities between the various studies, the prevalence of microalbuminuria generally ranges between 20% and 30% in untreated hypertensive patients and is as high as 25% in patients undergoing anti-hypertensive treatment<sup>7,8,10,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Owing to the importance of the risk factors when assessing SH patients and the prognostic value attributed to microalbuminuria, the objective of the present study is to identify the prevalence of microalbuminuria and the association between this risk marker and target organ lesions, in a population of hypertensive patients undergoing anti-hypertensive treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Internal Medicine Outpatient Healthcare Center and the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil, between April and August 2006.</p>
      <p>The medical charts of the patients were reviewed in order to select SH patients that had not been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and when they arrived for their previously scheduled consultations at the abovementioned outpatient clinics, they were invited for an interview. Therefore, from the 201 patients that agreed to participate in the study, 153 met the inclusion criteria, comprising the final sample.</p>
      <p>Patients with essential SH, undergoing anti-hypertensive treatment, from both genders, 18 years of age or older, who agreed to participate in the study and supplied an isolated early morning urine sample were included in the study. Patients with clinical and/or laboratory evidence of secondary SH, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were excluded from the study. Patients who presented a partial urine test with signs of urinary tract infection or proteinuria were also excluded.</p>
      <p>The following variables were evaluated: age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), smoking, sedentary lifestyle, presence of target organ lesions and cardiovascular disease, lipid profile, blood pressure levels, SH duration, and presence of microalbuminuria. The patients were divided into two groups based on age: geriatrics (60 years or older) and non-geriatrics (younger than 60 years).</p>
      <p>A ratio between the concentration of albumin and urinary creatinine within an interval of 30 to 300 milligrams of albumin per gram of creatinine was considered positive for microalbuminuria. The albuminuria assay was conducted using the nephelometry technique (Behring Nephelometer 100, Dade Behring&#174;) and urinary creatinine was measured using the Jaffe technique. After proper unit conversions, the albumin/creatinine ratio was obtained, except when the urinary albumin concentration was less than 12mg/l (lowest equipment detection limit).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the University's Human Research Ethics Committee. All the patients signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>The data were analyzed using the program Epi Info&#174; v.6.04. The chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) was used to compare variable prevalence between the groups, using a confidence interval of 95% (p&lt;0.05). The F-statistics variance analysis was used to compare the mean values between the groups, with the same confidence interval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between April and August 2006, 201 patients from the Internal Medicine Outpatient Healthcare Center and the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic at a University Hospital were interviewed; 153 met the inclusion criteria. From these, 21 presented microalbuminuria (13.7%).</p>
      <p>The normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria groups were similar, with a predominance of females [91/132 (68.9%) <italic>versus</italic> 12/21 (57.1%)], white race [116/132 (87.8%) <italic>versus</italic> 18/21 (85.7%)] and a mean age of 60.7&#177;13 years for the patients with normoalbuminuria and 63.9&#177;12.7 for those with microalbuminuria <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t1-body2">(Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In relation to clinical characteristics, smoking [29.5% (39/132) <italic>versus</italic> 28.6% (6/21)], sedentary lifestyle [59.1% (78/132) <italic>versus</italic> 47.6% (10/21)] and obesity [31.8% (42/132) <italic>versus</italic> 23.8% (5/21)] were more prevalent in the normoalbuminuria group, while dyslipidemia was more prevalent in the microalbuminuria group [52.4% (11/21) <italic>versus</italic> 34.8% (46/132)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). In relation to lipid levels, a statistically significant difference was only found for HDL cholesterol (46.0&#177;12.9 mg/dl for those with normoalbuminuria <italic>versus</italic> 39.7&#177;10.2 mg/dl for those with microalbuminuria; p=0.03)</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The two groups were similar in relation to SBP (143.3&#177;18.3 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 142.5&#177;21.5 mmHg), DBP (88.0&#177;12.0 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 86.2&#177;10.7 mmHg) and SH duration (116.3&#177;104.4 months <italic>versus</italic> 114.9&#177;139.6 months) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The prevalence of at least one target organ lesion was 48.4% (74/153) in the general population, and was greater in the microalbuminuria group [76.2% (16/21) <italic>versus</italic> 43.9% (58/132) in the normoalbuminuria patients], which was statistically significant (p=0.006) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The most common lesions presented by the study patients were cardiac [41.8% (64/153)] particularly angina and/or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [41/153 (26.8%)] and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) [21/153 (13.7%)] followed by congestive heart failure (CHF) [17/153 (11.1%)]. Encephalitic stroke (ES) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) [10/153 (6.5%)]; peripheral arterial disease [10/153 (6.5%)] and hypertensive retinopathy [2/153 (1.3%)] were less prevalent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>A statistically significant association was found between cardiac lesions and microalbuminuria (p=0.003) which were presented by 71.4% (15/21) of the patients, while only 37.1% (49/132) of the normoalbuminuria patients presented this type of lesion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Half of the study population was comprised by the geriatric group [51% (78/153)] and the other half by the non-geriatric group [49% (75/153)] with a similar microalbuminuria prevalence in both groups [15.4% (12/78) <italic>versus</italic> 12.0% (9/75)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant association (p=0.006) between the presence of microalbuminuria and cardiac lesions in the geriatric group; however, this was not found in the non-geriatric group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t5-body2">Table 5</xref>). Using logistic regression analysis, we observed that the microalbuminuria, and not age, has the greatest association with cardiac lesions (p=0.005) <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6-body2">(Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0415-00011-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic hypertension and its complications are responsible for a large portion of the hospital admissions in Brazil, representing a very high socioeconomic cost. During 2003, cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 27.4% of the deaths in the country, with a direct relation between cardiovascular mortality and blood pressure levels<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that roughly 20% to 40% of the Brazilian population have blood pressure levels greater than or equal to 140 per 90 mmHG<sup>1,2</sup>, the importance of this relationship and the necessity to study factors related to it is recognized.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria was initially defined as a urinary albumin excretion value that would be related to a greater risk to develop nephropathy in diabetic patients<sup>18</sup>. Studies conducted later demonstrated that microalbuminuria is also associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, even in the general population<sup>18,24</sup>. Although the mechanism is still not clear, it is believed to be a renal indication of a generalized disorder of vascular endothelium with permeability alterations<sup>17,18,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the relation between microalbuminuria and a worse cardiovascular prognosis has been established, various authors have tried to determine the variables associated with it, in order to define a profile of high risk patients and the possible strategies to prevent or diminish the progression to kidney disease and cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>First, we should remember that there are individual variations in urinary albumin excretion during the day and on different days. Therefore, the diagnosis of microalbuminuria should only be established when two of three samples of first morning urine present an altered albumin/creatinine ratio<sup>16,24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the factors that can cause transitory increases of urinary albumin excretion are overtiring physical exertion, urinary tract infection, decompensated heart failure, acute febrile diseases and vaginal secretions<sup>24-26</sup>. Blood pressure elevations during pregnancy or the development of gestational diabetes also cause significant increases in albuminuria<sup>26</sup>. These factors should be considered in the evaluation of the test results.</p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrate associations between microalbuminuria and gender, race, age, blood pressure levels, cholesterol fractions, smoking and BMI<sup>19,27</sup>; however, in the majority of the studies there is a great deal of controversy in regard to study variables.</p>
      <p>For example, Agrawal et al<sup>8</sup> demonstrated an association with age, male gender, SH duration, treatment duration and blood pressure levels, whereas Nakamura and associates<sup>10</sup>, Clausen et al<sup>11</sup> and Redon et al<sup>28</sup> did not observe this relationship.</p>
      <p>Three other studies with untreated hypertensive patients also present conflicting results. Palatini et al<sup>29</sup> did not observe a relation with smoking, physical activity, BMI, age, family history of early onset cardiovascular disease or SH duration, whereas Leoncini et al<sup>30</sup> found an association with age, BMI, smoking, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure levels. Pontremoli et al<sup>31</sup> found a relation with male gender, SBP, DBP, HDL cholesterol and BMI, but not with a family history of early onset cardiovascular disease, smoking or a sedentary lifestyle.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the groups with and without microalbuminuria were similar, only presenting a statistically significant difference for HDL cholesterol levels, and the microalbuminuria patients presented values below 40 mg/dl more often.</p>
      <p>There is also a great deal of variation in regard to the prevalence of microalbuminuria. In the untreated hypertensive population, the prevalence is considered to be between 20% and 30%, and in the treated hypertensive population it is as high as 25%<sup>22,23</sup>, even though some authors accept values between 7% and 40%<sup>15,25</sup>. Explanations for this variation could be different urinary albumin measurement methods, urinary collection errors (when conducted over a period of time) or study group variations in relation to age, ethnic groups or comorbidities<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>In cross-sectional studies, Jensen et al<sup>32</sup> found a prevalence of 4.7% in hypertensive patients undergoing treatment, whereas Palatini et al<sup>29</sup>, Pontremoli et al<sup>31</sup> and Leoncini et al<sup>30</sup> found, respectively, 6.1%, 6.7% and 9% in untreated hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Agewall et al<sup>7</sup> observed microalbuminuria in 25% of their patients receiving antihypertensive treatment, and Agrawal et al<sup>8</sup> found a prevalence close to 30%, in a study involving treated and untreated hypertensive patients. In a prospective study, Redon et al<sup>28</sup> followed a group of hypertensive patients for roughly 2.7 years and observed the progression to microalbuminuria in 11.7% (22/187).</p>
      <p>In our study, the microalbuminuria prevalence was 13.7%, a result within the expected range for the type of population studied.</p>
      <p>Various studies have demonstrated a positive and independent association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease in both hypertensive patients<sup>7,8</sup> and the general population<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1997, Jensen et al<sup>32</sup> published a study demonstrating that urinary albumin excretion (and not the presence of microalbuminuria) was related to cardiovascular disease, and that the highest blood pressure levels were found in the patients with the highest urinary albumin excretion. In 2000, the same authors<sup>9</sup> published a study that followed hypertensive patients for 10 years and observed the development of ischemic coronary disease in 28% of the patients that had microalbuminuria at the start of the study, whereas this rate was only 8% in the patients with normoalbuminuria.</p>
      <p>In the present study, a statistically significant association was found between target organ lesions and microalbuminuria (p=0.006); these lesions were found in approximately &#190; of the patients in this group (76.2% <italic>versus</italic> 43.9% in the normoalbuminuria group). Cardiac lesions had the highest prevalence and maintained a significant association with microalbuminuria (p=0.003), with a frequency of 71.4% of the patients in this group.</p>
      <p>Nakamura et al<sup>10</sup> followed hypertensive patients over the age of 65 for eight years, comprising 111 normoalbuminuria patients and 33 microalbuminuria patients. The incidence of cardiovascular disease in the microalbuminuria group was higher (18% <italic>versus</italic> 7%) and the urinary albumin excretion values were related to the incidence of cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>In the group of geriatric microalbuminuria patients, the majority (83.3%) presented some type of cardiac lesion. In the individuals under age 60, bivariate analysis did not reveal an association between microalbuminuria and cardiac lesions, but the logistic regression analysis demonstrated that microalbuminuria and not age group, was the variable that determined the presence of cardiac lesions.</p>
      <p>Since this was a cross-sectional study, we could not establish a causal relationship between microalbuminuria and target organ lesions or, more specifically, cardiac lesions; however we can assume that there is an association between these two conditions, which has also been indicated by the various studies on the subject.</p>
      <p>The sample is another point to be considered. Since the population was selected on a convenience basis, the results cannot be extrapolated for the general population; however it can be determined that the results are in agreement with medical literature in the area.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study summarize the findings in other studies, and could encourage the development of new studies to further our comprehension on the association between microalbuminuria and systemic hypertension.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria is an important auxiliary tool in the assessment of hypertensive patients, and should be studied and investigated more thoroughly in medical practice. Microalbuminuria isn't the cause of cardiovascular disease, but its presence helps to identify individuals at high risk to develop it, indicating that they should be followed more closely and receive aggressive treatment for other concomitant risk factors<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the hypertensive population treated at the Internal Medicine Outpatient Healthcare Center and the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil between April and August 2006, in regard to the proposed objectives, we can conclude:</p>
      <p>1. The prevalence of microalbuminuria is 13.7% and that of target organ lesions is 48.4%;</p>
      <p>2. There is a statistically significant association between microalbuminuria and target organ lesions. This association holds true in relation to cardiac lesions for the entire study population, including the geriatric group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Ana Maria Nunes de Faria Stamm</p>
          <p> Rua: Germano Wendhausen, 32/101 - Edif&#237;cio Domus - Centro</p>
          <p> 88015-460 - Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="stamm@ativanet.com.br">stamm@ativanet.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received March 20, 2007; revised manuscript received May 25, 2007; accepted June 14, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
