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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sFttQVrszGrcctzw84RtmQC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da perda de peso nas adipocitocinas, na prote&#237;na C-reativa e na sensibilidade &#224; insulina em mulheres hipertensas com obesidade central</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Flexa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Kenia Mara Baiocchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanella</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>409</fpage>
      <lpage>414</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do tratamento da obesidade nas adipocitocinas, na prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e na sensibilidade &#224; insulina em pacientes hipertensas com obesidade central. M&#201;TODOS: O estudo foi realizado a partir do banco de dados e de amostras estocadas de soro de pacientes submetidas previamente a um estudo para tratamento de obesidade. Foram selecionadas 30 mulheres hipertensas, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) &gt; 27 kg/m&#178;, com distribui&#231;&#227;o central de gordura. As pacientes foram aleatoriamente submetidas a dieta hipocal&#243;rica e orlistat 120 mg tr&#234;s vezes por dia ou apenas a dieta hipocal&#243;rica, durante 16 semanas. As pacientes que apresentaram perda de peso superior a 5% (n = 24) foram avaliadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, valores antropom&#233;tricos, gordura visceral, &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia (HOMA-R - homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) e de sensibilidade &#224; insulina (ISI - Insulin Sensitivity Index), perfil lip&#237;dico, e dosagens das adipocitocinas (adiponectina, leptina, IL-6 e TNF-a) e de PCR. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC de cerca de 8% em ambos os grupos, foi verificada diminui&#231;&#227;o de gordura visceral, glicemia de jejum, triglic&#233;rides e TNF-a. Apenas o grupo orlistat, que inicialmente era mais resistente &#224; insulina, apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da glicemia p&#243;s-sobrecarga oral de glicose e aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os achados deste estudo indicam que a perda de peso superior a 5% se associa &#224; melhora do perfil inflamat&#243;rio e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a qual ocorreu de maneira independente das varia&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina e de TNF-a. Os maiores benef&#237;cios na sensibilidade &#224; insulina obtidos no grupo orlistat n&#227;o puderam ser atribu&#237;dos ao uso do medicamento em virtude da maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos resistentes &#224; insulina nesse grupo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Perda de peso</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>prote&#237;na C-reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto da perda de peso nas adipocitocinas, na prote&#237;na C-reativa e na sensibilidade &#224; insulina em mulheres hipertensas com obesidade central </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges; Fernando Flexa Ribeiro-Filho; Kenia Mara Baiocchi Carvalho; Maria Teresa Zanella</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP/Universidade de Bras&#237;lia &#150; UnB &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Bras&#237;lia, DF &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o impacto do tratamento da obesidade nas adipocitocinas, na prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e na sensibilidade &#224; insulina em pacientes hipertensas com obesidade central. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> O estudo foi realizado a partir do banco de dados e de amostras estocadas de soro de pacientes submetidas previamente a um estudo para tratamento de obesidade. Foram selecionadas 30 mulheres hipertensas, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) &gt; 27 kg/m&#178;, com distribui&#231;&#227;o central de gordura. As pacientes foram aleatoriamente submetidas a dieta hipocal&#243;rica e orlistat 120 mg tr&#234;s vezes por dia ou apenas a dieta hipocal&#243;rica, durante 16 semanas. As pacientes que apresentaram perda de peso superior a 5% (n = 24) foram avaliadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, valores antropom&#233;tricos, gordura visceral, &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia (HOMA-R &#150; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) e de sensibilidade &#224; insulina (ISI &#150; Insulin Sensitivity Index), perfil lip&#237;dico, e dosagens das adipocitocinas (adiponectina, leptina, IL-6 e TNF-a) e de PCR. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC de cerca de 8% em ambos os grupos, foi verificada diminui&#231;&#227;o de gordura visceral, glicemia de jejum, triglic&#233;rides e TNF-a. Apenas o grupo orlistat, que inicialmente era mais resistente &#224; insulina, apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da glicemia p&#243;s-sobrecarga oral de glicose e aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Os achados deste estudo indicam que a perda de peso superior a 5% se associa &#224; melhora do perfil inflamat&#243;rio e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a qual ocorreu de maneira independente das varia&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina e de TNF-a. Os maiores benef&#237;cios na sensibilidade &#224; insulina obtidos no grupo orlistat n&#227;o puderam ser atribu&#237;dos ao uso do medicamento em virtude da maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos resistentes &#224; insulina nesse grupo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Perda de peso, inflama&#231;&#227;o, prote&#237;na C-reativa, hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recentemente, v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias indicam que a obesidade est&#225; associada a um processo inflamat&#243;rio subcl&#237;nico. O tecido adiposo &#233; reconhecido, atualmente, como capaz de expressar e secretar uma variedade de pept&#237;deos bioativos, conhecidos como adipocitocinas, que agem tanto <italic>in loco</italic> (a&#231;&#227;o aut&#243;crina ou par&#225;crina) como sistemicamente (a&#231;&#227;o end&#243;crina), estando muitas dessas subst&#226;ncias envolvidas com fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rios<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento da obesidade como um estado inflamat&#243;rio se deve &#224; possibilidade de a inflama&#231;&#227;o ser um dos elos entre a obesidade e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Dentre as adipocitocinas com a&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria mais estudadas est&#227;o o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a) e a interleucina 6 (IL-6), ambas associadas &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e &#224; HAS<sup>2</sup>. A adiponectina &#233; outra importante adipocitocina, ligada &#224; sensibilidade &#224; insulina e com a&#231;&#227;o antiinflamat&#243;ria, com a caracter&#237;stica peculiar de se correlacionar inversamente com a obesidade<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos demonstraram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o de peso est&#225; associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup>3</sup>. O orlistat &#233; um dos agentes antiobesidade dispon&#237;veis, que, agindo por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o de lipases gastrointestinais, &#233; capaz de reduzir em at&#233; 30% a absor&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;deos ingeridos na dieta<sup>4,5</sup>. Em pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, o uso do orlistat mostrou-se &#250;til na preven&#231;&#227;o do diabetes melito do tipo 2<sup>6</sup>, embora n&#227;o tenha sido demonstrado se esse benef&#237;cio foi associado a outras vantagens al&#233;m da perda de peso, como a melhora do perfil de adipocitocinas ou de fatores inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o impacto do tratamento da obesidade nas adipocitocinas e no estado inflamat&#243;rio em pacientes hipertensas com obesidade central.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado a partir do banco de dados e de amostras de soro estocadas de pacientes submetidas previamente a um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o para a perda de peso. As pacientes foram provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de obesidade/diabetes e hipertens&#227;o das disciplinas de Endocrinologia e Nefrologia da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UNIFESP. Todas as participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, foram selecionadas 30 mulheres que atendessem aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade entre 18 e 65 anos; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e" 27 kg/m&#178;; adiposidade central (rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril &gt; 0,85 ou circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 80 cm); e hipertens&#227;o arterial (press&#227;o arterial e" 140/90 mmHg ou em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva). Foram exclu&#237;das as pacientes sabidamente diab&#233;ticas ou em tratamento para diabete melito, aquelas com antecedente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, as portadoras de hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-controlada (press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e" 110 mmHg), com antecedente de cirurgia gastrointestinal (visando &#224; perda de peso), portadoras de doen&#231;a gastrointestinal ativa, e que tivessem participado de qualquer estudo pr&#233;vio do orlistat.</p>
    <p>As pacientes foram randomizadas em dois grupos: dieta hipocal&#243;rica + orlistat ou somente dieta hipocal&#243;rica. As pacientes receberam dieta individualizada e acompanhamento sistem&#225;tico. Das 30 pacientes que iniciaram o estudo, 3 sa&#237;ram voluntariamente antes de sua conclus&#227;o e 3 n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise dos dados porque obtiveram varia&#231;&#227;o de IMC inferior a 5% (2 pacientes do grupo orlistat e 1 do grupo dieta). Foram analisadas 24 pacientes, sendo 14 no grupo orlistat e 10 no grupo dieta. O grupo orlistat recebeu 120 mg da droga, tr&#234;s vezes por dia, por via oral, juntamente com as principais refei&#231;&#245;es (desjejum, almo&#231;o e jantar). A pesquisa abrangeu um per&#237;odo de 16 semanas de tratamento, precedidos de duas semanas em que todas as pacientes foram submetidas a entrevista inicial, anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, avalia&#231;&#227;o com exames complementares e prescri&#231;&#227;o de dieta, com retornos quinzenais. A dieta prescrita foi dita hipoenerg&#233;tica, baseada no gasto energ&#233;tico de repouso (GER) obtido pela calorimetria indireta. Para o c&#225;lculo do esquema diet&#233;tico, adotou-se a prescri&#231;&#227;o de macronutrientes de 25% do valor energ&#233;tico proveniente de lip&#237;deos, 55% de carboidratos e 20% de prote&#237;nas.</p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio e no final do estudo as pacientes foram submetidas &#224;s seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es:</p>
    <p>&#150; Antropometria: peso, altura, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e quadril.</p>
    <p>&#150; Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal determinada por bioimpedanciometria, sendo utilizado o aparelho Quantum-BIA 101Q (Akern RJL Systems, Clinton Township, MI, EUA).</p>
    <p>&#150; Medida da gordura abdominal visceral pela ultra-sonografia: definida como a dist&#226;ncia entre a face interna do m&#250;sculo reto-abdominal e a parede anterior da aorta, realizada pelo equipamento HTL/HDI 3000<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#150; Medida da press&#227;o arterial: foi realizada tanto a medida da press&#227;o arterial em consult&#243;rio como a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA), com aparelho de medi&#231;&#227;o indireta, autom&#225;tico, cujas medidas s&#227;o transmitidas ao sistema de an&#225;lise do Space Labs ABP modelo 90207 (Data Interface Unit).</p>
    <p>&#150; Avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica: teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (TOTG) com dosagem de insulina nos tempos 0 minuto e 120 minutos e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina por meio dos &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia (HOMA-R &#150; <italic>homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance</italic>)<sup>8</sup> e de sensibilidade &#224; insulina (ISI &#150; <italic>Insulin Sensitivity Index</italic>). O ISI reflete a sensibilidade tanto hep&#225;tica como perif&#233;rica, j&#225; que incorpora em seu c&#225;lculo os valores de glicemia e insulinemia de jejum e aos 120 minutos do TOTG<sup>9</sup>. Trata-se de um &#237;ndice relativo, em que pacientes com sensibilidade normal &#224; insulina apresentam ISI pr&#243;ximo a 1. As dosagens de insulina foram realizadas por meio de radioimunoensaio (LINCO Research, Inc.). Foram realizadas, ainda, as dosagens dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es e de triglic&#233;rides, determinados por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, utilizando-se espectrofot&#244;metro automatizado (Abbott VP).</p>
    <p>&#150; Avalia&#231;&#227;o das adipocitocinas e PCR: a adiponectina foi dosada utilizando-se o <italic>kit</italic> ELISA da B-Bridge International, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA, EUA). O TNF-a foi analisado utilizando-se o <italic>kit</italic> ELISA da BD PharMingen (San Diego, CA, EUA), com limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o de 7,7 pg/ml. A leptina foi dosada por meio do <italic>kit</italic> ELISA da LINCO Research (St. Charles, Missouri, EUA). A IL-6 foi dosada por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia com o <italic>kit</italic> IMMULITE-DPC (Los Angeles, EUA), com dosagens corrigidas de acordo com o manual do IMMULITE, caso os valores detectados fossem inferiores a 2,0 pg/ml. As dosagens de PCR foram realizadas por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia com o <italic>kit</italic> IMMULITE-DPC (Los Angeles, EUA). Os valores dos coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interensaio foram, respectivamente, de 5,7% e 7,3% para a adiponectina, de 6,2% e 7,5% para a IL-6, de 4,6% e 6,2% para a leptina, de 4,2% e 6,8% para o TNF-a, e de 6,4% e 10% para a PCR.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Foram utilizados os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student, para m&#233;dias dependentes para comparar os valores basais e finais intragrupos das vari&#225;veis quantitativas, e do qui-quadrado, para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para m&#233;dias independentes foi usado para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram testadas pelo coeficiente de Pearson. Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em p &lt; 0,05. Utilizou-se o <italic>software SPSS for Windows</italic> vers&#227;o 11.5 para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> apresentam os dados das pacientes pr&#233; e p&#243;s-perda de peso. Nota-se que, no in&#237;cio do tratamento, as pacientes do grupo orlistat apresentavam valores maiores de press&#227;o arterial tanto sist&#243;lica como diast&#243;lica. Todas as pacientes estavam em uso de anti-hipertensivos, sem diferen&#231;a de classe medicamentosa entre os grupos (dados n&#227;o mostrados). O grupo orlistat era mais resistente &#224; insulina, evidenciado por n&#237;veis maiores de HOMA-R assim como pelos maiores valores iniciais de glicemia de jejum e da glicemia aos 120 minutos p&#243;s-sobrecarga de glicose. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s adipocitocinas e &#224; PCR nos dois grupos no in&#237;cio do tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dois grupos de tratamento obtiveram redu&#231;&#227;o semelhante de peso, com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de cintura, gordura visceral, glicemia de jejum e triglic&#233;rides. Apenas o grupo orlistat apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da glicemia aos 120 minutos p&#243;s-sobrecarga e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, al&#233;m de aumento do ISI. Houve tamb&#233;m melhora n&#237;tida dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-colesterol no grupo tratado com orlistat, o que n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo tratado com dieta.</p>
    <p>Ambos os grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do TNF-a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>), sem mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de IL-6. A redu&#231;&#227;o de leptina ocorreu nos dois grupos, embora diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante tenha ocorrido apenas no grupo orlistat. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es significativas nas concentra&#231;&#245;es da adiponectina em ambos os grupos. O grupo orlistat apresentou, ainda, tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PCR, por&#233;m marginalmente significante do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico (p = 0,08). Considerando todas as pacientes em conjunto, verificou-se que a PCR apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o ISI (r = -0,44; p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). A varia&#231;&#227;o da PCR pr&#233; e p&#243;s-perda de peso se correlacionou com a varia&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (r = 0,41; p = 0,05); no entanto, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o da PCR e do IMC.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstram que a redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC em torno de 8% foi capaz de propiciar a redu&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros como gordura visceral, glicemia de jejum, triglic&#233;rides e TNF-a. Entretanto, essa perda de peso provocou respostas diferentes nos grupos estudados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; glicemia aos 120 minutos p&#243;s-sobrecarga oral de glicose e ao &#237;ndice de sensibilidade &#224; insulina. Apesar de a composi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos ter sido aleat&#243;ria, o grupo tratado com orlistat era mais resistente &#224; insulina e possu&#237;a maiores valores de glicemia de jejum e p&#243;s-sobrecarga. Assim, os benef&#237;cios encontrados nesse grupo podem ter sido resultantes do impacto maior da perda de peso em indiv&#237;duos com maior grau de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, e n&#227;o do efeito do orlistat. Os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o concordantes com os de outros estudos que compararam perdas de peso similares entre grupos com diferentes estados de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina no in&#237;cio do tratamento, os quais tamb&#233;m evidenciaram melhora significativa da sensibilidade &#224; insulina apenas nos pacientes com maior resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina pr&#233;-tratamento<sup>10,11</sup>. Os resultados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o concordantes com os do estudo <italic>XENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects</italic> (XENDOS)<sup>6</sup>, em que o tratamento com orlistat em pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose resultou em melhora dos par&#226;metros glic&#234;micos, tendo, inclusive, auxiliado na preven&#231;&#227;o do diabetes. Entretanto, n&#227;o se pode afirmar que esses efeitos tenham sido independentes da perda de peso, uma vez que, no final do estudo XENDOS, o grupo submetido a tratamento com orlistat obteve m&#233;dia de perda de peso maior que o grupo placebo.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as significativas nas concentra&#231;&#245;es da adiponectina em ambos os grupos de tratamento, resultados que diferem daqueles de outros autores em que foi evidenciado aumento da adiponectina com a perda de peso<sup>12,13</sup>. Por outro lado, alguns estudos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram aumento da adiponectina com a perda de peso e ainda assim verificaram melhora da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, concordando com os achados deste estudo<sup>14-16</sup>. Embora no in&#237;cio do tratamento a adiponectina tenha se correlacionado positivamente com o ISI e inversamente com o peso, a melhora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina observada no grupo orlistat foi independente da varia&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina. Recentemente, foi descoberto que a adiponectina s&#233;rica circula em formas de diferentes pesos moleculares, com fun&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m possivelmente distintas<sup>17</sup>. Adicionalmente, foi demonstrado que a perda de peso n&#227;o s&#243; leva &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es da adiponectina, mas tamb&#233;m altera a propor&#231;&#227;o das formas circulantes da mesma, ocorrendo um desvio das formas de baixo peso molecular para as formas de m&#233;dio e alto pesos moleculares, com maior a&#231;&#227;o sobre a sensibilidade &#224; insulina<sup>17</sup>. Abbasi e cols.<sup>18</sup>, entretanto, n&#227;o encontraram eleva&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina com a perda de peso e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o detectaram altera&#231;&#245;es nas propor&#231;&#245;es das formas oligom&#233;ricas da adiponectina, embora tenham observado melhora da sensibilidade &#224; insulina<sup>18</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a perda de peso possa levar ao aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina por outras vias independentes da a&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina, como a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico intracelular no f&#237;gado<sup>19</sup> e no tecido muscular<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de IL-6 ap&#243;s a perda de peso em ambos os grupos. Os dados deste estudo diferem dos de Bastard e cols.<sup>21</sup><italic>,</italic> os quais demonstraram que, em pacientes obesas n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticas, a redu&#231;&#227;o modesta de peso (varia&#231;&#227;o de IMC em torno de 5,0%) resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL-6, bem como da express&#227;o da IL-6 quantificada no tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo<sup>21</sup>. Nesse estudo, por&#233;m, as pacientes eram mais obesas e apresentavam n&#237;veis bem maiores de IL-6, e essas diferen&#231;as pr&#233;-tratamento podem ter justificado os resultados distintos.</p>
    <p>Foi observada diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de TNF-a independentemente do tratamento utilizado, e a varia&#231;&#227;o de TNF-a n&#227;o se correlacionou com a varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Os resultados dos estudos correlacionando perda de peso ao TNF-a s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>22,23</sup>. Samuelsson e cols<sup>24</sup>. compararam a perda de peso obtida com o orlistat em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo e, considerando os pacientes dos dois grupos que perderam mais de 10% do peso corp&#243;reo inicial, conclu&#237;ram que o grupo orlistat obteve maior redu&#231;&#227;o porcentual de TNF-a<sup>24</sup>. No presente estudo, em que a perda de peso m&#233;dia foi de 8%, n&#227;o foi observada maior redu&#231;&#227;o de TNF-a nas pacientes tratadas com orlistat, n&#227;o sendo atribu&#237;das, portanto, a essa droga as varia&#231;&#245;es encontradas. Monzillo e cols.<sup>25</sup> encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o do TNF-a com a perda de peso decorrente de dieta e atividade f&#237;sica apenas em pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, n&#227;o tendo sido observada essa redu&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos ou com toler&#226;ncia normal &#224; glicose<sup>25</sup>. Kopp e cols.<sup>26</sup> tamb&#233;m avaliaram o impacto do tratamento da obesidade por meio da gastroplastia nas adipocitocinas de acordo com o <italic>status</italic> de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose<sup>26</sup>. Os pacientes obtiveram redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do peso de 32,3%, n&#227;o tendo sido observada altera&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de TNF-a em nenhum dos grupos. As raz&#245;es dessas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o s&#227;o claras. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as caracter&#237;sticas iniciais da amostra, como peso inicial, grau de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e tempo de seguimento, sejam importantes na determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta das adipocitocinas &#224; perda de peso.</p>
    <p>Embora tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PCR tenha ocorrido nas pacientes submetidas ao tratamento com orlistat, nos dois grupos as varia&#231;&#245;es observadas n&#227;o foram significativas. A varia&#231;&#227;o de PCR n&#227;o se correlacionou com a varia&#231;&#227;o de peso, mas houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a varia&#231;&#227;o de cintura. Al&#233;m disso, as concentra&#231;&#245;es da PCR se correlacionaram negativamente com o &#237;ndice de sensibilidade &#224; insulina, sugerindo que a atividade inflamat&#243;ria subcl&#237;nica pode ter influ&#234;ncia no grau de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e, conseq&#252;entemente, no comprometimento da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. A import&#226;ncia dessa associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; corroborada pelas evid&#234;ncias que apontam que o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios &#233; associado &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o do diabetes melito do tipo 2<sup>27,28</sup>. Os n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR no in&#237;cio do tratamento, aparentemente, tamb&#233;m contribuem para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais clara entre diminui&#231;&#227;o de PCR e emagrecimento<sup>26</sup>, e a maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a magnitude da diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCR foi linearmente relacionada &#224; quantidade de peso perdido<sup>24,29</sup>. Os dados deste estudo sugerem que a redu&#231;&#227;o da PCR &#233; mais dependente da redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura abdominal que da perda de peso em si, o que tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado por Marfella e cols.<sup>30</sup>. De fato, pacientes que apresentam maior grau de centraliza&#231;&#227;o de gordura apresentam tamb&#233;m n&#237;veis mais elevados dos marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo indicam que a perda de peso superior a 5% se associa &#224; melhora do perfil inflamat&#243;rio e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, independentemente de aumentos dos n&#237;veis de adiponectina ou de redu&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de TNF-a. Em decorr&#234;ncia das diferen&#231;as na toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose entre os grupos estudados, os dados deste estudo n&#227;o permitem atribuir os maiores benef&#237;cios encontrados no grupo orlistat ao uso da medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Altino Arantes, 1132/54 </p>
        <p> 04042-005 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="endorodolfo@uol.com.br">endorodolfo@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/11/06; revisado recebido em 01/03/07; aceito em 23/04/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sites</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Poehlman</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
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      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Marfella R,    Esposito K, Siniscalchi M, Cacciapuoti F, Giugliano F, Labriola D, et al. Effect    of weight loss on cardiac synchronization and proinflammatory cytokines in premenopausal    obese women. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 47-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of weight loss on cardiac synchronization and proinflammatory cytokines in premenopausal obese women</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marfella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esposito</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siniscalchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cacciapuoti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labriola</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of weight loss on adipocytokines, C-reactive protein and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive women with central obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of weight reduction on serum adipocytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive female patients with central obesity. METHODS: This study was performed using the database and stored serum samples of female patients who had participated in an intervention study focused on weight loss. Thirty hypertensive women aged 18 to 65, body mass index (BMI) &gt; 27 kg/m&#178;, and central obesity were selected. They were randomly assigned to receive either a low-calorie diet plus orlistat 120 mg three times daily or a low-calorie diet alone for 16 weeks. Patients who experienced weight loss greater than 5% (n = 24) were assessed for blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, visceral fat, insulin resistance (HOMA-R - homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and sensitivity (ISI - Insulin Sensitivity Index) indices, plus serum lipids, adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-a) and CRP levels. RESULTS: After BMI had been reduced by approximately 5% in both groups, visceral fat, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and TNF-a decreased. Only the orlistat group, which was more insulin resistant at baseline, showed a significant reduction in blood glucose after oral glucose load, in addition to increased insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION: This study's findings indicate that a weight loss greater than 5% is associated with improved inflammatory status and decreased insulin resistance, regardless of changes in adiponectin and TNF-a levels. The greatest improvements in insulin sensitivity experienced by the orlistat-treated patients could not be attributed to the use of this drug because of the higher number of insulin-resistant subjects in this group.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Weight loss</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>insulin resistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Impact of weight loss on adipocytokines, c-reactive protein and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive women with central obesity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges; Fernando Flexa Ribeiro-Filho; Kenia Mara Baiocchi Carvalho; Maria Teresa Zanella</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP/Universidade de Bras&#237;lia &#150; UnB &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP/Bras&#237;lia, DF &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the impact of weight reduction on serum adipocytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive female patients with central obesity.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This study was performed using the database and stored serum samples of female patients who had participated in an intervention study focused on weight loss. Thirty hypertensive women aged 18 to 65, body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 27 kg/m&#178;, and central obesity were selected. They were randomly assigned to receive either a low-calorie diet plus orlistat 120 mg three times daily or a low-calorie diet alone for 16 weeks. Patients who experienced weight loss greater than 5% (n = 24) were assessed for blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, visceral fat, insulin resistance (HOMA-R - homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and sensitivity (ISI - Insulin Sensitivity Index) indices, plus serum lipids, adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-a) and CRP levels.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After BMI had been reduced by approximately 5% in both groups, visceral fat, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and TNF-a decreased. Only the orlistat group, which was more insulin resistant at baseline, showed a significant reduction in blood glucose after oral glucose load, in addition to increased insulin sensitivity.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> This study's findings indicate that a weight loss greater than 5% is associated with improved inflammatory status and decreased insulin resistance, regardless of changes in adiponectin and TNF-a levels. The greatest improvements in insulin sensitivity experienced by the orlistat-treated patients could not be attributed to the use of this drug because of the higher number of insulin-resistant subjects in this group.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Weight loss; inflammation; C-reactive protein; hypertension; obesity; insulin resistance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recently, a body of evidence has emerged indicating that obesity is associated with a subclinical inflammatory process. It is now recognized that adipose tissue expresses and secretes a variety of bioactive peptides, known as adipocytokines, which act both <italic>in loco</italic> (autocrine or paracrine activity) and systemically (endocrine activity), and that many of these substances are involved in inflammatory phenomena<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important that obesity be viewed as an inflammatory state, because inflammation may be one of the links among obesity and insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are among the most studied proinflammatory adipocytokines, both of which are associated with insulin resistance and hypertension<sup>2</sup>. Adiponectin is another important adipocytokine, associated with insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory action, with the distinguishing characteristic of being inversely correlated with obesity<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>A number of studies have shown that weight loss is associated with a decline in insulin resistance and inflammatory markers<sup>3</sup>. Orlistat is an anti-obesity agent that can reduce dietary fat absorption up to 30% by inhibiting gastrointestinal lipases<sup>4,5</sup>. In patients with impaired glucose tolerance, orlistat was effective in preventing type-2 diabetes mellitus<sup>6</sup>, although it has not been demonstrated whether this benefit was associated with other advantages besides weight loss, such as better profile of adipocytokines or inflammatory markers.</p>
      <p>This study sought to assess the impact of weight reduction on adipocytokine levels and inflammatory state in hypertensive female patients with central obesity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was performed using the database and stored serum samples of female patients who had participated in an intervention study focused on weight loss. Patients were recruited from the obesity/diabetes and hypertension outpatient clinic of the Departments of Endocrinology and Nephrology of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP). The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UNIFESP, and all participants signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>At first, thirty women were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: age between 18 and 65; body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 27 kg/m&#178;; central adiposity (waist-to-hip ratio &gt; 0.85 or waist circumference &gt; 80 cm); and hypertension (blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication). Patients with known diabetes or those on treatment for diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mmHg), active gastrointestinal disease, and a history of myocardial infarction or gastrointestinal surgery (for weight loss) were excluded from the study, as were those who had participated in any previous clinical trial of orlistat.</p>
      <p>The study sample was randomized into two groups: low-calorie diet + orlistat or low-calorie diet alone. Patients received an individualized diet plan and systematic follow-up. Of the initial 30 patients, three dropped out before completing the study and three were not included in the data analysis because their decrease in BMI was less than 5% (two patients in the orlistat group and one patient in the diet group). Twenty-four patients were evaluated, 14 in the orlistat group and ten in the diet group. The orlistat group received 120 mg p.o three times daily taken with each of the three main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The study consisted of a 16-week treatment period, preceded by two weeks during which all patients underwent the initial interview, history taking, physical examination, additional tests, and diet prescription, with follow-up visits every fifteen days. A low-energy diet was prescribed based on resting energy expenditure (REE), as measured by indirect calorimetry. The dietary intake of macronutrients was as follows: 25% lipids, 55% carbohydrates, and 20% proteins.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent the following measurements at baseline and study conclusion:</p>
      <p><italic>-</italic> Anthropometry: body weight, height, BMI, plus waist and hip circumferences.</p>
      <p>- Body composition, measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis using a Quantum-BIA 101Q apparatus (Akern RJL Systems, Clinton Township, MI, EUA).</p>
      <p>- Abdominal visceral fat assessed by ultrasonography: defined as the distance between the internal surface of the rectus abdominis muscle and the anterior wall of the aorta, using an HTL/HDI 3000 device<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>- Blood pressure: both office BP and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were performed using an indirect, automated, noninvasive monitor, which transmits data to the SpaceLabs ABP Model 90207 analysis system (Data Interface Unit).</p>
      <p>- Biochemical analyses: oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with insulin levels determined at 0 and 120 minutes and insulin resistance assessed by the resistance (HOMA-R &#150; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance)<sup>8</sup> and sensitivity (ISI &#150; Insulin Sensitivity Index) indices. The ISI reflects both hepatic and peripheral sensitivity to insulin, since it incorporates glucose and insulin values, both fasting and at 120-min of OGTT<sup>9</sup>. This is a relative index, in which patients with normal insulin sensitivity have ISI close to 1. Serum insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay (LINCO Research, Inc.). Serum total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method using an automated spectrophotometer (Abbott VP).</p>
      <p>- Adipocytokines and CRP: adiponectin was measured using the ELISA kit from B-Bridge International Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA, EUA). TNF-a was measured using the ELISA kit from BD PharMingen (San Diego, CA, EUA), with a lower detection limit of 7.7 pg/ml. Leptin was measured using the ELISA kit from LINCO Research (St. Charles, Missouri, EUA). IL-6 was measured by chemiluminescence using the IMMULITE-DPC kit (Los Angeles, USA), and values lower than 2.0 pg/mL were corrected according to the IMMULITE manual. CRP levels were measured by chemiluminescence using the IMMULITE-DPC kit (Los Angeles, EUA). The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were, respectively, 5.7% and 7.3% for adiponectin, 6.2% and 7.5% for IL-6, 4.6% and 6.2% for leptin, 4.2% and 6.8% for TNF-a, and 6.4% and 10% for CRP.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for dependent means was used for intragroup comparison between baseline and final values of quantitative variables, and the chi-squared test, for qualitative variables. Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for independent means was used for intergroup comparison. Correlations were tested by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Data are presented as mean and standard deviation, and the significance level was set at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 11.5.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient data, pre- and post-weight loss, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t2-body2">2</xref>. It can be noted that, at baseline, patients in the orlistat group had higher blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic. All patients were taking antihypertensive medication, with no difference in drug class between groups (data not shown). The orlistat group was more insulin-resistant, as evidenced by higher HOMA-R values and increased baseline glucose levels (fasting and 120 min post-glucose load). There were no significant differences in adipocytokines and CRP levels between both groups at study entry (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Both treatment groups experienced similar weight reduction, with a decrease in waist circumference, visceral fat, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. Only in the orlistat group did blood glucose levels show a significant decrease at 120 minutes after the glucose load, in addition to an increase in the ISI. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol also decreased in the orlistat-treated group, but not in the diet-treated group.</p>
      <p>TNF-a levels decreased in both groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), but IL-6 levels remained unchanged. Although leptin levels declined in both groups, only in the orlistat group did this difference reach statistic significance. No significant changes were found in adiponectin concentrations in both groups. The orlistat group also showed a tendency toward decreased CRP levels, though marginally significant in a statistical sense (p = 0.08). Taking all patients into account, an inverse correlation was found between CRP and ISI (r = -0.44; p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Changes in CRP after weight loss were correlated with changes in waist circumference (r = 0.41; p = 0.05), but not with changes in BMI.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0409-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results show that an 8% decrease in BMI was associated with a decrease in parameters such as visceral fat, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and TNF-a. However, this amount of weight loss elicited different responses in the groups studied regarding glucose levels 120 minutes following oral glucose load and insulin sensitivity index. Although both groups were randomly selected, the orlistat-treated group was more insulin resistant and had higher fasting and post-load glucose levels. Therefore, the benefits found in this group may have resulted from the greater impact of weight loss in subjects with higher degree of insulin resistance, rather than being an effect of orlistat. The results of this study are in keeping with those of other studies comparing similar amounts of weight loss between groups with different degrees of insulin resistance at baseline, which have also shown significant improvement in insulin sensitivity only in patients who were more insulin resistant before treatment<sup>10,11</sup>. They also agree with the results from the XENDOS study (X<italic>ENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects</italic>)<sup>6</sup>, in which orlistat improved glucose parameters and even helped to prevent diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Nevertheless, one cannot say that these effects were independent of the weight loss, since mean weight reduction in the orlistat group at the end of the XENDOS study was higher than in the placebo group.</p>
      <p>Unlike other studies that reported increased levels of adiponectin with weight loss, in our study no significant changes were found in adiponectin concentrations in both treatment groups<sup>12,13</sup>. On the other hand, some studies have shown no increase in adiponectin levels with weight loss either, yet insulin resistance improved, as was the case in our study<sup>14-16</sup>. Although at the beginning of treatment adiponectin was positively correlated with ISI and inversely correlated with body weight, the insulin sensitivity improvement found in the orlistat group was independent of adiponectin change. It has been recently found that serum adiponectin circulates in different molecular weight forms that may also have distinct biological functions<sup>17</sup>. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that weight reduction not only leads to changes in adiponectin levels, but also in the distribution of its circulating forms, with decreased levels of low molecular weight forms and increased levels of middle and high molecular weight forms, thereby improving insulin sensitivity<sup>17</sup>. Abbasi et al<sup>18</sup>, however, found no changes either in plasma adiponectin or in the distribution of adiponectin oligomers with weight loss, even though insulin sensitivity improved<sup>18</sup>. It is possible that weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity by mechanisms other than adiponectin action, such as mobilization of liver<sup>19</sup> and muscle lipid content<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>IL-6 remained unchanged in both groups after weight loss. Our findings differ from those reported by Bastard et al<sup>21</sup>. These authors demonstrated that, in obese, nondiabetic female patients, a modest weight loss (a decrease of about 5.0% in BMI) resulted in a significant reduction in serum IL-6 and the expression of IL-6 in subcutaneous adipose tissue<sup>21</sup>. In the present study, however, patients were more obese and had significantly higher IL-6 levels, and these pretreatment differences might explain the differing results.</p>
      <p>There was a significant decrease in TNF-a levels regardless of the treatment used, and changes in TNF-a were not correlated with changes in insulin resistance indices. Results of studies correlating weight loss with TNF-a are conflicting<sup>22,23</sup>. Samuelsson et al<sup>24</sup> compared weight reduction with orlistat <italic>versus</italic> placebo and, taking into account patients from both groups who lost more than 10% of their baseline weight, concluded that TNF-a levels were lower in the orlistat than in the placebo group<sup>24</sup>. In the present study, in which mean weight loss was 8%, there was no further reduction in TNF-a in the orlistat-treated patients and, therefore, the changes observed are not attributed to this drug. In the study by Monzillo et al<sup>25</sup>, the decline in TNF-a levels with weight loss through caloric restriction and physical activity was found only in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, but not in diabetic subjects or those with normal glucose tolerance<sup>25</sup>. Kopp et al<sup>26</sup> also assessed the impact gastroplasty to treat obesity on adipocytokine levels according to the glucose tolerance status<sup>26</sup>. In their study, mean body weight decreased by 32.3%, and no significant change was observed in TNF-a levels in either group. The reasons for these differences remain unclear. The baseline characteristics of the sample, such as body weight, degree of insulin resistance, and time of follow-up, may be important to determine adipocytokine response to weight loss.</p>
      <p>Even though a tendency to decreased levels of CRP was seen in the orlistat-treated patients, these changes were not statistically significant in either group. The decrease in CRP levels showed no correlation with the decrease in body weight, but there was a positive correlation with the decrease in waist circumference. Moreover, CRP levels were negatively correlated with the insulin sensitivity index, suggesting that the subclinical inflammatory activity may play a role in the degree of insulin resistance and, thereby, in impaired glucose tolerance. The relevance of this association between inflammation and insulin resistance is corroborated by evidence indicating that increased levels of inflammatory markers may predict the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus<sup>27,28</sup>. The elevated levels of CRP at baseline may contribute to establishing a clearer relationship between decreased CRP and weight reduction<sup>26</sup>, and most studies have shown that the degree of CRP decrease was linearly related to the amount of weight lost<sup>24,29</sup>. Our data suggest that de decrease in CRP depends more on the decrease in abdominal fat than on weight loss itself, as corroborated by Marfella et al<sup>30</sup>. In fact, patients with more centralized fat had also higher levels of inflammatory markers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study's findings suggest that a weight loss greater than 5% is associated with an improvement in inflammatory status and a decrease in insulin resistance, regardless of adiponectin increases and TNF-a reductions. Because of the differences in glucose tolerance between both groups studied, our data do not allow us to attribute the greater benefit found in the orlistat group to the use of this drug.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Rodolfo Le&#227;o Borges</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Altino Arantes, 1132/54</p>
          <p> 04042-005 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="endorodolfo@uol.com.br">endorodolfo@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 4, 2006; revised manuscript received March 1, 2007; accepted April 23, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
